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Abstract Whey proteins provide an excellent source of low-molecular-weight bioactive peptides with important functional properties and bioactivities like antihypertensive, opioid, and antimicrobial effects. Presence of peptide molecules with lower molecular weight has a great role in food for health promotion. In this investigation, the release of low-molecular-weight peptides from whey protein concentrate was attempted by using enzymatic digestion. The hydrolyzate was then incorporated into milk to obtain enriched milk (EM) with low-molecular-weight peptides. Based on sensory analysis of EM, electrophoretic and RP-HPLC studies, hydrolyzates of 10% protein (degree of hydrolysis 5%; enzyme/ substrate E/S, 1:50) were finally incorporated into milk at 20% (v/v) to develop an acceptable product enriched with low-molecular-weight peptides. EM had higher protein content, viscosity and emulsifying properties than control milk with 3% fat. It is recommended that EM should not be sterilized as it results in coagulation, but can be safely pasteurized and spray dried without any undesirable effects. Maximum ACE-inhibition activity was obtained in hydrolyzate, followed by EM. This study is expected to boost the opportunity for the dairy industry to venture further into the nutraceutical dairy market. Graphical abstract

The immune system is a complex and integrated system whose main function is to protect the body from external aggression by microorganisms, allergens, or toxic agents. Different studies show that maintaining optimal amounts of different nutrients in the body is essential to ensure the synthesis of different factors related to the immune system. Most interesting nutrients and bioactive compounds include: vitamins A, B6, B12, C, D, E, folic acid (B9) and biotin (B7); minerals such as zinc, iron, selenium, magnesium and copper; proteins (lactoferrin) and bioactive peptides; omega-3 fatty acids; and other nutrients and bioactive compounds such as fiber, polyphenols, carotenoids, probiotics, etc. Following a varied and balanced diet, including the servings recommended by food guides for each food group, is essential to achieve nutrient requirements. Food groups to which special attention should be paid are: fruits and vegetables (because of their high content in micronutrients and antioxidant compounds), fatty fish (because it contains omega-3 fatty acids), and dairy products (because this group contains a large number of nutrients). In particular, milk–especially enriched milk–contains many of the nutrients mentioned above. Moreover, their daily consumption, within a balanced diet, can help significantly cover their nutrient reference values. Finally, it is important to consider enriched kind of milk as a good dietary alternative to increase the intake of some important nutrients for the proper functioning of the immune system, most especially some of them such as vitamin D, since a large percentage of the population have nutritional deficiencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Growing Up Milk (GUM) was developed to assist young children in meeting their nutritional requirements during the second year of life. However, there is limited evidence that GUM improves nutritional status and growth in young children. Objectives To evaluate the effect of consuming Growing Up Milk "Lite" (GUMLi) (reduced protein with synbiotics and micronutrients added) compared with standard cow milk as part of a whole diet for 1 y on body composition at 2 y of age. Methods GUMLi Trial was a multicenter, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial conducted in Auckland and Brisbane. Healthy 1-y-olds were recruited and randomly assigned to receive either GUMLi or standard cow milk for 12 mo as part of a whole diet. The primary outcome was percentage body fat at 2 y of age measured by bioelectrical impedance. All regression models adjusted for baseline outcome and study center. Results 160 children (80 per arm) were randomly assigned, and 134 (67 per arm) were included in the modified intention-to-treat analyses. The mean percentage body fat at 12 mo was 23.3% (SD 7.9) in the GUMLi group and 25.7% (SD 7.2) in the cow milk group. After adjusting for baseline outcome and study location, the estimated mean difference in percentage body fat between the intervention and control at 12 mo was −2.19% (95% CI: −4.24, −0.15; P  = 0.036). Per-protocol analysis showed a similar effect (mean difference: −2.09%; 95% CI: −4.16, −0.03; P  = 0.047). Both fat mass and the fat mass index were significantly lower in the GUMLi group at 12 mo than in the cow milk group. Conclusions At 2 y of age, children who consumed a GUM with a lower protein content than cow milk over 12 mo had a lower percentage of body fat. This trial was registered at the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry as ACTRN12614000918628. