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Introduction L’analyse de texture suscite un interet grandissant en oncologie. Il n’existe cependant que peu de donnees concernant le cancer du sein. Nous avons donc etudie les liens entre les donnees de l’analyse de texture en TEP/TDM au 18F-FDG et les criteres anatomopathologiques etablis sur piece de mastectomie. Materiel et methodes Cent-deux patientes ayant effectue une TEP/TDM au 18F-FDG au cours de leur bilan initial pre-chirurgical de cancer du sein ont ete retrospectivement incluses. L’effectif comportait 97 carcinomes canalaires infiltrants (CCI) et 20 carcinomes lobulaires infiltrants (CLI). Etaient recueillis pour chaque lesion : la Standardized Uptake Value (SUV)max, le volume tumoral metabolique (MTV), le taux de glycolyse totale (TLG) ainsi que 7 parametres de texture : l’homogeneite, l’entropie, le High Grey-level Run Emphasis (HGRE), le Short-Run Emphasis (SRE), le Long-Run Emphasis (LRE), le High Grey-level Zone Emphasis (HGZE) et le Low Grey-level Zone Emphasis (LGZE). Une regression univariee etait utilisee pour identifier l’association entre les parametres TEP (usuels et de texture) et les criteres anatomopathologiques de la piece operatoire : type histologique, recepteurs aux estrogenes (RE), statut HER2, grade histopronostique (GHP) et presence d’emboles vasculaires (EV). La comparaison des parametres TEP au type histologique a ete effectuee sur l’effectif total, le reste des analyses a ete effectue sur le groupe des 97 CCI. Resultats L’homogeneite etait plus basse pour les lesions de GHP 3 (OR : 0,538 [0,368–0,786] ; p = 0,001) ou HER2+++ (OR : 0,517 [0,297–0,901] ; p = 0,02) et plus elevee pour les CLI (OR : 2,14 [1,508–3,039] ; p

For undoped 6H-SiC boules grown by physical vapor transport the variations of resistivity, of the type and density of deep electron and hole traps, and of the concentration of nitrogen and boron were studied as a function of position in the cross section normal to the growth axis and along the growth direction. It was observed that the concentrations of all deep electron and hole traps decreased when moving from seed to tail of the boule and from the center to the edge of the wafers. Modeling of the growth process suggests that the C/Si ratio increases in a similar fashion and could be responsible for observed changes. We also discuss the implications of such stoichiometry changes on compensation mechanisms rendering the crystals semi-insulating and on electrical uniformity of SI-SiC wafers.

Semi-insulating silicon carbide (SiC) wafers are important as substrates for high frequency devices such as AlGaN-GaN HEMT’s. A nondestructive characterization technique has been developed to measure the dielectric properties of SiC wafers in the GHz frequency range where the devices will operate in order to validate wafers for high yield working devices. The dielectric loss is measured at approximately 16 GHz in a split microwave cavity. Initial results show a correlation where the dielectric loss decreases as the resistivity increases, where the resistivity was measured using a Contactless Resistivity Mapping system (COREMA). The uniformity of dielectric loss across SiC wafers was evaluated using a split post dielectric resonator cavity fixed at 5.5GHz to measure the dielectric loss at five points on a wafer. Dielectric loss as a function of temperature from room temperature to 400°C was also studied.

