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During the sixteenth century, cavalry organizations across Europe transformed in different ways. This article examines the development of a new type of cavalry in Sweden during the first decades of the reign of King Gustav Vasa. It focuses on the methods of recruitment and examines to what extent and on what conditions foreign cavalry served in Sweden during this period, how they were organized, and what role they arguably played in the formation of a new domestic cavalry organization. Building on novel findings the study provides a detailed example of the transformation of the cavalry organization with rare glimpses into the service conditions of the German petty cavalry contractor. In Sweden, there was no uniform type of contract and several categories of foreign horsemen served in parallel, mostly on annual contracts. The king seems to have valued the expertise provided by the foreign professionals. Many were integrated into the Swedish military organization and provided military expertise in the creation of a new domestic Swedish cavalry organization. Unlike Denmark and Poland where a modernized cavalry gradually grew within existing organizations, in Sweden, Gustav Vasa created entirely new units of enlisted domestic cavalry on the model of the German mercenary cavalry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Influencers have become key players in today's public relations landscape because of their ability to genuinely connect with specific audiences. This makes them valuable partners for brands and organizations looking to strengthen their message and public image. Through in-depth interviews, this study explores how different stakeholders in the equestrian industry view the current and future role of influencers. The findings highlight the growing importance of public relations in sports, particularly in equestrianism, where influencers are emerging as a powerful tool to engage audiences and enhance the public perception of various organizations within the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Unwanted horse behaviours in human–horse interactions are often labelled with historical terms such as evasion, resistance, and disobedience, which fail to recognise current knowledge of the horse's nature, as well as its mental and sensory abilities. These common labels often inadvertently place the horse at fault without acknowledging the many mechanisms that may be affecting or motivating the behaviour shown. If we are to continue riding horses, it is imperative that we endeavour to protect them from mental distress and pain. This commentary discusses the multiple influences on equine behaviour in human–horse interactions and proposes a multidisciplinary redefinition of the term 'conflict behaviour' for human–horse interactions that encompasses this complexity. Our proposed definition is as follows: Responses reflective of competing motivations for the horse that may exist on a continuum from subtle to overt, with frequencies that range from a singular momentary behavioural response to repetitive displays when motivational conflict is prolonged. We suggest that by using this redefined term and recognising the primary contributing factors involved in undesirable equine responses, future research can continue to determine how best to interpret the possible causes of unwanted behaviour. Euphemisms, anthropomorphisms, and equivocation are established characteristics of traditional equestrian language. 'Evasion', 'resistance', and 'disobedience' are common labels assigned to unwelcome equine behaviours, implying that the horse is at fault for not complying with the human's cues and expectations. These terms appear to overlook multiple motivations that may directly result in the horse offering unwelcome responses, which may then inadvertently be reinforced. This article revisits some of the anthropocentric inferences in these terms and explores the harmful consequences of such convenient but incorrect labels before proposing a redefinition of 'conflict behaviour' in human–horse interactions: Responses reflective of competing motivations for the horse that may exist on a continuum from subtle to overt, with frequencies that range from a singular momentary behavioural response to repetitive displays when motivational conflict is prolonged. Addressing how inadequate terms may mask pain, obscure the horse's motivation, and deflect human culpability, this commentary highlights the merits of a multidisciplinary approach to terminology across equine research. Acknowledging that variables contributing to behaviour can be biological, environmental and anthropogenic, it emphasises the need for more investigation into the relationships between equicentric motivations reflecting equine telos and problematic horse behaviours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This paper summarizes the experiences and perceptions of European equestrian educational experts from a workshop at the French National Riding School in Saumur. The workshop addressed key challenges in equestrian education, focusing on topics such as the horse–human relationship, diversity of perspectives, training philosophy, and social acceptability. The findings highlight the need for a cultural shift towards an evidence-based approach to training, with equine welfare at its core. Key challenges, including anthropomorphism and varying standards, threaten the social license to operate. The study suggests that educational institutions can lead this change, with further research needed on pedagogical challenges. This paper highlights and summarizes the experiences and perceptions of European equestrian educational experts from a workshop held at the French National Riding School in Saumur. The workshop, which brought together fifty leading experts, aimed to address challenges in equestrian education, identify common ground, and share best practices. Using 'The World Café' method, the participants were divided into groups to discuss four key topics: the relationship between horses and humans, diversity of perspectives versus common ground, training philosophy, and social acceptability. A follow-up online focus group was conducted six months later, and the discussions were transcribed and analyzed using qualitative