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The burn intensive care unit (ICU) of the Queen Astrid Military Hospital experienced an outbreak with an extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (XDR-Ab) strain, which began when all burn wound patients from all over Belgium were sent there as part of the national COVID-19 action plan. The purpose of this study is to report on the investigation and strategies that were implemented to contain the outbreak. Between October 2020 and May 2021, five of the 72 patients admitted to the ICU met the acute outbreak case definition (attack rate 7%). Their median age was 46 years and their median total body surface area burned was 39%. All patients developed at least one XDR-Ab infection, with in total three pulmonary, three bloodstream and five burn wound infections. One patient died. All XDR-Ab isolates were only susceptible to colistin. Whole genome sequencing of the isolates from the first two patients revealed an identical A. baumannii ST2 genotype, suggesting an outbreak. XDR-Ab-positive patients were cohorted with dedicated staff. The infection control team intensified its training on hand hygiene, excreta management and bio-cleaning procedures. Concurrently, 30 environmental samples were collected, which proved negative for XDRAb. Spatio-temporal associations were found for all XDR-Ab-positive patients, suggesting cross-transmission via staff's hands. We describe an XDR-Ab outbreak in a burn ICU over a seven-month period, in a context of increased workload. This series underlines the importance of a correct staff-to-patient ratio, especially in outbreak situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Between 28 March and 2 April 2023, a total of 135 persons (52 males and 83 females) aged between 2 and 79 years contracted acute gastroenteritis after consuming food, out of a total of 339 exposed persons (339 servings dispensed). The attack rate was 39.82%. The course of the infection was moderate to severe with a duration of up to several days, and a total of 8 persons were hospitalized in health care facilities, while dozens of other persons were treated as outpatients. A total of 102 biological material samples and 51 food and environmental samples were taken in this case. Concurrently, multiple epidemiological investigations were also carried out and close cooperation was maintained, in particular with the Division of Food Hygiene. The laboratory results of bacteriological testing of the collected biological materials (rectal swabs) were positive for Salmonella Thompson in 99 cases, and positivity was confirmed 3 times in food and environmental samples. Finally, it was confirmed that the S. Thompson strains from the collected samples formed a uniquely identifiable cluster, namely an isolated cluster of genetically related isolates that was found only in the Czech Republic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recenzja

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La République Démocratique du Congo est l’un des pays répertoriés parmi ceux du « tiers monde », qui éprouve encore d’énormes difficultés conformément aux indices du sous-développement vu que la famine, l’instruction, l’accès aux soins de santé, les infrastructures et autres secteurs posent de sérieux problèmes dans la société congolaise. Dans le Secteur de la Santé, on peut observer que les fléaux, la flambée de plusieurs épidémies, endémies demeurent monnaie courante dans nos communautés, l’une des raisons qui expliquent la présence de plusieurs structures des actions humanitaires provenant de tous les horizons, qui nouent souvent un partenariat avec le gouvernement Congolais via le ministère de la Santé Publique, hygiène et environnement afin d’ y apporter une aide palliative. Ainsi le débat dans cette étude reste centré sur les interventions lors de l’urgence sanitaire de la riposte contre la flambée de l’épidémie à Virus Ebola qui a ravagé la communauté de Butembo depuis le 1 Aout 2018 jusqu’ en juin 2020.