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of feeding systems [component and total mixed rations (TMR)] and dietary grain sources (barley, commercial concentrate, corn grain, and high-moisture corn) on lactation characteristics and milk composition. A total of 852,242 test-day records, information on animal characteristics, feed composition, and feeding systems from 104,129 Holstein cows in 4,319 herds covering a period of 5 yr were obtained from Quebec's Dairy Herd Improvement Association (Valacta). We performed descriptive statistics and graphical representations of the data for each type of feeding system and grain source by parity (1 to 3). The milk records were binned in 15-d in milk blocks. Mixed models using a combination of forward and backward stepwise selections were developed to predict milk and milk component yields. The TMR-fed cows had greater yield of milk, fat, protein, and lactose and lower milk urea N (MUN) concentration than component-fed cows at all parities. Cows fed a TMR had higher peak milk yields and greater persistency after peak lactation compared with component-fed cows. In addition, greater yields of milk fat and protein from peak to mid-lactation were found in TMR- versus component-fed cows. In general, greater milk fat and protein yields as well as lower MUN concentration were observed in cows fed corn grain or high-moisture corn compared with barley or commercial concentrate, but parity influenced these relationships. The feeding system by day in milk blocks interaction was significant in models of milk and components yields for all parities, but only for second-lactation cows for MUN concentration. This means that effect of TMR and component feeding differs with stage of lactation. In conclusion, feeding TMR and corn-based diets are associated with greater yield of milk and milk components under commercial conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anomalous small‐angle X‐ray scattering (ASAXS) and resonant soft X‐ray scattering (RSoXS) are two related techniques that can enable element‐specific structural information to be obtained. The development of iron‐fortified milk products can greatly benefit from such techniques, allowing the structure of iron and other minerals (such as native calcium) within the casein micelle to be determined. Each method has advantages and disadvantages: for ASAXS, the sample preparation is straightforward, but the signal is relatively low and information about the structure of Ca is difficult to access. RSoXS can be used to study both Ca and Fe, and the element‐specific signals observed are proportionally much higher; however, the measurements are challenging due to the difficulty of precise control of the solution thickness using currently available vacuum‐compatible liquid cells. Nevertheless, complementary results from both techniques indicate Fe is co‐located with Ca, i.e. within the colloidal calcium phosphate nanoclusters that are present within native casein micelles in milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To examine the effects of Rhodobacter sphaeroides (R. sphaeroides) supplementation as a direct-fed microbial (DFM) on rumen fermentation in dairy cows and on coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) transition into milk, an in vitro rumen simulation batch culture and an in vivo dairy cow experiment were conducted. Methods: The characteristics of in vitro ruminal fermentation were investigated using rumen fluids from six cannulated Holstein dairy cows at 2 h post-afternoon feeding. A control treatment was included in the experiments based on a typified total mixed ration (TMR) for lactating dairy cows, which was identical to the one used in the in vivo study, plus R. sphaeroides at 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5% TMR dry matter. The in vivo study employed six ruminally cannulated lactating Holstein cows randomly allotted to either the control TMR (C-TMR) treatment or to a diet supplemented with a 0.5% R. sphaeroides culture (S-TMR, dry matter basis) ad libitum. The presence of R. sphaeroides was verified using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) applied to the bacterial samples obtained from the in vivo study. The concentration of CoQ10 in milk and in the supernatant from the in vitro study was determined using high performance liquid chromatography. Results: The results of the in vitro batch culture and DGGE showed that the concentration of CoQ10 significantly increased after 2 h of R. sphaeroides supplementation above 0.1%. When supplemented to the diet of lactating cows at the level of 0.5%, R. sphaeroides did not present any adverse effect on dry matter intake and milk yield. However, the concentration of CoQ10 in milk dramatically increased, with treated cows producing 70.9% more CoQ10 than control cows. Conclusion: The CoQ10 concentration in milk increased via the use of a novel DFM, and R. sphaeroides might be used for producing value-added milk and dairy products in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Measuring milk osmolality after adjustable fortification is clinically relevant, as values exceeding recommended safety thresholds might result in gastrointestinal consequences. