42 results on '"E. D. Pellizzari"'
Search Results
2. Mutagens From Heated Chinese and U.S. Cooking Oils
- Author
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G. E. Trivers, Peter G. Shields, Yu-Tang Gao, Y. H. Qu, WilliamJ. Blot, Curtis C. Harris, E. D. Pellizzari, J. F. Fraumeni, and G. X. Xu
- Subjects
China ,Cancer Research ,Hot Temperature ,Lung Neoplasms ,Time Factors ,food.ingredient ,Rapeseed ,Linolenic acid ,Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,food ,Oils, Volatile ,Humans ,Cooking ,Food science ,Canola ,Fatty Acids ,food and beverages ,United States ,Oncology ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,Erucic acid ,Peanut oil ,Female ,Gas chromatography ,Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry ,Butylated hydroxyanisole ,Mutagens - Abstract
Background : The lung cancer incidence in Chinese women is among the highest in the world, but tobacco smoking accounts for only a minority of the cancers. Epidemiologic investigations of lung cancer among Chinese women have implicated exposure to indoor air pollution from wok cooking, where the volatile emissions from unrefined cooking oils are mutagenic. Purpose : This study was conducted to identify and quantify the potentially mutagenic substances emitted from a variety of cooking oils heated to the temperatures typically used in wok cooking. Methods: Several cooking oils and fatty acids were heated in a wok to boiling, at temperatures (for the cooking oils) that ranged from 240 °C to 280 °C (typical cooking temperatures in Shanghai, China). The oils tested were unrefined Chinese rapeseed, refined U.S. rapeseed (known as canola), Chinese soybean, and Chinese peanut in addition to linolenic, linoleic, and erucic fatty acids. Condensates of the emissions were collected and tested in the Salmonella mutation assay (using Salmonella typhimurium tester strains TA98 and TA104). Volatile decomposition products also were subjected to gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy. Aldehydes were detected using high-performance liquid chromatography and UV spectroscopy. Results : 1,3-Butadiene, benzene, acrolein, formaldehyde, and other related compounds were qualitatively and quantitatively detected, with emissions tending to be highest for unrefined Chinese rapeseed oil and lowest for peanut oil. The emission of 1,3-butadiene and benzene was approximately 22-fold and 12-fold higher, respectively, from heated unrefined Chinese rapeseed oil than from heated peanut oil. Lowering the cooking temperatures or adding an antioxidant, such as butylated hydroxyanisole, before cooking decreased the amount of these volatile emissions. Among the individual fatty acids tested, heated linolenic acid produced the greatest quantities of 1,3-butadiene, benzene, and acrolein. Separately, the mutagenicity of individual volatile emission condensates was correlated with linolenic acid content (r =.83 ; P =.0004). Condensates from heated linolenic acid, but not linoleic or erucic acid, were highly mutagenic. Conclusions : These studies, combined with experimental and epidemiologic findings, suggest that high-temperature wok cooking with unrefined Chinese rapeseed oil may increase lung cancer risk. This study indicates methods that may reduce that risk. Implications : The common use of wok cooking in China might be an important but controllable risk factor in the etiology of lung cancer. In the United States, where cooking oils are usually refined for purity, additional studies should be conducted to further quantify the potential risks of such methods of cooking. [J Natl Cancer Inst 87 :836-841, 19951
- Published
- 1995
3. Pyrolysis Coupled with Capillary Supercritical Fluid Chromatography
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C. S. Smith, G. R. Velez, J. H. Raymer, and E. D. Pellizzari
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chemistry.chemical_compound ,Chromatography ,chemistry ,Carbon dioxide ,Analytical chemistry ,Supercritical fluid chromatography ,Supercritical fluid extraction ,Molecular Medicine ,Gas chromatography ,Mass spectrometry ,Pyrolysis ,Supercritical fluid ,Asphaltene - Abstract
Pyrolysis coupled with gas chromatography and carbon dioxide supercritical fluid extraction/supercritical fluid chromatography was used to study the affect of pyrolysis temperature (500 or 999°C) and pyrolysis atmosphere (helium or carbon dioxide) on the resulting chromatographic profiles of asphaltenes. The use of the lower pyrolysis temperature yielded fewer and less volatile components than did the high pyrolysis temperature. This was supported by both gas chromatographic profiles and the profiles obtained after supercritical fluid extraction and chromatography. Fast atom bombardment/Mass spectrometry (FAB/MS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometric (FTIR) studies revealed, for these experiments, that although the pyrolysis process greatly altered the structure of the asphaltenes, the effect of the atmosphere present during pyrolysis appeared to have little affect on the fragments formed when these reactions were carried out at ambient pressure.
- Published
- 1990
4. Uptake and decay of volatile organic compounds at environmental concentrations: application of a four-compartment model to a chamber study of five human subjects
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L A, Wallace, W C, Nelson, E D, Pellizzari, and J H, Raymer
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Adult ,Male ,Air Pollutants ,Atmosphere Exposure Chambers ,Metabolic Clearance Rate ,Environmental Exposure ,Middle Aged ,Models, Biological ,Sensitivity and Specificity ,Logistic Models ,Breath Tests ,Predictive Value of Tests ,Alkanes ,Benzene Derivatives ,Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated ,Humans ,Female - Abstract
Five subjects were exposed to nine volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at concentrations that can be encountered in everyday life. Breath samples were collected during a 10-h uptake phase and a 24-h decay phase. It was possible to determine four distinct slopes in the decay curve for each chemical. The distribution in the body and residence times in different tissues were calculated using a linear four-compartment mass-balance model. The model was used to predict breath concentrations for two subjects in a second chamber experiment including the same nine VOCs, representing three chemical classes (aromatic, aliphatic, and chlorinated compounds). Predicted values were generally within 25% of those observed, suggesting that the model parameters calculated here could be useful in estimating exposure and body burden to other VOCs in these three classes. Median residence times for the nine VOCs ranged from 3-12 min for compartment 1 (metabolizing); 0.3-2 h for compartment 2; 2-5 h for compartment 3; and 1-4 d for compartment 4. The fraction of the parent compound exhaled at equilibrium was estimated to range from 0.06-0.16 for four aromatic compounds and decane; 0.22-0.23 for trichloroethylene and dichloromethane; 0.35 for hexane; and 0.88 for 1,1,1-trichloroethane. Limited blood measurements were obtained for six of the nine VOCs in two subjects simultaneously with the breath samples over four-hour decay periods. Blood/breath ratios agreed well between the two subjects, but were higher than human blood/air partition coefficients reported in subjects exposed to high concentrations. This observation is consistent with results from other studies at relatively low concentrations.