The global spread of Sars-Cov-2 in the spring of 2020 was responsible for significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in elderly, comorbid or immunocompromised patients, such as haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) allograft recipients. COVID-19 has also had a major organisational impact on the French healthcare system. This article first summarises the impact of COVID-19 on HSC allograft activity (particularly from unrelated donors) in SFGM-TC centres in 2020. We then report on the characteristics of Sars-Cov-2 infections in patients receiving allogeneic HSC transplants, the risk factors for severity and mortality, and the humoral and cellular immune response of these patients to the Sars-Cov-2 vaccine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this article, we present the most important landmarks of the organization and functioning of the quarantines on the Danube in the period from 1812 to 1856. The analysis of published and unpublished sources allows us to conclude that the organization and operation of quarantines at the Danube border represented an important direction of the sanitary policy of the Russian Empire. The Danube quarantines, together with the cordon line and military guard vessels, represented the most requested links in the chain of the Russian border sanitary protection, from the Prut and Danube to the Caspian Sea, both from the point of view of the danger of the penetration of the oriental plague, as well as that of the difficult physical-geographical conditions in which they had to operate. An- other determining element was Russia's military and commercial interests at the mouths of the Danube, which in several cases were placed above the sanitary ones. This led to long discussions regarding the choice between Ismail and Reni for the location of the central quarantine. Our research shows that the combination of all these elements determined major design flaws, which had a substantial negative impact on the state of the Danube quarantines in the 1820s and 1830s. Major investments became urgent, and in the 1840s the Russian government had to allocate substantial sums to rehabilitate the Ismail, Reni and Sulina quarantines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies have focused on the bacterial pathogen Yersinia pestis (the infective cause of plague): its aDNA has been isolated, and sequenced, since about 5200 cal BP in Latvia (Eastern Europe). Plague afflicted human populations, spreading across Eurasia with a particular evidence during the European Late Neolithic/Bronze Age (LNBA). A dense and reliable pedigree of the pathogens has been reconstructed through direct sequencing of bacterial aDNA. The present paper proposes a procedure to isolate and trace the process of different epidemic outbreaks, by reconsidering the 14C datings of the 31 Eurasian individuals so far identified as affected by Yersinia pestis, in its LNBA- lineage, with sequenced genomes belonging to its different internal strains. The raw 14C dates are grouped by statistical compatibility through Student's t-test and calibrated with the IntCal20 curve, isolating the possible outbreaks and bracketing them through Bayesian analysis. The spread from Europe to Eurasia and the duration of epidemic waves are reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper centers on the infectious disease epidemics which swept through the Detva region, located in Upper Hungary (currently the territory of central Slovakia) in 1831-1920. The goal of this study is twofold: firstly, to examine the extent to which deaths caused by epidemics of infectious disease influenced life expectancy, the proportion of the deceased and survivors, and the probability of death in the Detva population, and secondly, to measure selection pressures through differential mortality, with a focus on deaths caused by infectious disease epidemics. We used individual information on age at death and causes of death in the Detva region, derived from the Detva parish records (N = 29,338). Infectious disease epidemics were the main regulator of mortality in the Detva region, as confirmed by our findings. Excluding deaths caused by infectious diseases from the dataset raised the life expectancy of a new-born and of an adult by 1-5 years and 1-2 years, respectively. The fraction of those surviving to the age of 5, the onset of maturity (15 years) and the onset of senility (60 years) also increased, while there was a decline in the proportion of deceased and the probability of dying. When deaths caused by infectious disease epidemics were removed from the analyses, selection pressures also weakened, as evidenced by the values of measures for the operation of natural selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the article is an attempt at a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the "incidental" material that is present in the pages of parish registers. This source is characterized by interdisciplinarity, but is most often used by genealogists and historical demographers. Polish historiography generally lacks a synthetic approach to this issue, especially in a broader territorial and chronological perspective. The paper uses the philological method, with elements of a geographic information system