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A variety of LED types can be employed for street and road lighting purposes. White phosphor-converted LEDs represent the most widely used option. However, amber LEDs are increasingly being used to reduce some negative effects associated with light pollution. These LEDs can be manufactured using both phosphor-converted and monochromatic direct chip technologies. This paper addresses the link between the reduction in short-wavelength light emissions which contribute to sky glow and the energy efficiency of LED-based road lighting. This paper focuses on an example illustrating the common misconception that reducing light pollution also means saving energy. Through the consideration of how spectral power distribution influences both mesopic vision and the amount of emitted blue light, it has been concluded that while monochromatic direct amber LEDs consume more energy than their white or amber phosphor-converted counterparts, their use in outdoor lighting is justifiable due to their potential effects of reducing sky brightness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Display omitted] In light of the high energy consumption and substantial carbon emissions associated with traditional NH 3 production based on the Haber–Bosch process, the aqueous electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) offers a clean and sustainable alternative production route. Nevertheless, activating the N N bonds at room temperature is challenging due to the high bond energy, severely hindering the development and commercialization of the electrochemical NRR. Herein, we report a synergistic strategy for achieving efficient N 2 activation at ambient conditions that combines electrolyte engineering with catalytic site-modulated TiO 2−x nanofiber electrocatalysts. The synthesized TiO 2−x nanofiber electrocatalysts contained abundant intrinsic oxygen vacancies and were further modified with hydroxyl groups to create electron-rich Lewis acidic Ti sites. Additionally, BF 3 was engineered into the electrolyte microenvironment, and it could form adducts with N 2 , serving as a dynamic carrier for N 2 transport. The electron-rich Lewis acidic sites and the dynamic carriers exerted a 'pull–pull' effect on N 2 , thereby weakening the N N bonds. Through electrochemical performance evaluation, the designed electrocatalytic scheme achieved an NH 3 yield of ∼57.15 μg h−1 mg−1 and a Faradaic efficiency of ∼15.14 %. We anticipate that this methodology will provide new insights into the development of electrochemical ammonia synthesis, particularly in relation to multifaceted design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigates the effect of different parameters for the removal of SO2 and NOx through a wet process concurrently. Two separate processes have been compared for the removal of flue gases, that is, Ozone/UV and H2O2/UV. The research aims to develop a comparative study for the removal of SO2 and NOx simultaneously using Ozone/H2O2 and UV light and find the energy consumption (also known as EEO) for each process. Combining UV with O3 and H2O2 play a crucial role in generating hydroxyl radicals. Different combinations of Ozone/H2O2, flue gas, and UV intensity were studied at different pH and temperatures of the solution to achieve maximum removal of the flue gases. For, the ozonation process it was observed that the removal% of flue gases increases with increasing UV intensity, and at higher UV intensity (250 W), the removal% for NOx is 92% and SO2 is 95% simultaneously at optimum temperature 308 K. For H2O2/UV process (250 W UV intensity), removal% for NOx is 95% and SO2 is 100% at 313 K, 0.3 LPM flow rate of flue gases. The EEO values obtained for both processes were less than 1 for 95% NOx/SO2 removal efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work discusses intermittent light scheduling for energy cost reduction in vertical farming, specifically for growing salad crops (Lactuca Sativa). The study explores how dynamically adjusting lighting schedules based on day-ahead energy prices can improve energy efficiency and reduce operational costs. The research uses a growth chamber equipped with LED lights, controlled environmental factors, and real-time data from the Nord Pool energy market to optimize energy use. The results show that intermittent lighting schedules, aligned with cheaper energy periods, lead to higher crop yields and significant energy cost savings compared to continuous lighting. The findings suggest that such adaptive lighting strategies can make vertical farming more economically viable and sustainable by optimizing resource use, aligning with global sustainability goals. The study also highlights the potential of vertical farms to act as flexible power consumers, adjusting their energy usage based on renewable energy availability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The atrium, as the core space of modern university libraries, is crucial for providing ample natural lighting and creating a comfortable spatial experience. It is also key to achieving the building's green and low-carbon goals. However, designing the atrium of a university library faces a significant challenge: finding the right balance between ensuring good natural lighting and effectively reducing the energy consumption of the air conditioning system. This study aims to explore this balance and provide architects with various feasible design schemes. Firstly, a parametric typical model of the atrium space was established by researching 36 university libraries. Based on the Grasshopper platform in Rhino, the typical model was simulated for natural lighting and energy consumption, and the Wallacei plugin was used to couple the optimization parameters of the typical model with the optimization target parameters. The multi-objective optimization experiment of the typical model was carried out with the objectives of maximizing spatial daylight autonomy and the percentage of useful daylight illuminance, as well as minimizing air conditioning energy consumption. The experiment generated 2000 optimization solutions, and the analysis of the historical solution set revealed the complex non-linear relationship between optimization parameters and performance indicators. Moreover, three Pareto optimal solutions were selected as representative design schemes, providing valuable references for architects when designing the spatial form of the atrium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy consumption of office buildings has increased sharply since the 21st century with the increasing urbanization coverage. At this stage, the energy consumption of office buildings in China mainly comes from air conditioning and lighting. This paper obtains the regression equation of natural lighting illumination and radiant heat gain under different curtain conditions through experiments and simulations, and gives the theoretical calculation process of curtain regulation of office thermal and light environment and energy consumption. DeST and Ecotect software were used to analyze the thermal and light environment and energy consumption of the office. The results show that setting curtains in the room can effectively improve the indoor thermal light environment, the higher the transmittance of curtains the lower the lighting energy consumption, the higher the number of high temperature hours of natural room temperature and the greater the radiant heat gain. The room with thick curtains has the lowest energy