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Methods for inspecting coating mechanical properties and adhesion on final products, considering quantitative criteria are of high importance. In this paper, relevant characteristic examples for determining the adhesion of a MoN and a TiC PVD coating deposited on steel substrate are introduced. The mechanical properties of the coatings and their steel substrates were determined via nano-indentations and a FEM supported evaluation of the obtained results. The coatings' adhesion and fatigue were quantified by inclined and perpendicular impact tests respectively, coupled with appropriate finite elements method (FEM) calculations. The inclined impact tests were conducted under lubricated conditions for avoiding abrasion caused by sliding friction on the coated surfaces. In this way, the coating fatigue failure during this test was mainly affected by the impact load, the film adhesion and the material's properties. Based on these results, the coating adhesion was estimated considering the impact loads and the determined material properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A general analysis is developed for the effect of mass transport and kinetic parameters on the rate of staining and destaining of electrophoresis gels. The various contributions to these overall processes are discussed and, in particular, the ways in which the rate of solution flow, temperature and gel properties can influence staining procedures are highlighted. It is shown that for reproducible, rapid and uniform staining a rotating gel system, analogous to a rotating disc, provides the necessary controlled laminar flow. The theoretical equations derived are compared with experiments and it is shown that at high gel rotation speeds mass transport in solution does not have a major controlling influence on rates of staining and destaining. The temperature dependence of these rates also suggests that there is no significant control by the rate of interaction between stain and protein molecules. The major controlling factor under these conditions is then concluded to be the transport of stain in the gel itself, and the theoretical analysis and time-dependent experimental results allow a determination of the corresponding diffusion parameters.

People scoring higher on a scale of self-defeating personality perceived their family environments as lacking cohesiveness. Men also perceived their family environments as discouraging open expression of feelings, being unconcerned about school and work achievement, and providing no ethical or religious values. Results were seen as lending validity to clinical theories of masochism which relate lack of family support and lack of reinforcement for assertive, efficacious behavior to the development of self-defeating behavior patterns.