used for spatial data visualization. The source basis of the article is the record resource from the area of the former Lublin district. Over 600 archival units from 60 parishes were analyzed, including the two oldest parishes in Lublin. The oldest book begins with baptism records from 1582. The end point of the research was 1810. Based on an analysis of the content of the records, which went beyond the standard form of registering the vital statistics of the population, they were grouped. In total, nearly 100 entries were registered, classified as "casual" material. The highlighted content was assigned to six groups: spiritual life, economic life and parish administration; epidemics; war and politics; natural disasters and famine; extraordinary events; literary work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Already in the 19th century, researchers of the history of medicine tried to reinterpret the old pathogenesis and diagnostics by framing the descriptions of past epidemics within the framework of their own scientifi c discourse. However, this practice has sometimes led astray both then and now due to the incompatibility of modern medical language with historical sources, often of a narrative character. In addition, researchers in the fi eld of historical science are often not qualifi ed enough to correctly interpret the descriptions of the symptoms and course of the epidemic. On the other hand, representatives of medical sciences dealing with the past often misinterpret sources, cutting single pieces of information out of context and building a picture that is consistent with the current state of knowledge but inconsistent with the past. Given the persistence of this problem, which has been observable in the historiography of epidemics for many decades, it is worth investigating such cases in order to identify points that are particularly vulnerable to the risk of error. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the views of natural medicine advocates regarding smallpox vaccination, based on texts in the popular Polish natural cure magazine ‘Przewodnik Zdrowia’ (‘Health Guide’), published in Berlin in 1895–1914. The article also presents theses and opinions on vaccination in one of the pamphlets issued by the ‘Przewodnik Zdrowia’ publishing house. Advocates of naturopathy in many European countries and the United States formed the backbone of the 19th-century anti-vaccination movement, and strongly opposed vaccination, appealing primarily to health and legal arguments. The article sketches the main lines of argumentation against vaccination, formulated by proponents of naturopathic treatment in the Polish journal, in the context of antivaccination views and movements of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the Koper Captains of the Slavs (Capitaneus Sclavorum Justinopolis), named after the ethnic/linguistic character of the Koper countryside over which they held jurisdiction during the Venetian period from 1349 until the beginning of the nineteenth century. It is certainly, at least in name, a unique position that has thus far been insufficiently researched. The main source for this study is the Book of the Koper Captains of the Slavs from the old Koper archives, kept at the State Archives of Venice (ASVe), which has not yet received a proper presentation, as well as archival sources of some other Venetian institutions. The paper also includes a Slovene translation of this document in the appendix. The book contains various stipulations from 1587 to 1724, especially regarding the collection of taxes, as well as general stipulations on the jurisdiction of the Captain of the Slavs. Its analysis shows that the annual obligations of the 42 Koper villages amounted to 2,605 lire and 8 solidi, of which the Koper Podesta and Captain received a bit over 419 lire, and the Captain of the Slavs a bit over 544 lire. In addition, the villagers had to pay special taxes during the Rižana fair (Assumption of Mary, 15 August), at Carnival, Easter, Martinmas, also some for Christmas and for hunting permits. Furthermore, they had to pay contributions for the wood for the maintenance of the Koper bridge, for the town bell ringer and the town clock. On individual village holidays, the village mayors also had to entertain the Captain of the Slavs and his entourage in addition to handing over the collected special contributions. The village's obligations to the fiscal (provincial) chamber amounted to a bit over 515 lire. In short, the obligations of the Koper villages to their Captain were substantial, especially if we take into account the numerous testimonies of the poverty of these villages at the time. The Koper Captain of the Slavs had a special role especially in the military organization of the Koper commune. He was responsible for the defence in the Koper countryside, oversaw border disputes between village communes, collected taxes, and was also in charge of lower-court matters. In addition, the organization of defence and control of the Venetian-Habsburg (Imperial) border played an extremely important role during various epidemics, as quarantines for travellers coming from infected areas were established in the defence posts manned by peasant soldiers (cernida) under the command of the Captain