Integrated Urban Transport and Land-Use Policies in Reducing CO 2 Emissions and Energy Consumption: Case Study of a Medium-Sized City in Thailand.

In developing cities, transport activities have become one of the primary sources of CO₂ emissions and energy consumption owing to rapid economic growth, urbanization, and motorization. Khon Kaen City, Thailand, was chosen as a representative mid-sized city of a developing country to investigate the potential influences of transit-oriented development (TOD), light rail transit (LRT), and electric vehicle (EV) policy integration scenarios on CO₂ emission and energy consumption reductions in 2016, 2026, and 2046. The TOD did not significantly reduce CO₂ emissions or energy consumption because it was only applied in one area of the city. The LRT development also had a small effect because of the small proportion of modal shifts to LRT. However, EV utilization offered the greatest potential for reducing both CO₂ emissions and energy consumption. In addition, the integrated scenario combining the three policies had a promising effect, diminishing both CO₂ emissions and energy consumption, because it gathered the potential merits and benefits of each individual policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]