consumption for air conditioning in summer, followed by the room with thin curtains, and the room without curtains has the highest energy consumption for air conditioning. The room without curtains has the lowest energy consumption for artificial lighting, the room with thin curtains has the second lowest, and the room with thick curtains has the highest electricity consumption for artificial lighting. The air conditioning energy consumption accounts for the main building energy consumption, followed by the lighting energy consumption. After setting curtains in the office, the air conditioning energy consumption caused by the solar radiation heat entering the room through the exterior windows is smaller than the lighting energy consumption caused by artificial lighting. Therefore, the installation of internal shading with moderate transmittance and good thermal insulation performance can make the energy saving of lighting and air conditioning energy consumption reach the optimal value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In developing cities, transport activities have become one of the primary sources of CO2 emissions and energy consumption owing to rapid economic growth, urbanization, and motorization. Khon Kaen City, Thailand, was chosen as a representative mid-sized city of a developing country to investigate the potential influences of transit-oriented development (TOD), light rail transit (LRT), and electric vehicle (EV) policy integration scenarios on CO2 emission and energy consumption reductions in 2016, 2026, and 2046. The TOD did not significantly reduce CO2 emissions or energy consumption because it was only applied in one area of the city. The LRT development also had a small effect because of the small proportion of modal shifts to LRT. However, EV utilization offered the greatest potential for reducing both CO2 emissions and energy consumption. In addition, the integrated scenario combining the three policies had a promising effect, diminishing both CO2 emissions and energy consumption, because it gathered the potential merits and benefits of each individual policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzed the effect of indoor lighting energy reduction using a daylight-concentrating indoor louver system, which is a renewable energy equipment item. Daylight-concentrating indoor louver systems enhance indoor lighting by directing natural light, entering through windows, into the room via louvers. This study demonstrates significant lighting energy savings through the use of LED-linked dimming control, particularly during the transitional season, achieving an 85.65% reduction in power consumption. In contrast, the winter season showed higher cumulative power consumption due to reduced natural light availability, with a three-day average consumption of 1128.22 W compared to 836.60 W in the transitional season, representing a 25.85% increase. The illuminance distribution analysis revealed that, while winter had higher illuminance at 1 m from the window, the transitional season recorded higher values at 3 m and 5 m, indicating more effective natural light penetration. The solar altitude during the transitional season facilitated even light distribution through daylighting louvers. These findings confirm the substantial energy savings and improved illuminance distribution achieved with daylighting louvers and LED dimming control, with notable efficiency during the transitional season. Consequently, daylight-concentrating indoor louvers are confirmed to be effective in reducing indoor electric lighting energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the continuous increase in building energy consumption, the problem of low energy utilization efficiency, especially concerning windows accounting for approximately 40% of total energy loss, has become increasingly prominent and urgent. Electrochromic (EC) technology emerges as a promising solution capable of effectively regulating the transmittance and absorption of light. Notably, dual‐band EC smart windows (DESWs) offer a unique avenue to address this challenge by independently adjusting sunlight and heat entry, anticipated to significantly reduce energy consumption for internal lighting and temperature regulation in buildings. While the potential benefits of DESWs are substantial, research is still in its early stages, facing important obstacles that hinder progress. This review aims to enhance our comprehension of this technology by providing a detailed introduction to the fundamental features of DESWs, encompassing configuration, operating mechanisms, and parameters for performance evaluation. In particular, we explore potential methods and approaches to achieve independent modulation using single-component materials. Additionally, we analyze performance issues and challenges, pinpoint future development directions, and propose corresponding solutions. The purpose of this review is to expedite the research and development of DESWs, offering robust support for the creation of modern energy-efficient buildings and facilitating the transition of the construction industry towards more sustainable and efficient energy utilization. [Display omitted] • Overview of the emerging technology of dual-band electrochromic smart windows (DESWs) designed for the independent regulation of visible and near-infrared light. • Comprehensive exploration of recent advancements in typical single-component materials for DESWs, with a focus on their unique characteristics and potential applications in green building design. • Evaluation of the challenges encountered in DESWs research and proposed solutions, providing insights into future directions for advancing this technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Daylighting design is not only dimensioning glazed surfaces to provide sufficient natural light to an occupied space but also a method of analyzing how this can be achieved without unwanted effects, such as gains and losses of heat, glare, and variations in daylighting intensity at various indoor distances and levels. The case study presented in this paper highlights the energy consumed due to a group of windows with a large glazed area in an existing building located in a temperate continental climate area. The energy consumption results from supplementary artificial lighting required to maintain adequate illumination for indoor activities and to counterbalance heat loss during colder periods are evaluated. The analysis performed by modifying the glazed surface led to the identification of an optimum value of window dimensions for minimum energy consumption. The results of the case study highlight the fact that the evolution of the total energy consumption, evaluated as the sum of the energy consumption due to additional heating/cooling and the artificial lighting required to compensate for the reduction in natural light, is strongly influenced by the dimensions of the glazed surfaces, as well as the minimum level of lighting imposed by the regime of activities carried out in the building. Thus, the outcomes obtained in the research show that at lighting values below 500 lx, the total energy consumption is directly proportional to the glazed surface. From values of 500 lx for the illuminance level, the total energy consumption drops from 2730 kWh/year for a window height of 230 cm to 2399 kWh/year for a height of 110 cm, after which it starts to rise again, reaching a value of 2786 kWh/year for a height of 30 cm. This phenomenon is also found at values higher