- Published
- 1997
5. Testing duplicate diet sample collection methods for measuring personal dietary exposures to chemical contaminants
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K W, Thomas, L S, Sheldon, E D, Pellizzari, R W, Handy, J M, Roberds, and M R, Berry
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Adult ,Male ,Self-Assessment ,Adolescent ,Community Participation ,Reproducibility of Results ,Pilot Projects ,Middle Aged ,Diet Surveys ,Diet Records ,United States ,Eating ,Child, Preschool ,Humans ,Female ,Longitudinal Studies ,Energy Intake ,Epidemiologic Methods ,Food Analysis - Abstract
Dietary ingestion may be a significant pathway of human exposure to many potentially toxic chemicals. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency-National Human Exposure Laboratory has made the development of methods for measuring personal dietary exposures a high priority for its dietary exposure research program. Of particular interest was the testing of methods that could be applied in the general population as one component of multipathway exposure measurement studies. This paper describes a controlled pilot study that was conducted to evaluate procedures for collecting and processing duplicate diet samples. Nine adult and three child participants volunteered to provide dietary information for 28 days, and duplicate portions of all foods consumed daily for seven consecutive days. Sample collection procedures were evaluated for participant collection and segregation of solid and liquid foods, and for identification and separation of high-fat and low-fat foods. Methods for compositing and homogenizing mixed diet samples were tested. Food records and questionnaires were tested to document the collected food and to evaluate procedures for assessing dietary changes and collection bias. Participant time and monetary needs were evaluated along with the approach for training and providing support to study participants. Participants were able to collect 96% of the meals they consumed, even with 33% of the meals consumed away from home. Food consumed in social settings was the most difficult to collect, and participants were unable or unwilling to collect foods in some social settings. Noncollection of meals and food items increased after the third day of collection. Mixed diet samples were successfully homogenized, with 1%-11% mean relative standard deviations for moisture, fat, protein, and ash analysis in replicate sample aliquots. The laboratory-measured caloric content of collected foods was an average of 12% (range: -24% to 36%) lower than estimates of energy intake using a food diary and 16% lower than estimated energy expenditure values.
- Published
- 1997
6. Estimation of recent exposures to volatile organic chemicals using alveolar air measurements
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J H, Raymer and E D, Pellizzari
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Male ,Air Pollutants ,Methylene Chloride ,Environmental Exposure ,Xylenes ,Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ,Trichloroethylene ,Pulmonary Alveoli ,Breath Tests ,Alkanes ,Benzene Derivatives ,Body Composition ,Solvents ,Hexanes ,Humans ,Female ,Trichloroethanes ,Volatilization ,Toluene - Published
- 1996
7. The identification of polar organic compounds found in consumer products and their toxicological properties
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S D, Cooper, J H, Raymer, E D, Pellizzari, and K W, Thomas
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Consumer Product Safety ,Mutagenicity Tests ,Air Pollution, Indoor ,Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ,Animals ,Humans ,Rodentia ,Volatilization ,Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ,Hydrocarbons ,Perfume - Abstract
Exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the indoor environment has received substantial research attention in the past several years, with the goal of better understanding the impact of such exposures on human health and well-being. Many VOCs can arise from consumer products used within the indoor environment. The VOCs emitted from five representative consumer products were collected onto Tenax-GC and subjected to thermal desorption and analysis by gas chromatography, in combination with low-resolution mass spectrometry (MS), high-resolution MS, and matrix-isolation Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for structural characterization. An emphasis was placed on the polar organic compounds often used to provide fragrance in these products. The structures of a number of these compounds were confirmed, and an electronic literature search was carried out on them to determine any known toxic properties. The search revealed that many of the VOCs possess toxic properties when studied at acute, relatively high-level exposures. In addition, toxic effects were reported for a few of the chemicals, such as benzaldehyde, alpha-terpineol, benzyl acetate, and ethanol, at relatively low dose levels of 9-14 mg/kg. In general, the data were unclear as to the effect of chronic, low-level exposures. The widespread use of such chemicals suggests that the health effects of chronic exposures need to be determined. Validated analytical methods for the quantitative characterization of polar organic compounds at low concentrations will be required to make such work possible.
- Published
- 1995
8. Identification of 1,3-butadiene, benzene, and other volatile organics from wok oil emissions
- Author
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E D, Pellizzari, L C, Michael, K W, Thomas, P G, Shields, and C, Harris
- Subjects
China ,Hot Temperature ,Lung Neoplasms ,Arachis ,Benzene ,Brassica ,Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ,Hydrocarbons ,Soybean Oil ,Butadienes ,Humans ,Plant Oils ,Female ,Volatilization - Abstract
As part of a program to determine the underlying factors responsible for genotoxicity and perhaps lung cancer risk in Chinese women, we qualitatively identified the volatile components emitted during the heating of cooking oils to 265 degrees C. 1,3-Butadiene, benzene, and a series of aldehydes, olefins, and saturated hydrocarbons were elucidated in vapors from Chinese rapeseed oil. On a relative basis, the intensity of 1,3-butadiene vapors from this were 15.7-, 6.3-, and 1.4-fold greater than in the vapors from peanut, soybean, and Canola oils, respectively. Thus, the Chinese rapeseed oil yielded a higher emission rate of 1,3-butadiene than the other three oils investigated. The benzene formation rate followed a similar trend, i.e., its intensity in Chinese rapeseed oil was 14-, 6.6-, and 1.7-fold greater than in vapors from peanut, soybean, and Canola oils, respectively.