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of four fortification levels and storage time on the osmolality of human milk.Methods: This was an experimental study using 71 spare samples of fresh breastmilk collected from 31 mothers of preterm infants. Osmolality was measured before and after adding commercial human milk fortifier containing dextrinomaltose and hydrolysed proteins at four different concentrations. Measurements were performed at various points during the 23 hours after fortification.Results: The mean basal osmolality of the 71 human milk samples was 296 ± 14 milliosmoles (mOsm)/kg, and these remained stable over a period of 23 hours. Just after fortification, the four fortified formulas showed higher osmolalities than the nonfortified human milk, ranging between 384 ± 14 and 486 ± 15 mOsm/kg, respectively (p < 0.01). This osmolality increased significantly from 20 minutes to 23 hours after fortification (p < 0.05).Conclusion: Adding fortifier and extra-hydrolysed proteins to human preterm milk increased osmolality, and these osmolality levels also increased with time. We recommend evaluating the risk of hyperosmolality when a higher fortification level is needed, to avoid gastrointestinal problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compares a premium brand of UHT milk, Unicla, characterised by an improved nutritional composition, to conventional milk, in terms of health effects and environmental impacts. Unlike enriched milks, in which nutrients are added to the final product, Unicla is obtained naturally by improving the diet of the dairy cows. Health effects have been analysed based on literature findings, while the environmental analysis focused on those spheres of the environment where milk is expected to cause the higher impacts, and thus carbon (CF) and water footprints (WF) have been determined. Five final products have been compared: 3 conventional (skimmed, semi-skimmed, whole) and 2 Unicla (skimmed, semi-skimmed) milks. As a functional unit, one litre of packaged UHT milk entering the regional distribution centre has been chosen. The improved composition of Unicla milk is expected to decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease and to protect consumers against oxidative damage, among other health benefits. Concerning the environmental aspect, CF of Unicla products are, on average, 10% lower than their conventional equivalents, mainly due to the lower enteric emissions of caused by the Unicla diet. No significant differences were found between the WF of Unicla and conventional milk. Raw milk is the main contributor to both footprints (on average, 83.2 and 84.3% of the total CF of Unicla and conventional milk, respectively, and 99.9% of WF). The results have been compared to those found in literature, and a sensitivity analysis has been performed to verify their robustness. The study concludes that switching to healthier milk compositions can help slowing down global warming, without contributing to other environmental issues such as water scarcity. The results should encourage other milk companies to commit to the development of healthier, less environmentally damaging products, and also to stimulate consumers to bet on them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method was developed for the extraction and analysis of cow's milk to measure 21 halogenated flame retardants (FRs), including individual isomers plus eight methoxy-polybrominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-PBDEs). Extraction was performed using homogenisation with acetone: hexane with size exclusion chromatography followed by adsorption chromatography clean-up. Analysis was undertaken using gas chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry. The method was validated in fortified cow's milk with FRs and 2-methoxy-PBDE 68 at three levels (low [12.5-1250 pg g-1], mid [37.5-5000 pg g-1] and high [400-10 000 pg g-1]). Additional methoxy-PBDEs were tested at two fortification levels. Isotope dilution was used to correct for losses during sample preparation and average recoveries ranged from 58% (allyl 2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether [ATE]) to 121% (γ-tetrabromoethylcyclohexane (γ-TBECH)). Limits of detection ranged from 0.055 pg g-1 (6-methoxy-PBDE 47) to 38.9 pg g-1 (decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE)). Matrix effects were overcome through the use of surrogate and performance standards. A single FR (1-bromomethyl-2,3,4,5,6-pentabromobenzene [PBBB]) and two methoxy-PBDEs were detected in commercially available cow's milk collected from local supermarkets in Ottawa, ON, Canada. Detection frequency was < 25% for these compounds and, where present, concentrations were low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Average consumption of magnesium in Poland does not satisfy people's daily demand for this element; therefore it is necessary to supplement it. In the conducted experiment there was established the possibility of using magnesium D-gluconate for enriching yoghurts and goat's milk. The highest dose of magnesium, which did not cause protein precipitation during pasteurization, was the addition of 20 mg of magnesium for 100 g of goat's