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Pacific Island Countries (PICs) are vulnerable to climate change impacts, including sea level rise, extreme weather events and other environmental changes. Planned relocation can be an adaptive response to climatic threats. In Fiji, six communities have already relocated. While there is growing interest in planned relocation, there are few empirical case studies from which to learn. Narikoso village, in the Kadavu Province of Fiji, undertook partial relocation in 2020. Drawing on qualitative research (interviews, group discussions, observation), informed by Vanua methodology in 2022, this study examines the impacts of partial planned relocation on people's lives and livelihoods. Seven sustainable livelihood assets – or forms of 'capital' – are explored: natural, social, financial, human, physical and cultural, with the addition of spiritual. Our research found that planned relocation altered forms of capital that underpin sustainable livelihoods, leading to both benefits and problems. We argue that planned relocation must not only reduce exposure to climatic and environmental risk, but promote and preserve the integrity of local ecosystems, value continuity of culture and sustain and develop diverse assets that support sustainable livelihoods. This demands deep engagement with climate change‐affected communities to ensure that planned relocations sustain people's livelihoods, dignity and survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Seasonality governs species composition at a given place and time. However, the effects of climate and land‐use change can vary by season, altering species composition. These changes can lead to a loss of distinct seasonal community composition, representing a novel form of biotic homogenisation. We ask if breeding and winter bird communities are becoming more similar over time. If so, is homogenisation occurring more rapidly in winter than in the breeding season, and has the presence of individual species changed between seasons? Location: Northeastern United States. Time Period: 1989–2019. Major Taxa Studied: Two hundred thirty‐eight bird species. Methods: We use data from The National Audubon Society's Christmas Bird Count and the North American Breeding Bird Survey to test if winter and breeding bird communities have become more similar (homogenised). We evaluate this change using the Sørensen dissimilarity index, and its components of turnover (species replacement) and nestedness (a subset of a more species rich community) and describe the mechanism in which the seasonal winter and breeding bird communities are changing. Results: We found that winter and breeding bird communities are homogenising, driven by significant decrease in turnover and a marginal decrease nestedness. When viewing breeding and wintering communities separately, we observe different trends. Breeding communities are becoming more unique with decreasing turnover and nestedness. Winter communities are becoming more similar to each other, with decreasing turnover and nestedness. More breeding species are declining and species that are typically found in the winter and year‐round residents are the main contributors to the homogenisation between seasons. Main Conclusions: We show for the first time homogenisation between winter and breeding bird communities over time across the northeastern United States. This insight into how individual species are faring between seasons, and how they impact community structure, can be used when implementing conservation measures for maintaining ecological functioning and integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorus (P) is the second most important essential macronutrient after nitrogen for plant growth and development. Even though P is plentiful in soil, it is largely inaccessible to plants as it is strongly bound with metal ions and form insoluble metal-P complexes. Therefore, different agrochemicals are used to improve the P availability in soils and mitigate the plant need for sustainable growth and productivity of crops. However, those agrochemicals deteriorate ecosystem integrity and adversely affect the soil health. Consequently, there is a need for a more economical and ecologically beneficial P bio-fortification method by phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs). The characterization of phosphorus pools and the assessment of different microbial communities can help to improve our understanding of plant–microbe interaction and P availability. The objective of this study is to discuss the PSMs that facilitate P nutrition mechanisms, including the molecular aspects of P solubilization in soil, and to characterize their features that promote plant growth and development. We mainly focused on how PSMs constitute a fundamental resource for the release of P nutrient where described the several pathways of solubilization and mineralization. The use of PSMs is a viable resource for the future sustainable agriculture, mainly due to its application can helps to reduce the fertilizer dose of P and ultimately reduce the exploitation of fertilizer P and its resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recently created Vjosa Wild River National Park sets precedence at the European scale to protect a rare river ecosystem and, at the same time, the last refuge of the almost extinct mayfly Prosopistoma pennigerum (Müller 1785, Fig. 1). We extensively searched for the species in the Vjosa and five abiotically similar but fragmented surrounding rivers. To characterize the genetic diversity of the Vjosa population and assess its potential as a source population, we analysed partial mtCOI data. Besides high abundances in the Vjosa River, we observed only a few specimens in the free-flowing section of the Osumi River, but in no other investigated river although suitable habitat appears to be widely available at site-scale. Molecular analysis of 174 specimens revealed largely homogeneous sequences across all sampling sites and an almost 100% infection rate with Wolbachia sp. that suggests parthenogenetic reproduction, possibly as a strategy to increase resilience to high natural disturbance dynamics. We argue that P. pennigerum should serve as a flagship species for the Vjosa Wild River National Park. The species is exceptionally aesthetic, and its most viable, but apparently parthenogenetic populations are restricted to the Vjosa River where the species is widespread. The restricted regional distribution indicates only weak (or no) potential to recolonize and/or re-establish in other rivers, and the absence from fragmented rivers suggests dependence on high ecological integrity. Implications for conservation: Our findings thus sanction our nomination of P. pennigerum as the flagship species for the Vjosa Wild River National Park. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to assess the vulnerability and tolerance levels of macroinvertebrate functional feeding groups (FFGs) in forested streams draining urban areas in the Niger Delta. It contributes to our understanding of how human activities affect freshwater ecosystems. Between 2008 and 2012, we conducted monthly measurements of physicochemical variables and collected macroinvertebrates. We categorised sampling sites into three groups based on disturbance levels: least impacted sites (LIS), moderately impacted sites (MIS), and heavily impacted sites (HIS). Multivariate (RLQ) analysis was used to visualise associations among physicochemical variables across the sampled sites, revealing distinct relationships between certain FFGs and different sites. The RLQ model we constructed showed that grazers and collector-filterers were predominantly observed in LIS, suggesting their vulnerability to environmental stressors. Conversely, predators and shredders were more prevalent in impacted sites (MIS and HIS), indicating their tolerance to disturbances such as elevated nitrate levels and higher water temperatures. The fourth corner graph highlighted differing responses of FFGs to physicochemical variables, with predators showing positive correlations with several factors but no significant association with phosphate levels. Overall, these findings showed the importance of considering the responses of different FFGs to environmental variables in assessing the health and integrity of aquatic ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Implementing a collaborative governance framework across administrative boundaries is crucial for preserving the Basin's ecological integrity and mitigating institutional fragmentation. Based on 19 cases of inter-provincial collaborative governance of ecological environment in the Yangtze River Basin of China, this study uses the fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis method to explore the influencing factors and complex causal mechanism of the effect of inter-provincial collaborative governance. The results show that technology empowers relationship driving, institutions reinforce interactive driving, and internal and external interaction driving modes promote collaborative governance. Perceived factors are essential in motivating provinces to participate in collaborative governance. External factors play a hygienic role in collaborative governance, and internal factors play a motivated role. The roles of the two types of factors are separate but complementary. In view of this, government should attention to regional environmental concerns, ensuring consistent alignment of internal and external factors and fostering synergies to improve governance effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diverse anthropogenic activities have threatened the valuable tropical biodiversity and freshwater reserves. Despite that, there is little concern in the Brazilian legislation about the ecological integrity of