- Published
- 1995
9. A breath sampling device for measuring human exposure to volatile organic compounds in microgravity
- Author
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J H, Raymer, K W, Thomas, E D, Pellizzari, D A, Whitaker, S D, Cooper, T, Limero, and J T, James
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Breath Tests ,Air ,Aerospace Medicine ,Chemistry, Organic ,Humans ,Environmental Exposure ,Volatilization ,Gravitation ,Organic Chemistry Phenomena - Abstract
A compact device for the collection of alveolar air (breath) from humans aboard spacecraft was developed. The system uses silicone one-way valves that operate independent of gravity, and provide minimal backpressure. Small charcoal filters clean ambient air used for inhalation. The device provided good recoveries of organic compounds at the 20 ng/L level, with generally low carryover of these compounds to a blank sample following a sample at exposure to 100 ng/L. When water accumulated in the system, this carryover increased for highly water soluble compounds. The new device was used in parallel with a larger, previously developed alveolar air sampler that requires gravity for proper operation; comparable results were obtained with the two units. The device measures 47 x 34 x 11.4 cm and weighs approximately 3.2 kg. Sufficient space is available within the case to accommodate a number of sample collection options.
- Published
- 1994
10. Particle Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (PTEAM) study: distributions of aerosol and elemental concentrations in personal, indoor, and outdoor air samples in a southern California community
- Author
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C A, Clayton, R L, Perritt, E D, Pellizzari, K W, Thomas, R W, Whitmore, L A, Wallace, H, Ozkaynak, and J D, Spengler
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Aerosols ,Air Pollution ,Air Pollution, Indoor ,Occupational Exposure ,Smoke ,Smoking ,Humans ,California ,Environmental Monitoring ,Specimen Handling ,Vehicle Emissions - Abstract
Particle concentrations were measured for a probability-based sample of 178 nonsmoking individuals aged 10 or older residing in Riverside, California, in the fall of 1990. Two 12-hr personal-exposure PM10 samples were obtained for each participant, along with fixed-location PM10 and PM2.5 indoor and outdoor air samples at their residences. The particle samples were also analyzed via X-ray fluorescence (XRF) to determine elemental concentrations for selected elements, including some toxic metals, crustal elements, and combustion- and industrial-source related elements. About 25% of the target population was estimated to have 24-hr personal exposures to PM10 that exceeded the national ambient air concentration standard of 150 micrograms/m3. The daytime personal exposure levels (median of 130 micrograms/m3) tended to exceed both indoor and outdoor levels by about 50%; nighttime personal exposure levels were lower and were only slightly higher than nighttime indoor levels. Several possible reasons for the elevated daytime personal PM10 levels (relative to indoor levels) are considered. Certain activities such as house cleaning and smoking were found to be associated with elevated personal exposure levels.
- Published
- 1993
11. Particle Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (PTEAM) 1990 study: method performance and data quality for personal, indoor, and outdoor monitoring
- Author
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K W, Thomas, E D, Pellizzari, C A, Clayton, D A, Whitaker, R C, Shores, J, Spengler, H, Ozkaynak, S E, Froehlich, and L A, Wallace
- Subjects
Quality Control ,Research Design ,Air Pollution ,Air Pollution, Indoor ,Epidemiological Monitoring ,Humans ,Epidemiologic Methods ,California ,Filtration ,Environmental Monitoring ,Specimen Handling - Abstract
The Particle Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (PTEAM) study provided the opportunity to test methodologies for measuring personal and microenvironmental PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in a full-scale probability-based sample of 178 persons and homes in Riverside, California during the fall of 1990. The purpose of the study was to estimate frequency distributions of exposure to PM10, PM2.5, and selected elements in an urban population. Quality control samples and analyses were used to evaluate method performance. These included collocated sample collection, field and lab blank filters, sampler and balance field audits, and intra- and interlaboratory replicate elemental analyses. A portion of the study was also designed to include side-by-side operation of the personal and microenvironmental samplers with reference method (high-volume and dichotomous) samplers to provide an evaluation of method comparability. Over 95% of the approximately 2,900 scheduled samples were collected and analyzed, with very few losses due to equipment failure. The method limit of detection for the personal and microenvironmental monitor PM10 sampling was 8 micrograms/m3. Mean relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 2% to 8% were obtained for collocated personal and microenvironmental samples. Sampler flow rates were within the +/- 10% accuracy criterion during two field audits. Balances operated in a specially designed mobile laboratory were within specified tolerances for precision (+/- 4 micrograms) and accuracy (+/- 50 micrograms). Elemental analysis accuracy was measured with standard reference materials with biases ranging from 2% to 7%. Measurement precision for most elements ranged from 2.5% to 25% mean RSD. Personal and microenvironmental samplers gave median PM10 concentrations that were approximately 9% higher than the dichotomous sampler and 16% higher than the high-volume sampler across 96 monitoring periods at a fixed outdoor location.
- Published
- 1993
12. Determination of airborne organic compounds using Tenax GC and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
- Author
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E D, Pellizzari, L, Sheldon, J, Keever, D, Whitaker, and L, Wallace
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Air Pollutants ,Chromatography, Gas ,Polymers ,Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated ,Reproducibility of Results ,Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry - Published
- 1993
13. Temporal variability of benzene exposures for residents in several New Jersey homes with attached garages or tobacco smoke
- Author
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K W, Thomas, E D, Pellizzari, C A, Clayton, R L, Perritt, R N, Dietz, R W, Goodrich, W C, Nelson, and L A, Wallace
- Subjects
Time Factors ,New Jersey ,Air Pollution, Indoor ,Housing ,Humans ,Benzene ,Tobacco Smoke Pollution ,Environmental Exposure ,Vehicle Emissions - Abstract
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) previous TEAM studies of personal exposure to VOCs for 700 residents in several U.S. cities found that indoor air concentrations were often higher than outdoor levels. Several potential sources of benzene exposure were identified, including environmental tobacco smoke and materials or activities associated with attached garages. Indoor, personal, and outdoor monitoring was conducted at eleven New Jersey homes over multiple 12-hr monitoring periods. One study objective was to assess the impact of attached garages on human exposure to benzene and the variability of benzene exposure across time. Benzene was also measured in several homes inhabited by smokers and in homes without known combustion sources for comparative purposes. At homes with a garage or environmental tobacco smoke, mean indoor and personal benzene concentrations were two to five times higher than outdoor levels at all but one home. Mean personal exposures ranged from 8 to 31 micrograms/m3. Indoor/outdoor ratios were calculated and ranged from 0.8 to 11. Benzene levels in the four garages ranged from 3 to 196 micrograms/m3 and usually were higher than either indoor living areas or personal levels. Multi-zone air exchange rates were measured, and benzene source strengths in each zone were estimated. Garage source strength estimates for benzene ranged from 310 to 52,000 micrograms/h. The mass transfer of benzene from sources in the garage to home living areas was also large in three of the homes, ranging from 730 to 26,000 micrograms/h. Materials or activities in the garage were a source of benzene exposure for the residents in these three homes. Large temporal variations (factors of 2 to 30) were observed in indoor and personal benzene concentrations, indoor/outdoor ratios, and source strengths over the six or ten monitoring periods at each home. Changes in outdoor air benzene levels were an underlying factor in changing exposure levels, with indoor sources further elevating indoor air levels and personal exposures.