milk. Fortification with magnesium decreases pH and increases the hardness of yoghurts. Yoghurts enriched with magnesium during the whole storage period were better preferred by consumers than control yoghurts (without magnesium). Fortification with magnesium increases the intensity of milky-creamy taste and decreases the intensity of ?goat? taste in goat's milk yoghurts. The amount of the introduced magnesium does not significantly change the cohesiveness and adhesiveness of yoghurts within 21-day-storage period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milk naturally enriched in conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and trans -vaccenic acid (TVA) was ultra high temperature (UHT)-treated at 125–145 °C for 2–20 s and stored at 4 and 25 °C for up to 120 d. The oxidative stability of treated enriched milk was evaluated in terms of changes on the contents of CLA and TVA, dissolved oxygen, hydroperoxides, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and formation of volatiles. After UHT treatment, more than 78% of CLA and 87% of TVA remained. After 15 d of storage at 25 °C, the CLA and TVA were relatively stable with values in the range of 67–75 and 63–73%, respectively. During storage, CLA oxidized faster than TVA, independently of the UHT treatment and storage conditions. Heptanal was the most abundant volatile resulting from UHT processing and a potential suitable marker for heat treatment of milk rich in CLA and TVA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to establish direct and predictive methods (statistical) the possibility of obtaining lactic bacteria Lactobacillus delbrueckii var. bulgaricus in higher amounts by using culture medium enriched with carbohydrates in different percentages, for using these in obtaining organic products. The results led to the selection of MRS culture medium enriched with 1% glucose, 2% lactose and 3% maltose as a substrate in order to use multiplication of lactic bacteria isolated from organic milk, collected from organic farms in the area of Sibiu, Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study on the effect of a galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS)-supplemented infant milk formula on beneficial bacteria including Bifibacterium and Lactobacillus as well as Clostridium and Escherichia coli and the role of supplemented formula in reducing total pathogen count and colonization. It cites the need to investigate the relationship between microbial gut composition and function effects and improvement with the administration of enriched formulas.

Abstract: Stability of vitamin D2 in milk was determined in vitamin D2 fortified milk. Reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography was used to determine the vitamin D2 loss during processing, packaging and under light. The percentage losses during pasteurization, boiling and sterilization were demonstrated to be statistically insignificant. Milk was stored for seven days in both glass and plastic bottles under refrigerated temperature, non significant loss of vitamin D2 was observed, whereas, when stored in polyethylene pouches significant loss was observed as vitamin D2 decreased from 596.66 to 548.04IU. This clearly indicated that vitamin D2 was sorbed up by polyethylene material during storage resulting in its loss. Milk samples were stored for 32h under three different light intensities (14,852,970 and 4455lux). Non significant loss of vitamin D2 was observed in glass packaging, whereas significant loss was observed in polyethylene pouches. In milk fortified with both calcium and vitamin D2, non significant effect of calcium was observed on the loss of vitamin D2. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of a national program of consumption of fortified milk “Liconsa" on the nutritional status of iron and zinc in pre-school children (3-5 y). The study was conducted in 77 healthy children of both genders. 54 of them consumed Liconsa fortified milk (GCLFL) and 23 consumed no fortified milk (GR). Iron status was determined by measuring hemoglobin and ferritin and zinc status by serum zinc. The consumption of milk was on free demand and it was estimated at baseline and 6 mo after. Through 24-h recall of measured consumption of iron and zinc in the total diet. Descriptive statistics, Student's t test for independent samples and chi-square test for differences in proportions. Children who consumed fortified milk showed an increase of hemoglobin and ferritin levels [1.13 g/dL (p < 0.05) and 5.83 μg/L (p < 0.05) respectively]. Additionally, a decrease was found of the prevalence of low iron stores from 20.4 to 4.1% (p < 0.05). The serum zinc level showed an increase of 45.2 μg/dL (p < 0.05). At the end of the study no child showed a micronutrient deficiency. Children who did not consume fortified milk Liconsa showed no significant change in their serum iron and zinc values. The average consumption of milk powder Liconsa was 22.7±14.5 g, providing 2.5 mg of daily iron and zinc. Supplied diet 9.2 ± 3.4 mg of iron and 6.9 ± 3 mg of zinc. The consumption of fortified milk had a beneficial effect on