of the Slavs. From the viewpoint of social history and also for further research and comparisons, the Book of the Captain of the Slavs is very important, because in addition to the position's established centuries-long jurisdictions and role in the Koper commune, it also provides interesting details about the monetary value of contributions, from which we can understand the commune's social pulse, individual village fairs and the role of mayors and, in particular, which economic sectors or, rather, crops important for survival dominated the Koper countryside during the centuries of Venetian rule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study aimed to explore the lived experience of mental health professionals (mhPs) who had been redeployed on support teams (MHSTs) implemented in general hospital for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and their families, in order to scale up mental and physical health care integration in times of epidemic crisis. Methods: This multicentered qualitative study followed an IPSE (Inductive Process to analyze the Structure of lived Experience) research design. MhPs’ recruitment took place in three general hospitals of Seine-Seine-Denis department, in Paris suburbs (France). Results: Twenty-two participants were included. Data analysis produced three central axes: 1) the mhP in the epidemic crisis, underlying how participants confronted the unknown and adapted; 2) retrieving fundamentals of support therapy, that were: being present and listening, bonding with patients’ families, and ensuring care continuity; and 3) moving forward with other health professionals, highlighting the collaborative work they developed and experienced. Discussion: The epidemic prompted mhPs to rethink the values likely to guide the integration of their intervention with other individual and organizational care stakeholders, at different levels of health system. Normative integration based on shared appraisal of patients’ and families’ needs is highly required to overcome the multiple and sometimes contradictory health issues inherent in the crisis. Conclusion: Person- and family-centered approach of integrated care (IC) is essential to address fragmentation between mental and physical health care in times of epidemic crisis. Hospital and political leaders should support and draw from bottom-up mental health IC initiatives such as MHSTs, that embody this vision, in order to improve health systems preparedness for future crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Článek se věnuje způsobům vypořádání se s krizovou situací (epidemií) v dílech právně filosofických autorů sedmnáctého století (Hobbes, Spinoza, Mansvelt, Locke) a dílech krásné literatury (Mann, Camus, Čapek) a zkoumá možnosti jejich využití v současném prostředí právního řádu České republiky. Zjištěním článku je, že metody použité v této literatuře jsou přenositelné i do současnosti a mohou tak nabídnout alespoň kontury racionální regulace. Určité meze regulace, plynoucí nejen ze sféry ryze právního uvažování, ale také z literatury (včetně literatury počátku dvacátého století v ČR) jsou proto možným základem naší současné právní identity.

Identified in 1976, Ebola virus, a member of the Filoviridae family (filovirus), can cause a disease mainly characterized by inaugural influenza-like syndrome with almost permanent fever followed by gastrointestinal symptoms, such as diarrhea, vomiting causing dehydration. Death often occurs as a result of multi-system organ failure (hepatorenal failure, encephalopathy or even blood clotting disorders). Mortality rate is between 50 and 90%. Traditionally, patients with suspected and diagnosed Ebola were isolated in tents for essentially symptomatic treatment with very limited use of invasive procedures. Prevention consisted of measures aimed at respecting hygiene. Among caregivers, infection rate was 76% during the first Yambuku outbreak. Over time, management measures have been improved by the use of the vaccine, appropriate resuscitation techniques, specific treatment for filovirus and the use of BECUO (Biosecure Emergency Care Unit for Outbreaks). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: the purpose of this study was to describe the clinical and epidemiological features of COVID-19-related deaths in Tunisia notified at the ONMNE (National Observatory of New and emerging Diseases) between 2nd March 2020 and 28th February 2021 and to compare COVID-19-related deaths recorded in Tunisia with the international data. Methods: we conducted a national prospective longitudinal descriptive study of data collected from the National Surveillance System of SARS-CoV-2 infection of the ONMNE, Ministry of Health. All COVID-19-related deaths that occurred in Tunisia between March 2020 and February 2021 were included in this study. Data were collected from hospitals, municipalities and regional health departments. Death notifications were collected from multiple data sources (triangulation): The Regional Directorate of Basic Health Care, the ShocRoom (Strategic Health Operations Center), public and private health facilities, the Crisis Unit of the Presidency of the Government, the Directorate for Hygiene and Environmental Protection, the Ministry of Local Affairs and the Environment, as