- Published
- 1993
14. Breath sampling
- Author
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E D, Pellizzari, R A, Zweidinger, and L S, Sheldon
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Air Pollutants ,Chromatography, Gas ,Breath Tests ,Hydrocarbons, Halogenated ,Respiration ,Humans ,Hydrocarbons - Published
- 1993
15. Use of a pilot study for designing a large scale probability study of personal exposure to aerosols
- Author
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C A, Clayton, E D, Pellizzari, and R W, Wiener
- Subjects
Aerosols ,Research Design ,Cost-Benefit Analysis ,Data Collection ,Data Interpretation, Statistical ,Humans ,Pilot Projects ,Environmental Exposure ,Sampling Studies ,Environmental Monitoring ,Probability - Abstract
The major objective of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Particle Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (PTEAM) Study is to estimate the frequency distribution of aerosol exposures of a target population of individuals. This objective requires the use of probability sampling techniques for selecting a representative sample of participants from a prescribed target population. To design such a population exposure study in a cost-effective fashion, a number of issues must be addressed. For instance, when and for how long and for whom should personal samples be obtained? What other samples are needed or desirable? Issues like these must be considered from several perspectives--from the point of view of data collection costs, burden on participants, precision and representativeness of resultant estimates, etc. To help address such design issues for the PTEAM population exposure study, we generated descriptive statistics and performed statistical analyses on data from a preliminary nine-home pilot study conducted in March 1989 in the San Gabriel Valley area of Southern California. The analyses showed large temporal variation, with day versus night being a major component (generally higher daytime concentrations); large systematic time-of-week differences were not found. Large house-to-house and person-to-person variabilities were evident, with high exposure levels noted especially in homes with tobacco smoking. Within many homes, there appeared to be little variability in the particulate concentrations among different rooms. The results of the pilot were used to make decisions regarding the spatial and temporal sampling units, the benefits of stratification, and the overall allocation of resources (e.g., multiple monitors within a home versus more homes and participants) for the subsequent population study.
- Published
- 1991
16. Effect of dry-cleaned clothes on tetrachloroethylene levels in indoor air, personal air, and breath for residents of several New Jersey homes
- Author
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K W, Thomas, E D, Pellizzari, R L, Perritt, and W C, Nelson
- Subjects
Air Pollutants ,Tetrachloroethylene ,Breath Tests ,New Jersey ,Air Pollution, Indoor ,Housing ,Humans ,United States Environmental Protection Agency ,United States ,Clothing ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
Several volatile organic compounds, including tetrachloroethylene, have been found to be nearly ubiquitous in residential indoor environments during previous TEAM studies. Eleven homes in New Jersey were monitored over three or five days to examine the effect of bringing freshly dry-cleaned clothes into the home on indoor air levels and personal exposures to tetrachloroethylene. Indoor air, personal air, and breath concentrations were measured over multiple 12-hrs periods before and after dry-cleaned clothes were introduced into nine of the homes. No dry-cleaned clothes were introduced into the two remaining homes. Outdoor air tetrachloroethylene concentrations were measured at six of the eleven homes. Indoor/outdoor concentration ratios and source strengths were calculated at the six homes with outdoor measurements. Elevated indoor air levels and human exposures to tetrachloroethylene were measured at seven of the nine homes with dry-cleaned clothes. Indoor air concentrations reached 300 micrograms/m3 in one home and elevated indoor levels persisted for at least 48 hrs in all seven homes. Indoor/outdoor tetrachloroethylene concentration ratios exceeded 100 for the four homes with both dry-cleaned clothes and outdoor measurements. Maximum source strengths ranged from 16 to 69 mg/hr in these homes and did not directly correspond to the number of dry-cleaned garments brought into the home. Breath levels of tetrachloroethylene increased two to six-fold for participants living in seven homes with increased indoor air levels. Indoor air, personal air, and breath tetrachloroethylene concentrations were significantly related (0.05 level) to the number of garments introduced divided by the home volume.
- Published
- 1991
17. Elimination of volatile organic compounds in breath after exposure to occupational and environmental microenvironments
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J H, Raymer, E D, Pellizzari, K W, Thomas, and S D, Cooper
- Subjects
Air Pollutants ,Breath Tests ,Occupational Exposure ,Humans ,Air Pollutants, Occupational ,Environmental Exposure ,Hydrocarbons ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
Breath measurements offer the potential for a direct and noninvasive evaluation of human exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the environments in which people live and work. This research study was conducted to further evaluate and develop the potential of this exposure assessment methodology. Several people were exposed to the atmosphere in six microenvironments for several hours. Air concentrations of VOCs were measured during these exposures and breath samples were collected and analyzed at multiple time points after the exposure to evaluate elimination kinetics for 21 VOCs. A new alveolar breath collection technique was applied. Elimination half-lives were estimated using a mono- and bi-exponential model. The alveolar breath collection and analysis methodology proved to be very useful for collecting many samples in short time intervals and this capability was very important for more accurately describing the initial phase of the decay curves. Breath decay curves were generated from samples collected over a four hour period after exposure for 21 of 24 target VOCs. A biexponential function generally provided a better fit for the decay data than did the monoexponential function, supporting a multi-compartment uptake and elimination model for the human body.
