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Aim: To assess the correlation of quantitative data of pulmonary Perfused Blood Volume (PBV) on Dual-Energy CT (DECT) datasets in patients with moderate – severe Pulmonary Emphysema (PE) with Lung Perfusion Scintigraphy (LPS) as the reference standard. The secondary endpoints are the correlation between the CT densitometric analysis and the visual assessment of parenchymal destruction with PBV. Materials and Methods: Patients with moderate – severe PE candidate to Lung Volumetric Reduction (LVR), with available a pre-procedural LS and a contrast-enhanced DECT were retrospectively included. DECT studies were performed with a 3rd generation Dual-Source CT and the PBV was obtained with a 3-material decomposition algorithm. The CT densitometric analysis was performed with a dedicated commercial software (Pulmo3D). The Goddard Score was used for visual assessment. The perfusion LS were performed after the administration of albumin macroaggregates labeled with 99mTechnetium. The image revision was performed by two radiologists or nuclear medicine physicians blinded, respectively, to LS and DECT data. The statistical analysis was performed with nonparametric tests. Results: Thirty-one patients (18 males, median age 69 y.o., interquartile range 62–71 y.o.) with moderate – severe PE (Median Goddard Score 14/20 and 31% of emphysematous parenchyma at quantitative CT) candidate to LVR were retrospectively included. The median enhancement on PBV was 17 HU. Significant correlation coefficients were demonstrated between lung PBV and LS, poor in apical regions (Rho = 0.1–0.2) and fair (Rho = 0.3–0.5) in middle and lower regions. No significant correlations were recorded between the CT densitometric analysis, the visual score, and the PBV. Conclusions: Lung perfusion with PBV on DECT is feasible in patients with moderate – severe PE candidate to LVR, and has a poor to fair agreement with LPS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Non-contrast brain computed tomography (CT) scans are the gold standard for diagnosing intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). However, the scans have evaluation limitations, especially in cases of interfering bony artifacts, and overlapping hypoattenuating calcifications and hemorrhages. Material decomposition dual-energy CT (DECT) can separate materials based on atomic numbers. Objective: To compare the diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of material decomposition non-contrast DECT of the brain with conventional 120 kVp-single energy CT (SECT) imaging for ICH diagnosis. Materials and Methods: The present study was a retrospective study conducted at a single center. Three neuroradiologists separately and blindly reviewed the postprocessing images of 111 patients with 215 lesions. DECT acquisitions generated the images. They were in the form of 1) SECT images, 2) blood-subtracted calcium, non-overlay images as "blood (calcium) non-overlay" images, 3) blood-subtracted calcium, overlay images with rainbow and grayscale color-coding as "blood (calcium) overlay" images, and 4) combined SECT and blood-subtracted calcium, overlay images as "combined SECT + blood (calcium) overlay" images. Results: Compared with the SECT images, the blood (calcium) overlay images had better accuracy, at 99.6%, sensitivity at 99.5%, and specificity at 100% for ICH diagnosis. The blood (calcium) overlay images also provided better observer confidence, a 94.06% certain diagnosis, than the SECT images (p<0.05). The blood (calcium) overlay images and combined images had very good interrater reliability, whereas the reliability of the SECT images was poor. Conclusion: Material decomposition DECT, as either blood (calcium) overlay images or combined SECT + blood (calcium) overlay images, has a high ICH diagnostic ability in non-contrast brain CT imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objectives The simplified endoscopic score of Crohn’s disease (SES-CD) is the gold standard for quantitatively evaluating Crohn’s disease (CD) activity but is invasive. This study aimed to develop and validate a machine learning (ML) model based on dual-energy CT enterography (DECTE) to noninvasively evaluate CD activity. Methods We evaluated the activity in 202 bowel segments of 46 CD patients according to the SES-CD score and divided the segments randomly into training set and testing set at a ratio of 7:3. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) was used for feature selection, and three models based on significant parameters were established based on logistic regression. Model performance was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC), calibration, and clinical decision curves. Results There were 110 active and 92 inactive bowel segments. In univariate analysis, the slope of spectral curve in the venous phases (λHU-V) has the best diagnostic performance, with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.81 and an optimal threshold of 1.975. In the testing set, the AUC of the three models established by the 7 variables to differentiate CD activity was 0.81–0.87 (DeLong test p value was 0.071–0.766, p > 0.05), and the combined model had the highest AUC of 0.87 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.779–0.959). Conclusions The ML model based the DECTE can feasibly evaluate CD activity, and DECTE parameters provide a quantitative analysis basis for evaluating specific bowel activities in CD patients. Critical relevance statement The machine learning model based on dual-energy computed tomography enterography can be used for evaluating Crohn’s disease activity noninvasively and quantitatively. Key Points Dual-energy CT parameters are related to Crohn’s disease activity. Three machine learning models effectively evaluated Crohn’s disease activity. Combined models based on conventional and dual-energy CT have the best performance. Graphical Abstract

Objectives: The simplified endoscopic score of Crohn's disease (SES-CD) is the gold standard for quantitatively evaluating Crohn's disease (CD) activity but is invasive. This study aimed to develop and validate a machine learning (ML) model based on dual-energy CT enterography (DECTE) to noninvasively evaluate CD activity. Methods: We evaluated the activity in 202 bowel segments of 46 CD patients according to the SES-CD score and divided the segments randomly into training set and testing set at a ratio of 7:3. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) was used for feature selection, and three models based on significant parameters were established based on logistic regression. Model performance was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC), calibration, and clinical decision curves. Results: There were 110 active and 92 inactive bowel segments. In univariate analysis, the slope of spectral curve in the venous phases (λHU-V) has the best diagnostic performance, with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.81 and an optimal threshold of 1.975. In the testing set, the AUC of the three models established by the 7 variables to differentiate CD activity was 0.81–0.87 (DeLong test p value was 0.071–0.766, p > 0.05), and the combined model had the highest AUC of 0.87 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.779–0.959). Conclusions: The ML model based the DECTE can feasibly evaluate CD activity, and DECTE parameters provide a quantitative analysis basis for evaluating specific bowel activities in CD patients. Critical relevance statement: The machine learning model based on dual-energy computed tomography enterography can be used for evaluating Crohn's disease activity noninvasively and quantitatively. Key Points: Dual-energy CT parameters are related to Crohn's disease activity. Three machine learning models effectively evaluated Crohn's disease activity. Combined models based on conventional and dual-energy CT have the best performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to characterize a second‐generation wide‐detector dual‐layer spectral computed tomography (CT) system for material quantification accuracy, acquisition parameter and patient size dependencies, and tissue characterization capabilities. Methods: A phantom with multiple tissue‐mimicking and material‐specific inserts was scanned with a dual‐layer spectral detector CT using different tube voltages, collimation widths, radiation dose levels, and size configurations. Accuracy of iodine density maps and virtual monoenergetic images (MonoE) were investigated. Additionally, differences between conventional and MonoE 70 keV images were calculated to evaluate acquisition parameter and patient size dependencies. To demonstrate material quantification and differentiation, liver‐mimicking inserts with adipose and iron were analyzed with a two‐base decomposition utilizing MonoE 50 and 150 keV, and root mean square error (RMSE) for adipose and iron content was reported. Results: Measured inserts exhibited quantitative accuracy across a wide range of MonoE levels. MonoE 70 keV images demonstrated reduced dependence compared to conventional images for phantom size (1 vs. 27 HU) and acquisition parameters, particularly tube voltage (4 vs. 37 HU). Iodine density quantification was successful with errors ranging from ‐0.58 to 0.44 mg/mL. Similarly, inserts with different amounts of adipose and iron were differentiated, and the small deviation in values within inserts corresponded to a RMSE of 3.49 ± 1.76% and 1.67 ± 0.84 mg/mL for adipose and iron content, respectively. Conclusion: The second‐generation dual‐layer CT enables acquisition of quantitatively accurate spectral data without compromises from differences in patient size and acquisition parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to evaluate whether virtual calcium subtraction (VNCa) image extracted from dual-layer spectral CT could estimate bone marrow (BM) infiltration with MRI as the reference standard and characterize tumor burden in patients with multiple myeloma (MM).