content analysis. The results revealed the need for a universal cultural shift towards an evidence-based approach to riding and training horses, with equine welfare at its core. Key challenges, such as anthropomorphism, varying standards across disciplines and countries, and the evolving horse–human relationship, pose risks to the social license to operate. The findings suggest that educational institutions, with their shared values, are well-positioned to lead this change, although further research is needed to address pedagogical challenges. The study also emphasizes the importance of communicating 'good news stories' to promote evidence-based practices in training and competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that the meaningfulness of life is dependent on and determined by the certain knowledge of a person’s life, intentional pursuit, and the fulfillment of purpose. This ultimately opens up challenges on the need to clarify the nature of the meaningfulness of life. The quest towards the understanding of life raises fundamental questions such as: What or who defines a person’s purpose and allocates purpose? Does purpose have an essential or existential trait? How are the concepts of existentialism and essentialism connected and what role(s) do both play in the exploration of the idea of meaningfulness of life? This paper adopts a critical-comparative analysis of two distinct characters from two different socio-political backgrounds and art genres: Ian Flemings’ James Bond 007 (a film) and Wole Soyinka’s King’s Horseman (Elesin Oba) (a play) to provide clarity and context to the roles known purpose, commitment and free choice play in the analysis and determination of meaningfulness (lessness) of life. The value of this discourse to knowledge is in the exploration of the contradicting but complementary contributions of existentialism and essentialism to the understanding of the meaningfulness of life as well as the roles free choice and commitment to purpose play [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1921 and 1930, fourteen gaucho films were made in Hollywood. Framing these works within the dynamic interactions of the "national" and the "trans-national", "international", and "global" in cinema and literature, this article explores how Hollywood projected globally a repertoire of themes from criollista culture, presenting an exoticised vision of Argentine national identity as an uncorrupted version of the American myth of the Old West. The analysis principally focuses on The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1921), a film adaptation of Vicente Blasco Ibáñez's 1916 Spanish-language novel in which Rodolfo Valentino dresses as a gaucho and dances the tango, and Douglas Fairbanks as The Gaucho (1927), where an emblematic Hollywood actor plays a gaucho character. Finally, the article traces the indelible mark that these movies left in the following decades both locally and globally, insofar as their contents were reappropriated by Argentine culture, reshaping the way Argentines perceived their nation, and they predated the "Good Neighbor Policy" films of the 1930s and 1940s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Aequitas: Journal of Human Development, Disability & Social Change / Revue de Développement Humain, Handicap et Changement Social is the property of Reseau international sur le Processus de production du handicap, RIPPH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Scythian archaeological culture is a component of the Scythian-Siberian community of equestrian nomadic pastoralists located in the northern Black Sea region and Ciscaucasia. This paper explores whether the Scythians were present in the central Pre-Caucasus all year round or only during a part of the year and were migrating seasonally. Since Scythian settlements are not known in this region, a possible clue may come from determining the season of the year in which the Scythians buried their deceased tribesmen and performed memorial events. In this paper, we determine the seasonality of the burials and memorial events at the mound burial ground Novozavedennoye-III (southern Russia), dated to 430–300 b.c., by applying cementum increment analysis to horse teeth. This analysis has shown that the studied horses died during May–October. This result indicates that the Scythians were present in the central Pre-Caucasus foothills during some part of the warm season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

My article is divided into three sections. The first surveys the extant literary evidence for the details of the story of Danaus and Aegyptus. I then examine its importance for Statius's narrative and unearth the outline of Egypt as a mythical landscape via the significant patronymic Statius uses (Belides) in the parade of ancestors—to be read in close connection with the foundational stories of Argos. In the third section, finally, I consider Aegyptus's portrayal in the hope of amending scholarly views of his presumed innocence by offering a link to Silvae 1.1 and Domitian's countenance on his equestrian statue in the Forum as seen through Statius's eyes. In sum, this article reflects on Statius's renewal of the overdetermined Labdacid mythic tradition, with the grounding of its Egyptian background. This article also contributes to historicising trends in the study of the Thebaid , as well as probing the diegetic role of ekphrasis in the poem and the ekphrasis' possible, distilled reverberations in the cultural milieu of Domitianic Rome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Over 75% of American adults are not meeting aerobic and muscular physical activity recommendations, with the majority being females. Equestrian activities are a potential avenue to increase physical activity, especially in females who account for approximately 90% of sport participants. This study describes perceptions of equestrian activities and establishes the patterns of self-reported equestrian, barn work, and nonequestrian physical activity engagement to understand participation in activities that may sustain physical activity across the lifespan. Methods: American equestrians (n = 2551) completed an anonymous online survey with questions about perceptions and benefits of equestrian activities, demographics, and