than 500 lx; accordingly, for an imposed lighting of 1000 lx, the minimum total consumption is identified at a window height of 150 cm. The case study presented in this paper clearly highlights a complex relationship between the height of the glazed surface and the energy consumption required to compensate for heating or cooling and the reduction in natural lighting. Lower window heights reduce heat loss or gain but also correspondingly increase the energy consumption of artificial lighting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation has been widely utilized as a disinfection strategy to effectively eliminate various pathogens. The disinfection task achieves complete coverage of object surfaces by planning the motion trajectory of autonomous mobile robots and the UVC irradiation strategy. This introduces an additional layer of complexity to path planning, as every point on the surface of the object must receive a certain dose of irradiation. Nevertheless, the considerable dosage required for virus inactivation often leads to substantial energy consumption and dose redundancy in disinfection tasks, presenting challenges for the implementation of robots in large-scale environments. Optimizing energy consumption of light sources has become a primary concern in disinfection planning, particularly in large-scale settings. Addressing the inefficiencies associated with dosage redundancy, this study proposes a dose coverage planning framework, utilizing MOPSO to solve the multi-objective optimization model for planning UVC dose coverage. Diverging from conventional path planning methodologies, our approach prioritizes the intrinsic characteristics of dose accumulation, integrating a UVC light efficiency factor to mitigate dose redundancy with the aim of reducing energy expenditure and enhancing the efficiency of robotic disinfection. Empirical trials conducted with autonomous disinfecting robots in real-world settings have corroborated the efficacy of this model in deactivating viruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light absorbed by sensitive artwork may cause irreversible damage. Optimising the spectral power distribution of light sources to minimise absorbed light can reduce damage while maintaining the colour appearance of the artwork. Previous absorption-minimisation studies used optimisation methods without comparing their performance. Here, three-channel LED-augmented reality projector spectra were optimised for 24 colour samples using a brute-force (BF) and multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA). The BF search and MOGA performed similarly in achieving optimal results, reducing both light absorption and energy consumption by almost half. However, MOGA was 2.5 times faster than BF in finding optimal solutions. The results indicate that an LED RGB projector can be used to illuminate museum artefacts to reduce light absorption and energy consumption, with the caveat of perceptible colour shifts in some of the colour samples. Future research will investigate observers' subjective evaluations of artwork under optimised lighting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental - Agriambi is the property of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• Highway tunnels have high accident rate and lighting energy consumption. • Linear visual guiding system combines lighting with guiding. • Linear guiding system ensure driving safety and reduce lighting energy consumption. • Linear guiding system has good effects and strong application prospects. High rates of traffic accidents and lighting energy consumption are significant problems in highway tunnels. To address these problems, this study proposes a linear guiding system that uses line-shaped visual guiding facilities to improve the local luminance and contrast, and outlines the tunnel contour and road alignment. In addition, the principle, function, setting method, and composition of the linear guiding system are discussed. Using the existing highway tunnels as prototypes, we built simulation scenarios with different luminance and conducted driving simulation experiments and questionnaire surveys. We analysed the human factor demands of tunnel driving, studied the change rule of various human factor indicators under different luminance levels, and comprehensively evaluated the impact of linear guiding system on driving safety from multiple perspectives of the driver's vision, psychology, and behaviour. We introduce the concept of equivalent luminance, quantify the impact of linear guiding system on the driver, and explore the role of linear guiding system in energy conservation. The results showed that the linear guiding system has a positive effect on driver vision, psychology, and behaviour, particularly in low-luminance environments. A linear guiding system can optimise a driver's visual reference frame, enhance driver visual perception in a tunnel environment, and alleviate driver tension. It helps drivers to accurately perceive their own spatial position and speed, providing a good sense of position, speed, and comfort. A 2.3 cd/m2 luminance highway tunnel with a linear guiding system is equivalent to a 4 cd/m2 luminance traditional tunnel. For highway tunnels with luminance values of 4, 5, 6, and 7 cd/m2, the equivalent luminance values of the linear guiding system are 1.7, 1.8, 1.8, and 2.1 cd/m2 respectively, which can reduce the energy consumption by 30–42 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper conducts a comprehensive analysis of the light environment in different areas of residential houses located in Beijing's Guangyuanli neighborhood. The main objective of this study is to assess the contribution of natural daylight to residential illuminance, with the aim of providing a foundation for reducing energy consumption and enhancing light comfort. While previous research predominantly focused on sensor deployment in single scenes such as offices and classrooms, these approaches are inadequate for multi-scene analysis of daylight in residential areas. Moreover, traditional deployment methods can negatively impact the quality of life and everyday living experience. To overcome these limitations, a prediction model is developed to estimate ceiling and window illuminance, as well as work surface illuminance in various scenes within residential buildings. The Dialux software is employed for data simulation, and a GA-optimized BP neural network is utilized to train the model, establishing the mapping relationship between input variables and corresponding illuminance outputs. By inputting sensor values from different scenarios into the model, the predicted daylight illuminance values can be obtained. This predictive approach facilitates the evaluation of light comfort and energy consumption reduction in different functional areas of residential buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional roadway lighting is intended to provide safe guidance for drivers and pedestrians, but the large-scale application of roadway lighting has resulted in significant energy consumption and light pollution. However, road markings prepared by luminous coating are a kind of multi-functional road marking that can meet the needs of highway lighting at night and save energy. Here, CaAl2O4:Eu2+,Nd3+,Gd3+ blue long-afterglow phosphor is obtained by the high-temperature solid-state method, and the blue luminescent coating is synthesized by the blending method. The phase composition, microscopic morphology, luminescence properties