part of the followup of confirmed cases by the ONMNE team, positive RT-PCR / TDR post mortem results. Results: during this study, 8051 deaths were recorded, corresponding to a proportional mortality of 10.4%. The median age was 73 years, with an interquartile range of 17 years. Sex-ratio (M/F) was 1.8. The crude death rate was 69.1/100 000 inhabitants and fatality rate was 3.5%. The analysis of the epidemic curve showed 2 peaks of deaths on 29th October 2020 and 22nd January 2021, with 70 and 86 deaths notified respectively. The spatial distribution of mortality showed that the southern Tunisian region had the highest mortality rate. Patients aged 65 and over were most affected (73.7% of cases) with a crude mortality rate of 570.9/100,000 inhabitants and a fatality rate of 13.7%. Conclusion: prevention strategy based on public health measures must be reinforced by the rapid deployment of anti-COVID-19 vaccination, especially for people at risk of death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Für das Bundesland Tirol wurden im Zuge der Corona-Pandemie mehrfach besondere Maßnahmen von Bundes- und Landesseite erlassen. Im März 2020 wurden die österreichweit ersten Maßnahmen in Tirol gesetzt; als wenig später bundesweite Beschränkungen verhängt wurden, waren diese in Tirol strenger formuliert. Rund ein Jahr nach Beginn der Ausbreitung von COVID-19 in Österreich wurde Tirol erneut gesondert behandelt, indem für fast den gesamten Teil des Landesgebiets eine Ausreisetestpflicht festgelegt wurde. All diesen Maßnahmen ist gemein, dass sie selbst sowie deren Rechtsgrundlagen bei näherer Betrachtung einige verfassungsrechtliche Fragen und potenzielle Probleme aufweisen. Nicht zuletzt befasste sich auch der VfGH mit einigen dieser Tiroler Maßnahmen und stellte deren Gesetzwidrigkeit fest. Wenngleich sich eine derartig klare Aussage nicht für alle der behandelten Maßnahmen treffen lässt, so werfen diese doch Fragen auf, die es zu untersuchen gilt.

Lors d’une épidémie/pandémie causée par un virus inconnu comme le SRAS-CoV-2, agent responsable du COVID-19, les praticiens de la santé ne peuvent pas prédire le comportement du virus et donc l’évolution de la maladie. Ils ne peuvent pas aussi prédire la réaction des patients face aux différents traitements. Dans cet article on propose une architecture d’un système distribué de prédiction de l’évolution de la maladie et des réactions des patients pour les traitements, et ce en exploitant les données temps réel de patients atteints du même virus de partout dans le monde. Le système utilise une classification des patients basée sur les données géographiques et les questions dites « Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome/s » (PICO). Il s’inspire des systèmes de téléchargement peer-to-peer pour le partage des informations et utilise un modèle sémantique pour la sauvegarde et la comparaison des questions cliniques. Le système propose aussi de générer des auto-tests personnalisés qu’on peut mettre à la disposition de la population pour diminuer la panique causée par l’épidémie. Un Le fonctionnement du système est illustré par un exemple d’un patient atteint du COVID-19.

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Contexte : La transmission du virus de l’hépatite C (VHC) a été épidémiologiquement liée aux établissements de santé, en particulier aux établissements de soins externes, tels que les cliniques d’endoscopie et d’hémodialyse. Celles-ci ont été largement attribuées à des manquements concernant la prévention et le contrôle des infections. Objectif : Décrire les mesures de santé publique face à une épidémie du VHC détectée parmi les patients d’une clinique de coloscopie en Ontario, et souligner les risques liés à l’utilisation de flacons à doses multiples et la nécessité d’améliorer les pratiques de prévention et le contrôle des infections dans les établissements de soins externes. Méthodes : Le dépistage du VHC a été effectué chez les patients et le personnel qui ont fréquenté la clinique ou y ont travaillé en même temps que l’intervention du cas indexé. Les échantillons de sang des cas positifs ont été soumis à un séquençage viral. Des inspections de la clinique ont permis d’évaluer les pratiques de prévention et le contrôle des infections, et un examen des dossiers a été effectué pour cerner les mécanismes plausibles de transmission. Résultat : Au total, 38 % des patients qui ont subi des interventions à la clinique le même jour que le cas indexé a reçu un résultat positif pour le VHC. Le séquençage génétique a montré un haut degré de similarité dans la séquence génétique du VHC parmi les échantillons positifs pour le VHC. L’examen des dossiers et l’inspection des cliniques ont permis de désigner l’utilisation de flacons à doses multiples de médicaments d’anesthésie chez plusieurs patients comme mécanisme plausible de transmission. Conclusion : Les travailleurs de la santé, en particulier ceux qui se trouvent dans des établissements d’intervention ou chirurgicaux externes, devraient être vigilants et s’en tenir aux pratiques exemplaires de prévention et le contrôle des infections, notamment celles liées à l’utilisation de flacons à doses multiples, afin de prévenir la transmission d’infections hématogènes dans les établissements de soins de santé.