the serum levels of iron and zinc in children's social welfare program Liconsa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the current study was to investigate if the supplementation of vitamin A via a phytosterol enriched low-fat milk could prevent the reduction of plasma beta-carotene concentrations than often occurs after plant sterols’ or stanols’ intake. A sample of 108 hypercholesterolaemic adults (40–60 years old) was randomized to an enriched milk group that contained among other nutrients phytosterols (0.5 g/100 ml) and vitamin A (111 μg/100 ml) (EMG: n = 40), a placebo plain milk group (PMG: n = 37), and a control group (CG: n = 31) following their usual diet; the EMG and the PMG consumed 500 ml milk per day and in order to ensure compliance with the intervention scheme, attended health and nutrition counselling sessions biweekly over a 3-month period. Dietary intake of vitamin A significantly increased in the EMG compared to the PMG and the CG ( P < 0.001) and all groups significantly increased their vegetable consumption. However, no significant differences were found among groups regarding changes in dietary intake of beta-carotene and consumption of fruits. Regarding biochemical indices, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein-B decreased significantly within all study groups, with the decreases being significantly higher in the EMG compared to the CG (−25.4 vs. −9.9; −21.7 vs. −8.2 and −13.2 vs. −3.4 mg/dl, respectively; P < 0.05). Plasma concentrations of beta-carotene did not change in any of the three groups. Extra fortification of a phytosterol enriched milk with vitamin A seems to be useful in maintaining plasma beta-carotene levels of hypercholesterolemic adults after consumption of 2.5 g/d of phytosterols over a 3-month intervention period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been recently studied for its health-promoting and disease-preventing properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of pressure (100–600MPa), temperature (60–120°C) and treatment time (0–14min) on CLA content in milk and anhydrous milk fat (AMF) rich in CLA. In milk treated up to 14min at 100MPa, CLA was stable (>80% of retention), regardless of the temperature. In contrast, only 3.4±2% of CLA was retained at 600MPa and 120°C. For AMF, CLA retention was considerably higher (40.2±2%) than that obtained for milk. The presence of free metal ions in milk might catalyze CLA degradation. When the antioxidant catechin (1g/kg) was used, CLA retention increased significantly (>90%) in milk and AMF, regardless of the experimental conditions. Industrial relevance: Previous research led by Dr. John Kennelly resulted in CLA-enriched milk by manipulating the diet of dairy cattle. CLA in milk suffers significant losses in terms of its biological activity during processing at high temperatures like UHT. High consumption of CLA products has been associated with many health benefits. This study provided new data on CLA retention with and without an antioxidant at pressure-assisted thermal sterilization (PATS) conditions and confirmed the role of catechin in reducing oxidative damage by PATS treatments. Milk rich in CLA can be treated with PATS to deliver shelf-stable milk while CLA activity is preserved. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In recent years, the food industry has shown a tendency to produce milk with a reduced content of saturated fat, which is claimed to have negative effects on cardiovascular diseases in humans. The substitution of dietary saturated fat with long chain omega-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids) and oleic acid has been reported to decrease cardiovascular risk by reducing blood lipids, mainly cholesterol. In this review, the effect of EPA, DHA, and oleic acid consumption and the consumption of milk enriched with these fatty acids on human health have been discussed. Furthermore, the possible use of EPA, DHA, and oleic acid in the enrichment of milk has been presented by reviewing the related in vivo studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Substitution of dietary saturated fat by oleic acid and/or polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) has been described to reduce the cardiovascular risk by reducing blood lipids, mainly cholesterol. Additional benefits have been described for long chain omega-3 PUFA (eicosapentaenoic acid—EPA and docosahexaenoic acid—DHA) from fish oils. In recent years, food technology has been used to produce dairy drinks with a reduced content of saturated fat in favour of those fatty acids, most of them claiming cardiovascular benefits. This review summarises all the scientific evidence regarding the effects of milks enriched with long chain omega-3 PUFA (EPA+DHA) and/or oleic acid on cardiovascular health. Nine controlled intervention studies with enriched milks have reported effects on healthy volunteers, subjects with increased risk factors and cardiovascular patients. The main effects observed were reductions of blood lipids, mainly cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Objective: The main goal