and water resistance of the phosphor and luminescent coatings are characterized. The best components and processes of the luminescent coating are explored to meet the application of an expressway. Considering the afterglow's performance, the optimal calcination temperature of the phosphor is determined to be 1300 °C. The afterglow of the phosphor can be over 8 h after 2 h of daylight excitation. The addition of 1.25% SiO2 to the luminescent coating improves the uniformity of the components, and the incorporation of 3.5% CaCO3 improves the denseness of the coating. When the coating thickness is 0.8mm, the luminescent coating can achieve the best luminous effect. After 120 h of immersion in water, the afterglow intensity of the luminescent coating reduced to 70% of the original, which has excellent water resistance. The blue luminescent coating with the addition of appropriate amounts of CaCO3 and SiO2 improves the dispersion as well as the densification of the components in the coating to achieve the best luminescent effect. In the Shenyang area, different weather conditions (cloudy, sunny, rainy) have no significant effect on the afterglow performance of the luminescent coatings, all of which can achieve over 5 h of afterglow and are suitable for expressways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural lighting in office buildings is often affected by excessive solar heat gain and discomfort glare, and the transitional seasons are no exception. Therefore, addressing the issue of natural lighting in buildings has always been a challenge in developing shading control strategies. This study designed a model-based calculation method for shading blind control indicators. The method combines existing physical models for sky conditions, solar radiation, heat transfer, thermal comfort, glare, and illuminance calculations and incorporates modifications and additions. Additionally, an equivalent energy-saving model for shading was established. A shading blind control strategy balancing indoor light and the thermal environment with energy savings during transitional seasons was proposed. In transitional seasons, this method can eliminate 100% of glare, reduce discomfort illuminance duration by 81.3% and heat discomfort duration by 87.5% and save 81.3% of lighting energy consumption when air conditioning is used. By comparing the simulation results of an office building in Xi'an with the results obtained from this calculation method, the absolute error percentage was found to be 6.83%, verifying the reliability of the calculation method. Finally, the proposed control strategy was compared with common methods such as no blinds, end-angle control, and fixed-angle control to evaluate its performance in terms of daylighting, thermal comfort, and energy savings. The results showed that the control strategy proposed in this study has significant advantages with respect to various performance indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In one of the largest demand-side energy efficiency programs at the time, the Mexican government supported more than 11 million, mostly low-income households in replacing their old light bulbs and appliances with more efficient models. Previous evaluations of this program focused exclusively on appliances, which made up almost 90 per cent of the total program cost, and found modest benefits in terms of energy savings. This study compares the respective effects of replacing light bulbs and appliances simultaneously in a single econometric framework, using data from nationally representative household surveys and a difference-in-differences approach which exploits geographical variation in treatment intensities. Despite using different sources and types of data, our results for the appliances replacement intervention are largely in line with the estimates of previous studies. In addition, we find that the impact on energy consumption (proxied by the amount paid for electricity) of replacing light bulbs was of comparable magnitude as that of replacing appliances, although the average cost per participating household was much smaller. Overall, our results suggest that low-cost investments that help poor households reduce their energy consumption for lighting can have high returns on energy efficiency in the residential sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The estimation of the frequency component is very interesting to study, considering its unique nature when these parameters are together in their amplitude. The periodicity of the frequency components is also thought to affect the convergence of these parameters. In this paper, we consider the problem of estimating the frequency component of a periodic continuous-time sinusoidal signal. Under the high-frequency sampling setting, we provide the frequency components' consistency and asymptotic normality. It is observed that the convergence rate of the continuous-time sinusoidal signal of the diffusion process is the same as the continuous-time sinusoidal signal of the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process, which is mentioned in [G. Pramesti, Parameter least-squares estimation for time-inhomogeneous Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process, Monte Carlo Methods Appl.29 (2023), 1, 1–32]. The result of this study deduces that the convergence rate of the frequency is the same as long as the signal is periodic. In this case, the existence of the rate of reversion does not affect the convergence rate of the frequency components. Further, the result of the study, that is, the convergence rate of the frequency is (n ⁢ h) 3 , also revised the previous one in [G. Pramesti, The least-squares estimator of sinusoidal signal of diffusion process for discrete observations, J. Math. Comput. Sci.11 (2021), 5, 6433–6443], which mentioned (n ⁢ h) 3 ⁢ h . The proposed approach is demonstrated with a ten-minute sampling rate of real data on the energy consumption of light fixtures in one Belgium household. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality of natural lighting within secondary school classrooms can significantly affect the physical and mental well-being of both teachers and students. While numerous studies have explored various aspects of daylighting performance and its related factors, there is no universal standard for predicting and optimizing daylighting performance from a design perspective. In this study, a method was developed that combines measurements and simulations to enhance the design parameters associated with daylighting performance. This approach facilitates the determination of precise ranges for multiple design parameters and allows for the efficient attainment of optimal daylighting performance. Daylight glare probability (DGP), point-in-time illuminance (PIT), daylight factor (DF), and lighting energy consumption were simulated based on existing control parameters of operational classrooms. The simulation results were then validated using field measurements. Genetic algorithms (GAs) were employed to optimize the control parameters, yielding a set of optimal solutions for improving daylight performance. The differences between daylighting performance indicators corresponding to the optimal solution set and those of the basic model were compared to test the performance of the optimized parameters. The proposed method is a robust process for optimizing daylight design parameters based on GAs, which not only enhances daylighting performance but also offers scientifically grounded guidelines