Ce que le monde subit, à nos jours, avec le Coronavirus qui est le cauchemar de l’humanité, avec une hausse d’inquiétude due au Covid-19, déclaré par l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé comme une pandémie mondiale en décembre 2019 et à l’instar de ce qu'a déjà prévu Albert Camus, il y a 73 ans dans son célèbre roman La Peste. Ce roman est publié en 1947, où l’écrivain nous présente une ville touchée par une épidémie contagieuse qui la peste. Ce roman voit des ventes multipliées après la diffusion rapide et mondiale de la pandémie de Coronavirus dans le monde entier en raison de la grande ressemblance entre ses événements et sa coïncidence avec la réalité au cours de laquelle nous vivons à la lumière de cette crise sanitaire par l’infection, n’est pas seulement d’une ville mais du monde entier, due à l’épidémie de Coronavirus. Les événements du roman se déroulent en Oran, une ville algérienne touchée par la peste, cette maladie devient une épidémie locale dont les citoyens sont infectés par cette épidémie au début de l’année 1940. Aux yeux de Camus, ce fléau contagieux qui s’abat la ville d’Oran peut négativement désigner deux choses : soit l’occupation allemande sur la France au XXe siècle, soit l’absurdité de la condition humaine puisque cette épidémie est une vraie méditation sur le mal commit par les êtres humains. Néanmoins, ce fléau a un seul côté positif ; il peut témoigner la solidarité des Français contre l’occupation allemande à leur pays et la défaite de l’individualisme à l’égard de la souffrance collective à cause de l’occupation et de l’épidémie. Ainsi, la diffusion de l’épidémie dans cette ville incarne le danger qui surgit lors de l’occupation où tout le monde est confronté à une pandémie mondiale qui est la guerre.

Corona my year (2020. 2021) had various repercussions that touched all levels, and literature was not isolated from its repercussions; He responded to the various changes that accompanied the epidemic, and they created texts that defined the pandemic, stood on its effects and tried to provide solutions to respond to it, supporting the stone as a preventive measure to limit the spread of the epidemic. Among the poets who responded to the repercussions of Corona, the poet Abdel Aziz Hammami, in his poem “Corona” adhered to reality and presented a creative document that defined the epidemic and provided precautionary instructions and instructions to prevent it, stressing the importance of quarantine, resorting to God, submission and prostration to him to lift the epidemic and scourge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Respiratory rehabilitation is the penultimate step in the medical management of patients with severe COPD-19. It is an essential step before patients' returning home, and is usually carried out in specialised Follow-up and Rehabilitation Clinics. When discharged from hospital, patients with post-severe COVID-19 usually progress in their medical condition. However, they may remain frail and have a constant fear of possible deterioration leading to (re)hospitalisation and a return to baseline. Psychological support in this phase can reduce patients' anxiety and increase their motivation to carry out daily rehabilitation activities. This support provides a stable and consistent basis for patients to focus on their progress, leaving the difficulties behind. Being aware of the improvements in their physical condition allows them to maintain their motivation to continue to be physically active. Psychological support during respiratory rehabilitation aims at preparing patients to return to the normal life they had before the disease. It is usually based on brief psychotherapies that focus on strengthening the patient's abilities through behavioural changes and through reducing risk behaviours. Only after this phase is it sometimes possible to deal with complex issues and to cope with personality mechanisms and maladaptive behaviour patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This interview covers the clinical and psychological condition of patients afflicted with severe COVID-19 and their pulmonary rehabilitation process. For these patients, symptoms are medically urgent and life-threatening. The sequelae of this viral attack and immune response to it are significant, and often persist for months after discharge from intensive care. To understand the medical and psychological state of these patients, a description is given of the organs affected, the oxygen cycle in the body and the medical care procedures that are used to help patients with dysfunctional respiratory systems. The link between physical and psychological progress is described. Physical weakness results from pulmonary sequelae and deconditioning, and is often experienced by patients as mental fatigue similar to psychological depression. This