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BackgroundDietary methyl donors (e.g., choline) support the activity of the phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) pathway, which generates phosphatidylcholine (PC) molecules enriched in DHA that are exported from the liver and made available to extrahepatic tissues.ObjectivesThis study investigated the effect of prenatal choline supplementation on biomarkers of DHA status among pregnant participants consuming supplemental DHA.MethodsPregnant participants (n = 30) were randomly assigned to receive supplemental choline intakes of 550 mg/d [500 mg/d d0-choline + 50 mg/d deuterium-labeled choline (d9-choline); intervention] or 25 mg/d (25 mg/d d9-choline; control) from gestational week (GW) 12-16 until delivery. All participants received a daily 200-mg DHA supplement and consumed self-selected diets. Fasting blood samples were obtained at baseline, GW 20-24, and GW 28-32; maternal/cord blood was obtained at delivery. Mixed-effects linear models were used to assess the impact of prenatal choline supplementation on maternal and newborn DHA status.ResultsCholine supplementation (550 vs. 25 mg/d) did not achieve a statistically significant intervention × time interaction for RBC PC-DHA (P = 0.11); a significant interaction was observed for plasma PC-DHA and RBC total DHA, with choline supplementation yielding higher levels (+32-38% and +8-11%, respectively) at GW 28-32 (P

Background Oxythiamine is a uremic toxin that acts as an antimetabolite to thiamine and has been associated with cases of Shoshin beriberi syndrome in adults. We sought to identify whether surgical stress and ischemia/reperfusion injury may precipitate functional thiamine deficiency in children peritransplant. Methods We retrospectively analyzed a cohort of pediatric kidney transplant recipients. Oxythiamine levels were measured in pre-transplant serum samples by mass spectrometry and tested for association with severity of lactic acidosis in the first 24 h post-transplant. Secondary outcomes included association with hyperglycemia and indicators of dialysis adequacy (DA). Results Forty-seven patients were included in the analysis. Median oxythiamine levels differed by modality, measuring 0.67 nM (IQR 0.31, 0.74), 0.34 nM (IQR 0.28, 0.56), and 0.25 nM (IQR 0.17, 0.38) for peritoneal dialysis (PD), hemodialysis (HD), and no dialysis, respectively (p = 0.05). Oxythiamine was associated with 24-h lactate levels (r = 0.38, p = 0.02) and negatively associated with DA (r = - 0.44, p = 0.02). Median oxythiamine levels were higher in patients with poor DA (0.92 nM (IQR 0.51, 1.01) vs. 0.40 nM (IQR 0.24, 0.51), p < 0.01). Sensitivity analysis showed absence of residual association of oxythiamine with 24-h lactate or dialysis modality, but remained significant for DA (p = 0.03). One patient manifested Shoshin beriberi syndrome (oxythiamine 2.03 nM). Conclusions Oxythiamine levels are associated with DA at transplant. Patients on PD with no residual kidney function and low DA manifest the highest oxythiamine levels and may be at an increased risk for developing acute Shoshin beriberi syndrome in the early post-transplant period., Author(s): Or Golan [sup.1] , Roger Dyer [sup.2] , Graham Sinclair [sup.3] , Tom Blydt-Hansen [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.17091.3e, 0000 0001 2288 9830, University of British Columbia (Pediatrics), , [...]

This study was undertaken to determine the effects of canola oil on platelet characteristics, blood lipids and growth in exclusively formula-fed piglets. Piglets were fed from birth to 10 or 18 d with formula containing 51% energy from fat, with 100% fat as canola or soybean oil; 26% soybean, 59% high oleic acid sunflower and 12% flax oil (canola mimic); or 26% canola (canola blend) or soybean (soybean blend) with high oleic acid sunflower, palm and coconut oil. The canola mimic provided similar carbon chain 16 and 18 fatty acids without the sterol or 20:1 and erucic acid (22:1) of canola oil. The oil blends provided formula resembling infant formulas but with higher 16:0 and lower unsaturated fatty acid levels than in canola or soybean oil. Body weight, weight gain and heart and liver weight were not different after 10 or 18 d feeding canola when compared to soybean oil alone or blended oil formulas. Piglets fed formulas with 100% canola oil had lower platelet counts than piglets fed formula soybean oil or the canola oil mimic. Platelet counts were lower, and platelet distribution width and volume were higher, when formulas with 100% canola or soybean rather than the blended oil formulas were fed. The results show that formula fat composition influences the developing hematological system and that canola oil suppresses the normal developmental increase in platelet count in piglets by a mechanism apparently unrelated to the formula 16:0, 18:1, 18:2(n-6) or 18:3(n-3), or plasma phospholipid 20:4(n-6) or 20:5(n-3). KEY WORDS: * monounsaturated fatty acids * canola oil * infant formula * platelets * piglets