- Published
- 1991
18. Two Dimensional Gas-Liquid Chromatography of Clofibrate in Plasma
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E. D. Pellizzari and T. A. Seltzman
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Clofibrate ,Chromatography ,Chemistry ,Biochemistry (medical) ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Extraction (chemistry) ,Plasma ,Biochemistry ,Analytical Chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Pharmacokinetics ,Electrochemistry ,medicine ,Two-dimensional gas ,Rabbit plasma ,Derivatization ,Spectroscopy ,medicine.drug - Abstract
The design and application of a two dimensional gas-liquid chromatograph (gc) to the analysis of clofibrate in rabbit plasma is described. The assay involves three steps: extraction of plasma, derivatization with pentafluorobenzylbromide and dual gc analysis. Development time for an assay for drugs is considerably shortened as compared to conventional approaches using other chromatographic methods. Approximately 20 samples can be processed in a day.
- Published
- 1978
19. The Measurement of On-The-Fly Fourier Transform Infrared Reference Spectra of Environmentally Important Compounds
- Author
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Arthur Moseley, James A. de Haseth, Donald F. Gurka, E. D. Pellizzari, and Mirtha Umaña
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Environmental analysis ,Infrared ,Chemistry ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Analytical chemistry ,Infrared spectroscopy ,Spectral bands ,01 natural sciences ,Spectral line ,0104 chemical sciences ,010309 optics ,symbols.namesake ,Fourier transform ,0103 physical sciences ,symbols ,Gas chromatography ,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ,Instrumentation ,Spectroscopy - Abstract
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) requires reference spectra to support its gas chromatography/Fourier transform infrared (GC/FT-IR) routine environmental monitoring program. Although on-the-fly (OTF) techniques are needed to satisfy the Agency's high sample throughput requirements, the FT-IR vapor-phase reference spectra produced by the Agency thus far have been measured under static conditions. Accordingly, the OTF spectra of 47 environmentally important compounds have been measured by packed-column GC/FT-IR under carefully controlled conditions. The compounds selected for spectral measurement are currently regulated by the U.S. EPA and generally represent compound classes which are absent, or poorly represented, in the current U.S. EPA data base (e.g., organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides). Where feasible, the Co-blentz Society guidelines for the measurement and recording of vapor-phase infrared reference spectra and supporting data were followed. The sensitivity order of the reference compounds as determined by the strongest spectral band and the quantity of compound injected on-column was, organophosphorus and thio-organophosphorous > aliphatic organochlorine ≥ polynuclear aromatic.
- Published
- 1985
20. Alcohol Sensitivity and Ethnic Background
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E. D. Pellizzari, Beatrice A. Rouse, and John A. Ewing
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Adult ,Male ,China ,Adolescent ,Alcohol Drinking ,Increased heart rate ,Taiwan ,Alcohol sensitivity ,Ethnic group ,Poison control ,Alcohol abuse ,Blood Pressure ,Alcohol ,Mice ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Asian People ,Japan ,Heart Rate ,Injury prevention ,Ethnicity ,Animals ,Humans ,Medicine ,Pulse ,Korea ,Ethanol ,business.industry ,Hemodynamics ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,United States ,Vasomotor System ,Alcoholism ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Blood pressure ,Vietnam ,chemistry ,Female ,Medical emergency ,business ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
Previous clinical studies have shown Oriental subjects to be significantly more sensitive to alcohol than Occidental subjects. The results of this study corroborated these findings: the 24 Oriental subjects tested showed significantly more skin flushing, increased heart rate, drop in blood pressure, and general discomfort with alcohol than the 24 Occidental subjects. In addition, the former more frequently reported family histories of flushing. The need for further studies to elucidate the mechanism is apparent. The evidence suggests that the low rates of alcohol abuse and alcoholism commonly found among Oriental people may have physiological rather than cultural origins.
- Published
- 1974
21. Polychlorinated Biphenyl Congeners in Adipose Tissue Lipid and Serum of Past and Present Transformer Repair Workers and a Comparison Group
- Author
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A, Fait, E, Grossman, S, Self, J, Jeffries, E D, Pellizzari, and E A, Emmett
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Chromatography, Gas ,Adipose Tissue ,Humans ,Air Pollutants, Occupational ,Toxicology ,Lipids ,Polychlorinated Biphenyls - Abstract
The concentrations of individual PCB's were determined in both serum and adipose tissue lipid from 35 transformer repair workers currently exposed to PCBs, mainly Aroclor 1260, 17 previous transformer repair workers, and 56 comparison workers never occupationally exposed to PCBs. The analysis used fused-silica capillary gas chromatography with electron capture detector (FSCGC/ECD) and FSCGC with negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry to verify PCB congener levels. Eighty-nine PCB peaks were identified and confirmed. More congeners were detected in adipose tissue. In serum approximately 50% of peaks were below the level of detection. Statistical techniques to account for left and interval censoring allowed comparison of concentration distributions even where data were incomplete. We found that unquantifiable levels were unlikely to contribute substantially to the true values for total [PCBs] over and beyond the contribution of the measured values. However, the total serum [PCBs] determined by FSCGC/ECD greatly exceeded that from standard packed cell gas chromatography (PCGC/ECD). The underestimation was less marked for adipose samples. In serum the total [PCBs] was highest in currently exposed workers and lowest in unexposed workers, with past-exposed workers clearly intermediate. In adipose tissue [PCBs] in the currently exposed group was much higher than in the other two groups, in whom the distribution of results was broadly similar. In all worker groups hexachlorinated and heptachlorinated species predominated followed by octachlorinated and pentachlorinated. The relative distribution of individual PCB congeners in the three groups was similar although the amounts varied. The seven major peaks in serum and adipose tissue were 2,3,5,6,3',4',5'/2,3,4,5,2',4',5' hepta-CB; 2,3,4,2',3',5' hexa-CB; 2,4,6,3',4',5'/2,4,5,2',4',5'/2,3,4,5,2',5' hexa-CB; 2,3,4,5,2',3',4' hepta-CB; 2,3,4,5,2',3',5',6'/2,3,4,5,6,2',3',5', octa-CB; 2,4,5,3',4',/3,4,5,2',3' penta-CB; and 2,3,4,2',3',4'/2,3,5,6,2',4',5'/2,3,4,5,2',4',6' multi-CB. The distribution of PCB peaks in our populations differs from that in capacitor workers (exposed to less highly chlorinated PCBs) and from Yu-Cheng patients suggesting differing toxic potentials from PCBs in these three circumstances.