engagement in equestrian activities, barn work, and nonequestrian activities. Results: There were 2039 completed responses, (95.6% female), with representation from all regions of the United States. Professionals (20.6%), amateurs (39.1%), and recreational (40.3%) comprised participation status. Significantly fewer recreational participants perceived equestrian as physical activity and as a sport than amateurs (P <.05) and professionals (P <.05). Engagement in equestrian and barn work physical activity was significantly higher in professionals (P <.0001), followed by amateurs (P <.0001), with the lowest in recreational equestrians (P =.001). Professional and amateur equestrians engaged in significantly more nonequestrian physical activity than recreational participants (P <.05). Conclusions: Equestrian physical activity engagement is dependent on the status of participation. Equestrian, barn work, and nonequestrian physical activity do meet physical activity aerobic and muscular recommendations and should be encouraged as a physical activity for females across the lifespan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Equestrian sports have evolved beyond traditional disciplines, embracing specialised events that showcase breed-specific abilities. The Criollo horse breed, a product of centuries of genetic refinement, stands out in South America and internationally, particularly in events like the Freio de Ouro. This competition highlights the breed's versatility and skills, emphasising manoeuvres like the esbarrada and volta sobre patas, which demonstrate agility, coordination, and balance. Despite the breed's success, there is a lack of quantitative kinematic studies on these manoeuvres and their relation to horse morphology. Our study aims to fill this gap by using kinematics to analyse the esbarrada and volta sobre patas, exploring any connections between static goniometry and manoeuvre dynamics. Understanding these movements not only enhances our appreciation of equine biomechanics but also informs breeding and training practices, ultimately benefiting both horses and riders in various equestrian disciplines. The esbarrada and volta sobre patas manoeuvres are critical in Criollo horse equestrian activities, yet their kinematics remain largely unexplored. This observational study aimed to kinematically describe the manoeuvres in Criollo breed horses and explore the relationship between static goniometry and dynamics. A 2D kinematic analysis was conducted on 31 Criollo horses performing the manoeuvres using high-speed cameras. Joint angles were measured using static goniometry and analysed in relation to dynamic performance. The esbarrada covered a distance of 4.28 ± 0.99 m in 1.15 ± 0.11 s at a velocity of 3.77 ± 0.55 m/s. Joint angles showed a mean fetlock extension of 75.4° ± 5.3° and hock flexion of 43.2° ± 4.1°. In the volta sobre patas, significant differences were found in turn duration (first: 0.96 ± 0.07 s, second: 1.12 ± 0.09 s, p = 0.03) and thoracic limb suspension (first: 0.23 ± 0.02 s, second: 0.28 ± 0.03 s, p = 0.02). Static goniometry indicated that limb conformation did not significantly correlate with protraction angles during the esbarrada (p = 0.27). The volta sobre patas demonstrated prolonged duration and increased thoracic limb suspension in the second turn. Also, the findings suggest that static conformation does not predict dynamic limb movement during the esbarrada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lower back pain is prevalent in equestrian athletes, but its prevalence and associated factors are unknown in the Portuguese equestrian population. A questionnaire regarding lower back pain and possible associated factors was answered by 347 respondents. Of the respondents, 214 (61.7%) stated having experienced lower back pain in the past 12 months and therefore completed the Roland Morris disability questionnaire. Among the latter, 63.1% stated that lower back pain impaired their performance. The probability of suffering from lower back pain was higher in individuals with higher weekly riding workloads, who reported equestrianism as their main occupation, and who performed daily stable duties. Considering a Roland Morris disability score of 4 as the cut-off value for dysfunction, this sample had an average score of 5.39 ± 4.42. Individuals who stated equestrianism was their main occupation showed a significantly higher risk (OR = 1.759, p = 0.041) of exhibiting a score ≥ 4 than those who stated equestrianism as a hobby. Age (p = 0.029), body mass index (p = 0.047), and daily performance of stable duties (p = 0.030) were also associated with a higher Roland Morris disability score. Further research is needed to understand the full impacts of lower back pain in Portuguese equestrian athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hipogrifo: revista de literatura y cultura del siglo de oro is the property of Hipogrifo: revista de literatura y cultura del siglo de oro and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper revisits longstanding debates surrounding the transition from Republic to Principate in Sicily, considering new archaeological and epigraphic evidence emerging from the island's smaller urban centres. While the handful of coastal cities that became colonies in the Augustan period or later have long dominated accounts of Sicily's urban development under the Principate, research on a number of smaller, more "peripheral" centres is enabling a more detailed and nuanced understanding of how urban communities (and their ruling classes) weathered the events of the final decades of the Republic and the transition to the new political order established by Augustus. The picture emerging, albeit very tentatively, is of communities of reduced means that were still intent on establishing and commemorating their place in Augustus' new imperial order. Moreover, local elites particularly from Sicily's new municipia were not indifferent to the opportunities for advancement within and beyond their home communities that opened up during the reign of Augustus and his successors. Therefore, although Sicily's experience of the transition from Republic to Principate was still unique in many respects, it was less of an outlier from Italy and other western provinces than usually thought.