for the design phase. It is a valuable framework for creating healthier and more productive educational environments within secondary school classrooms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional way of designing the parameters of university buildings is to base designs on the experience of designers after surveying the local environment, but this approach is time consuming and laborious. The research problem addressed by this paper is the quick optimisation of the parameters of university buildings with the goal of energy saving. First, a model of energy consumption and lighting of university buildings was constructed; then, a particle swarm optimisation (PSO) algorithm modified by a genetic algorithm was used to optimise the building parameters; this was compared with the traditional PSO algorithm in a case study. The results were that the PSO algorithm improved by the genetic algorithm converged the building parameter scheme to stability faster, the scheme fitness value at stability was lower than that of the traditional PSO algorithm and the improved PSO algorithm required less computation time in optimising the building parameter scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An important energy-saving method to optimize building envelope design is the integration of local climate characteristics. This study attempts to find sloped facade configurations to balance air conditioning energy demand and daylight utilization for four directions in an area with a hot climate. Tilt angle dependence of the air conditioning energy demand, useful daylight illuminance (UDI) and daylight glare index (DGI) are selected to investigate the acceptance thresholds of the tilt angle. The final facade's configuration is achieved by employing the graphical optimization method. An acceptable solution that balances better daylight performance and less energy consumption by air conditioning is developed. Due to the considered city being located in a low-latitude area with great daylight availability as well as a fully dimmable light control strategy, unbearable glare reduction can be achieved by benefiting from the sloped facades, without necessarily sacrificing much usable daylight. Meanwhile, there is no obvious increase in the demand for lighting energy consumption, and a good outward view is preserved. The sloped rather than vertical facade provides natural solar shading to the east-, south- and west-oriented windows while allowing low-angle winter solar heat to warm the building space. Tilt angles between 35°and 40° are preferred for the east facade, and smaller tilt angles of between 30°and 35° are recommended for the south facade. Larger tilt angles of between 40°and 45° are preferred for the west facade. However, the north-facing facade's outward tilt would cause an undesirable increase in air conditioning energy demand. The annual air conditioning energy demand of the east-, south- and west-facing space is found to separately decrease by 7.1%, 7.3% and 9.9%, respectively, benefiting from the sloped facades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The co-integration of antennas with lighting sources appears as an effective way to distribute broadband networks closer to users, lowering interference and transmitted power, as well as to reduce energy consumption in future lighting systems. We here present an original contribution to the implementation of transparent and invisible antennas with OLED light sources. To validate the proposed approach, the honeycomb mesh technique was used, and an optical transparency of 75.4% was reached. The transparent mesh antenna was compared with the non-transparent full-metal antenna in terms of radio-electrical parameters. Our prototype was designed using copper films deposited on a glass substrate. The simulation results of the S-parameters and the radiation patterns were validated against measurements performed in an anechoic chamber. The directivity and gain obtained were 6.67 dBi and 4.86 dBi at 5.16 G Hz , respectively. To study the effect of antenna integration with OLEDs, optical and photometric characterizations with and without the antenna were measured, and the colorimetric parameters were then treated using the IES TM-30-18 standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial greenhouses have automated control systems for climate, lighting, irrigation, ventilation, and heating regulation using different types of feedback sensors. Nowadays it is a trend to increase the data precision and measurement data amount, thus various additional IoT sensors are installed, and the regulation becomes more precise, due to available data, which enables new analytical features to create new control rules or strategies. The general aim is to raise the level of process automation, quality, energy efficiency, and other important parameters. Still, further, we go into data resolution and amount, and the problem of data reliability and interpretation starts to become a challenging problem. In this article, authors focus on earlier developed PAR sensor modules and continuous tomato crop weight sensor modules (TWS) testing and received data analysis from an industrial greenhouse. Both sensors were tested in detail at the tomato greenhouse of 'Latgales Darzenu Logistika' in Mezvidi parish, with a total growing area of 5,062.4 m² from 1.05.2022 to 30.06.2022., and gathered data is analysed for this period. Received sensor data can be used as the main feedback signal to create a lighting control strategy, same time increasing energy efficiency and reducing also costs. As artificial lighting energy consumption costs make 20-40% of total greenhouse costs, it is worth having a more precise lighting control system algorithm, integrating the crop growth increase and accumulated light energy during the day from the sun, and then adding only the missing amount (also period) of light provided by artificial lighting. Experimental studies of both sensor data, show that plants reaction can be monitored, as by decreasing the lighting period and temperature setpoint by 6% each, the plants daily weight gain decreases by 14%, and it can be measured already in first day after the new settings were set in place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the sustainable aspects of modular process plants, highlighting their benefits in terms of environmental impact, safety, and efficiency. Topics include the flexibility of modular design and reduced environmental threats through off-site fabrication, improved workplace safety, and the adoption of paperless design practices.