Epstein-Barr virus-positive Inflammatory follicular dendritic cell/fibroblastic reticular cell tumour (EBV-IFDC/FRCT) is a rare neoplasm that occurs almost exclusively in the liver or spleen. Extra-hepatosplenic presentation is infrequent and exceptional cases have been described arising in the gastrointestinal tract or in the pharynx. However, EBV-IFDC/FRCT cases have not been previously reported in the larynx. This report describes a case of a 32-year-old woman who arrived to the emergency department due to progressive dyspnea with associated inspiratory stridor and non-productive cough. Direct laryngoscopy showed a nodular tumour arising on the left posterior subglottic mucosa obstructing 90% of the airway. A preoperative dual energy contrast enhanced computed tomography (CECT) was performed demonstrating a low attenuation lesion on virtual non-contrast (VNC) images and vivid iodine uptake on the iodine map. The tumour was excised and the histopathological analysis led to the diagnosis of an EBV-IFDC/FRCT. A fibre-optic laryngoscopy six months after the surgery did not show any abnormalities. Although the vast majority of EBV-IFDC/FRCT occur in the liver or spleen, some extra hepatosplenic tumours have been reported affecting the head and neck region. We describe here the first case arising in the larynx, as well as the usefulness of preoperative dual energy imaging techniques to assess these lesions, thus providing information that could have management implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aim: Calcium-suppressed imaging with dual-energy CT can visualize subtle cellular changes in the bone marrow. The purpose of this study was to investigate the application value of calcium-suppressed images in the evaluation of cancellous bone metastasis treated by stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR). Patients and methods: Dual-energy CT was performed before and after SABR in 10 patients with cancellous bone metastasis from breast cancer. Signal intensities of cancellous bone metastases to skeletal muscle were compared using calcium-suppressed images. Results: The relative signal intensity of cancellous bone metastasis before SABR was 0.99 ± 0.02, while after SABR it was 0.95 ± 0.06 (P < 0.05). Visual assessment of the signal intensity of cancellous bone metastases showed a decrease in signal intensity in all cases. Conclusions: Calcium-suppressed imaging with dual-energy CT may be able to evaluate cancellous bone metastases treated by SABR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Flat panel detector (FPD) based cone‐beam computed tomography (CT) has made tremendous progress in the last two decades, with many new and advanced medical and industrial applications keeping emerging from diagnostic imaging and image guidance for radiotherapy and interventional surgery. The current cone‐beam CT (CBCT), however, is still suboptimal for head CT scan which requires a high standard of image quality. While the dual‐layer FPD technology is under extensive development and is promising to further advance CBCT from qualitative anatomic imaging to quantitative dual‐energy CT, its potential of enabling head CBCT applications has not yet been fully investigated. Purpose: The relatively moderate energy separation from the dual‐layer FPD and the overall low signal level especially at the bottom‐layer detector, could raise significant challenges in performing high‐quality dual‐energy material decomposition (MD). In this work, we propose a hybrid, physics and model guided, MD algorithm that attempts to fully use the detected x‐ray signals and prior‐knowledge behind head CBCT using dual‐layer FPD. Methods: Firstly, a regular projection‐domain MD is performed as initial results of our approach and for comparison as conventional method. Secondly, based on the combined projection, a dual‐layer multi‐material spectral correction (dMMSC) is applied to generate beam hardening free images. Thirdly, the dMMSC corrected projections are adopted as a physics‐model based guidance to generate a hybrid MD. A set of physics experiments including fan‐beam scan and cone‐beam scan using a head phantom and a Gammex Multi‐Energy CT phantom are conducted to validate our proposed approach. Results: The combined reconstruction could reduce noise by about 10% with no visible resolution degradation. The fan‐beam studies on the Gammex phantom demonstrated an improved MD performance, with the averaged iodine quantification error for the 5–15 mg/ml iodine inserts reduced from about 5.6% to 3.0% by the hybrid method. On fan‐beam scan of the head phantom, our proposed hybrid MD could significantly reduce the streak artifacts, with CT number nonuniformity (NU) in the selected regions of interest (ROIs) reduced from 23 Hounsfield Units (HU) to 4.2 HU, and the corresponding noise suppressed from 31 to 6.5 HU. For cone‐beam scan, after scatter correction (SC) and cone‐beam artifact reduction (CBAR), our approach can also significantly improve image quality, with CT number NU in the selected ROI reduced from 24.2 to 6.6 HU and the noise level suppressed from 22.1 to 8.2 HU. Conclusions: Our proposed physics and model guided hybrid MD for dual‐layer FPD based head CBCT can significantly improve the robustness of MD and suppress the low‐signal artifact. This preliminary feasibility study also demonstrated that the dual‐layer FPD is promising to enable head CBCT spectral imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Gout is a common metabolic rheumatism. The main cause is the increase of blood uric acid caused by the disorder of purine metabolism in the body. Long-term persistent hyperuricemia will lead to the precipitation of monosodium urate (monosodium urate, MSU) crystals, which will form and deposit in the internal and external tissues of the joints. Due to the action of inflammatory factors, eventually gouty arthritis. Gout is a widespread disease worldwide, and the prevalence of gout in my country is increasing year by year. Gout is a chronic disease that is often characterized by extreme pain in its acute phase and, in some cases, invades the bone, leading to bone erosion and destruction. Complications of chronic gout include severe bone and joint damage, necrotizing swelling of soft tissue, and bone infection. In severe cases, it can even cause tendon rupture and loss of joint function. Gout is an important disease that seriously endangers the health of the Chinese people. Early diagnosis and intervention of gout are very important. Imaging is not only helpful in diagnosing gout, but can also be used as a monitoring method to evaluate the disease and the effect of uric acid-lowering therapy. Dual-energy CT technology is the most promising technology for non-invasive diagnosis and disease monitoring, and MRI texture analysis technology can also assist in the differential diagnosis of gouty arthritis. This review discusses the role of various imaging tests in gout, focusing on the role of imaging features in gout diagnosis and disease monitoring.