Background The French Sentimag study evaluated a non-invasive method for the localization of breast cancer sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) using SIENNA+®, a superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (SPIO), in addition to conventional techniques (radiotracer and blue dye). SIENNA+® was injected subcutaneously into the breast and detected by the SENTIMAG® handheld magnetometer probe. The results showed a good SLN identification performance but a skin discoloration was noted during this study after the SIENNA+® injection. This aim of this study was to assess the long-term duration and appearance of this dermopigmentation. Methods: 56 patients had participated in Sentimag study in our Center, 6 patients who had undergone mastectomy were excluded. We selected 50 patients who had undergone breast conservative surgery. For these patients, SLN localization was performed by both the conventional method (radiotracer and /or blue dye) and magnetic tracer, SIENNA+®. 47 patients were reviewed retrospectively from January 2015 to April 2015, 1.5 to 2 years after surgery and were assessed for skin discoloration. Results : Of the 47 patients, a dermopigmentation, from grade 1 (light yellowing) to grade 3 (dark browning) remained visible at the site of injection of SIENNA+® after 20.2 months [14.4-25.9] in 36.1% of the patients (17/47). 6.4% of 47 patients seen had grade 3 skin discoloration and 29.7% had grade 1 or 2 skin discoloration. Interestingly, no patients reported that persistent staining was a cosmetic or psychological problem. Conclusions : The use of SIENNA+® appears as an alternative method to radioisotopes for SLN identification in early breast cancer, but it may result in a prolonged-dermopigmentation at the injection site. To avoid dermopigmentation, it would be interesting to compare different techniques of SIENNA+® injection into the breast (intra-tumoral injection or a deeper periareolar injection) through a randomized trial. Citation Format: Hannebicque K, Boulanger L, Bogart E, Giard S, Chauvet MP, Houpeau JL. Long-term follow-up of persistent breast dermopigmentation after sentinel lymph node identification using superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (SIENNA+®) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-01-23.

Trimethylboron (TMB) was investigated as a p-type dopant source for the vapor–liquid–solid growth of boron-doped silicon nanowires (SiNWs). The boron concentration in the nanowires was measured using secondary ion mass spectrometry and results were compared for boron-doping using TMB and diborane (B2H6) sources. Boron concentrations ranging from 1×1018 to 4×1019cm−3 were obtained by varying the inlet dopant∕SiH4 gas ratio. TEM characterization revealed that the B2H6-doped SiNWs consisted of a crystalline core with a thick amorphous Si coating, while the TMB-doped SiNWs were predominantly single crystal even at high boron concentrations. The difference in structural properties was attributed to the higher thermal stability and reduced reactivity of TMB compared to B2H6. Four-point resistivity and gate-dependent conductance measurements were used to confirm p-type conductivity in the TMB-doped nanowires and to investigate the effect of dopant concentration on nanowire resistivity.

Introduction L’analyse de la tolerance aux traitements se resume generalement a des analyses descriptives en termes de frequence et pourcentage de chaque type de toxicite ou complication par grade de severite. Des methodes d’analyses longitudinales ont ete developpees, comme la methode « Quality adjusted Time Without Symptoms and Toxicity » (Q-TWIST). Bien que cette methode soit deja developpee sous SAS, elle est peu utilisee. L’objectif de ce travail est de developper la methode Q-TWIST sous la forme d’une fonction R. Ceci faciliterait ainsi son appropriation par d’autres equipes dans le cadre d’une analyse conjointe de l’efficacite et des effets secondaires aussi bien au niveau de la phase aigue de la prise en charge que sur le plus long terme dans l’evaluation des strategiques therapeutiques. Methodes Q-TWiST necessite la definition d’etats de sante, qui sont generalement les toxicites (E1), la periode sans rechute ni signes de symptomes de toxicite (E2) et la rechute (E3). La duree moyenne passee dans chaque etat de sante peut ensuite etre calculee a partir des courbes de survie associees a chaque etat en subdivisant la courbe de survie globale. Pour tenir compte de la censure, la repartition de la survie globale entre les differents etats de sante est realisee jusqu’a un temps de restriction predefini a l’avance. La survie ajustee sur la qualite de vie, appelee Q-TWIST, est ensuite calculee grâce a la formule suivante : Q-TWIST = UTOX*TOX + UTWIST*TWIST + UREL*REL TOX, TWIST et REL representent la duree moyenne passee E1, E2 et E3 respectivement. UTOX, UTWIST et UREL correspondent au score d’utilite associe a chaque etat de sante. Ils sont definis sur une echelle allant de 0 (mort) a 1 (meilleur etat de sante possible). Generalement, Q-TWIST est calcule separement pour chaque groupe. La comparaison entre deux groupes de traitement se fait par le calcul de la difference des valeurs de Q-TWIST pour chacun de ces deux groupes. Pour estimer des probabilites critiques, des echantillons bootstrap sont utilises. Ensuite, une analyse de seuil avec la fonction de gain permettent de comparer les deux groupes pour des valeurs allant de 0 a 1 pour deux scores d’utilite, le troisieme etant fixe. Resultats La fonction twist.func a ete developpee pour realiser des analyses Q-TWIST sous R. En entree sont demandes le grade minimum de toxicite a prendre en compte, le temps de restriction, la valeur des scores d’utilite, le score d’utilite fixe pour l’analyse de seuil, ainsi que le nombre d’echantillons bootstrap. Apres la verification des donnees en input, la fonction realise les analyses Q-TWiST et presente des resultats descriptifs, comparatifs et graphiques dans la commande de R et dans un fichier PDF. Une application est presentee a travers l’exemple d’un essai clinique en curietherapie sur 204 patients randomises entre deux debits de doses. Conclusion L’utilisation de la fonction twist.func sous R facilite l’exploitation des donnees de survie ajustee sur la qualite de vie a travers la methode Q-TWiST, permettant ainsi une analyse ponderee des differents etats de sante dans l’evaluation des strategiques therapeutiques.