Vertical farming (VF) is an emerging cultivation frame that maximizes total plant production. However, the high energy-consuming artificial light sources for plants growing in the lower and middle layers significantly affect the sustainability of the current VF systems. To address the challenges of supplementary lighting energy consumption, this study explored and optimized the structural design of cultivation frames in VF using parametric modeling, a light simulation platform, and a genetic algorithm. The optimal structure was stereoscopic, including four groups of cultivation trough units in the lower layer, two groups in the middle layer, and one group in the upper layer, with a layer height of 685 mm and a spacing of 350 mm between the cultivation trough units. A field experiment demonstrated lettuce in the middle and lower layers yielded 82.9% to 92.6% in the upper layer. The proposed natural light stereoscopic cultivation frame (NLSCF) for VF was demonstrated to be feasible through simulations and on-site lettuce cultivation experiments without supplementary lighting. These findings confirmed that the NLSCF could effectively reduce the energy consumption of supplemental lighting with the ensure of lettuce's regular growth. Moreover, the designing processes of the cultivation frame may elucidate further research on the enhancement of the sustainability and efficiency of VF systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global warming and other environmental problems are increasing the demand for high-performance buildings. The development of high-performance computers and building information models has a significant impact on buildings' energy simulation. High-performance building design needs to comprehensively consider geography, climate, material, cost and other factors which is a highly complex multidisciplinary research problem. Therefore, it is urgent to use advanced modeling and simulation technology to realize it, involving Building Information Modelling (BIM), parametric design and cloud platform. Comprehensive simulation of building performance refers to a multidisciplinary collaborative design, and the correlation between research objects and parameters should be achieved by complex programming design. This study integrates BIM, computer, cloud computing and other technologies to simulate BIM-based building energy consumption performance. Based on project information, geometry information and physical properties exhibited by materials stored in BIM model, the energy analysis model is created. Revit–Dynamo API functions are employed to generate a novel BIM model in Revit after automatically changing and transferring user-defined parameters. BIM energy consumption model is converted into Green Building eXtended Markup Language (GBXML) file and uploaded to Green Building Studio (GBS) cloud server. The optimal project solution is yielded by retrieving the energy consumption simulation results of BIM models with a range of parameters. The case study shows that building volume, glass material, window-wall ratio and window height have significant influence on energy consumption targets of buildings. In hot-summer and cold-winter areas, the total energy consumption of glass materials with high insulation and reflection coefficient is small. The window size slightly impacts the annual lighting energy consumption, but it has significant influence on the annual air conditioning energy consumption, with a maximum increase of about 22%. Finally, the application advantages and limitations of the framework in high-performance building design and its application prospects in energy-saving building design are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People in the past spent most of their time outdoors and received the benefits of exposure to natural light. Nowadays we spend a large part of our day indoors where we predominantly use artificial lighting. Against the backdrop of the accelerating climate change we are experiencing, the need to reduce energy consumption in the lighting component of buildings can be achieved by maximising the use of natural daylight during the day in conjunction with identifying the human presence in indoor spaces for efficiency. Occupant Lighting Control technologies offer a real tool to achieve these goals. Adaptive lighting automation controllers, sensor networks and wireless actuators for occupancy-based lighting control, user-centric lighting control based on video cameras, platforms for intelligent lighting control based on life logs are just some of the techniques and methods used to apply Occupant Lighting Control principles. Although lowering energy consumption in buildings is the primary goal of lighting management systems, taking into account the inhabitants' feeling of comfort and their general level of wellbeing is just as vital, if not more so. The adoption of integrative lighting, by complementing natural light with artificial lighting in an articulated manner and in conjunction with the human presence in interior spaces, is the efficient and humanaccepted path to sustainable energy efficiency. A collective effort by society is needed to make human-centred lighting an everyday reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various environmental policies are created on the basis of scientific knowledge in the sectors of energy, climate and transport. An important role has the Paris Agreement with the aim of limiting the increase in global temperature. The commitments regarding climate neutrality within the framework of "Fit for 55" are important. One of the principles of how to approach the reduction of CO2 emissions within the strategies of countries, regions, cities and municipalities is the use of low-carbon strategies. As part of the study, an analysis of the input data is carried out as part of the assessment of the energy demand and efficiency of public and residential buildings, buildings of the tertiary sector, energy consumption in the public lighting sector, or the use of renewable resources in the city. The aim of the article is to determine the potential of energy savings in individual sectors and propose measures to achieve a reduction in CO2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The global aviation industry plays a crucial role in socioeconomic advancement. However, its notable energy consumption has garnered attention due to the subsequent environmental consequences. Nigeria, holding a dominant position in Africa's economic landscape, is undergoing rapid growth in its aviation sector. This progress brings to light several energy consumption challenges emblematic of the broader industry. For this review, we conducted a comprehensive assessment of energy consumption patterns within the Nigerian aviation sector. Drawing from a diverse range of contemporary literature and global best practices, we centered our exploration on energy consumption patterns within the Nigerian aviation sector, environmental stewardship, global best practices, regulatory frameworks, and flight operations, ground support functions, and maintenance activities. This approach enabled us to pinpoint prevalent inefficiencies and to highlight opportunities for improved energy utilization. Short conclusion: Our findings emphasize the pressing necessity for Nigeria to instate rigorous energy efficiency policies, further supported by enhanced regulatory structures. Given Nigeria's specific energy-related challenges, such as an inconsistent power supply and a significant reliance on non-renewable energy sources, the aviation sector confronts amplified environmental and economic threats. Addressing these issues is imperative not just for the sector's longevity but also in alignment with Nigeria's expansive fiscal aspirations. The insights garnered from this review can guide stakeholders in maneuvering the intricacies of energy management in aviation, thus paving the way for ecologically responsible expansion in burgeoning economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Daylight can contribute to substantial reductions in the energy consumed by artificial lighting applications. However, issues such as visual comfort, illumination intensity, and availability represent major issues when daylight is relied upon to illuminate buildings. There are many technologies that are used to control received sunlight and minimize its side effects. The placement of solar film sheets on window glass is a common and popular method