of the present study was to evaluate the effect of a commercially available milk containing small amounts of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, oleic acid, and vitamins A, B6, D, E, and folic acid compared with semi-skimmed and skimmed milk in volunteers with moderate cardiovascular risk. Methods: Two hundred ninety-seven subjects 25 to 65 y of age with moderate cardiovascular risk were randomly allocated into three groups. In addition to their diets, one group consumed 500 mL/d of the enriched milk, another group consumed 500 mL/d of skimmed milk, and a control group consumed 500 mL/d of semi-skimmed milk. All groups consumed the dairy drinks for 1 y and blood samples were taken at 0 and 12 mo. Results: Consumption of enriched milk for 1 y produced significant (P < 0.05) increases in serum folate (58%) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (4%). Plasma triacylglycerols (10%), total cholesterol (4%), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (6%) were reduced significantly only in the supplemented group. Serum glucose, homocysteine, and C-reactive protein remained unchanged. In the skimmed milk and semi-skimmed milk groups, the only significant decreases were in serum folate (17% and 11%, respectively). Conclusion: Daily intake of a milk enriched with fish oil, oleic acid, and vitamins improved the nutritional status and cardiovascular risk markers of volunteers, whereas skimmed milk and semi-skimmed milk did not. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The antioxidant activity of several dairy products, yoghurt enriched with green tea and lemon, fermented milk, yoghurt with strawberry pulp, ‘low-calorie’ yoghurt with inulin and milk enriched with vitamin E and their ingredients were analysed. Yoghurt enriched with green tea and lemon showed the best lipidic antioxidant capacity. All the dairy products analysed were very good OH· radical scavengers. The dairy products analysed were unable to scavenge H2O2 except green tea. The antioxidant activity of these samples resisted high temperatures in the Rancimat test; of the ingredients analysed, the best antioxidant activity was found for vitamin E followed by green tea, pectin, Lactobacillus acidophilus, lemon pulp and cornstarch. Antioxidant activity did not suffer variations during storage at an unfavourable temperature (40 °C), as demonstrated by the linoleic acid assay. Yoghurt enriched with green tea and lemon, yoghurt with strawberry pulp and low-calorie yoghurt with inulin produced the best results in the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The human Enterovirus genus of the piconavirus family causes most of the febrile illnesses that affect children during the summer season in Taiwan. Enterovirus type 71 (EV71) plays a key role in patients with hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) combined with severe paralysis or encephalitis. It is important to find a method for preventing infection with EV71 since there is no antiviral agent or vaccine for humans. In this study, we developed a transgenic mouse model for demonstrating the protective effects of recombinant lactoferrin (LF) against EV71 infection. Transgenic mice carrying alpha-lactalbumin-porcine lactoferrin (αLA-pLF) and BALB/c wild-type mice were subjected to EV71 inoculation. First, we analyzed the expression efficiencies of recombinant pLF (rpLF) in hemizygous and homozygous transgenic mice. Following EV71 inoculation on the 4th day of life, pups ingesting transgenic milk showed the significantly higher survival rate and heavier body weight compared to wild-type mice. RT-PCR analysis for EV71 viral RNA showed that the recombinant pLF had a blocking effect on EV71 infection. Our data suggest that oral intake of pLF-enriched milk exhibited the ability to prevent infection with EV71. The study also provides an animal model for validating the protective effects of pLF. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective: Results from epidemiologic studies and clinical trials have indicated that consumption of ω-3 fatty acids, oleic acid, and folic acid have beneficial effects on health, including decreased risk of cardiovascular disease. We evaluated the combined effects of these nutrients through the consumption of milk enriched with ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, oleic acid, vitamins E and B6, and folic acid on risk factors for cardiovascular disease in volunteers with mild hyperlipidemia.Methods: Thirty subjects ages 45 to 65 y (51.3 ± 5.3 y) were given 500 mL/d of semi-skimmed milk for 4 wk and then 500 mL/d of the enriched milk for 8 wk. Plasma and low-density lipoproteins were obtained at the beginning of the study and at 4, 8, and 12 wk.Results: Consumption of enriched milk for 8 wk increased plasma concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid and significantly (P < 0.05) decreased plasma concentrations of triacylglycerol (24%), total cholesterol (9%), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (13%). Plasma and low-density lipoprotein oxidation and vitamin E concentration remained unchanged throughout the study. Significant decreases in plasma concentrations of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (9%) and homocysteine (17%) were found, accompanied by a 98% increase in plasma concentration of folic acid.Conclusions: Dairy supplementation strategies with ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, oleic acid, and vitamins may be useful for decreasing risk factors for cardiovascular disease. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