Abstract Background In patients with cancer, the current gold standard for assessing response to treatment involves measuring cancer lesions on computed tomography (CT) imaging. The percentage change in size of specific lesions determines whether patients have had a complete/partial response or progressive disease, according to RECIST criteria. Dual Energy CT (DECT) permits additional measurements of iodine concentration, a surrogate marker of vascularity. Here we explore the role of changes in iodine concentration within cancer tissue on CT scans to assess its suitability for determining treatment response in patients with high grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). Methods Suitable RECIST measurable lesions were identified from the CT images of HGSOC patients, taken at 2 different time points (pre and post treatment). Changes in size and iodine concentration were measured for each lesion. PR/SD were classified as responders, PD was classified as non-responder. Radiological responses were correlated with clinical and CA125 outcomes. Results 62 patients had appropriate imaging for assessment. 22 were excluded as they only had one DECT scan. 32/40 patients assessed (113 lesions) had received treatment for relapsed HGSOC. RECIST and GCIG (Gynaecologic Cancer Inter Group) CA125 criteria / clinical assessment of response for patients was correlated with changes in iodine concentration, before and after treatment. The prediction of median progression free survival was significantly better associated with changes in iodine concentration (p = 0.0001) and GCIG Ca125 / clinical assessment (p = 0.0028) in comparison to RECIST criteria (p = 0.43). Conclusion Changes in iodine concentration from dual energy CT imaging may be more suitable than RECIST in assessing response to treatment in patients with HGSOC. Trial Registration CICATRIx IRAS number 198179, 14 Dec 2015, https://www.myresearchproject.org.uk/ .

Anastomotic leakage is a feared complication of many different types of gastrointestinal surgery. It is important to identify patients with leaks early because sepsis may develop quickly. Suspected leaks are typically confirmed by either fluoroscopy or computed tomography with oral contrast. This article presents a novel method to confirm the presence of a gastrointestinal anastomotic leak when standard imaging and clinical presentation are ambiguous.

Gastropulmonary fistula represents a late complication of sleeve gastrectomy and, if untreated, has high morbidity and mortality. We present a case report of a 29-year-old female who developed a gastropulmonary fistula 3 years after a sleeve gastrectomy. Dual energy CT of the chest and upper abdomen demonstrated a cavitary left lower lobe lesion associated with a focal complex pleural effusion; iodinated oral contrast confirmed the presence of a fistulous connection through the left hemidiaphragm. The patient underwent a thoracotomy, left lower lobectomy, resection of the infected segment of the left hemidiaphragm with primary repair, drainage of a subphrenic abscess and a gastric repair; the patient was discharged 2-weeks postprocedure.

Purpose: To evaluate the utility of dual energy CT angiography (DECTA) in acute non-variceal gastrointestinal hemorrhage (ANVGIH) compared to digital subtraction angiography (DSA) as gold standard. Materials and methods: 111 Patients (mean age: 39.2 years; 94 males) of ANVGIH who underwent both DECTA and DSA between January 2016 and September 2021 were included. Virtual monochromatic (VM) images at 10 keV increments from 40 to 70 keV and blended (120kVp equivalent) images of arterial phase of DECTA were evaluated independently by two readers blinded to DSA information. Quantitative analysis included measurement of attenuation in the major arteries (abdominal aorta, celiac artery, superior mesenteric artery), suspected vascular lesion, and lesion feeding artery to calculate contrast-to-noise ratios (CNRs) and signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). Qualitative analysis assessed the image quality of each data set using a 3-point Likert scale. Findings on DSA were evaluated by a third reader and both DECTA and DSA were compared. Results: On linear blended images, vascular lesion was identified by reader 1 in 88 (79.3%) and by reader 2 in 87 (78.4%) patients and DSA showed lesion in 92 (82.9%) patients. The sensitivity and specificity of blended images and VM images of DECTA for lesion detection were not significantly different from each other. The CNR and SNR of arteries, vascular lesion and feeding artery were significantly higher at 70 keV (p < 0.005) compared to blended and other VM images. Although subjective scores for image quality were higher for 60 keV images by both readers, the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.3). The interobserver agreement was mostly good. Conclusion: In the assessment of ANVGIH, the 60 keV and 70 keV VM images improved the image quality and contrast, respectively, but there was no increase in diagnostic accuracy of VM image datasets compared to linearly blended images. Hence, the diagnostic utility of DECTA in ANVGIH is still uncertain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An important source of uncertainty in proton therapy treatment planning is the assignment of stopping‐power ratio (SPR) from CT data. A commercial product is now available that creates an SPR map directly from dual‐energy CT (DECT). This paper investigates the use of this new product in proton treatment planning and compares the results to the current method of assigning SPR based on a single‐energy CT (SECT). Two tissue surrogate phantoms were CT scanned using both techniques. The SPRs derived from single‐energy CT and by DirectSPR™ were compared to measured values. SECT‐based values agreed with measurements within 4% except for low density lung and high density bone, which differed by 13% and 8%, respectively. DirectSPR™ values were within 2% of measured values for all tissues studied. Both methods were also applied to scanned containers of three types of animal tissue, and the expected range of protons of two different energies was calculated in the treatment planning system and compared to the range measured using a multi‐layer ion chamber. The average difference between range measurements and calculations based on SPR maps from dual‐ and single‐energy CT, respectively, was 0.1 mm (0.07%) versus 2.2 mm (1.5%). Finally, a phantom was created using a layer of various tissue surrogate plugs on top of a 2D ion chamber array. Dose measurements on this array were compared to predictions using both single‐ and dual‐energy CTs and SPR maps. While standard gamma pass rates for predictions based on DECT‐derived SPR maps were slightly higher than those based on single‐energy CT, the differences were generally modest for this measurement setup. This study showed that SPR maps created by the commercial product from dual‐energy CT can successfully be used in RayStation to generate proton dose distributions and that these predictions agree well with measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proton computed tomography (pCT) has been proposed as an alternative to x-ray computed tomography (CT) for acquiring relative to water stopping power (RSP) maps used for proton treatment planning dose calculations. In parallel, it has been shown that dual energy x-ray CT (DECT) improves RSP accuracy when compared to conventional single energy x-ray CT. This study aimed at directly comparing the RSP accuracy of both modalities using phantoms scanned at an advanced prototype pCT scanner and a state-of-the-art DECT scanner. Two phantoms containing 13 tissue-mimicking inserts of known RSP were scanned at the pCT phase II prototype and a latest generation dual-source DECT scanner (Siemens SOMATOM Definition FORCE). RSP accuracy was compared by mean absolute percent error (MAPE) over all inserts. A highly realistic Monte Carlo (MC) simulation was used to gain insight on pCT image artifacts which degraded MAPE. MAPE was 0.55% for pCT and 0.67% for DECT. The realistic MC simulation agreed well with pCT measurements ([Formula: see text]). Both simulation and experimental results showed ring artifacts in pCT images which degraded the MAPE compared to an ideal pCT simulation ([Formula: see text]). Using the realistic simulation, we could identify sources of artifacts, which are attributed to the interfaces in the five-stage plastic scintillator energy detector and calibration curve interpolation regions. Secondary artifacts stemming from the proton tracker geometry were also identified. The pCT prototype scanner outperformed a state-of-the-art DECT scanner in terms of RSP accuracy (MAPE) for plastic tissue mimicking inserts. Since artifacts tended to concentrate in the inserts, their mitigation may lead to further improvements in the reported pCT accuracy.