aquatic ecosystems. We proposed a framework based on two joint indices, allowing the creation of a management tool. The first is the Tropical Water Healthy Index (TWHI), a river index that integrates pressures on aquatic ecosystems, their conditions, and societal/governmental response. The second is the Suitability of the Class of Use (SCU), which measures whether rivers' conditions are in accordance with their classes of use proposed for the legal Brazilian water framework. Our results showed that most sites had good river health conditions, with the worst conditions occurring in areas with high urban occupations followed by agricultural areas. The second index indicated that few streams were poorly or incompatible with their classes of use, suggesting their classifications were based on current conditions but not future intentions. The force of these joint analyses was shown in the Melchior River stretch, which was classified as compatible with SCU, but the TWHI was critical. This is good to show that we simultaneously have a problem with the legislation and to indicate something that needs to be done quickly for managers. Therefore, we built a management model that can assess the real situation of aquatic ecosystems and define efficient management strategies, producing alerts for the decision-maker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquatic ecosystems face multiple stressors, including thermal fluctuations and chemical pollutants, which can detrimentally impact fish health and ecosystem integrity. This study investigates the individual and combined toxic effects of 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) and thermal stress on juvenile tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus). Four groups of fish were exposed to different stressors for 15 days: control, thermal stress (35 °C ± 1 °C), 4-NP exposure (1 mg/L), and a combination of thermal stress and 4-NP. Results reveal significant alterations in antioxidant enzyme activity, lipid peroxidation levels, and cytokine expression in response to stressors. Thermal stress and 4-NP exposure disrupt antioxidant defense mechanisms and increase oxidative stress. Thermal stress profoundly affects fish health and metabolism, impacting physiological functions and immunity. Thermal stress induces reactive oxygen species production, triggering antioxidant responses and affecting immune parameters. Exposure to 4-NP exacerbates oxidative stress, further compromising fish health. The observed increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines implies an immunostimulatory reaction to stressors. These findings underscore the complex interactions between environmental stressors, immune responses, and fish health. Further research is needed to fully understand these interactions and their implications for aquatic ecosystems. Implementing these biomarkers in ecological risk assessments can provide insights into the impacts of environmental stressors and inform conservation and management strategies in aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid pace of urbanization, the integrity and connectivity of ecosystems are under serious threat, making biodiversity conservation a top priority. We use the Xiongan New Area in China as a case study to explore the significance and application of constructing urban ecological networks in the development of new cities. This study systematically applied the categorization of green space systems using remote sensing technology; MSPA was used to identify key landscape patches; InVEST was employed to assess habitat quality; and potential ecological corridors were established using the minimum cumulative resistance model (MCR). Moreover, targeted recommendations for optimizing ecological green spaces were put forward. The findings demonstrate that the Xiongan New Area has significant potential and needs for ecological network construction, and it faces the issue of ecological network fragmentation. This research highlights the significance of developing ecological networks within urban planning and proposes optimization strategies tailored to these networks. The objective is to offer scientific guidance for the design and development of emerging cities, such as the Xiongan New Area, to facilitate the alignment and integration of ecological preservation efforts with urban expansion, ultimately achieving the sustainable development goal of harmonious coexistence between the environment and urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWTSs), although essential for managing domestic sewage in areas without centralized sewerage treatment plants, often release phosphorus (P) into the environment due to inadequate treatment. This unregulated P discharge exacerbates water quality degradation and jeopardizes aquatic habitats and human health. Among different treatment technologies, electrocoagulation (EC) demonstrates considerable potential for addressing this challenge by efficiently removing P from OWTSs and thus protecting water resources and ecological integrity. Through electrochemical reactions, EC destabilizes and aggregates P-bearing particles, facilitating their removal through precipitation. Compared to conventional treatment approaches, i.e., chemical and biological methods, EC offers several advantages, including high efficiency, minimal chemical usage, and adaptability to varying wastewater compositions. This review underscores the urgent need for mitigating P discharge from OWTSs and the efficacy of EC as a sustainable solution for P removal, offering insights into its mechanisms, reactor design considerations, important operational factors, performance, and potential applications in OWTSs as well as providing future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Implementing Territorial Ecological Restoration is a crucial approach to achieving ecological stability and regional sustainable development, and it also serves as an important measure for promoting the coordinated development of socioeconomic and ecological environments in the Yellow River Basin. However, effective identification of key areas for Territorial Ecological Restoration remains challenging in planning ecological restoration projects. This study focuses on ecological security and restoration potential, taking Linxia Prefecture in the ecologically fragile area of the upper Yellow River as an example. By evaluating six types of ecosystem services in this area, utilizing morphological spatial pattern analysis models and circuit theory, we identified the structural elements of ecological security patterns and assessed the potential for ecological restoration, identifying key areas for regional ecological restoration.The findings indicated that (1) 13 ecological patches were identified in total, predominantly distributed in the southwest and central regions of Linxia Prefecture. 25 ecological corridors were identified, demonstrating a high level of spatial coherence in terms of significance and connectivity, establishing a closely integrated ecological security network primarily in the southwest of Linxia Prefecture. (2) Thirteen ecological pinch points and seventeen ecological barrier points have been identified, concentrated in the central and southwestern regions of Linxia Prefecture. (3) Based on the characteristics and urgency of key areas for Territorial Ecological Restoration, they are classified and graded as "point-line-surface" and "primary-very important-important." The primary restoration areas of the point type are mainly located in the central part of Linxia Prefecture, while the primary restoration areas of the line and plane types are mainly in the southwestern part of Linxia Prefecture. This paper emphasizing a holistic approach that prioritizes ecosystem integrity and social support to guide targeted restoration strategies across various ecological features, ultimately aiming for sustainable regional development and maximizing restoration benefits in ecologically fragile areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal pollution is a worldwide problem and one of the greatest threats to ecosystem integrity due to its toxicity, persistence, and bioaccumulation in biological systems. Anthropogenic pollution impacts marine organisms and host-parasite dynamics, with the northern Chilean coast experiencing elevated copper levels in marine waters and sediments due to mining activities. In this study, we assessed the effects of exposure to copper concentrations at low and high-water temperatures on the survival and longevity of the marine parasite Himasthla sp. cercariae (Trematoda: Digenea) using the snail Echinolittorina peruviana as its first intermediate host. Snails were collected from intertidal rocky pools in northern Chile (23°S). To assess parasite survival and longevity, cercariae were collected from a pool of infected snails, and their mortality was recorded every 6 hours until all cercariae were dead. In a preliminary experiment conducted at 19°C, cercariae were exposed to different copper concentrations (0.2, 1.5, 3.0, and 6.0 mg/L) for 78 hours. Cercariae showed tolerance to copper. However, at the higher copper concentration (6 mg/L), survival was negatively impacted (50%) at 54 hours. In contrast, at the lower concentration (0.2 mg/L) and in the control group, cercariae sustained a 73–90% survival rate even after 54 hours. Based on these findings, we conducted subsequent experiments involving two copper treatments (0.2 and 3.0 mg/L) and two temperatures (14 and 22°C). Survival and longevity were significantly higher at lower temperature and copper concentration (14°C and 0.2 mg/L). Conversely, at higher temperature and copper concentration (22°C and 3 mg/L), survival and longevity decreased to only 66 hours. Our results show that Himasthla sp. cercariae tolerated most copper concentrations, with