The fabrication of semiconductor nanowires, in which composition, size and conductivity can be controlled in both the radial and axial direction of the wire is of interest for fundamental studies of carrier confinement as well as nanoscale device development. In this study, group IV semiconductor nanowires, including Si, Ge and SixGe1-x alloy nanowires were fabricated by vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth using gaseous precursors. In the VLS process, gold is used to form a liquid alloy with Si and Ge which, upon supersaturation, precipitates a semiconductor nanowire. Nanoporous alumina membranes were used as templates for the VLS growth process, in order to control the diameter of the nanowires over the range from 45 nm to 200 nm. Intentional p-type and n-type doping was achieved through the addition of either trimethylboron, diborane or phosphine gas during nanowire growth. The electrical properties of undoped and intentionally doped silicon nanowires were characterized using field-assisted assembly to align and position the wires onto pre-patterned test bed structures. The depletion characteristics of back-gated nanowire structures were used to determine conductivity type and qualitatively compare dopant concentration. SiGe and SiGe/Si axial heterostructure nanowires were also prepared through the addition of germane gas during VLS growth. The Ge concentration in the wires was controllable over the range from 12 % to 25% by varying the inlet GeH4/SiH4 ratio.

Objectif La radiotherapie stereotaxique est le traitement de reference des patients atteints de carcinome bronchique de petit stade inoperable. Cette etude visait a decrire la survie globale, le controle local et la toxicite de ce traitement. Nous decrirons egalement les differences entre les algorithmes de calcul de la dose de type A et de type B. Materiels et methodes Les patients traites entre aout 2007 et avril 2013 ont ete inclus. La survie et le controle local ont ete estimes par la methode de Kaplan-Meier. La toxicite a ete evaluee selon l’echelle CTCAE v4 (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4). Les dosimetries des patients ont ete calculees avec l’algorithme de type A (Ray Tracing, RT) et de type B (Monte-Carlo) et comparees. Resultats La population etudiee incluait 205 patients pour 214 lesions. L’âge median etait de 70 ans (46–92). Les probabilites de survie globale a 1 et 2 ans etaient respectivement de 94 % et 86 %, celles de controle local a de 93 % et 79 %. Le volume tumoral macroscopique a ete retrouve comme facteur pronostique de survie globale ( hazard ratio [HR] = 1,026, p p = 0,006) et la dose totale (HR = 0,924, p = 0,011). Cinquante-six patients (27 %) ont ete atteints d’une fibrose pulmonaire radiologique de grade 1. L’absence de suivi tumoral ( tracking ) durant le traitement etait un facteur de risque de toxicite ( odds ratio = 2,835, p = 0,030). La prescription sur l’isodose 95 % du volume cible previsionnel n’etait pas un bon reflet de la dose recue par la tumeur (dose recue par 98 % du volume tumoral macrosopique en Monte-Carlo) ( r = 0,069) pour les petites lesions. Conclusion Cette technique permet d’excellents taux de controle local et de survie globale. Les facteurs pronostiques d’efficacite sont la taille de la lesion et la dose totale administree. La prescription sur l’isodose 95 % en algorithme de type A ne rend pas bien compte de la dose reellement recue par la tumeur, particulierement pour les petites lesions.