El mercado español de leches enriquecidas, o más exactamente “leche modificadas”, supuso el pasado año alrededor de 151 millones de litros, por un valor de casi 17,000 millones de pesetas. Este segmento del mercado lácteo llama la atención por su crecimiento en facturación, un 45 % frente al año anterior, cuando el consumo total de leche líquida en España parece haber encontrado su techo (crecimiento negativo del mercado total del 2,1 % en volúmen, y del 2,6 en valor). Pero sobre todo, esta tendencia es destacable por tratarse de un segmento con un precio medio al público (P.V.P) muy superior al del mercado total. Frente a un precio de venta de leche líquida “normal” de 85 ptas/litro, las leches modificadas presentan un precio medio de 111 ptas/litro. (Fuente de todos los datos citados: A.C. Nielsen, referidos al periodo T.A.M. Feb-Mzo 98). Palabras clave:: leches enriquecidas, leches modificadas, fraudes. Abstract The Spanish market of enriched milk, or more exactly “modified milk,” represented the past year around 151 million liters, for a value of almost 17.000 million pesetas. This segment of the dairy market attracts attention for their growth in billing, a 45% in front of the previous year, when the total consumption of liquid milk in Spain seems to have found their roof (negative growth of the total market of the 2.1% in volumen, and of the 2.6 in value). But mainly, this tendency is prominent by being of a segment with a average price to the public (P.V.P) very superior to that of the total market. In front of a price of sale of regular liquid milk of 85 ptas/liter, the modified milk present a average price of 111 ptas/liter. (Source of all mentioned data: A.D. Nielsen, referred to the T.A.M period. Feb-Mzo 98). Resumo O mercado español de leites enriquecidas, o máis exactamente “leites modificadas”, supuxo o pasado ano alrededor de 151 millones de litros, por un valor de casi 17,000 millones de pesetas. Este segmento del mercado lácteo llama la atención por su crecimiento en facturación, un 45 % frente al ano anterior, cuando o consumo total de leite líquida en España parece haber encontrado o seu teito (crecemento negativo do mercado total do 2,1 % en volúmen, y do 2,6 en valor). Pero sobre todo, esta tendencia e destacable por tratarse dun segmento con un precio medio o público (P.V.P) moi superior o do mercado total. Frente a un precio de venta de leite líquida “normal” de 85 ptas/litro, as leites modificadas presentan un precio medio de 111 ptas/litro. (Fonte de todo-los datos citados: A.C. Nielsen, referidos al periodo T.A.M. Feb-Mzo 98). Palabras clave: leites enriquecidas, leites modificadas, fraudes [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The authors reflect on whether breast milk for premature children should be fortified after discharge to enhance the neurodevelopmental outcomes as preterm infants are at higher risk for neurodevelopmental problems. They discuss an article by R. D. da Cunha and colleagues on a randomized clinical trial of a formula powder human milk vs. human milk with no supplementation on preterm infants, suggesting that any clinical indication for fortification should not interfere with breastfeeding.

Summary: Background & aims: Food intake has been associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and compliance is considered essential to elicit maximal responses to diet therapy. This study aimed to evaluate the changes in CVD risk factors after a 3-month counselling programme combined with supplementation with a lipid-lowering milk product, and to examine the effect of compliance on these factors. Methods: Seventy-seven hypercholesterolaemic adults were randomized to receive a milk product enriched with phytosterols (EMG: n = 40) or a placebo one (PMG: n = 37). Both groups consumed 500 ml milk/d and attended seven counselling sessions. They were categorized as non-compliant, partially compliant or compliant based on attendance of sessions and milk consumption. Results: Both groups significantly increased vegetable and decreased cheese consumption. Both EMG and PMG reduced their TC, LDL-C, apo-B and BMI. When analysed separately by compliance level, no changes were observed in non-compliant subjects in both EMG and PMG; partially compliant EMG and PMG reduced their TC and LDL-C levels; compliant EMG and PMG study participants further reduced their apo-B and BMI. Conclusion: The results of this study highlight the importance of a high degree of compliance to a healthier lifestyle and diet to achieve desired changes in CVD risk factors, further to the use of a lipid lowering milk product. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]