vulnerability observed primarily in high water temperatures, indicating an adverse effect on cercariae performance. This study contributes valuable insights into how parasites respond to environmental pollution, in marine ecosystems influenced by anthropogenic activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grazing is a major ecological driver that influences vegetation dynamics globally. We investigated the long‐term effects of different grazing regimes on the vegetation structure of the Central Anatolian steppes, a region characterized by its unique convergence of biogeographical influences and historical land use. We employed the spatially explicit FATELAND model to simulate vegetation dynamics over a 50‐year period under three distinct grazing scenarios: no grazing, moderate grazing, and overgrazing. Our simulations incorporated a range of plant functional traits to predict changes across five different vegetation types in Central Anatolia, including woodland steppes and treeless steppes. The simulations revealed that moderate grazing supports the diversity and abundance of various plant functional groups, excluding resprouter trees, which flourish under no grazing conditions. In contrast, overgrazing leads to significant reductions in the abundance of perennial forbs and both spiny and non‐spiny subshrubs, often resulting in a shift toward grassland dominated by resprouter gramineae or an annual herb‐dominated grassland, depending on the initial abundance of gramineae. Our findings highlight the critical role of grazing management in maintaining biodiversity and ecological stability in steppe ecosystems. While moderate grazing can enhance plant functional group diversity, overgrazing significantly threatens the ecological integrity of the Central Anatolian steppes. In conclusion, our modeling approach reveals that the grazing regime is a major driver in shaping the vegetation structure of Central Anatolian steppes. Grazing management strategies that are adjusted to the ecological characteristics and historical context of specific regions are required to prevent degradation and promote sustainable grassland vegetation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resilience, which can also be described as absorbing capacity, describes the amount of change that a system can undergo in response to disturbance and maintain a characteristic, self-sustaining regime of functions, processes, or sets of feedback loops. Rivers exhibit varying levels of resilience, but the net effect of industrialized anthropogenic alteration has been to suppress river resilience. As changing climate alters the inputs to rivers and human modification alters the morphology and connectivity of rivers, restoration increasingly considers how to enhance resilience. Characteristics that underpin river absorbing capacity include natural regimes, connectivity, physical and ecological integrity, and heterogeneity. River management emphasizing channel stabilization and homogenization has reduced river absorbing capacity. We propose that the paths to restoring rivers include defining relevant measures of absorbing capacity and understanding the scales of restoration and the sociopolitical elements of river restoration. We provide a conceptual framing for choosing measures that could be used to assess river absorbing capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotic residues have become a significant challenge in food safety, threatening both ecosystem integrity and human health. To combat this problem, we developed an innovative photo‐powered, self‐powered aptasensor that employs a novel carbon‐doped three‐dimensional graphitic carbon nitride (3D‐CN) combined with a metal‐organic framework composed of N‐doped copper(I) oxide‐carbon (Cu2O@C) skeletons. The 3D‐CN serves as the photoanode, offering stable photocurrent production due to its three‐dimensional open framework structure. The N‐doped Cu2O@C acts as the photocathode, providing oxidation protection for the metal core and enhancing light absorption due to its metal‐organic framework structure. A key feature of our work is exploiting the Fermi level difference between the n‐type photoanode and p‐type photocathode, which facilitates faster migration of photogenerated electrons toward the photocathode, thereby enhancing the sensor's self‐powered effect. Experimental results reveal that upon aptamer loading, the sensor can linearly detect tetracycline (TC) within a range of 0.5 pmol/L to 300 nmol/L, with a detection limit as low as 0.13 pmol/L. It also demonstrates excellent selectivity, stability, and reproducibility, making it applicable to real samples such as milk and river water. Consequently, our research provides a highly efficient and sensitive method for monitoring TC in food, with significant practical implications and profound impacts on food safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars and policy makers are paying close attention to reduce climate problems for sustainable growth. The failure to enhance ecological integrity could increase greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, this study examines the effect of economic complexity, high‐tech industries, renewables, natural resource abundance, and financial globalization on CO2 and ecological footprint for 10 selected newly industrializing countries for the period 1990 to 2018. We use Common Correlated Error Mean Group, Augmented Mean Group, panel causality, and Westerlund Error Correction Model of cointegration techniques that account for short‐run, and long‐run relationships across cross‐sectionally dependent and heterogeneous countries. The findings reveal long‐run interrelationships across the series of underlying observations. The long‐run empirical results show the development of high‐tech industries has statistically significant environmental welfare‐enhancing impact, whereas renewables and natural resource exploitation mitigate environmental challenges. However, economic complexity and financial globalization increase emissions and ecological footprint (ECF). The results confirm unidirectional causality from renewable energy to CO2 and ECF and further from natural resources to CO2 and ECF. Additionally, there exists bidirectional causality between financial globalization and ECF. Based on these findings, we suggest that these countries should revise their energy policies in order to allocate more funds for the renewable energy technologies so that environmental problems can be mitigated. Along with renewable energy, further investments should be made in high‐tech sector but economic complexity and financial globalization should be carefully handled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The loss of consumers threatens the integrity of ecological systems, but the mechanisms underlying the effects on communities and ecosystems remain difficult to predict. This is, in part, due to the complex roles that consumers play in those systems. Here, we highlight this complexity by quantifying two mechanisms by which molluscan grazers—typically thought of as consumers of their algal resources—facilitate algae on rocky shores. Initial observations in high‐zone tide pools revealed that both water‐column ammonium concentrations and photosynthetic biomass were higher in pools containing higher densities of grazers, suggesting that local‐scale nutrient recycling by the grazers could be enhancing algal biomass. We assessed this possibility by experimentally manipulating grazer abundances at the level of whole tide pools but controlling access of those grazers to experimental plots within each pool. Contrary to predictions that algal biomass inside grazer exclusions would increase as grazer abundances in the pools increased, we found that algal biomass inside grazer‐exclusion fences was unaffected by grazer abundances. Instead, the consumptive effects of grazers that were evident at low grazer abundances transitioned to facilitative effects as experimentally manipulated grazer abundances increased. This finding suggested that these positive interactions were associated with the physical presence of grazers and not just grazers' effects on nutrient availability. Subsequent experiments highlighted the potential role of "slime"—the pedal mucous trails left behind as the mollusks crawl on the substratum—in promoting the recruitment of algae and thereby mediating a spatial subsidy of new organic matter into the system. Furthermore, different grazer groups contributed disproportionately to ammonium excretion (i.e., turban snails) versus slime production (i.e., littorine snails), suggesting a potential role for grazer diversity. Our work highlights the complex ways in which consumers affect their resources, including multiple, complementary mechanisms by which these grazers facilitate the algae they consume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecosystems provide a wide variety of life-sustaining services but are currently facing severe degradation due to changing land use and cover. Women are presumed to be more affected by declines in provisioning ecosystem services (PES). These claims have not been empirically proven across all contexts and have been contested by recent studies. Few studies in Ghana have attempted to examine this gendered environmental change phenomenon. Underpinned by the vulnerability theory, this paper employed an eclectic methodological approach to examine gender differences in vulnerability and coping with changing PES in Ghana. The findings reveal that both males and females depend highly on agricultural and woodland ecosystems for their livelihood needs. The deterioration in the total areas of the major ecosystems has resulted in significant declines in vital PES such as wild edible fruits and vegetables, medicinal plants and building materials for both men and women over the past decade. The study further reveals that the decreases in fuelwood supply affect women more than men because the former group mostly cooks food in their households, using fuelwood. As adaptation mechanisms, male farmers mostly planted trees on their farms to reclaim unfertile land and conserve forests, while female farmers engage in fruits and vegetable trade in the markets, as well as used non-indigenous spices to enhance the taste of food. Both males and females have also resorted to relying on orthodox medicines contrary to the past. To increase ecosystem resilience, the mainstreaming of ecosystem integrity adaptation practices into national adaptation plans is paramount. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, the integrity and security of the ecosystem in the Sanjiang Plain have faced severe challenges due to land reclamation. Understanding the impact of paddy field expansion on regional ecosystem services (ESs), as well as revealing the trade-offs and synergies (TOS) between these services to achieve optimal resource allocation, has become an urgent issue to address. This study employs the InVEST model to map the spatial and temporal dynamics of five key ESs, while the Optimal Parameter Geodetector (OPGD) identifies primary drivers of these changes. Correlation analysis and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) reveal intricate TOS among ESs at multiple scales. Additionally, the Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Model (PLS-SEM) elucidates the direct impacts of paddy field expansion on ESs. The main findings include the following: (1) The paddy field area in the Sanjiang Plain increased from 5775 km2 to 18,773.41 km2 from 1990 to 2020, an increase of 12,998.41 km2 in 40 years. And the area of other land use types has generally decreased. (2) Overall, ESs showed a recovery trend, with carbon storage (CS) and habitat quality (HQ) initially decreasing but later improving, and consistent increases were observed in soil conservation, water yield (WY), and food production (FP). Paddy fields, drylands, forests, and wetlands were the main ES providers, with soil type, topography, and NDVI emerging as the main influencing factors. (3) Distinct correlations among ESs, where CS shows synergies with HQ and SC, while trade-offs are noted between CS and both WY and FP. These TOS demonstrate significant spatial heterogeneity and scale effects across subregions. (4) Paddy field expansion enhances regional SC, WY, and FP, but negatively affects CS and HQ. These insights offer a scientific basis for harmonizing agricultural development with ecological conservation, enriching our understanding of ES interrelationships, and guiding sustainable ecosystem management and policymaking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorus deficiency critically constrains crop growth. Soil microbial diversity, which is crucial for maintaining terrestrial ecosystem integrity, plays a key role in promoting soil P cycling. Therefore, it is imperative to understand the survival strategies of microorganisms under P-limited conditions and explore their roles in community regulation. We initiated a comprehensive, long-term, in situ wheat field experiment to measure soil physicochemical properties, focusing on the different forms of soil inorganic P. Subsequently, 16S rRNA and ITS marker sequencing was employed to study changes in soil microbial abundance and community structure and predict functional alterations. The results showed that soil water and P deficiencies significantly affected wheat growth and development, soil physicochemical properties, and microbial diversity and function. Prolonged P deficiency lowered soil pH, significantly increasing phosphatase content (58%) under W1 (normal irrigation) conditions. Divalent calcium phosphate decreased significantly under W0 (lack of irrigation) and W1 conditions, and the most stable ten-valent calcium phosphate began to transform under W0 conditions. Soil microbial diversity increased (e.g., Proteobacteria and Vicinamibacterales) and enhanced the transport capacity of bacteria. P deficiency affected the coexistence networks between bacteria and fungi, and SEM (structural equation modeling) analysis revealed a stronger correlation in bacteria (r2 = 0.234) than in fungi (r2 = 0.172). In soils deprived of P for 7 years, the soil P content and forms were coupled with microbial changes. Microorganisms exhibited community and functional changes in response to low-phosphorus soil, concurrently influencing soil P status. This study enhances our understanding of rhizospheric processes in soil P cycling under microbial feedback, particularly the impact of microbial interactions on changes in soil P forms under P-limited conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface ozone monitoring sites in the tropics are limited, despite the risk that surface ozone poses to human health, tropical forest and crop productivity. Atmospheric chemistry models allow us to assess ozone exposure in unmonitored locations and evaluate the potential influence of changing policies and climate on air quality, human health and ecosystem integrity. Here, we utilise in situ ozone measurements from ground-based stations in the pan-tropics to evaluate ozone from the UK Earth system model, UKESM1, with a focus on remote sites. The study includes ozone data from areas with limited previous data, notably tropical South America, central Africa and tropical northern Australia. Evaluating UKESM1 against observations beginning in 1987 onwards, we show that UKESM1 is able to capture changes in surface ozone concentration at different temporal resolutions, albeit with a systematic high bias of 18.1 nmolmol-1 on average. We use the diurnal ozone range (DOR) as a metric for evaluation and find that UKESM1 captures the observed DOR (mean bias of 2.7 nmolmol-1 and RMSE of 7.1 nmolmol-1) and the trend in DOR with location and season. Results from this study reveal that hourly ozone concentrations from UKESM1 require bias correction before use for impact assessments based on human and ecosystem health. Indeed, hourly surface ozone data have been crucial to this study, and we encourage other modelling groups to include hourly surface ozone output as a default. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the need for a philosophical shift in the Australian residential aged care sector to better cater to the physical, social, and psychological needs of older people. It proposes reframing aged care as communities within social and ecological communities to move away from consumerist approaches. By recognizing residents as part of interconnected communities, the sector can address critical challenges identified by the Royal Commission and promote social and environmental justice. The article emphasizes the importance of relationships in shaping personhood and advocates for a holistic approach to care that considers the broader community and ecological impact. [Extracted from the article]

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Creating an ecological security pattern is crucial for balancing the sustainable development of areas where human activities and the natural environment intersect. Using Hefei, an internationally recognized Wetland City, as a case study, we extracted ecological sources through ecological service function (ESF) analysis and morphological spatial pattern analysis (MSPA) core area connectivity analysis. Based on these ecological sources, we developed an ecological resistance surface system and identified ecological corridors and nodes using circuit theory. The findings are as follows: Ecological source areas: The primary ecological sources in Hefei are located in the water bodies, forested areas, and scattered grasslands in the central and eastern parts of the city. This ecological source area covers 978.96 km2, which constitutes 8.55% of the city's total area. Ecological corridors: Hefei contains 43 ecological corridors with a total length of 940.3 km, averaging 21.87 km each. These corridors are crucial for maintaining ecological connectivity and facilitating species movement. Ecological nodes: There are 13 significant ecological nodes in Hefei, including 6 ecological obstacle points and 7 ecological pinpoints. These nodes play a vital role in supporting ecological processes and ensuring habitat connectivity. Evaluation metrics: The α and β values for the source identification method that integrates MSPA with ecological service functions were 2.15 and 0.8, respectively, which are higher than those of the control group. Conversely, the γ-value was 0.18, lower than that of the control group. These results indicate that the combined ecological source extraction method provides significant advantages in terms of ecological corridor integrity, connectivity, and ecological flow management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rodlet cells (RCs) are specialised immune cells found in teleost fish, recognised for their unique morphology and potential roles in both immune responses and environmental adaptation. Herein, current knowledge on RCs is reviewed, focussing on their responsiveness to toxicants and environmental stressors. The historical context of RC research is discussed, including key milestones in the identification and characterisation of these cells. Recent studies highlight RCs' quantitative and qualitative changes in response to various pollutants, such as heavy metals, organic chemicals, and microplastics, underscoring their utility as biomarkers for environmental monitoring and assessment of ecological health. The underlying mechanisms that govern RC responses are explored, noting the limited research available at the molecular level, which hampers a comprehensive understanding of their functionality. Despite this, the consistent patterns of RC