utilized in many buildings to minimize electric lighting energy consumption without causing undue visual discomfort to occupants. To examine the practicality of this application and its effect on room lighting, a modern office was selected in which to conduct this field study. Two measures were used to evaluate this technique: firstly, field measurements and their comparison to the specified standard illumination levels; and secondly, a short-form questionnaire survey conducted to obtain occupants' opinions of the office lighting. Actual measurements were conducted in the selected office spaces, with and without applying solar control film coating on the window glass. Indoor luminance levels and lighting comfort were systematically recorded and analyzed. The findings of this study show that using a solar film with a visible light transmittance of 50% can achieve savings in energy consumption of up to 33% if utilized as part of an integrated lighting system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Daylight dynamic metrics are useful tools for quantifying the switch-on time or the dimming of electric lighting according to the architectural scenario. A variant of these metrics can also be used to define strategies to control the lighting fixtures, dimming the luminous flux with no need for external input and reducing therefore the energy consumption of the lighting systems. Given this context, a new approach is proposed, Continuous Overcast Daylight Autonomy (DAo.con), defined as the percentage of occupied time when an illuminance threshold is met by daylight alone under continuous overcast sky conditions, considering a partial credit linearly to values below the threshold defined. This concept acts as an algorithm which adjusts the luminous flux of the luminaires according to the Daylight Factors measured or simulated, considering user requirements and ignoring any internal device for actively measuring the lighting conditions. The Daylight Factors can be modified according to the use of shading devices that affect to the indoor natural light. Accordingly, this algorithm can significantly reduce the embodied cost of the lighting smart controls, promoting their spread and its implementation in building refurbishment, while the energy consumption in electric lighting is reduced by up to 76% for large windows and by up to 65% for medium-sized openings. The results show that the use of this algorithm in office environments with LED fixtures can promote energy savings of up to 7.8 W/m2 for locations with predominantly clear skies and up to 5.7 W/m2 for northern latitudes with mainly overcast skies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy performance of a building has a significant impact on the environment as well as the comfort of its occupants. Given that window systems and control elements such as shading devices play a critical role in a building's energy consumption and comfort, this article presents an investigation into the optimization of windows in four different orientations, along the four cardinal directions, for a typical office room in Tehran. The objective is to reduce cooling, heating, and lighting energy consumption while improving occupant comfort simultaneously, using the NSGA‐II algorithm as a multi‐objective optimization method. To this end, first, an investigation into the effects of various parameters on total building energy consumption and occupant comfort is conducted. Subsequently, each parameter is evaluated in detail concerning its impact on each façade. As the final step, for each façade, the optimal solutions and the most undesirable scenarios are determined. The results, in which the possibility of glare is also considered, can be used by architects and designers for making informed design decisions. The results show that, in all orientations, the number of slats and their distance from the wall are the most effective parameters of shading configurations. Although the eastern and western windows are larger in this study, visual discomfort can be controlled using suitable shadings to achieve acceptable levels of visual comfort. Furthermore, north façades provide the least amount of thermal comfort and consume the least amount of energy while experiencing glare for longer periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interest in zero-energy buildings has increased in Korea recently. Following the significant increases in cooling and lighting energy consumption in offices, various studies have been conducted to implement energy-saving measures. The purpose of this study is to reduce lighting and cooling energy consumption in the summer through the dimming control of a complex smart window system. To achieve this, the optimal dimming control algorithm has been derived and applied in simulations to analyze the energy consumption for lighting and cooling. A smart window incorporates suspended particle display glass that actively responds to changes in indoor and outdoor environments and controls light transmittance. It also includes a light-guiding glass that can actively control solar reflectance. Simulations of office buildings were conducted to develop optimal control algorithms and controllers based on solar radiation. Subsequently, we installed this complex smart window in a test room along with the developed control algorithm and controller, which responded to the amount of insolation and time. To ensure the accuracy of the experiment, we constructed separate test and reference rooms. The experimental results obtained under the same conditions showed a reduction of approximately 36.9% in cooling energy consumption in the test room compared with the reference room and a 54.5% reduction in lighting energy consumption. Furthermore, based on additional simulations and experiments, we confirmed that the application of complex smart window systems in office buildings could reduce considerably the energy consumption for cooling and lighting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of hot water for bathing in Poland accounts for around 15% of the total energy consumption of a typical household. According to EU data, final energy consumption for lighting and appliances is similar to final energy consumption for hot water preparation. This makes it a significant contributor to housing and utility costs, exceeded only by heating expenses. Research has indicated that only about 10% of the water utilized during a shower is necessary for hygiene purposes. Consequently, around 90% of the hot water supplied to the shower is ultimately discharged into the sewage system. By harnessing the primary energy from wastewater, we can effectively conserve heat energy and reduce the overall expenditure associated with hot water. The objective of this article is to explore the utilization of heat recovery from domestic wastewater as a means to enhance the energy efficiency of residential buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of the high-power solid-state lighting (SSL) industry, there is an urgent demand for low-cost color converters with good luminescent performance and thermal robustness. Conventional phosphor ceramics face the problems of high sintering energy consumption and low light extraction efficiency. In the present work, a two-step sintering (TSS) method has been developed to obtain a series of YAG:Ce and YAG:Ce-Al 2 O 3 samples at a lower temperature of 1600 °C, where the operating power is reduced to 67% of the traditional one-step process. The TSS samples have a fine