- Published
- 1989
22. Capillary gas chromatography of linear alkenes on squalane
- Author
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E. D. Pellizzari and C. M. Sparacino
- Subjects
Capillary electrochromatography ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Chromatography ,Countercurrent chromatography ,chemistry ,Squalane ,Chromatography column ,High-performance liquid chromatography ,Capillary gas chromatography ,Analytical Chemistry - Published
- 1973
23. A Rapid Aldosterone Radioimmunoassay1
- Author
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Robert W. Farmer, W. G. Roup, E. D. Pellizzari, and Louis F. Fabre
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Chromatography ,Aldosterone ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,Bicarbonate ,Biochemistry (medical) ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Extraction (chemistry) ,Periodate ,Radioimmunoassay ,Urine ,Biochemistry ,Paper chromatography ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Endocrinology ,chemistry ,Corticosterone ,Internal medicine ,medicine - Abstract
This laboratory previously reported a radioimmunoassay (RIA) for aldosterone based on prior purification by solvent partitioning, periodate oxidation and a single thin-layer chromatogram. Other methods reported to date require paper chromatography to attain the required specificity. The method presented herein utilizes antibodies produced to aldosterone-γ-lactone 3-carboxymethyl oxime coupled to BSA. Aldosterone-γ-lactone constitutes the ligand. Overall interference is: cortisol 0.07%, corticosterone 0.02%, progesterone 0.17%, estradiol-ND, testosterone 0.02%, and 18-hydroxy corticosterone 0.29%. The purification procedure consists of CHCI3 extraction, benzene:H2O partition, periodate oxidation and bicarbonate wash. Recovery is determined from added 3H- or 14Caldosterone and is 40–50%. Simultaneous GC and RIA of urine samples (μg/24 hr) are: The correlation between GC and RIA methods is 0.95% (p < .01). RIA values with and without TLC showed no significant difference. This method is simple and reproducibl...
- Published
- 1972
24. Identification of Lithocholic Acid and Measurement of Other Bile Acids in Serum of Healthy Humans
- Author
-
R. W. Farmer, L. F. Fabre, E. D. Pellizzari, and F. S. O’Neil
- Subjects
education.field_of_study ,Lithocholic acid ,Chromatography ,Bile acid ,medicine.drug_class ,Biochemistry (medical) ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Population ,Cholic acid ,Healthy subjects ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,Enzymatic hydrolysis ,medicine ,education - Abstract
Combined gas—liquid chromatography mass-spectroscopy was used to identify lithocholic acid and confirm the presence of other bile acids in serum of a healthy fasting subject. GLC was used to measure deoxycholic (DCA), chenodeoxycholic (CDCA), and cholic (CA) acids in sera. Before analysis, serum bile acids were purified by (a) enzymatic hydrolysis of conjugates, (b) anion-exchange chromatography, (c) alumina adsorption chromatography, and (d) GLC of methyl trifluoroacetate derivatives on QF-1. Recovery of bile acids (determined by adding [14C]cholic acid to each sample), after correction for loss during purification, was 63-83%. Fasting values for 28 healthy subjects were: 1.4-46.5 (av 7.1), 1.4-49.6 (12.8), and 1.4-46.0 (16.0) µg/100 ml for DCA, CDCA, and CA, respectively. Traces of lithocholic acid were found in 20% of the cases studied. The smaller ranges we found for serum bile acid concentrations in a healthy fasting population are attributed to the careful health-screening of subjects and improved techniques.
- Published
- 1973
25. Computer Assisted Column Calibration for Gas-Liquid Chromatography of Biological Compounds
- Author
-
Robert W. Farmer, P. Talbot, E. D. Pellizzari, Louis F. Fabre, and J.H. Brown
- Subjects
Chromatography ,Chromatography detector ,Chemistry ,Calibration ,Analytical chemistry ,General Medicine ,Gas chromatography ,Chromatography column ,Column (database) ,Analytical Chemistry - Published
- 1971
26. An improved plasma amino acid purification procedure for gas-liquid chromatography
- Author
-
L. F. Fabre, J.H. Brown, R. W. Farmer, E. D. Pellizzari, and C. Rising
- Subjects
Adult ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Carbon Isotopes ,Chromatography, Gas ,Chromatography ,Aqueous normal-phase chromatography ,Chemistry ,Hydrophilic interaction chromatography ,Ion chromatography ,Biophysics ,Cell Biology ,Plasma ,Acetates ,Chromatography, Ion Exchange ,Biochemistry ,Amino acid ,Picrates ,Methods ,Humans ,Gas chromatography ,Chromatography in blood processing ,Amino Acids ,Molecular Biology - Published
- 1971
27. GC/MS determination of volatile halocarbons in blood and tissue
- Author
-
E D, Pellizzari, L S, Sheldon, and J T, Bursey
- Subjects
Hydrocarbons, Halogenated ,Humans ,Indicators and Reagents ,Tissue Distribution ,Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry - Published
- 1985
28. Application of the Master Analytical Scheme to Polar Organic Compounds in Drinking Water
- Author
-
A. W. Garrison and E. D. Pellizzari
- Subjects
Scheme (programming language) ,Chemistry ,Environmental engineering ,Polar ,computer ,computer.programming_language - Published
- 1986
29. Methods for industrial and ambient air. Breath sampling
- Author
-
E D, Pellizzari, R A, Zweidinger, and L S, Sheldon
- Subjects
Air Pollutants ,Breath Tests ,Spirometry ,Equipment Design ,Environmental Monitoring - Published
- 1988
30. Influence of serum cholesterol and albumin on partitioning of PCB congeners between human serum and adipose tissue
- Author
-