may draw the patient into a downward spiral, with multiple health aspects deteriorating, independently of the resolution of initial problems. Conversely, a positive physical or psychological evolution may lead to the evolution of the other. Thus, reversing the negative trend for just one system component can delay, completely arrest the spiralling down, or transform it into an upward spiral, improving the patient's condition. In addition, for people undergoing severe COVID-19, the return to normal life could be destabilizing and memories that arise from their crisis state may trigger Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Health and psychosocial professionals hold an important role both in post-hospital care and in secondary prevention, i.e. prevention of relapse and re-hospitalization. Physical rehabilitation work must take these psychological factors into account, in the same way that any psychological follow-up is supposed to consider physiological factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The present study attempts to provide an integrative overview of the role that the centralizing policies of the Viennese court over sanitary matters had on the establishment of border regiments in Transylvania. The study begins with an analysis of an unpublished archival material that tells of the outbreak of a plague epidemic in Transylvania in the autumn of 1770. In the second part, the focus is directed towards the specific ideas of the 18th century and the impact they had on the Habsburgs’ reformist health policy. The last part of the study is devoted to the reasons that led to the establishment of the Transylvanian border regiments and their role in preventing plague epidemics in the second half of the 18th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ai tempi della pandemia da Covid-19 che stiamo vivendo ancora oggi, risulta ancora più necessario sottolineare come a livello letterario, storico e medico la diffusione di malattie infettive sia sempre stata documentata. La paura delle epidemie e del contagio sembra essere un vero e proprio topos narrativo che accompagna l’uomo sin dall’antichità; tuttavia, questi stessi concetti assumono caratteristiche e un significato diversi in base a un determinato contesto storico e allo sviluppo tecnologico presenti in esso. In tal senso, la scoperta della microbiologia della fine dell’Ottocento, che offre le evidenze empiriche del possibile contagio interumano, ha delle ricadute invitabili sulle paure dell’uomo, che incidono anche a livello narrativo. Contestualmente nasce il genere letterario distopico (sorto piuttosto tardivamente rispetto a quello utopico, sua controparte positiva) e con esso si apre l’immaginario catastrofico di una pandemia in grado di cambiare o sterminare per sempre l’umanità. Questo contributo sottolinea come la funzione neurocognitiva di immaginare mondi possibili (controfattualità) sia connaturata al genere umano e alla base del discorso distopico, che di volta in volta incarna le paure più recondite dell’uomo al fine di esorcizzarle. In relazione a ciò, viene altresì analizzato il cambiamento del tema del contagio in letteratura, con particolare attenzione alla distopia, mostrando come The Scarlet Plague di Jack London sembri canonizzare un genere prima sconosciuto, ossia la narrativa distopica dell’epidemia.__At the time of the Covid-19 pandemic that we are still experiencing today, it is even more necessary to emphasize how the spread of infectious diseases has always been documented at a literary, historical and medical level.The fear of epidemics and contagion seems to be a real narrative topos that has accompanied man since ancient times. However, these same concepts take on different characteristics and meaning according to a certain historical context and the technological development present in it. In this sense, the discovery of the microbiology of the late nineteenth century that offers empirical evidence of possible inter-human contagion has inviting repercussions on human fears, which also affect the narrative level. At the same time, the dystopian literary genre was born (which arose rather late than the utopian one, its positive counterpart) and with it the catastrophic imagery of a pandemic capable of changing or exterminating humanity forever. This contribution underlines how the neurocognitive function of imagining possible worlds (counterfactuality) is a specific characteristic of mankind. It is also the basis of the dystopian discourse, which from time to time embodies man’s most hidden fears in order to exorcise them. Therefore, it is also analyzed how the theme of contagion changes in literature, with particular attention to dystopia, showing how Jack London’s The Scarlet Plague seems to canonize a previously unknown genre, namely the dystopian narrative of the epidemic.