Human and pig milk fat contains a high proportion of palmitic acid (16:0) which is largely esterified to the 2-position of the triglycerides. In contrast, the 16:0 in most nonmilk fats and in infant formulas is mainly esterified at the triglyceride 1,3 positions. Gastric and pancreatic lipases hydrolyze fatty acids from the dietary triglyceride 1- and 3-positions to produce unesterified fatty acids and 2-monoglycerides which are absorbed and re-esterified. In this study, we determined whether formula with chemically randomized oils, which equally distributes 16:0 among all the positions of triglycerides, influences growth or the distribution of fatty acids in plasma and liver lipid of formula-fed piglets compared with piglets fed formula with native oils or sow's milk. After feeding from birth to 18 d, piglets fed formula with palm olein randomized with canola oil (co-randomized) had higher weight gain per liter of formula intake and higher 16:0 in the chylomicron triglyceride 2-position than piglets fed formula with randomized or native palm olein oil blended with canola oil. The fatty acid distribution of formula triglycerides is an important determinant of pathways of 16:0 absorption, and consequently of plasma lipid fatty acids in formula-fed piglets. KEY WORDS: co-randomized oils; infant formula; milk; triglycerides; palmitic acid; piglets

Milk triacylglycerols have an unusual fatty acid distribution, with palmitic acid (16:0) esterified predominately at the center (sn-2) position. Other dietary triacylglycerols contain 16:0 predominantly at the sn-1,3 positions. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of formula triacylglycerol fatty acid distribution on the composition and distribution of plasma lipoprotein fatty acids in piglets fed formula containing synthesized triacylglycerols or palm olein oil with about 32 or 4.2% 16:0, respectively, in fatty acids at the sn-2 position, with comparison to piglets fed sow's milk. Feeding formula with 16:0 at the triglyceride sn-2 position or sow's milk resulted in higher chylomicron triacylglycerol sn-2 16:0 than when palm olein was fed. This suggests that dietary triacylglycerol sn-2 position fatty acids are conserved during digestion, absorption and reassembly to chylomicron triacylglycerols. The increased chylomicron triacylglycerol sn-2 position 16:0 in piglets fed synthesized triacylglycerols was accompanied by lower chylomicron triacylglycerol arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid than in piglets fed formula with palm olein, suggesting an interaction between dietary triacylglycerol saturated fatty acid distribution and (n-6) and (n-3) fatty acid transport. KEY WORDS: triglyceride structure; palmitic acid; milk fatty acids; formula fatty acids; piglets

Milk fatty acids contain 20-30% palmitic acid (16:0), with [approximately] 70% of the 16:0 esterified to the sn-2 position of the milk triacylglycerol. Formulae containing vegetable and oleo oils contain different amounts of 16:0, but all have unsaturated fatty acids esterified to the triacylglycerol sn-2 position. Intraluminal triacylglycerol hydrolysis by endogenous lipases produces sn-2 monoacylglycerols and free fatty acids, which are absorbed and re-esterified in the enterocyte for secretion to plasma. The extent of absorption and re-esterification of sn-2 monoacylglycerols from milk or formula fats in infants is unknown. This was studied by feeding piglets sow milk or formulae containing similar total saturated fat, 18:1, 18:2(n-6) and 18:3(n-3) with unsaturated fatty acids at the sn-2 position or with rearranged triacylglycerols containing -30% 16:0, with 70% 16:0 in fatty acids at the sn-2 position. Feeding milk or 16:0 on the sn-2 position of formula with rearranged triacylglycerols resulted in higher 16:0 esterified to the plasma triacylglycerol sn-2 position and in cholesteryl esters than feeding formulae with 0.4 to 4.4% 16:0 in the sn-2 position fatty acids. The absorption of 16:0 as monopalmitin from milk and any metabolic importance in human infants has yet to be determined. INDEXING KEY WORDS: milk triacylglycerols; monoacylglycerol; infant formula; palmitic acid; absorption; piglets

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