Y L, Guo, E A, Emmett, E D, Pellizzari, and C A, Rohde
- Subjects
Male ,Cholesterol ,Chromatography, Gas ,Adipose Tissue ,Humans ,Environmental Exposure ,Models, Biological ,Polychlorinated Biphenyls ,Mathematics ,Serum Albumin - Abstract
The influence of serum lipids and proteins on partitioning of individual polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener peaks between human serum and adipose tissue lipid was assessed using regression analysis. Subjects were 55 repair workers who were either currently or previously exposed, and 56 comparison workers without occupational exposure to PCBs. Seven congeners (2,4,5,4'-tetra CB, 2,3,5,2',3',6'-hexa CB, 2,3,4,2',3',6'-hexa CB, 2,3,4,2',4',5'-hexa CB, 3,4,5,3',4'-penta CB, 2,3,4,5,2',3',4'-hepta CB, and 2,3,4,5,2',3',4',5'-octa CB) which had been quantified in both serum and adipose tissue in at least one-third of the total study population were selected for evaluation. Initially the crude correlations between the serum PCB and certain candidate variables were assessed; more than one congener was correlated with serum cholesterol, albumin, triglycerides, low-density lipoproteins, very low-density lipoproteins, age, body fat content, and average servings of fish per day. Stepwise regression of log serum congener concentration on log adipose congener concentration and these variables was performed. Only cholesterol, albumin, and average servings of fish per day were significant for at least one congener peak. Congeners behaved in two groups, depending on their order of chromatographic elution. For 2,4,5,4'-tetra CB, 2,3,5,2',3',6'-hexa CB, and 2,3,4,2',3',6'-hexa CB, log serum concentration was not significantly correlated with log adipose congener concentration, and there was no consistent pattern for significant candidate variables. For congeners 2,3,4,2',4',5'-hexa CB, 3,4,5,3',4'-penta CB, 2,3,4,5,2',3',4'-hepta CB, and 2,3,4,5,2',3',4',5'-octa CB, log serum congener concentration was consistently significantly correlated with log adipose congener concentration and serum cholesterol positively, and with serum albumin negatively. For these four congeners the explanations of variation (R2) in serum congener concentration using adipose congener concentration alone were 3, 23, 20, and 30%, respectively, and after adding cholesterol and albumin were 13, 56, 43, and 46%. Thus we conclude that serum cholesterol and albumin can influence the distribution or partition of PCBs between serum and adipose tissue.
- Published
- 1987
31. Sampling and analysis for polychlorinated naphthalenes in the environment
- Author
-
M D, Erickson, L C, Michael, R A, Zweidinger, and E D, Pellizzari
- Subjects
Air Pollutants ,Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated ,Industrial Waste ,Environmental Pollutants ,Water Pollutants ,Naphthalenes - Published
- 1978
32. Determination of benzene, toluene and xylene in breath samples by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
- Author
-
E D, Pellizzari, R A, Zweidinger, and L S, Sheldon
- Subjects
Air Pollutants ,Breath Tests ,Benzene ,Xylenes ,Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ,Environmental Monitoring ,Toluene - Published
- 1988
33. GC/MS determination of volatile hydrocarbons in breath samples
- Author
-
E D, Pellizzari, R A, Zweidinger, and L S, Sheldon
- Subjects
Air Pollutants ,Breath Tests ,Hydrocarbons, Halogenated ,Humans ,Indicators and Reagents ,Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry - Published
- 1985
34. The TEAM (Total Exposure Assessment Methodology) Study: personal exposures to toxic substances in air, drinking water, and breath of 400 residents of New Jersey, North Carolina, and North Dakota
- Author
-
L A, Wallace, E D, Pellizzari, T D, Hartwell, C, Sparacino, R, Whitmore, L, Sheldon, H, Zelon, and R, Perritt
- Subjects
New Jersey ,Urban Population ,North Dakota ,Respiration ,North Carolina ,Humans ,Water Pollutants ,Air Pollutants, Occupational ,United States Environmental Protection Agency ,United States ,Water Pollutants, Chemical ,Probability - Abstract
EPA's TEAM Study has measured exposures to 20 volatile organic compounds in personal air, outdoor air, drinking water, and breath of approximately 400 residents of New Jersey, North Carolina, and North Dakota. All residents were selected by a probability sampling scheme to represent 128,000 inhabitants of Elizabeth and Bayonne, New Jersey, 131,000 residents of Greensboro, North Carolina, and 7000 residents of Devils Lake, North Dakota. Participants carried a personal monitor to collect two 12-hr air samples and gave a breath sample at the end of the day. Two consecutive 12-hr outdoor air samples were also collected on identical Tenax cartridges in the backyards of some of the participants. About 5000 samples were collected, of which 1500 were quality control samples. Ten compounds were often present in personal air and breath samples at all locations. Personal exposures were consistently higher than outdoor concentrations for these chemicals and were sometimes 10 times the outdoor concentrations. Indoor sources appeared to be responsible for much of the difference. Breath concentrations also often exceeded outdoor concentrations and correlated more strongly with personal exposures than with outdoor concentrations. Some activities (smoking, visiting dry cleaners or service stations) and occupations (chemical, paint, and plastics plants) were associated with significantly elevated exposures and breath levels for certain toxic chemicals. Homes with smokers had significantly increased benzene and styrene levels in indoor air. Residence near major point sources did not affect exposure.