Purpose of reviewThe present review addresses diagnostic methods for crystalline arthritis including synovial fluid analysis, ultrasound, and dual energy CT scan (DECT).Recent findingsThere are new technologies on the horizon to improve the ease, sensitivity, and specificity of synovial fluid analysis. Raman spectroscopy uses the spectral signature that results from a material's unique energy absorption and scatter for crystal identification. Lens-free microscopy directly images synovial fluid aspirate on to a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor chip, providing a high-resolution, wide field of view (∼20 mm) image. Raman spectroscopy and lens-free microscopy may provide additional benefit over compensated polarized light microscopy synovial fluid analysis by quantifying crystal density in synovial fluid samples. Ultrasound and DECT have good sensitivity and specificity for the identification of monosodium urate (MSU) and calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) crystals. However, both have limitations in patients with recent onset gout and low urate burdens.SummaryNew technologies promise improved methods for detection of MSU and CPP crystals. At this time, limitations of these technologies do not replace the need for synovial fluid aspiration for confirmation of crystal detection. None of these technologies address the often concomitant indication to rule out infectious arthritis.

Objective: To investigate the application value of dual-energy scanning scheme in neck-chest-abdomen-pelvis combined enhanced CT in patients with breast cancer patients by comparing with the conventional scanning scheme. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on 40 female patients with breast cancer who underwent neck-chest-abdomen-pelvis combined enhanced CT in Beijing hospital, including 20 patients scanned by conventional protocol and 20 patients scanned by dual-energy protocol. The radiation doses in arterial phase and delayed phase were compared between the two modes. The image qualities were evaluated by measuring signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast noise ratio (CNR) and subjective scoring. Results: The radiation doses in arterial phase and delayed phase of conventional and dual-energy protocol were statistically different, and the radiation dose of dual-energy protocol was lower. There was no significant difference between the two modes in SNR and CNR of cervical arterial lymph nodes. There was significant difference between conventional and dual-energy mode in SNR and CNR value of axillary lymph nodes in thoracic artery phase. There was no significant difference in the subjective scores of conventional and dual-energy protocol of cervical lymph nodes. However, there was significant difference in the subjective scores of conventional and dual-energy protocol of axillary lymph nodes. The subjective score of dual-energy protocol was higher and the consistency of subjective score was better with Kappa value of 0.916. Conclusion: Compared with conventional scanning scheme, dual-energy scanning scheme for neck-chest-abdomen-pelvis combined enhanced CT shows lower radiation dose, simpler scanning process, higher patient cooperation degree, clearer display of axillary lymph nodes, which has important clinical application and promotion value.

Objective: To measure the accuracy of material decomposition using a dual-source photon-counting-detector (DS-PCD) CT operated in the high-pitch helical scanning mode and compare the results against dual-source energy-integrating-detector (DS-EID) CT, which requires use of a low-pitch value in dual-energy mode. Methods: A DS-PCD CT and a DS-EID CT were used to scan a cardiac motion phantom consisting of a 3-mm diameter iodine cylinder. Iodine maps were reconstructed using DS-PCD in high-pitch mode and DS-EID in low-pitch mode. Image-based circularity, diameter, and iodine concentration of the iodine cylinder were calculated and compared between the two scanners. With institutional review board approval, in vivo exams were performed with the DS-PCD CT in high-pitch mode. Images were qualitatively compared against patients with similar heart rates that were scanned with DS-EID CT in low-pitch dual-energy mode. Results: On iodine maps, the mean circularity was 0.97 ± 0.02 with DS-PCD in high-pitch mode and 0.95 ± 0.06 with DS-EID in low-pitch mode. The mean diameter was 2.9 ± 0.2 mm with DS-PCD and 3.1 ± 0.2 mm with DS-EID, both of which are close to the 3 mm ground truth.For DS-PCD, the mean iodine concentration was 9.6 ± 0.8 mg/ml and this was consistent with the 9.4 ± 0.6 mg/ml value obtained with the cardiac motion disabled. For DS-EID, the concentration was 12.7 ± 1.2 mg/ml with motion enabled and 11.7 ± 0.5 mg/ml disabled. The background noise in the iodine maps was 15.1 HU with DS-PCD and 14.4 HU with DS-EID, whereas the volume CT dose index (CTDIvol) was 3 mGy with DS-PCD and 11 mGy with DS-EID. On comparison of six patients (three on PCD, three on EID) with similar heart rates,DS-PCD provided iodine maps with well-defined coronaries even at a high heart rate of 86 beats per minute. Meanwhile, there were substantial motion artifacts in iodine maps obtained with DS-EID for patients with similar heart rates. Conclusion: In a cardiac motion phantom, DS-PCD CT can perform accurate material decomposition in high-pitch mode,providing iodine maps with excellent geometric accuracy and robustness to motion at approximately 38% of the dose for similar noise as DS-EID CT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is a debilitating condition caused by spinal CSF leaks or CSF-venous fistulas (CVFs). Localizing the causative CSF leak or CVF is critical for definitive treatment but can be difficult using conventional myelographic techniques because these lesions are often low contrast compared to background, diminutive, and in some cases may be mistaken for calcified structures. Dual energy CT (DECT) can increase the conspicuity of iodinated contrast compared to background and can provide the ability to distinguish materials based on differing anatomic properties, making it well suited to address the shortcomings of conventional myelography in SIH. The purpose of this report is to illustrate the potential benefits of using DECT as an adjunct to traditional myelographic techniques in order to increase the conspicuity of these often-subtle CVFs and CSF leaks. This retrospective case series included 4 adult patients with SIH who demonstrated findings equivocal for either CVF or CSF leak using our institution's standard initial CT myelogram and in whom subsequent evaluation with DECT ultimately helped to identify the CVF or CSF leak. DECT demonstrated utility by increasing the conspicuity of two subtle CVFs compared to background and also helped to differentiate between calcified osteophytes and extradural contrast in 2 CSF leaks, confirming their presence and identifying the causative pathology. Our observations demonstrate the benefit of DECT as a problem-solving tool in the accurate diagnosis and localization of CVFs and CSF leaks.