For thousands of years, humans and horse have co-habitated on the earth. From the steppes of Mongolia to the shores of Ireland and Iceland, horses gradually became an increasingly integral part of the social fabric, as they offered their services to humans in exchange for domesticated survival. In this article, we trace the equestrian iconography of power and leadership from its origins in ancient times through to modern times and identify the transitory position of contemporary management, moving into a post-centaurian age in which the complex iconographic reservoir of meanings and figures is supplanted by new forms of managerial reasoning, founded in the long legacy of the anthropocentrism of the Enlightenment. Through an explorative approach, the systems theoretical approach of Niklas Luhmann is extended to include the modus operandi of pre-modern societies with its abundance of non-human actors such as demons, gods, angels and horses. In conclusion, the article demonstrates how the widely used idea of post-heroic leadership is a severe misconception of historical concepts of heroes; rather, post-heroic deeds are in adherence with equestrian treatises of heroic leadership which promoted the demonstration of heroic excellence in the equestrian manège. As the horses and the heroes of modernity are seemingly relegated to the confinements of history books, the reservoir of equine-heroic semantics and concepts is still with us today and continues to resonate in semantic figures of power, framing the life of the post-centaurian manager, politicians, Ukranian soldiers and the plethora of societal realms still using the language connected to equestrian semantics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many traditional horse keeping and training practices can result in poor horse welfare. To assist reform and identify novel opportunities to facilitate improvements in horse welfare, this study sought to gauge the motivations underlying equestrians' horse-keeping and training practices. Nineteen amateur equestrians were interviewed using semi-structured interviews. Systems thinking and self-determination theory, which proposes humans are intrinsically motivated by three psychological needs (competence, autonomy, and relatedness), provided the theoretical framework for the study. Using reflexive thematic analysis, four themes were identified: (1) achieving equestrian goals is the primary motivator; (2) equestrians work hard to develop their equestrian knowledge and skills; (3) equestrians are highly motivated to compete and/or participate in club activities; and (4) achieving a financial return on investment is important to many equestrians. Findings suggest that equestrians do not prioritize the three psychological needs proposed by self-determination theory equally. Competence (goal achievement) was the highest priority for equestrians, followed by the need for autonomy (control), and then relatedness (horse–human partnership). The spectrum of equestrians' motivational priorities suggests that there is an imbalance between horse needs and human needs when selecting horse-keeping and training practices. These insights can be leveraged to develop initiatives that engage all stakeholders, so that meeting human needs and horse needs is more equitably balanced. We also found that equestrians' practices were highly influenced by their desire to participate in competitive equestrian sport, emphasizing the important role equestrian organizations can play in improving horse welfare through the rules of their sports. These findings contribute to the multifaceted reform needed to solve the complex challenge of improving horse welfare, the outcome of which will determine the long-term future of equestrian sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Riding became a widespread leisure activity for children in Sweden and Finland during the post-war decades through the emergence of riding schools. Drawing on books and comics published in Sweden and Finland from the 1960s to the present, together with interviews and observations at contemporary Swedish riding schools, we approach this development with a geographical, historical and sociological focus. We ask how children's equestrian cultures were formed within the spaces of horse yards, especially riding schools, and how caring well was understood and negotiated through different types of knowledge and the idea and practice of horse ownership. As we show in the analysis, despite the increase of written knowledge about horses and their care, situated and relational knowledges based on interspecies interaction prevailed in children's equestrian cultural spheres in which children had a chance to interact with animals and care for them outside the everyday spaces of family and school. In these cultures of interspecies care, ideas of horse ownership carried expectations of continuity where the child–horse relationship was secured and could develop. The entry to these spatial cultures was through rites of passage characterised by embodied interaction and hands-on care, where children learned to care for animals well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to redress the lack of research on women's roles as riding instructors and sport coaches in Britain. During the long nineteenth century, women were enmeshed in professional equestrian activities, and their activities had momentous consequences on the practice of equestrianism as a whole. Women were needed to teach riding to other women because women rode differently from men – on a different saddle and in different clothes. These differences