- Published
- 1987
35. Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry in Water Pollution Studies
- Author
-
E. D. Pellizzari and J. T. Bursey
- Subjects
Chromatography ,Water pollutants ,Environmental science ,Combined technique ,Gas chromatography ,Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry ,Mass spectrometry ,Water pollution ,Quantitative analysis (chemistry) ,Capillary gas chromatography - Abstract
Interest and activity in a field of research or application can be gauged by the frequency with which developments are reviewed. By this criterion, application of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry/computer (GC/MS/COMP) techniques to the analysis of aqueous matrices must be at an all-time high, with no indication that interest in the use of the combined technique is waning. The application of GC/MS/COMP to the qualitative and quantitative analysis of organic water pollutants has been reviewed, and recent reviews have also stressed the value of capillary gas chromatography coupled with automated data-handling techniques and accumulation of spectral reference data for organic trace pollutants in water.(1–6) Special techniques interfaced to GC/MS/COMP systems (e.g., purge and trap methods) have been reviewed. Bishop has discussed recent modifications in the purge and trap procedure.(7)
- Published
- 1985
36. A rapid aldosterone radioimmunoassay
- Author
-
R W, Farmer, W G, Roup, E D, Pellizzari, and L F, Fabre
- Subjects
Carbon Isotopes ,Lactones ,Chromatography, Gas ,Antibody Formation ,Oximes ,Methods ,Radioimmunoassay ,Animals ,Cattle ,Antigens ,Tritium ,Aldosterone ,Serum Albumin - Published
- 1972
37. Failure of growth hormone to stimulate glucagon secretion
- Author
-
K. Nonaka, E. D. Pellizzari, L. F. Fabre, T. Sugase, R. W. Farmer, and P. P. Foà
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Plasma glucagon level ,business.industry ,Immune Sera ,Glucagon secretion ,Radioimmunoassay ,Hexamethonium Compounds ,Growth hormone ,Glucagon ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Endocrinology ,Dogs ,Pancreatectomy ,Internal medicine ,Growth Hormone ,Splenectomy ,Medicine ,Animals ,Blood supply ,business ,Pancreas ,Digestive System Surgical Procedures - Abstract
SummaryExperiments in partially eviscerated dogs failed to provide evidence that growth hormone stimulates glucagon secretion. The results suggest that the rise in plasma glucagon level observed in a variety of experimental conditions may have been caused by surgical trauma, perhaps resulting in changes in the blood supply or in the autonomic impulses to the pancreas.
- Published
- 1971
38. An evaluation of the gas chromatographic analysis of plasma amino acids
- Author
-
P. Talbot, Robert W. Farmer, E. D. Pellizzari, J.H. Brown, and Louis F. Fabre
- Subjects
Male ,Chromatography, Gas ,Time Factors ,Fluoroacetates ,Population ,Picric acid ,Biochemistry ,Analytical Chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Intellectual Disability ,Humans ,Amino Acids ,education ,Routine analysis ,Child ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,education.field_of_study ,Reproducibility ,Carbon Isotopes ,Chromatography ,Plasma samples ,Organic Chemistry ,Esters ,General Medicine ,Plasma ,Chromatography, Ion Exchange ,Amino acid ,chemistry ,Female ,Gas chromatography ,Metabolism, Inborn Errors - Abstract
The accuracy and reproducibility of gas—liquid chromatography of plasma amino acids as their n-butyl N-trifluoroacetyl esters are statistically evaluated. Plasma is deproteinized with picric acid and amino acids are purified by microcolumn chromatography on Dowex 50 W-X12. Routine analysis requires only 0.2 ml of plasma with recoveries of 75–90% for the protein precipitation—ion exchange steps as determined by tracer methods. The ester derivatives are injected directly onto 0.7% EGA or 1.0% OV-17 columns. Variability due to the use of different GLC columns is minimized by careful calibration. Replicate analysis of the same sample indicates that the overall reproducibility is satisfactory for clinical usuage. The range of normal concentration for amino acids in our clinical population is within agreement with values obtained by other methods. A complete analysis can be accomplished within 12 h, however grouping samples allows processing of 8–10 plasma samples in one working day, greatly facilitating biochemical investigations such as metabolic disorders in retarded children.
- Published
- 1971
39. Identification of lithocholic acid and measurement of other bile acids in serum of healthy humans
- Author
-
E D, Pellizzari, F S, O'Neil, R W, Farmer, and L F, Fabre
- Subjects
Carbon Isotopes ,Chromatography, Gas ,Clostridium perfringens ,Cholic Acids ,Fasting ,Chenodeoxycholic Acid ,Chromatography, Ion Exchange ,Mass Spectrometry ,Amidohydrolases ,Bile Acids and Salts ,Methods ,Humans ,Lithocholic Acid ,Glycocholic Acid ,Deoxycholic Acid - Published
- 1973
40. ORGANIC MATERIAL IN THE GLOBAL TROPOSPHERE
- Author
-
R. A. Duce, V. A. Mohnen, P. R. Zimmerman, D. Grosjean, Ruprecht Jaenicke, W. Cautreels, G. T. Wallace, John A. Ogren, Robert B. Chatfield, and E. D. Pellizzari
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,Biogeochemical cycle ,Air pollution ,Biosphere ,Atmospheric sciences ,medicine.disease_cause ,Aerosol ,Troposphere ,Atmosphere ,Geophysics ,chemistry ,Atmospheric chemistry ,medicine ,Environmental science ,Organic matter - Abstract
Interest in the global tropospheric chemistry of organic materials has been growing rapidly over the past decade. In addition to a basic concern about the fundamental biogeochemical cycles of organic matter, this interest has arisen largely because of concern about the oxidant-forming potential of natural hydrocarbons, the possible importance of nonmethane hydrocarbons as a source for atmospheric CO, and the role played by organic material in the formation of secondary aerosol particles. In this review we consider the information presently available on concentration distribution, sources, sinks, and atmospheric transformation reactions of organic matter in the global troposphere. The data base for tropospheric organic compounds is very small. However, it is apparent that while anthropogenic sources often dominate the atmospheric chemistry of organic material in urban and near-urban air, a key to understanding the global cycling of tropospheric organic substances is a clear understanding of the interaction of the atmosphere with the terrestrial and marine biosphere.
41. The Hypersensitive Reaction in Malus species: Changes in the Leakage of Electrolytes from Apple Leaves After Inoculation with Venturia inaequalis
- Author
-
E. B. Williams, E. D. Pellizzari, and J. Kuc
- Subjects
Malus ,Phosphoric monoester hydrolases ,biology ,Protected cultivation ,Inoculation ,Botany ,Venturia inaequalis ,Plant Science ,biology.organism_classification ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Spore ,Leakage (electronics) - Published
- 1970
42. Hydrolytic Activity in Supernatant from Germinated Spores of Venturia inaequalis
- Author
-
E. D. Pellizzari
- Subjects
Hydrolysis ,biology ,Germination ,Venturia inaequalis ,Plant Science ,biology.organism_classification ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Microbiology ,Spore - Published
- 1970
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