responses position them as valuable indicators of environmental health within the One Health framework, linking aquatic ecosystem integrity to broader human and animal health concerns. Additionally, the potential equivalence of RCs in other vertebrates is examined, which may provide insights into their evolutionary significance and functional roles across different species. The urgent need for further research is emphasised to enhance the understanding of RC biology and its applications in toxicology and environmental pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, global demand for medicinal plants has surged due to their recognized therapeutic capacities in both traditional and modern medicine. The COVID-19 epidemic, skepticism regarding synthetic medications, and a desire for a natural supplement to address dietary deficiencies have collectively intensified demand. The therapeutic properties and commercial prospects of this group of plants are significant; nonetheless, the demand for wild species poses considerable risks to the integrity and sustainability of natural ecosystems. This commentary will address the necessity for sustainable harvesting of medicinal plants while preserving biodiversity and ecological balance. Overexploitation, habitat degradation, and insufficient management strategies increasingly threaten numerous medicinal plants, which are often keystone species fulfilling critical ecological functions. Unsustainable harvesting practices harm plant populations and ecological systems, especially slow-growing or region-specific species. Overexploitation and lack of information in local communities increase the risk of species extinction. A holistic approach that integrates scientific research, policy formulation, and community engagement is necessary to address these challenges. Promoting cultivation standards, biotechnological advancements, and traditional knowledge is crucial. Successful conservation initiatives necessitate the transdisciplinary collaboration of conservation scientists, policymakers, local people, and industry stakeholders. This strategy will assist in safeguarding ecological integrity and preserving these vital resources for future generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ecological health of urban rivers serves as a critical indicator of the overall health of urban ecosystems. The water ecological health status of the Zaogang River in Changzhou City was evaluated; nine sections of the river and the Old Zaogang River were sampled, and an assessment system with 8 indexes for hydrologic integrity, physical structural integrity, chemical integrity, and biological integrity was set up. A comprehensive scoring system, based on index scores and their corresponding weights, was employed to evaluate the ecological health of the Zaogang River. The assessment revealed that most sections of the Zaogang River were in a healthy state, classified as second-class level. In contrast, the Old Zaogang River exhibited sub-health conditions in one section, indicating a need for comprehensive restoration measures. Water ecological health evaluation system constructed in this study is relatively complete and comprehensive, and provides a good example for the rapid evaluation of urban rivers. Additionally, the findings of the study offer guidance for managing rivers in Changzhou city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Huanghe Estuary, which is characterized by dynamic hydrological and ecological processes, is highly susceptible to marine oil spills due to dense maritime traffic and extensive industrial activities. This study evaluated the vulnerability of estuarine wetlands in the Huanghe Estuary to oil spill stress using the Pressure-Situation-Sensitivity-Recovery (PSSR) framework. By employing the Geographic Information System (GIS) and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), this study categorized the vulnerability index (0-1) into five classes: Very Low (0- 0.098), Low (0.098-0.125), Medium (0.125-0.192), High (0.192-0.224), and Very High (0.224-1). The results indicate that the ships indicator has the highest weight, followed by oil rigs. In contrast, the number of chemical splash-proof suits and tugboats have the lowest weights. Wetland vulnerability under oil spill stress exhibited significant spatial variation, with higher vulnerability observed in areas closer to the coastline, such as the eastern part of Kenli County, the northern part of Wudi County, and the northern part of Hekou District. This study underscores the need for targeted measures and enhanced monitoring to mitigate the risks of large oil spills and protect the ecological integrity of the Huanghe Estuary. The findings presented herein provide critical information that will help policymakers and environmental managers implement effective conservation strategies and risk mitigation efforts in this ecologically sensitive and economically important region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The U.S. National Park System began at Yellowstone in 1872 and the National Park Service (NPS) took over its management in 1916. That system has evolved through nine processes to 429 units in every state and most territories. Those processes include (1) the classification of units by natural, historical, and recreational purposes and resources while shifting from isolated sublimity to representation of U.S. environment and history; (2) the spatial expansion of the system from the rural West to the urban East; (3) the rise of science to dominate natural resource management; (4) evolution of socially conscious historical coverage that includes accurately researched places relevant to the entire population; (5) increasing congressional involvement in NPS management through laws like the National Environmental Policy Act and the Wilderness Act and direct control of studies for new units; (6) the legal triumph of resource preservation for future generations over potentially damaging uses including recreation; (7) NPS encouragement of equal rights by banning segregation, extending outreach to minorities, and employing more women; (8) facing management difficulties with a growing workload while coping with grievous understaffing, underfunding, and a waning interest among young people; and (9) external threats that are beyond its control including climate change and aggressive invasive species. The NPS considers itself the organization to protect and present U.S. heritage, but its responsibilities expand while its powers are contested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying, protecting, and developing biodiversity in urban environments contributes to ecosystem integrity. Although there are studies addressing biodiversity in natural areas in Türkiye, there has been no study specifically measuring the biodiversity of city centers. Adapting existing methods for measuring city biodiversity to Turkish cities is challenging due to their unique local dynamics. Therefore, there is a need to identify indicators that can be used to monitor and evaluate biodiversity performance for the protection and sustainability of urban areas in Türkiye and to develop a feasible, reliable, and measurable biodiversity performance assessment approach. The developed UrBioPDeM has 4 main factors and 32 sub-factors. Indicators for the assessment and management of urban biodiversity performance in Isparta, Türkiye, were identified and analyzed, and it was found that Isparta's urban biodiversity has low potential. Therefore, suggestions were made to increase the urban biodiversity of Isparta. The developed approach is an appropriate and effective biodiversity performance model that can be applied in Turkish cities. The factors and sub-factors used in this method can be adjusted and revised according to the potential biodiversity characteristics of a city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current and near future climate policy will fundamentally influence the integrity of ecological systems. The Neotropics is a region where biodiversity is notably high and precipitation regimes largely determine the ecology of most organisms. We modeled possible changes in the severity of seasonal aridity by 2100 throughout the Neotropics and used birds to illustrate the implications of contrasting climate scenarios for the region's biodiversity. Under SSP‐8.5, a pessimistic and hopefully unlikely scenario, longer dry seasons (> 5%), and increased moisture stress are projected for about 75% of extant lowland forests throughout the entire region with impacts on 66% of the region's lowland forest avifauna, which comprises over 3000 species and about 30% of all bird species globally. Longer dry seasons are predicted to be especially significant in the Caribbean, Upper South America, and Amazonia. In contrast, under SSP‐2.6—a scenario with significant climate mitigation—only about 10% of the entire region's forest area and 3% of its avifauna will be exposed to longer dry seasons. The extent of current forest cover that may plausibly function as precipitation‐based climate refugia (i.e., < 5% change in length of dry periods) for constituent biodiversity is over 4 times greater under SSP‐2.6 than with SSP‐8.5. Moreover, the proportion of currently protected areas that overlap putative refugia areas is nearly 4 times greater under SSP‐2.6. Taken together, our results illustrate that climate policy will have profound outcomes for biodiversity throughout the Neotropics—even in areas where deforestation and other immediate threats are not currently in play. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The Najeoer Pond, which is the object of this study, was created to be utilized as a test bed for the restoration of endangered species and for carrying out ecological education on the pond ecosystem. To achieve these goals, the Najeoer Pond was created for diversity and stability purposes by first securing various water depths imitating natural lagoons and inducing the establishment of various vegetation types according to the depth. As a result of analyzing the vegetation settlement process for 12 years after its creation through vegetation cover, species composition, species diversity, and the ratio of exotic species, and comparing the results with those of natural lagoons, the Najeoer Pond has been shaped to resemble the diversity and stability of natural lagoons. The carbon absorption capacity of the littoral vegetation established around the pond was significantly higher than that of forest vegetation. In this respect, the Najeoer Pond was also deemed to have a high creation effect in terms of ecological function. Therefore, a stable pond with diversity can be created because vegetation diversity can be guaranteed as a result of securing the ecological diversity of various water depths. The Najeoer Pond was created in a rice paddy as a part of a plan to build the National Institute of Ecology. To induce the establishment of various plants, the maximum depth of the pond was 2.0 m, and diverse depths were created with a gentle slope on the pond bed. When introducing vegetation, littoral and emergent vegetation were first introduced to stabilize the space secured for the creation of the pond, whereas the introduction of other vegetation was allowed to develop naturally. In this pond, floating, emergent, wetland, and littoral plants have been established to various degrees, reflecting the water depth and water table. As a result of stand ordination, based on vegetation data obtained from the created Najeoer Pond and a natural lagoon selected as the reference site, the species' composition resembled that of the reference site. Diversity, based on vegetation type, community, and species, tended to be higher than that of the reference site. The proportion of exotic species increased due to the disturbance that occurred during the pond creation process but continued to decrease as the vegetation introduced during the creation of the pond became established. Considering these results comprehensively, the restorative treatment served to increase both the biological integrity and ecological stability of the pond and, thus, achieved the creation goal from the viewpoint of the pond structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the United States, research natural areas (RNAs) are permanently established to maintain areas of natural ecosystem significance. The Upper Sand Creek Research Natural Area (USCRNA) in the Escalante River watershed in southern Utah was established nearly a quarter century ago. However, the botanical diversity has remained largely unknown. To provide data to aid in preserving and maintaining biological and genetic diversity in USCRNA, we surveyed vascular plant, bryophyte, and lichen diversity within the RNA in 2021. We document high vascular plant (187 species) and lichen (152 species / candidate species) diversity, in addition to 15 bryophyte species. These preliminary inventories will be critical for investigating ecosystem function and integrity, providing a baseline for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The identification of multiple facets of biodiversity (e.g., phylogenetic and functional) can help to understand how evolutionary and ecological mechanisms shape the assembly of biological communities.Here, we employed multiple regressions and variance partitions to investigate the effects of environmental conditions, connectivity and space on aspects of the functional and phylogenetic facets of fish fauna in tropical headwater streams of the Xingu River basin, in Eastern Amazonia.We found that the functional and phylogenetic diversities of fish communities are related to local environmental conditions and stream connectivity in the drainage network, with marked differences occurring between the rainy and dry periods. Furthermore, we discovered that functional uniqueness was influenced mainly by environmental factors, whereas phylogenetic uniqueness had a more complex relationship with the influence of local environmental factors and connectivity.Our findings indicate that the fish assemblages of small headwater streams of the Xingu River basin share a close phylogenetic history. This is probably because of the climatic and environmental stability experienced by Amazonian ichthyofauna over evolutionary time.Our findings emphasise the role of niche‐based processes in shaping the unique functional composition of fish assemblages in headwater streams, and highlight the importance of environmental heterogeneity in maintaining the ecological integrity of these freshwater ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human disturbance compromises the ecological integrity of forests, negatively affecting associated species. Assessing the impact of forest integrity on biodiversity is complex due to the interplay of various human activities, ecological factors, and their interactions. Current large-scale indices assess forest integrity but often lack a direct connection to the biotic environment. We tested the effectiveness of the global Forest Landscape Integrity Index (FLII) in evaluating aspects of anthropogenic forest degradation on the biotic community. We analyzed the relationship between changes in the ecological integrity of Finnish forests and variations in mammal species abundance, using the number of tracks from 17 different species collected during the winter seasons between 2016 and 2020 in south-central Finland. Beyond the FLII, we analyzed forest and canopy cover to enhance the accuracy of habitat preference assessments. We found that the FLII captures the varying degrees of forest integrity, as reflected by the correlation between the abundance of winter tracks and the FLII for most mammals. Species that were positively associated with forest integrity were all native to the boreal forest, while mammals that adapt well to human-disturbed environments including two invasive species were more common in lower FLII forests. Significant differences in habitat preferences were also observed in relation to forest and canopy cover, revealing additional nuances that the FLII alone did not capture. This study demonstrates that the FLII, when combined with a comprehensive dataset and supplemented with region-specific factors, can assess species' adaptability to human-modified forests, aiding in the development of conservation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nature-based tourism is rising in popularity in developing countries. This presents a challenge for protected area (PA) managers forcing them to revisit management strategies to balance revenue generation while maintaining ecological integrity. Identifying tourists' preference for nature-viewing can aid in improved tourism management while simultaneously enhancing visitor experiences. We conducted semi-structured surveys with 516 tourists visiting three popular Indian PAs to understand their nature-viewing preferences. We identified the factors influencing viewing preferences for seven biodiversity categories using recursive partitioning classification trees. We found the biodiversity categories such as charismatic megafauna and landscape to be major tourist-attractants. Despite this, we also found that prior engagement in conservation activities, age, and gender can influence preference for viewing low-profile categories such as herpetofauna and flora. Providing opportunities for people to engage in conservation at different levels of governance and especially for tourists when visiting a PA could increase appreciation for all species and funding available for their conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The purpose of this work is to describe the creation process of the first long-term experimental platform designed for interdisciplinary studies of Silvopastoral Systems (SPS) in Uruguay and to highlight its relevance on filling knowledge gaps across different areas. This experiment involves professionals from diverse fields working together to generate knowledge for sustainable agriculture. The focus is on understanding long-term interactions in SPS, emphasizing native ecosystem conservation and increased agricultural productivity. Covering 30.24 ha, this experimental platform incorporates three treatments, implemented in a randomized complete block design with three replications: (1) a natural grassland without trees, (2) a two-row SPS with 160 tree/ha, and (3) a four-row SPS with 240 trees/ha. The platform's design involves the exploration of variables such as aboveground biomass and botanical composition, microclimate, silviculture, livestock performance, soil carbon dynamics, ecosystem integrity index, monitoring ecological indicators such as amphibian and spiders' diversity, optimizing modeling and economic benefit and social aspects. This platform will enable the analysis of changes resulting from the incorporation of trees at two different densities into livestock systems. Additionally, we aim to identify the best combination of activities to optimize the farmers income, considering the relevance of a positive impact on social aspects, such as increased demand of employment, adoption by farmers, and the interest of new generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study establishes and refines a social-landscape ecological security pattern that integrates the demand and supply of ecosystem services, providing a substantial foundation for the ecological restoration of territorial spaces. This foundation is crucial for enhancing the effectiveness of "social–ecological" systems in achieving sustainable development. Jilin Province, serving as a national ecological security buffer and experiencing rapid economic