created a space, and a need, for a new kind of female businesswoman, coach, and sporting authority, and enabled a new kind of sporting liberation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aimed to analyze the use of digital media, and the research was conducted via a web survey sent by e-mail to equestrian clubs in Croatia. Social media has significantly altered the way of communication and the availability of information in all segments of life and work, including horse breeding. Within digital media, an extremely large amount of information is available that is not necessarily relevant and true. To prevent the use of inadequate information, in 60% of equestrian clubs in Croatia, certain persons are responsible for the content. Less than 50% of the respondents follow influencer posts. Furthermore, 90% of the respondents believe that digital media is an excellent tool that can help in the work of equestrian clubs, while 80% of the respondents believe that it is currently underutilized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Survey of London offers readers past and present an unrivalled insight into the history of early modern London. However, it is of hitherto unrecognised significance that the Survey draws on a pronounced horse culture and participates in the seventeenth-century revival of chivalric literature as a way of engaging with topographical change in the City. Drawing on early modern nostalgia studies, this article is the first to explore how the depiction of Smithfield's horsemen evokes chivalric nostalgia. With the help of the memory studies concepts of synchronic and diachronic historical consciousness, I show how this chivalric nostalgia functions as a literary device that by harnessing the traditions of chivalric romance offers a way of challenging the impact of urbanisation on readerly memory. This approach reveals the importance of Smithfield's horsemen in London's rich civic history and that nostalgia is a strategy rather than a limiting force in the Survey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: This paper provides an overview of the Chinese equestrian policy documents and regulations from 1978 to 2022. While the horse business is shifting from traditional to leisure and sport pattern in China, through the analysis of the policies and regulations. Objectives: This paper aims to provide a concise overview of the government's policies which growth of equestrian sports in China over the past four decades (since 1978). Method: Under the guidance of Whitemore and Knafl's 5-step approach to policy analysis, a systematic analysis of policy content, context, and governance processes is conducted. As of 2022, 29 documents from official and semi-official sources had been extracted, classified, and examined for records. Results and conclusion: As of 2022, 29 documents from official and semi-official sources had been extracted, classified, and examined for records. The first is whether the policy is useful or not, its goals are vague and unclear. And there isn't much interaction between the areas it affects. Second, the policies are inconsistent and unstable. Third, there is a deficiency in terms of professional evaluation and relevancy. Fourth, pre-development preparation is not done due to the lack of an industry chain cycle. The complex causes of these issues include the sports management system, the government's policy ideals, and the competition of interests among policy stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Equestrian sports are popular around the world; however, sustaining injuries can occur, with the most common catastrophic injury events involving the head. Helmets are used to help reduce the risk of head and brain injury; however, the rates of concussion remain unaffected. Recently, technology designed to reduce the rotational accelerations associated with concussion have been incorporated into equestrian helmets, but it is unknown the efficacy of these technologies under the impact conditions within this sporting environment. The purpose of this research was to investigate the efficacy of rotational technology in managing linear and rotational acceleration, rotational velocity, and predicted maximum principal strain of the brain using a test protocol representative of equestrian fall events. Helmets with and without rotational technology were fitted to a Hybrid III headform and impacted under conditions that simulated the helmet loading characteristics of falling in equestrian sports. The resulting linear and rotational acceleration time histories from the headform was then used for finite element modeling to predict the strain to the brain tissues. The helmets that included rotational technology did lead to a significant reduction in the peak resultant rotational accelerations and rotational velocity at the rear boss location, and a reduction in strain for the side location under the high-compliance condition. The results from the present study show that the helmet with rotational technology worked under certain impact conditions; however, it is not a universal improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structural and performance indexes provide objective information on the morphotype of the animals and their potential functionality. The aim of this study was to characterize the morphology of horses from an equestrian school and to analyze the conformational variation of the horses from a group of morphometric measurements: body weight (BW), withers height (HW), croup height(HC), back height (HB), body length (BL), girth circumference (GC), cannon perimeter (CP) and from these calculate some performance and/or conformation indexes: body index (BI), conformation index (CFI), compactness index (COI), dactyl-thoracic index (DTI), load step index 1 and load trot index 2 (LSI1 and LTI2), body mass index (BMI), ratio girt circumference-height GC:H and the degree of saddle (DS) in sport horses of four racial types: Colombian sport horse (CSH), criollo (CR), Argentine polo (PA) and English Thoroughbred (PSI). The data was taken from 29 horses (9 females and 20 males) with an average age of 10 years. The mean conformation index differed between breeds (P<0.01), and these were related to the morphological biotype of each breed. The morphotype for CCD and PSI defined them as longiline horses suitable for jumping, while CR and PA mesoline, suitable for sports saddle. The determination of morphological indices allowed the correct characterization of the conformation of sporting horses, from these indexes it is possible to objectively classify the functional purpose. In addition, some indexes (LSI1, LTI2, DS) would be indirect indicators of the end-welfare relationship in animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an overall, horse welfare refers to the well-being and the quality of life of horses. This includes ensuring that horses are provided with proper nutrition, stable, veterinary care, training, and social intra and inter specific interaction. It involves protecting horses from harm, abuse, neglect, and ensuring their physical and emotional needs are met. Horse welfare is essential for promoting health, happiness, and longevity of horses, as well as fostering positive relationships between humans and horses. Welfare in the equestrian activities mirroring the ethical and responsible treatment of horses during mainly in all aspects of training activities. This includes ensuring that horses are provided with proper equipment that fits well and does not cause discomfort or injury, using appropriate training methods that prioritize the horse's physical and mental well-being, and monitoring the horse's health and fitness levels to prevent overexertion or injury. Sport horse welfare involves creating a positive and respectful relationship between the rider and the horse, as well as promoting a safe and supportive environment for both the horse and the rider. Prioritizing welfare in equestrians is essential for the health, happiness, and longevity of the horse, as well as for the enjoyment and safety of the rider. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Simple Summary: Equestrian sports include a diverse range of activities requiring a wide variety of technical skills, all of which are based on collaboration between a rider and a horse. During training, horses are taught to respond appropriately to the rider's cues or "aids". In addition to these trained responses, the rider's weight is associated with mechanical effects that are based on physical principles governing the behavior of, and interactions between, bodies in the environment. The effects of gravity, inertia, and turning have predictable effects on the horse, but these may be modified by the rider's symmetry, balance, and posture. The ultimate goal is for the rider to have a harmonious relationship with the horse, which is addressed in the final section of this article exploring the biomechanical underpinnings of the harmony between riders and horses. Movements of the horse and rider in equestrian sports are governed by the laws of physics. An understanding of these physical principles is a prerequisite to designing and interpreting biomechanical studies of equestrian sports. This article explains and explores the biomechanical effects between riders and horses, including gravitational and inertial forces, turning effects, and characteristics of rider technique that foster synchronous movement with the horse. Rider symmetry, posture, and balance are discussed in the context of their relationship to rider skill level and their effects on the horse. Evidence is presented to support the feasibility of improving equestrian performance by off-horse testing followed by unmounted therapy and exercises to target the identified deficiencies. The elusive quality of harmony, which is key to a true partnership between riders and horses, is explored and described in biomechanical terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores forms of haptic sociality in interspecies interaction. Data examined are taken from a corpus of equine assisted therapy sessions, in Finland and France. During these sessions, therapists invite clients to pay close attention to the horse's behavioral displays of comfort or discomfort and to react accordingly. In this way, the horse is regarded as a living, sentient creature, whose body has haptic and kinesthetic properties, resulting in socialization practices that cultivate forms of care. The study discusses Merleau-Ponty's concept of "esthesiologic body", in light of analytical instances, draws on contemporary re-examinations of phenomenological notions (such as intersubjectivity and intercorporeality) by ethnomethodologists and analysts of social interaction, and proposes to respecify them in the particular context of human–animal interactions. The argument is inspired by a conversation analytic approach, sensitive to the orderly character of social actions. Two formats, displaying diverse ways in which participants interact with the horse as an esthesiologic body, are examined in detail. The analysis shows the fundamental role played by touch and haptic practices in the practical accomplishment