Single-energy quantitative computed tomography (SEQCT) provides volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) measures for bone analysis and input to image-based finite element models (FEMs). Dual-energy CT (DECT) improves vBMD by accounting for voxel-specific material variations utilizing scans at multiple x-ray energies. vBMD is also altered by reconstruction kernel that cannot be accounted for using calibration phantoms. This study compared vBMD and FEM stiffness derived from SEQCT and DECT images reconstructed with two common kernels. SEQCT and DECT images of cadaveric shoulders (n = 10) were collected using standard (STD) and boneplus (BONE) kernels. Hounsfield Units were converted to vBMD using specimen-specific calibrations. DECT STD and BONE images were generated using an established material decomposition method with 40 and 90 keV simulated monochromatic images. A proximal humerus bone section below the anatomic neck was used for vBMD analysis and FEM generation. FEMs were loaded to 1% apparent strain for stiffness measurements. Between STD and BONE kernel images, average vBMD differed 0.9 mg K2HPO4 /cc and 4.1 mg K2HPO4 /cc, in SEQCT and DECT images, respectively. Significant differences occurred in DECT images (p = 0.001). BONE reconstructed images produced higher vBMD measures across both SEQCT and DECT images. The difference between STD and BONE in both SEQCT- and DECT-based FEMs persisted, with larger estimated stiffness in BONE models. For six of the models DECT-based had higher stiffness than SEQCT-based models using the same kernel, although these models differed between STD and BONE kernels. Differences in stiffness between STD and BONE derived models were similar across image types (DECT: 17.5 kN/mm; SEQCT: 19.0 kN/mm). Stiffness values were significantly different within SECT kernels and between SEQCT BONE and DECT STD models. This study shows important differences in vBMD and FEM stiffness that occur due to CT-based imaging parameters alone. These results indicate that consistent imaging parameters should be used for vBMD analysis and FEM input to avoid systematic measurement errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate an iterative metal-artifact reduction (iMAR) algorithm, dual-energy CT (DECT) through virtual monoenergetic images (VMI), and a combination of iMAR and DECT for reducing metal artifact severity (AS) induced by Fletcher titanium applicators used in cervix brachytherapy, the efficacy of which are hitherto unreported. 120 kV p single-energy CT (SECT) (Siemens) of BEBIG tandem applicators, varying in shape (straight or curved) and diameter (3.5 mm or 5 mm) in a custom-made water-filled phantom, and their DECT images obtained from extrapolation of 80 kVp and 140 kVp, were reconstructed using four methods: DECT through VMI±iMAR, and SECT±iMAR. The DECT images were reconstructed monoenergetically at 70, 150, and 190 keV. AS was evaluated using measured values and statistical analysis. iMAR, DECT, and combined DECT and iMAR reduced AS (p < 0.05). DECT had a lower AS than SECT, even without iMAR (p < 0.025). SECT+iMAR was more effective than DECT-iMAR with VMI at 70 and 190 keV (p < 0.05), whereas showing no statistically significant difference at 150 keV. With DECT and iMAR combined, AS was reduced more effectively compared to the SECT+iMAR or DECT alone. It also reduced the mean interobserver uncertainty by 0.2 mm. These findings indicate that iMAR reduces the AS caused by Fletcher titanium applicators for both SECT and DECT, a combination of iMAR and DECT is superior to either strategy alone, and at low energies, DECT+iMAR also produces similar artifact reduction. These practical strategies promise more accurate source-position and structure definitions in CT-based gynecological brachytherapy treatment planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine whether dual-energy computed tomography (DECT), specifically by measuring bowel wall iodine concentration (BWIC), is superior to monoenergetic reconstructions (MR) for the diagnosis and staging of small bowel ischemia in patients with mechanical small bowel obstruction (SBO)., Materials and Methods: From November 2021 to December 2023, all patients with mechanical SBO who underwent contrast-enhanced DECT of the abdomen and pelvis were evaluated for inclusion. Demographic, clinical and biochemical data were collected. Two abdominal radiologists, blinded to all patient information, reviewed all DECT examinations. Conventional CT features (including a closed loop mechanism, mesenteric haziness, decreased bowel wall enhancement (DBE), and increased unenhanced attenuation of the bowel wall) were first reviewed on 70-keV-MR and 40-keV-MR, followed by BWIC measurements in five regions of interest in the walls of both normal and abnormal small bowel loops. The diagnostic performance of a simple CT score, which included a closed loop mechanism, mesenteric haziness and DBE, was compared to that of BWIC measurements made on dilated and/or abnormal small bowel segments for the diagnosis of small bowel ischemia. The diagnostic capabilities were compared using areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs)., Results: A total of 142 patients were included (80 men, 62 women; mean age, 67 ± 17 [standard deviation (SD)] years). Fifty-six patients underwent surgery; 22 of them had confirmed small bowel ischemia, including 12 patients with small bowel necrosis requiring surgical resection. Significant differences in mean BWIC were found between patients without small bowel ischemia (1.73 ± 0.44 [SD] mg/mL), those with small bowel ischemia without necrosis (0.79 ± 0.37 [SD] mg/mL), and those with small bowel ischemia and necrosis (0.48 ± 0.32 [SD] mg/mL) (P < 0.001). The overall AUC of the BWIC measurement for diagnosing small bowel ischemia was 0.98 (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 0.97-1.00), similar to the AUC of the simple CT score (0.97; 95 % CI: 0.92-1.00). However, using a cut off-value of 1.16 mgI/mL, BWIC outperformed subjective assessment of DBE at 70-keV-MR and 40-keV-MR (Youden index, 0.90 vs. 0.54 and vs. 0.71, respectively) (P < 0.001 for both)., Conclusion: BWIC measurement outperforms subjective assessment of DBE for the diagnosis of small bowel ischemia in patients with SBO and can allow stratification of ischemia. However, BWIC does not outperfomr a global comprehensive analysis of conventional CT images., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose in relation with this article., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.. All rights reserved.)