growth, exhibits a significant spatial imbalance between social and economic progress and ecological conservation. The balance of ecosystem service demand and supply is pivotal in this context, making Jilin Province an ideal study area. We employed a multifaceted approach, including MSPA, the InVEST model, landscape connectivity assessment, circuit theory, and ecological network integrity evaluation, to elucidate the spatial disparities between the demand and supply of ecosystem services. We then developed and optimized social and landscape ecological security patterns to meet human demands and safeguard ecological integrity, thereby promoting the sustainable development of "social–ecological" systems. The key findings are as follows: (1) The supply of ecosystem services shows a clear spatial gradient, with lower values in the west and higher in the east, while demand is concentrated in the central region with lower values in the east and west, indicating a pronounced spatial mismatch in Jilin Province. (2) The landscape ecological security pattern includes 18 barrier points, 33 pinch points, 166 ecological corridors, and 101 ecological sources. (3) The social–ecological security pattern comprises 119 demand sources and 150 supply–demand corridors. (4) The study introduces 14 supply–demand nodes and 47 optimization corridors, proposing zoning schemes for the eastern core protection area, the central ecological demand area, and the western core restoration area. Additionally, recommendations are concerning the optimization of the "social–ecological" system pattern. This research advances the theoretical understanding of "social–ecological" system development in Jilin Province and offers insights for more harmonized development strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural ecosystem health (REH) serves as an effective metric for assessing the damage degree and stability state within rural systems and their components. It reflects the interaction and the balance among rural subsystems, emphasizing the harmonious development of resources, agriculture, environment, economy, and society that are fundamental to sustainable rural development. Most regional-scale ecosystem health assessments primarily focus on either the natural state of the ecosystem or external disturbances affecting it, often neglecting human ecological systems characterized by economic and social dimensions. Taking Chongqing as an example, we established an improved REH assessment framework by integrating ecological integrity from the perspective of a social-economy-natural compound ecosystem. Furthermore, we innovatively incorporated the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) into the formulation of the REH indicator system to quantitatively elucidate the spatiotemporal characteristics. The results indicated that: (1) The REH in Chongqing exhibited an evolutionary pattern characterized by a subsequent rise, maintaining values between 0.363–0.872 from 2000 to 2018. This trend reflected a distinct two-stage development characteristic, with the rural socio-economic subsystem contributing the most at 33.36%, followed closely by the rural environmental subsystem at 27.84%; (2) In 2018, the REH across the 36 districts and counties in Chongqing displayed spatial differentiation patterns described as "collapse in the west, high levels in the northeast, and localized surges". The areas ranked from smallest to largest REH were metropolitan, western, southeastern, and northeastern areas; (3) Four levels (e.g., disease, single health, compound health, and comprehensive health) and twelve sub-levels of REH were defined using a dominant factors method. Finally, we analyzed the driving factors from four aspects of urbanization development: policy regulation, urban-rural factors flow, and regional differences. We also proposed differentiated planning and policies for sustainable rural development in Chongqing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When focusing on biodiversity maintenance, ecological security pattern (ESP) planning gradually becomes a multi-objective planning strategy for sustainable development; wildlife conservation and ecosystem health maintenance should be balanced with local economic development and people's livelihood enhancement goals. This study focuses on ESP mapping in the Qinling-Daba Mountain area, which is an ecologically significant and socioeconomically underdeveloped area. The tradeoff between conservation and development is made by varying the area of ecological sources and incorporating ecosystem service tradeoffs into ecological source identification through multi-scenario designation. ESPs under six scenarios were generated based on the minimum resistance model, and the important ecological corridors and strategic points in each scenario were identified and compared. The results show the following: (1) The scenario that sets around 30 percent of the study area as ecological sources maintains the integrity of natural ecosystems and leaves space for food and material supply to residents. (2) In this scenario, the ecological sources are connected by 60 corridors that cross 137 townships with high population densities (>100 people/km2) and intersect with major traffic lines at 71 points. Engineering, management, or education strategies must be taken in these townships or intersections to avoid human–wildlife conflicts. (3) The study area needs to construct both short (north–south) corridors linking proximate ecological sources for species' daily movement and long (west–east) corridors connecting large and distant sources for species' seasonal migration and gene flow. (4) The multi-scenario approach turns out to be an effective strategy for ESP planning with considerations for development–conservation tradeoffs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitroaromatic compounds represent a class of highly toxic pollutants discharged into aquatic environments by various industrial activities, posing significant threats to ecological integrity and human health due to their persistent and hazardous nature. In this study, Pd-doped ZnO nanoparticles were investigated as a potential solution for the degradation of nitro organics, offering heightened photocatalytic efficacy and prolonged stability. The synthesis of Pd-doped ZnO NPs was achieved via the hydrothermal method, with subsequent analysis through XRD spectra and XPS confirming successful Pd doping within the ZnO matrix. Characterization through FESEM and HRTEM unveiled the heterogeneous morphologies of both undoped and Pd-doped ZnO nanoparticles. Additionally, UV–vis and PL spectroscopy provided insights into the optical properties, chemical bonding, and defect structures of the synthesized Pd-doped ZnO NPs. Pd doping induces a redshift in ZnO's absorption spectra, reducing the bandgap from 3.12 to 2.94 eV as Pd concentration rises from 0 to 0.2 wt.%. The photocatalytic degradation, following pseudo-first-order kinetics, achieved 90% nitrobenzene abatement (200 µg/L, pH 7) under visible light within 320 min with a catalyst loading of 16 µg/mL. The photocatalytic efficacy of 0.08 wt% Pd-doped ZnO (k = 0.058 min⁻1) exhibited a 25-fold enhancement compared to bare ZnO (k = 3.1 × 10–4 min-1). Subsequent quenching and ESR experiments identified hydroxyl radicals (OH•) as the predominant active species in the degradation mechanism. Mass spectrometry analysis unveiled potential breakdown intermediates, illuminating a plausible degradation pathway. The investigated Pd-doped ZnO nanoparticles demonstrated reusability for up to five successive treatment cycles, offering a sustainable solution to nitro organics contamination challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthropogenic stressors to marine ecosystems from climate change and human activities increase extinction risk of species, disrupt ecosystem integrity, and threaten important ecosystem services. Addressing these stressors requires understanding where and to what extent they are impacting marine biological and functional diversity. We model cumulative risk of human impact upon 21,159 marine animal species by combining information on species-level vulnerability and spatial exposure to a range of anthropogenic stressors. We apply this species-level assessment of human impacts to examine patterns of species-stressor interactions within taxonomic groups. We then spatially map impacts across the global ocean, identifying locations where climate-driven impacts overlap with fishing, shipping, and land-based stressors to help inform conservation needs and opportunities. Comparing species-level modeled impacts to those based on marine habitats that represent important marine ecosystems, we find that even relatively untouched habitats may still be home to species at elevated risk, and that many species-rich coastal regions may be at greater risk than indicated from habitat-based methods alone. Finally, we incorporate a trait-based metric of functional diversity to identify where impacts to functionally unique species might pose greater risk to community structure and ecosystem integrity. These complementary lenses of species, function, and habitat provide a richer understanding of threats to marine biodiversity to help inform efforts to meet conservation targets and ensure sustainability of nature's contributions to people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forests play a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of natural ecosystems. Accurate mapping of windfall damages following storms is essential for effective post-disaster management. While remote sensing image classification offers substantial advantages over ground surveys for monitoring changes in forests, it encounters several challenges. Firstly, training samples in classification algorithms are typically selected through