A 64.6 1.21 80.0 0.34 1.09 0.06 79.9 11.8 0.83 0.03 0.48 0.05 B 69.6 1.21 78.8 0.34 1.64 0.08 80.8 11.9 0.87 0.03 0.80 0.08 C 76.1 1.21 77.4 0.34 2.29 0.09 95.8 12.9 0.84 0.03 1.32 0.13 D 70.9 1.28 77.6 0.36 1.70 0.08 83.1 12.6 0.89 0.03 0.98 0.10 E 64.9 1.21 79.1 0.36 1.12 0.06 105.2 13.5 0.89 0.03 0.54 0.05 1 Values within columns with different superscripts differ (P

CD2 (T11, the T cell erythrocyte receptor or the SRBC receptor), a nonpolymorphic 47- to 55-kDa glycoprotein, appears to play a role in T lymphocyte adhesion, signal transduction, and differentiation. Pairs of anti-CD2 mAb induce T cell proliferation, suggesting that CD2 may be an Ag-independent pathway of T cell activation. We have expressed the human CD2 and a number of cytoplasmic domain deletion mutants of CD2 in an Ag-reactive murine hybridoma. We have previously shown that a cytoplasmic domain deletion mutant, CD2 delta B, in which the carboxyl-terminal 100 amino acids have been deleted, is no longer capable of signaling through CD2. Here we have expressed a second cytoplasmic domain deletion mutant, CD2 delta S, in which the terminal 41 amino acids have been removed, including the region with greatest conservation between the mouse, rat, and human species. CD2 delta S+ hybridomas were able to respond to Ag and to LFA-3 plus an anti-CD2 mAb. Although the CD2 delta S+ hybridomas responded comparably to the wild-type CD2+ hybridomas to certain pairs of anti-CD2 mAb (e.g., MT110 + 9-1 mAb), these CD2 delta S+ hybridomas were markedly deficient in their ability to respond to other pairs of stimulatory anti-CD2 mAb (e.g., 9.6 + 9-1 mAb). These data suggest that the cytoplasmic domain may have several functional regions, as partial deletions of the cytoplasmic domain appear to result in partial defects in signal transduction.

Chemical elemental analysis, temperature-dependent Hall measurements, deep-level transient spectroscopy, and contactless resistivity mapping were performed on undoped semi-insulating (SI) and lightly nitrogen-doped conducting 6H-SiC crystals grown by physical vapor transport (PVT). Resistivity maps of commercial semi-insulating SiC wafers revealed resistivity variations across the wafers between one and two orders of magnitude. Two major types of variations were identified. First is the U-shape distribution with low resistivity in the center and high in the periphery of the wafer. The second type had an inverted U-shape distribution. Secondary-ion-mass spectrometry measurements of the distribution of nitrogen concentration along the growth axis and across the wafers sliced from different locations of lightly nitrogen-doped 6H–SiC boules were conducted. The measured nitrogen concentration gradually decreased along the growth direction and from the center to the periphery of the wafers. This change gives rise to the U-like distribution of resistivity in wafers of undoped SI-SiC. The concentrations of deep electron traps exhibited similar dependence. Compensation of nitrogen donors by these traps can result in the inverted U-like distribution of resistivity. Possible reasons for the observed nonuniformities include formation of a (0001) facet in PVT growth coupled with orientation-dependent nitrogen incorporation, systematic changes of the gas phase composition, and increase of the deposition temperature during boule growth.