De 1732 à 1734, une épidémie de petite vérole (variole) se propage par les principales voies de communications de la Nouvelle-France. Si la maladie fait beaucoup de victimes chez la population européennes, elle est dévastatrice parmi les Autochtones. Les nations de l’Iroquoisie et de la région des Grands Lacs semblent être les plus touchés par la petite vérole. Pour contrer cette épidémie, les Autochtones adoptent différentes stratégies. En Acadie, les Autochtones mettent en place une forme de distanciation et évitent tout contact avec les Européens. Dans la région des Grands Lacs, les nations se divisent et se dispersent sur le territoire. Ces stratégies permettent aux Autochtones de limiter la propagation de la maladie et montrent comment ces peuples ont su s’adapter à cette crise. Les épidémies de petite vérole au début du xviiie siècle ont de lourdes conséquences sur la démographie des nations autochtones de la Nouvelle-France, mais également sur les aspects spirituels, militaires et politiques de ces communautés.

À la suite du décès par Ebola d’un parent, une famille accuse l’État guinéen d’être responsable de sa mort. Qu’est-ce qui a conduit à porter une telle accusation? À partir d’une enquête ethnographique en République de Guinée, cet article montre de quelle manière l’histoire politique guinéenne a influencé le déroulement de l’épidémie d’Ebola de 2014 à 2016 dans les pays du fleuve Mano. Pour comprendre comment les crises politiques du passé façonnent le rapport des Guinéens à la crise sanitaire provoquée par Ebola, je procéderai en trois temps. D’abord, je reviendrai sur les violences d’État qui ont jalonné l’histoire politique de la Guinée depuis son indépendance en 1958. Une des conséquences de ces violences se manifeste par un manque de confiance systémique vis-à-vis des élites et des actions gouvernementales. Puis, je montrerai comment les camps d’internement militaires de Sékou Touré réactivent un rapport à l’enfermement induisant des rumeurs et des comportements de peur face aux Centres de traitement d’Ebola (CTE). Enfin, pour me déprendre des approches fondées sur les « réticences » de la population guinéenne aux dispositifs sanitaires de lutte contre l’épidémie, j’analyserai des formes de résistance s’inscrivant plus largement dans l’histoire des contestations politiques en Guinée.

La découverte d'une bactérie hautement résistante émergente (BHRe) dans un prélèvement de dépistage ou un prélèvement bactériologique à visée diagnostique a des conséquences majeures pour l'équipe en charge des soins du patient. Tout doit être mis en œuvre pour éviter les transmissions croisées du microorganisme résistant vers d'autres personnes hospitalisées dans le service, à l'hôpital ou tout au long du parcours de soins du cas index. L'équipe opérationnelle d'hygiène (EOH) intervient, évalue le risque de dispersion selon les modalités de prise en charge du patient à son admission et les habitudes du service sur le plan de la prévention et de l'hygiène. Une réorganisation du fonctionnement du service peut s'imposer pour limiter les contacts sans réduire la qualité et la quantité de soins nécessaires au patient (pas de perte de chance). Une surveillance active des cas contact est réalisée en collaboration avec le service, le laboratoire de bactériologie et l'EOH pour détecter au plus tôt d'éventuels cas secondaires. La déclaration des nouveaux cas aux centres d'appui et de prévention de la lutte contre les infections associées aux soins (CPias) permet d'assurer la surveillance régionale et nationale de la situation épidémique. The discovery of an emerging extensively drug-resistant bacteria (eXDR) in a screening sample or a bacteriological sampling for diagnostic purposes has major consequences for healthcare workers. Everything must be done to prevent cross-transmission of the resistant microorganism to other hospitalized patient in the department, in the hospital or throughout the index case's course of care. The hygiene team intervenes, assesses the risk of spread according to the way the patient is taken care of on admission and the habits of the unit in terms of prevention and hygiene. A reorganization of care may be necessary to limit contact without reducing the quality and quantity of care needed by the patient (no loss of opportunity). Active surveillance of contact cases, carried out in collaboration with the service, the bacteriology laboratory and hygiene team to detect any secondary cases as early as possible. The notification of new eXDR cases to the Support and Prevention Centers for the Fight against Healthcare Associated Infections (CPias) allows regional and national surveillance of the epidemic situation to be ensured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]