Abstract Background This retrospective study aimed to investigate the usefulness of the optimized kiloelectron volt (keV) for virtual monoenergetic imaging (VMI) combined with iodine map in dual-energy computed tomography enterography (DECTE) in the diagnosis of Crohn’s disease (CD). Methods Seventy-two patients (mean age: 41.89 ± 17.28 years) with negative computed tomography enterography (CTE) were enrolled for investigating the optimized VMI keV in DECTE by comparing subjective and objective parameters of VMIs that were reconstructed from 40 to 90 keV. Moreover, 68 patients (38.27 ± 15.10 years; 35 normal and 33 CD) were included for evaluating the diagnostic efficacy of DECTE iodine map at the optimized VMI energy level and routine CTE for CD and active CD. Statistical analysis for all data was conducted. Results Objective and subjective imaging evaluations showed the best results at 60 keV for VMIs. The CT values of the normal group, active subgroup, and CD group during the small intestinal phase at routine 120 kVp or 60 keV VMI had significant differences. The diagnostic efficacy of an iodine map was the best when NIC = 4% or fat value = 45.8% for CD, whereas NIC

Wei-xiong Xiao,&ast; Yu-ting Zhu,&ast; Zhi-chao Zhang, Min Luo, Ming-ping Ma Department of Radiology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Provincial Clinical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Min Luo; Ming-ping MaDepartment of Radiology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Provincial Clinical College of Fujian Medical University, No. 134 East Street, Gulou District, Fuzhou, 350001, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 59187557768Email radiodrluo@163.comObjective: To investigate the value of dual energy CT enterography (DECTE) in evaluating the activity of Crohn’s disease (CD).Methods: The endoscopy and imaging data of 29 patients with CD confirmed by clinic and pathology were analyzed retrospectively. The clinical CD activity index (CDAI) was used as the disease activity grouping standard, 29 patients with CD were grouped into activity groups, 18 patients in the active group (CDAI ≥ 150) with 36 intestinal segments, and 11 patients in the remission group (CDAI < 150) with 20 intestinal segments.The virtual single energy CT value, slope of energy spectrum curve and iodine content were analyzed to evaluate the evaluation of intestinal CD activity by DECTE.Results: There were statistically significant differences in virtual single energy CT value (except 90 keV and 100 keV virtual single energy CT value), curve slope and iodine content between remission group and active group (P < 0.05), and has more diagnostic value for active phase (AUC > 0.5). ① Virtual single energy CT value: the AUC of 60 keV in arterial phase was the highest (0.924). The specificity of diagnosing CD in active stage was high (95%). ② Curve slope: the AUC of portal vein phase was the largest (0.731). The specificity of diagnosing CD in active stage was higher (85%). ③ Iodine content: the AUC of arterial phase was the highest (0.885). The specificity of diagnosing CD lesions in the active stage was 100%.Conclusion: The virtual single energy CT value, energy spectrum curve slope and iodine content can provide reference for clinical accurate diagnosis of CD activity.Keywords: Crohn’s disease, computed tomography, dual energy CT, virtual single