In a sample of 8300 events of the type ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}n$ and 6800 events of the type ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}p$ obtained with 2.3-BeV/c incident ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, substantial backward ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}$ production is seen. The decay angular distribution of these backward ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}$ events was found to be anisotropic. The $u$ distribution for the backward ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}'\mathrm{s}$ is compared with the theoretical predictions of the strong-cut Reggeized absorption model. A small amount of backward ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ production is also seen.

The purpose of this study was to describe the frequency content of the electromyogram (EMG) recorded during shivering and determine if the EMG power spectrum changed as a function of the shivering duration. Six semi-nude males were exposed to cold air (5 degrees C, 20% rh) for 80 min while quietly sitting. Rectal (Tre) and mean skin (Tsk) temperatures were recorded. Shivering of the masseter muscle was determined using bipolar surface electrodes. The EMG was amplified, recorded, and subsequently digitized at 2048 Hz. The power spectrum was calculated from eight serial 0.25s EMG samples by Fourier analysis from a frequency of 4 through 480 Hz. The eight power spectra were averaged and centroid frequency (fc) calculated. During the first 10 min of exposure, Tsk rapidly dropped from 32.6 +/- 1.6 to 26.2 +/- 1.3 degrees C, then slowly declined reaching 22.5 +/- 0.7 degrees C after 80 min. Tre rose from 37.1 +/- 0.1 to 37.4 +/- 0.1 degrees C, declining after 40 min to 37.2 +/- 0.1 degrees C. Shivering was observed within 5 min after entering the cold chamber. EMG activity after 10 min exhibited an fc of 177.2 +/- 6.2 Hz. When power was integrated over 60 Hz bandwidths, the predominant frequency band of the EMG power spectrum was 60-120 Hz. Although shivering intensity increased with time, the EMG power spectrum exhibited no significant changes. These results suggest that the EMG power spectrum during shivering did not exhibit changes characteristic of muscle fatigue or muscle cooling during the 80-min cold air exposure.

Male volunteers were divided into a low body fat (L) group (X = 10.6%, N = 5) and moderate fat (M) group (X = 18.6%, N = 5). Each was dressed in both dry suit plus medium insulation undergarment (DS-M) and dry suit plus heavy insulation (DS-H) and immersed in 10 and 15 degrees C water for 3 h. In 10 degrees C water, through not significantly different, rectal temperature (Tre) at h 3 was slightly higher in M (DS-M 36.4 degrees C, DS-H 36.5 degrees C) compared with L (DS-M 35.9 degrees C, DS-H 36.3 degrees C), whereas mean skin temperature (Tsk) and metabolic rate (MR) were in general, slightly lower for M(DS-M 23.6 degrees C, 184 W; DS-H 25.5 degrees C, 147 W, respectively). Over time the metabolic and thermal responses tended to stabilize after 120 min of immersion in both groups. Similar responses were observed in 15 degrees C water. These data suggested that despite the variation in body fatness, minimal thermal differences between groups were noted because of the attenuating effects of the insulated clothing.

Interpretation of imagery and photographs of various scales (altitudes) can be valuable in formulating new exploration concepts in both proven and frontier areas of oil and mineral exploration. This synergistic approach utilizes a methodology of proven merit and takes advantage of the growing variety of imagery and photo types and scales that are available in photographic archives. Analysis of satellite imagery combined with high, medium and low-altitude photography permits the interpreter to augment the regional, synoptic views at orbital scale with the magnified detail of lower altitude photography in searching for exploration clues. Three areas are selected for interpretation and preparation of multiple geologic overlays. They are Patrick Draw - West Desert Springs area, Wyoming (hydrocarbons), New Almaden district, California (Hg), and Getchell deposit, Nevada (Au). These examples demonstrate the approach and utility of multiple scales and types of imagery in documenting the geology of both metalliferous and petroleum-bearing areas.