of intercorporeality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent archival materials brought to attention a fragmentary marble votive relief found near Tulcea depicting the so-called Thracian horseman as a hunter with the prey in his raised right hand. This iconographic variant is very rare outside Thracia and the Balkans region. The evidence of the votive reliefs of the Thracian horseman in the northern Moesia Inferior is not rich but features a great iconographical variety, hinting at an intended choice from the part of the dedicants of the votives and great awareness of the iconographical composition. The material (imported marble) and the dimensions of several of the reliefs uncovered up to now in the region are quite large and make plausible the idea of votives intended for cult places/sanctuaries. The relief discussed is singular among the similar finds in the region, for it bears also an inscription on its upper border. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document provides information on the British military units in Tangier during the 17th century. It discusses the Tangier Horse, a troop of horsemen, and the challenges they faced in maintaining suitable mounts. It also mentions the Tangier Regiment of Foot, which underwent reorganizations and eventually became the 1st Tangier Regiment, as well as the creation of the 2nd Tangier Regiment as reinforcements. The document further highlights the renaming of the 2nd Tangier Regiment to the Duchess of York's Foot and then the Queen's Regiment of Foot, the deployment of the Royal Scots regiment, and the formation of the King's Battalion in 1680. Additionally, it acknowledges the existence of a militia responsible for the defense of Tangier. [Extracted from the article]

Simple Summary: Horse sports are popular worldwide, providing spectator enjoyment, benefiting human health, and contributing substantially to national economies. Training and management practices used to care for sporthorses are generally based on tradition rather than science; this combined with the high-risk nature of equestrian activities led to the public questioning if sporthorse health and welfare are being compromised. To understand better how sporthorses are being managed, experts, actively involved with national and international horse sports (dressage, showjumping, and eventing) were consulted across four rounds of a Delphi study. This approach allowed participants to interact to reach a point where everyone agreed on core areas (or domains) that they felt were essential to sporthorse management. Five areas were rated as essential: training management, competition management, young horse management, health status and veterinary management, and the horse–human relationship. Stable and environmental management, and welfare assessment were rated as important but not essential, as most experts felt that these areas were already managed well. Experts called for increased education and research to support riders, trainers, and federations. A welfare charter and evidence-based guidelines to inform management practices were advised to ensure sporthorses have a good life and to safeguard the future of equestrian sports. The public is increasingly questioning equestrianism's social license to operate. While the focus historically centered on horseracing, increased scrutiny is now being placed on how dressage, showjumping, and eventing are addressing equine management and welfare concerns. Nominated equestrian federation and equestrian organization experts (n = 104) directly involved in international and/or national-level horse sports took part in a four-stage, iterative Delphi to obtain consensus on what factors should be considered essential to manage sporthorse health and welfare. Five core domains were agreed as essential: training management, competition management, young horse management, health status and veterinary management, and the horse–human relationship. Two further domains: stable and environmental management, and welfare assessment were rated as important but not essential, as most respondents felt that these areas were already managed well. Participants felt increased education and guidance combined with further policy development and regulation are needed to support stakeholders to optimize sporthorse management. An appetite to engage with research to generate evidence that promotes sporthorse welfare was evident. The development of a sporthorse welfare charter and evidence-based guidelines to inform the management and monitoring of sporthorses' health and welfare are recommended to provide horses with a good life and to safeguard the future of equestrian sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For many women living in parts of present-day north China and Mongolia during the 10th to 14th centuries, equestrian activities were a part of daily life. Women of all social levels were expected to know how to ride from an early age. However, documentary evidence for women's participation in equestrian activities during this period is sparse. This paper brings together materials that highlight the important role horse riding played in the lives of northern women during the 10th to 14th centuries from the funerary context. This study connects funerary objects with women's participation in polo, hunting, warfare, and the Mongol postal system, among other activities. The synthesis of material evidence from tombs with period texts will illuminate the important role of equestrian activities in women's lives and afterlives during this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]