Computed tomography (CT) is routinely used to diagnose and evaluate metastatic lesions in oncology. CT alone suffers from lack of sensitivity, especially for skeletal lesions in the bone marrow and lesions that have similar attenuation profiles to surrounding bone. Magnetic resonance imaging and nuclear medicine imaging remain the gold standard in evaluating skeletal lesions. However, compared to CT, these modalities are not as widely available or suitable for all patients. Dual energy computed tomography (DECT) exploits variations in linear attenuation coefficient of materials at different photon energy levels to reconstruct images based on material composition. DECT in musculoskeletal imaging is used in the imaging of crystal arthropathy and detecting subtle fractures, but it is not broadly utilized in evaluating infiltrative skeletal lesions. Malignant skeletal lesions have different tissue and molecular compositions compared to normal bone. DECT may exploit these physical differences to delineate infiltrative skeletal lesions from surrounding bone better than conventional monoenergetic CT. Studies so far have examined the utility of DECT in evaluating skeletal metastases, multiple myeloma lesions, pathologic fractures, and performing image-guided biopsies with promising results. These studies were mostly retrospective analyses and case reports containing small samples sizes. As DECT becomes more widely used clinically and more scientific studies evaluating the performance of DECT are published, DECT may eventually become an important modality in the work-up of infiltrative skeletal lesions. It may even challenge MRI and nuclear medicine because of relatively faster scanning times and ease of access. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The algorithm developed was applied prospectively in patients to check its validity. • The present study was divided into ex vivo and in vivo experiments. • Non-invasive characterization of calcium renal stones is quite useful in selecting suitable treatment modality. • This study introduces the concept of DECT based characterization of materials using effective atomic number (Z eff) and electron density(ρ e) Non-invasive DECT based characterization of renal stones using their effective atomic number (Z eff) and the electron density (ρe) in patients. This paper aims to develop a method for in-vivo characterization of renal stone. Differentiation of renal stones in-vivo especially sub types of calcium stones have very important advantage for better judgement of treatment modality. 50 extracted renal stones were scanned ex-vivo using dual energy CT scanner. A method was developed to characterize these renal stones using effective atomic number and electron density obtained from dual energy CT data. The method and formulation developed in ex-vivo experiments was applied in in-vivo study of 50 randomly selected patients of renal stones who underwent dual energy CT scan. The developed method was able to characterize Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate (COM) and the combination of COM and Calcium Oxalate Dihydrate (COD) stones non-invasively in patients with a sensitivity of 81% and 83%respectively. The method was also capable of differentiating Uric, Cystine and mixed stones with the sensitivity of 100, 100 and 85.71% respectively. The developed dual energy CT based method was capable of differentiating sub types of calcium stones which is not differentiable on single energy or dual energy CT images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dual energy CT (DECT) is becoming increasingly popular and valuable in the domain of musculoskeletal imaging. Gout maps and crystal detection have been predominant indications for about a decade. Other important indications of bone marrow maps and metal artifact reduction are also frequent with added advantages of detection and characterization of bone marrow lesions similar to MR imaging and diagnosis of hardware related complications, respectively. This article discusses technical considerations and physics of DECT imaging and its role in musculoskeletal indications apart from crystal imaging with respective case examples and review of the related literature. DECT pitfalls in these domains are also highlighted and the reader can gain knowledge of above concepts for prudent use of DECT in their musculoskeletal and general practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate utility of advanced CT techniques including HighlY constrained back-projection and dual-energy CT for intra- and post-procedure hepatic microwave ablation zone monitoring. Methods: 8 hepatic microwave ablations were performed in 4 adult swine (5 min/65 W). Low-dose routine CECT and dual-energy CT images were obtained every 1 min during ablation. Images were reconstructed ± HYPR. Image quality and dose metrics were collected. 21 MWA were performed in 4 adult swine. Immediate post-procedure CECT was performed in the arterial, portal venous, and delayed phases using both routine and DECT imaging with full-dose weight-based IV contrast dosing. An additional 16 MWA were subsequently performed in 2 adult swine. Immediate post-procedure CT was performed with half-dose IV contrast using routine and DECT. 12 patients (10 M/2F, mean age 62.4 yrs) with 14 hepatic tumors (4 HCC, 10 metastatic lesions) treated with MWA were prospectively imaged with DECT 1 month post-procedure. 120 kV equivalent images were compared to DECT [51 keV, iodine material density]. Image quality and dose metrics were collected. Results: Gas created during MWA led to high CNR in all intraprocedural CT datasets. Optimal CNRs were noted at 4 min with CNR 6.7, 15.5,15.9, and 21.5 on LD-CECT, LD-CECT + HYPR, DECT, and DECT + HYPR, respectively (p < 0.001). Image quality scores at 4 min were 1.8, 2.8, 2.4, and 3, respectively (p < 0.001). Mean radiation dose (CTDIvol) was eightfold higher for the DECT series. For swine, post-procedural DECT images (IMD/51 keV) showed improved CNR compared to routine CT at all time points with full and with reduced dose contrast (CNR 4.6, 3.2, and 1.5, respectively, at half-contrast dose, p < 0.001). For human subjects, the 51 keV and IMD images showed higher CNRs (5.8, 4.8 vs 4.0, p < 0.001) and SNRs (3.7, 5.9 vs 2.8). Ablation zone sharpness was improved with DECT (routine 3.0 ± 0.7, DECT 3.5 ± 0.5). Diagnostic confidence was higher with DECT (routine 2.3 ± 0.9, DECT 2.6 ± 0.8). Mean DLP for DECT was 905.7 ± 606 mGy-cm, CTDIvol 37.5 ± 21.2 mGy, and effective dose 13.6 ± 9.1 mSv, slightly higher than conventional CT series. Conclusion: Advanced CT techniques can improve CT image quality in peri-procedural hepatic microwave ablation zone evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract Spectral CT adds a new dimension to radiological evaluation, beyond assessment of anatomical abnormalities. Spectral data allows for detection of specific materials, improves image quality while at the same time reducing radiation doses and contrast media doses, and decreases the need for follow up evaluation of indeterminate lesions. We review the different acquisition techniques of spectral images, mainly dual-source, rapid kV switching and dual-layer detector, and discuss the main spectral results available. We also discuss the use of spectral imaging in abdominal pathologies, emphasizing the strengths and pitfalls of the technique and its main applications in general and in specific organs.

The introduction of spectral CT imaging in the form of fast clinical dual-energy CT enabled contrast material to be differentiated from other radiodense materials, improved lesion detection in contrast-enhanced scans, and changed the way that existing iodine and barium contrast materials are used in clinical practice. More profoundly, spectral CT can differentiate between individual contrast materials that have different reporter elements such that high-resolution CT imaging of multiple contrast agents can be obtained in a single pass of the CT scanner. These spectral CT capabilities would be even more impactful with the development of contrast materials designed to complement the existing clinical iodine- and barium-based agents. New biocompatible high-atomic number contrast materials with different biodistribution and X-ray attenuation properties than existing agents will expand the diagnostic power of spectral CT imaging without penalties in radiation dose or scan time.

PurposeTo evaluate the reduction of out-of-field artifacts caused by body parts outside the field of view (FOV) at rapid kVp switching dual-energy CT (rsDECT).Materials and methodsThis retrospective study was approved by our institutional review board. Informed consent was not required. We viewed 246 consecutive rsDECT thoracoabdominal scans to identify those with body parts outside the maximal FOV of 50 cm. The maximal length, thickness, and subjective severity of the out-of-field artifacts were recorded for the 40, 65, and 140 keV virtual monochromatic and iodine and water density images. Artifact severity was rated on a 6-point scale from 0 = absent to 5 = obscures intraabdominal/intrathoracic anatomic detail. Artifact thickness and severity scores were compared by t-test and Wilcoxon tests, respectively.ResultsIn 20 of 246 scans (8.1%), body parts extended past the maximum FOV of 50 cm. The mean BMI of these 20 patients was 40.2 kg/m2 (range, 26.83-61.69 kg/m2), and out-of-field artifacts occurred for all 20. The mean out-of-field artifact maximal length was 16.6 cm. The mean artifact thickness was significantly less for iodine density (0.6 mm) than for the 65 keV and water density images (8.4 and 13.5 mm, respectively, p