The effects of cold acclimation (CA) on the cardiorespiratory responses to cold air and water stress tests (CST) were studied in 7 males before and after a CA program of daily 90-min cold water (18 degrees C) immersions repeated 5 times a wk for 5 consecutive wk. The CST consisted of a 90-min resting exposure to cold air (5 degrees C, 30% relative humidity) or water (18 degrees C) during which rectal temperature, oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), minute ventilation (VE), heart rate, cardiac output (Q), and blood pressure (BP) were periodically measured. In cold air following CA, the VO2 at 10 min was lower (P less than 0.02) post- than pre-CA, however, no differences were found in cold water. The VE increased (P less than 0.01) during CST as a function of VCO2. The CA did not affect the VE-VCO2 relationship or the pattern of breathing during CST in cold air or water. The CA had no effect on Q or (a-v) O2 difference, which both increased (P less than 0.01) during the first 45 min of CST, then remained stable. BP increased significantly during the first cold water exposure, but not during the last cold water immersion. These data indicate that CA attenuated the onset of metabolic heat production during CST in air but did not alter its ultimate magnitude or the relationships between the cardiorespiratory variables and metabolic requirements. Also, the thermoregulatory adjustments associated with CA altered the control of blood pressure during acute cold stress.

Total insulation values of seven commercial variable volume dry diving suits, and of four of these suits worn in combination with various commercial and Navy insulating undergarments, were measured on an electrically heated copper man standing in air or immersed to the neck in water. Values in air ranged from 1.27 clo to 1.92 clo for the suits alone, and from 1.89 to 2.67 clo for the suit-undergarment combinations. These values decreased by from 0.73 clo to 1.29 clo in water, of which 0.66 clo represented reduction in the amount of film insulation at the suit surface Block 20, with immersion (0.84 clo in air versus 0.18 clo in water); the remainder decreased intrinsic insulation of the ensemble due to water pressure. Extension of these results to a diver working in water (metabolic rate M = 400 watts) indicated that none of the combinations would protect adequately for two hours at 0 C, although four were adequate at 5 C and above. However, these combinations would cause serious overheating after two hours of moderate activity (M = 200 watts) in air at 15 C or below unless the suit was unzipped or hood and gloves removed to increase cooling.

In this paper, we present a procedure for the rapid, quantitative estimation of the G1, S, and G2 + M phase durations and dispersions and the growth fraction for asynchronously growing cell populations. In this procedure, the cell population is pulse-labelled with a radioactive DNA precursor at the beginning of the analysis and then sampled periodically. The samples are dispersed, stained with a DNA specific dye, and processed through a cell sorter where cells from mid-S phase and G1 phase are sorted. The radioactivity per cell (RC) is determined for each sorted sample. In addition, the variation in the rate of incorporation of the radioactive DNA precursor across S phase is determined and the fractions of cells in the G1, S, and G2 + M phase are estimated from DNA distributions measured during sorting. We also describe an automatic computer analysis procedure for estimation of the G1, S, and G2 + M phase durations and dispersions and growth fraction by simultaneous analysis of the variations with time in the radioactivity per cell in G1 (RCG1) and radioactivity per cell in mid-S phase (RCS) curves, the G1, S, and G2 + M phase fractions and the variation in the rate of incorporation of radioactive DNA precursor uptake across S phase. The experimental and analytical aspects of the RC procedure are applied in the cell cycle analysis of Chinese hamster M3-1 cells grown in vitro. The parameters estimated by RC analysis agree well with similar parameters estimated by fraction-of-labelled-mitoses analysis.