pixel-based random sampling or manual regional sampling. This approach struggles with accurately modeling complex patterns in high-resolution images and often results in redundant samples. Secondly, the limited availability of labeled samples compromises the classification accuracy when they are divided into training and test sets. To address these issues, two innovative approaches are proposed in this paper. The first is a new sample selection method which combines block-based sampling with spatial features extracted by single or multiple windows. Second, a new evaluation criterion is proposed by using the homomorphic hypothesis margin map with out-of-bag (OOB) accuracy. The former can not only assess the confidence level of each pixel category but also make regional boundaries clearer, and the latter can replace the test set so that all samples can be used for change detection. The experimental results show that the OOB accuracy obtained by spatial features with whole block sampling was 7.2 % higher than that obtained by spectral features with pixel-based sampling and 2–3% higher than that for block center sampling, of which the highest value reached 98.8 % . Additionally, the feasibility of identifying storm-damaged forests using only post-storm images has been demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hilly and mountainous regions are significantly impacted by soil erosion, primarily due to rainfall-runoff processes occurring on the hillslope scale. Assessing soil erosion is crucial for quantifying the loss of soil carbon and nutrients, which diminishes the potential of soil ecosystem services and is critical for mitigating the impacts of climate change on food security. However, the Himalayan landscape poses serious challenges for assessing soil erosion due to its steep and rugged terrain, which hinders the use of conventional and modelling methods. The fallout radionuclide—137Cs has been extensively utilized as an environmental marker for investigating soil redistribution processes. Despite its potential, there is a notable lack of 137Cs-based soil erosion studies in the Himalayan region. In this context, we assessed the applicability of the fallout radionuclide—137Cs method in quantifying soil erosion rates and identifying erosion hotspots on two hillslopes of the Higher Himalayas. On the hillslope scale, we observed that soil erosion rates vary based on slope gradient and land use/land cover. Forested areas exhibited the lowest soil erosion rates compared to cultivated areas, while flat hillslope positions experienced lower erosion rates than steeper positions. The average net erosion rate for the Harsil hillslope varied among different hillslope positions, ranging from – 2.9 to – 15.6 t ha−1 yr−1. Similarly, in the Gangnani hillslope, the net erosion rates varied across different positions, ranging from – 5.6 to – 39 t ha−1 yr−1. Our findings confirm that the middle and lower hillslope positions are the most critical source areas with higher soil erosion rates, while hillslope positions with forest cover demonstrate the lowest erosion rates, identified as helpful in controlling soil erosion. The study has demonstrated the applicability of FRN as a soil erosion measurement method in the complex, rugged, and steep terrain of the Himalayas, highlighting the need for targeted conservation efforts to mitigate soil erosion and preserve ecosystem integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Karaka (Corynocarpus laevigatus J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.) is an endemic New Zealand tree species that attracts polarising views and controversy. Prior to the arrival of humans in New Zealand, karaka was probably restricted to warmer areas of the northern North Island, but it now occurs throughout much of New Zealand, including on Rēkohu/Chatham Island (where it is known as kōpi). Genetic analyses have shed light on the evolutionary origins of karaka and its translocation history. Karaka holds significant cultural and historical value for Māori and Moriori, but it is also viewed as an environmental weed outside its natural range due to its capacity to outcompete resident native vegetation and disrupt local ecosystems. Karaka fruit can be toxic to dogs and other animals, including humans, if not prepared correctly before consumption. The management of karaka in New Zealand presents a unique challenge that exemplifies the complexities inherent in balancing cultural values with ecological integrity. The aim of this paper is to bring together all these different perspectives and explore avenues for future management strategies that accommodate both the cultural significance and the ecological impact of karaka. An informed, culturally sensitive management strategy that involves mana whenua can pave the way for a future where both cultural and ecological aspects of the karaka tree are given due consideration where appropriate. Such an approach could also inform the management of other native plant species that become invasive outside their natural range both in New Zealand and internationally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the importance of protecting forests and woodlands to achieve global climate and biodiversity goals, logging impacts persist worldwide. Forestry advocates often downplay these impacts but rarely consider the cumulative threat deforestation and degradation has had, and continues to have, on biodiversity. Using New South Wales (Australia) as a case study, we quantify the extent of deforestation and degradation from 1788 (pre‐European colonization) to 2021. We used historical loss as a baseline to evaluate recent logging (2000–2022) and the condition of the remaining native forest and woodland. Condition was quantified by measuring the similarity of a current ecosystem to a historical reference state with high ecological integrity. Using these data, we measured the impacts on 269 threatened terrestrial species. We show that possibly over half (29 million ha) of pre‐1788 native forest and woodland vegetation in NSW has been lost. Of the remaining 25 million ha, 9 million ha is estimated to be degraded. We found recent logging potentially impacted 150 species that had already been affected by this historical deforestation and degradation, but the impacts varied across species. Forty‐three species that were identified as impacted by historical deforestation and degradation and continue to be impacted by logging, now have ≤50% of their pre‐1788 extent remaining that is intact and nine species now have ≤30%. Our research contextualizes the impact of current logging against historical deforestation and highlights deficiencies in environmental assessments that ignore historical baselines. Future land management must consider both the extent and condition of remaining habitat based on pre‐1788 extents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wild mammals are often difficult to directly observe, especially in woodland and forest habitats with dense vegetation, so surveys of largely indirect signs of their activities (e.g. tracks and spoor) are often a more practical option for monitoring populations. This study compared two different approaches to surveying largely indirect indicators of activity by a range of wild mammals across a gradient of ecosystem integrity in southern Tanzania. Surveys of all such signs of wild mammal activity detected around all identifiable surface water bodies within a 2 km radius of 32 convenient camping locations with perennial surface water were complemented on alternative days with similar surveys along transects between each camp and the next camp that required similar time and effort. For most of the wild mammal species detected, radial surveys around water bodies proved more sensitive than those along transects between them, because the former approach samples distinct and convenient locations that attract most animal species. Transect surveys were found to be more sensitive for only sable (Hippotragus niger) and spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta), which are known to routinely commute considerable distances across their home ranges, and for greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) that seldom drink surface water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maintaining water availability is crucial for sustaining wildlife populations in African savannah ecosystems, especially in semi‐arid regions where natural surface water sources are limited. The establishment of Artificial Water Points (AWPs) has become a common management strategy in protected areas to mitigate the effects of water scarcity. This study investigated the spatio‐temporal patterns of mammal visitation to AWPs in Majete Wildlife Reserve, Malawi, over an eight‐year period using motion‐triggered camera traps. The study documented a total of 34 medium‐ to large‐sized mammal species, with warthog, waterbuck, impala and yellow baboon being the most frequently captured. Temporal analysis reveals diurnal visitation patterns, with peak activity during mid‐day hours, and seasonal variations, with most species exhibiting increased visitation during the hot‐dry season. Spatial analysis identifies preferences for AWPs proximate to perennial rivers and tourist infrastructure, emphasising the role of habitat features and human presence in AWP utilisation. Management implications include the need for tailored strategies addressing species‐specific behaviours and habitat conditions, alongside ongoing monitoring efforts to ensure the sustainability of wildlife populations and ecological integrity. Despite the inherent limitations of camera trap methodology, this study provides valuable insights into AWP management strategies essential for conserving biodiversity in semi‐arid environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]