microstructure, which leads to a better scattering enhancement effect. The impacts of grain size and composition on optical and thermal properties were investigated in detail. The luminous characteristics and stability were analyzed by packaging phosphor ceramics with blue LEDs, with a maximum LE of 188.72 lm/W, CRI of 58.7, and CCT in the range of 3628–5048 K, respectively. Such suitable properties of the TSS material make it a promising candidate for high-power white LEDs applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Daylighting is a future building design trend, subjected to all the global energy efficiency standards, but its design still largely depends on the architect and it is difficult for electrical engineers to precisely quantify the energy efficiency of the solution. This study presents an innovative integration process of design and simulation, rooted in the parameters of existing standards and regulations, and leveraging architectural design and simulation software tools. Within this novel integrated design methodology, the peripheral zones of the building envelope and the central core areas of the structure are discretely conceptualized and designed. Daylight intensity in the building envelope’s peripheral zones is calculated based on the average daylight factor and the building’s optimized window-to-wall ratio. In contrast, the central core areas are designed to attract daylight from open spaces on the roof, roof structure, reflective roofs, and clerestories. A building energy performance simulation tool is utilized to validate the energy efficiency of these new design techniques. This fresh approach is tested on a complex pilot-scale building in Nhon Trach, Dong Nai, Vietnam, to evaluate the method’s feasibility and scientific soundness. The simulation results corroborate the accuracy of the proposed approach in quantifying the efficiency of reducing a building’s lighting system energy consumption by 34%, equivalent to an annual CO2 saving of over 4,000 tons. Through the proposed daylighting design, an approximate 7% increase incurs in total initial investment, promising substantial profitable returns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different window design schemes have different effects on heating, cooling, lighting energy consumption and indoor thermal comfort. This research established four scenarios, considering different window design variables, such as: window to wall ratio, glazing type, overhang and fin depth, maximum and minimum outdoor temperature setpoint for window opening and window opening factor, to minimize different energy consumption and thermal discomfortable hours. Sensitivity analysis was carried out prior to optimization to compare the sensitivity of each window design variable to different research objectives. Through optimization based on the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II), the recommended values of each window design variable were given, designers can choose different optimal schemes according to preferences. Results in this paper are of great significance in guiding designers in the early design stage of office buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

:【Objective】Light is the most important factor affecting plant growth, development, metabolism and external phenotype. In the process of plant growth, artificial light sources are often used instead of natural light to fill the seeds and seedlings to improve the quality, yield and efficiency of fruits and vegetables. Artificial light plant is one of the important ways for standardized and efficient seedling cultivation, but its high energy consumption, accounting for 60% to 80% of the total energy consumption of plant factories, seriously hinder the promotion and application of factory seedling technology. Therefore, reducing the energy consumption of light source and improving the utilization rate of light is one of the core goals for plant seedling. 【Method】 Aiming at the problems of fixed height, high energy consumption and difficult to match the light demand of seed and seedling growth, this study developed a precise light cultivation platform for seedlings based on Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) technology by combining theoretical analysis, model construction and experiment. Taking cucumber seedlings as the object, the performance of the light intensity control system of the precision light cultivation platform for seedlings was verified, and its effect on the growth of cucumber seedlings was explored.【Result】The experimental results showed that the light intensity and light distribution uniformity were improved after the optimization of the lamp bead structure. The developed platform can fill the light of cucumber seedlings by manual, automatic, Human Machine Interface (HMI) and host computer. Through the platform optical radiation energy consumption model and the layer level adjustment control strategy, the LED operating power is effectively reduced, saving about 40.65% of electric energy. The maximum and minimum relative error of the optical platform radiation model are 34.37% and 3.57%, respectively, and the average relative error is 11.45%. Cultivation experiments showed that under the same light intensity treatment, there was no significant difference in seedling phenotype parameters and strong seedling index by comparing the precision light cultivation platform with the traditional high floor fixed platform. 【Conclusion】The precision light cultivation platform of seedlings based on PLC technology realizes automatic lifting and intelligent dimming, and saves up to 40.65% power without affecting the growth of seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy saving strategies and renewable energy are of paramount importance for the developing countries. This work introduces a design and fabrication of a low energy consumption light weight off-road vehicle to transport handicap students. TRIZ, which is the theory of inventive problem solving was integrated with Computer-Aided Design (CAD) schemes to generate the design concept of the off-road handicap vehicle. The ecofriendly light-weight solar driven car for handicap transportation was designed to enhance the green environment at the university campus utilizing the available renewable solar energy to reduce both the harmful emission and the operational cost. Several preliminary CAD steps were considered to achieve the desired design criteria including a light weight frame, the handicap needs, the safety requirements, and the customer satisfaction attributes. Various CAD steps were considered to draw the mechanical components and to optimize the dimensions of the frame using CATIA® v5 software. Static and dynamic analysis was performed for the 3-D frame structure model using ANSYS software® to determine the mechanical strains at various operational conditions. Flipping analysis was also considered in this study to enhance the reliability of the car. Moreover, the solar electrical system components were verified through a three-part driving mission including inclined planes and offroad environments. The reduction of the gross weight of the vehicle has led to energy saving, and the proper design of the suspension system resulted in better dynamic performance. Such a light frame solar driven vehicle can be very efficient for transporting handicap students in universities and similar closed campuses to enhance sustainable energy saving schemes in the developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]