Rationale and Objectives: To evaluate the material decomposition (MD) techniques in rapid kVp switching dual-energy CT (rsDECT) for quantifying liver fat content in rats with nonalcoholic fatty liver.Materials and Methods: Fifty male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into study group (n=37) and control group (n = 13) and underwent rsDECT examination at different intervals. All the data analysis was performed using AW4.7 workstation. The fat contents under the traditional fat(water), fat(blood), and fat(muscle) material decomposition (MD) images and the fat volume fraction (FVF) from the liver fat maps generated using multi-material decomposition (MMD) technique were measured. The pathological grades (grade 0, 1, 2 and 3) of fatty liver were determined after euthanasia. The measurement differences among different grades and the correlation of measurements with different grades was analyzed using ANOVA and Spearman correlation, respectively. A receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve was used to analyze the diagnostic efficacies of fat contents and FVF.Results: There were statistically significant differences in FVF and fat contents under fat(water), fat(blood), fat(muscle) based MD images among different grades. These values correlated well with the pathological grades (R-value: 0.90, 0.75, 0.79, 0.80, all p <0.001), with FVF having the highest correlation. The area-under-the-curve in ROC of using FVF was the highest, with the cut-off value of 0.92 for sensitivity of 89.2% and specificity of 100%.Conclusion: The rsDECT MD techniques could quantitatively evaluate the fat content of fatty liver in rat, with the FVF from MMD having the highest correlation with pathological grades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Virtual monoenergetic (VM) dual-energy computed tomography (DE-CT) enables grey-to-white matter contrast-to-noise ratio optimization, potentially increasing ischaemic brain oedema visibility. The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of VM and standard DE-CT reconstructions for early stroke detection. Methods: Consecutive patients with non-contrast DE-CT of the brain scanned within 12 h of stroke symptom onset were prospectively included in the study. Patients with other significant brain pathology were excluded. Two radiologists jointly evaluated standard and VM reconstructions (from 40 to 190 keV at increments of 10 keV) for early stroke signs on a four-point Likert scale: (a) stroke definitely present, (b) stroke probably present, (c) probably no stroke, and (d) definitely no stroke. Follow-up imaging and clinical data served as the standard of reference. Diagnostic accuracy was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic analysis. Results: Stroke incidence among 184 patients was 76%. In 64 patients follow-up imaging served as the standard of reference: ischemic brain oedema detection was significantly more accurate on VM reconstructions at 80 keV compared with standard DE-CT reconstructions (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.821 vs. AUC = 0.672, p = 0.002). The difference was most prominent within the first 3 h after symptom onset (at 11%, AUC = 0.819 vs. AUC = 0.709, p = 0.17) and in patients with National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale above 16 (at 37.5%, AUC = 1 vs. AUC = 0.625, p = 0.14). Conclusion: VM DE-CT reconstructions at 80 keV appear to be the optimal non-contrast CT technique for diagnosing early ischaemic stroke, particularly within the first 3 h after symptom onset and in severely ill patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale and Objectives: To compare dual energy CT (DECT) quantitative metrics and radiomics for differentiating benign and malignant pancreatic lesions on contrast enhanced abdomen CT.Materials and Methods: Our study included 103 patients who underwent contrast-enhanced DECT for assessing focal pancreatic lesions at one of the two hospitals (Site A: age 68 ± 12 yrs; malignant = 41, benign = 18; Site B: age 46 ± 2 yrs; malignant = 23, benign = 21). All malignant lesions had histologic confirmation, and benign lesions were stable on follow up CT (>12 months) or had characteristic benign features on MRI. Arterial-phase, low- and high-kV DICOM images were processed with the DECT Tumor Analysis (DETA) to obtain DECT quantitative metrics such as HU, iodine and water content from a region of interest (ROI) over focal pancreatic lesions. Separately, we obtained DECT radiomics from the same ROI. Data were analyzed with multiple logistic regression and receiver operating characteristics to generate area under the curve (AUC) for best predictive variables.Results: DECT quantitative metrics and radiomics had AUCs of 0.98-0.99 at site A and 0.89-0.94 at site B data for classifying benign and malignant pancreatic lesions. There was no significant difference in the AUCs and accuracies of DECT quantitative metrics and radiomics from lesion rims and volumes among patients at both sites (p > 0.05). Supervised learning-based model with data from the two sites demonstrated best AUCs of 0.94 (DECT radiomics) and 0.90 (DECT quantitative metrics) for characterizing pancreatic lesions as benign or malignant.Conclusion: Compared to complex DECT radiomics, quantitative DECT information provide a simpler but accurate method of differentiating benign and malignant pancreatic lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiologists play a key role in the management of trauma patients. With the improvement of computed tomography (CT), radiologist makes an important contribution to the timely diagnosis of trauma-related findings and the choice of the most suitable treatment, improving patient outcomes. It is important to select the most appropriate imaging technique, which in the trauma patient is CT, and especially the most appropriate CT protocol, to correctly characterize trauma injuries. Currently, there is no agreement on what the optimal protocol is, acquisition times and number of contrast enhanced phases are not standardized. This is a review of the most recent literature on optimizing the CT protocol in polytrauma, with the intent of giving a useful tool for radiologists in the management of trauma patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urine sedimentation in the bladder can occur in various circumstances and can lead to urinary obstruction/stasis with associated pain. It is usually diagnosed with an ultrasound; however, CT is also used to assess the amount and to further check for urinary stones. Depending on the composition, urine sedimentation and stones can be treated medically by alkalinisation of the urine with potassium sodium hydrogen citrate in the case of uric acid-based sedimentation/stones. Due to technical developments and improved material differentiation and characterisation in CT imaging, dual-energy CT allows for differentiation of uric acid from calcium, which can be used for sedimentation/stone composition analysis. Subsequently, treatment decisions can be made based on the findings in dual-energy CT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: CT is often used for fracture evaluation following knee trauma and to diagnose ACL injuries would also be valuable. Purpose: To investigate the diagnostic accuracy of dual energy CT (DECT) for detection of ACL tears in acute and subacute knee injuries. Material and Methods: Patients with suspected ACL injury were imaged with DECT and MRI. Clinically blinded DECT images were independently read twice by two radiologists. ACL was classified as normal or abnormal. Arthroscopy served as reference method. Sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) were calculated, and diagnostic performance between DECT and MRI was assessed. Results: 48 patients (26 M, 22 F, mean age 23 years, range 15–37 years) were imaged with a mean of 25 days following trauma. Of these, 21 patients underwent arthroscopy with a mean of 195 days after trauma. Arthroscopy revealed 19 ACL tears and 2 ACLs with no tear. The combined sensitivity was 76.3% (95% CI 66.8–85.9) and 86.8 (95% CI 71.9–95.6) for DECT and MRI, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between these two methods (p =.223). The positive predictive value (PPV) was 93.5 (95% CI 84.3–98.2) and 91.7 (95% CI 77.5–98.3) for DECT and MRI, respectively. Conclusion: DECT has lower sensitivity to detect an ACL rupture than MRI, but the difference is not statistically significant. The PPV is high in both methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Detecting bladder cancer (BC) in routine CT images is important but is sometimes difficult when cancer is small. We evaluated the ability of 40-keV advanced monoenergetic images to depict BC. Materials and methods: Fifty-two patients with a median age of 74 years (range 45–92) who were diagnosed as BC with transurethral resection or cystectomy, were included. They were examined with contrast-enhanced dual-energy CT (DE-CT) and advanced virtual monoenergetic images (40 keV) were reconstructed. For evaluating depictability of BC on 40-keV or virtual-120-kVp images, the difference in CT number between the cancer and bladder wall (BC–BW value) were calculated. We also subjectively assessed depictability of BC in virtual-120-kVp and 40-keV images using a 4-grade Likert scale (3: clear, 0: not visualized). Results: In 42 of 52 patients, BC–BW values could be calculated because BC was detected on CT images. The mean BC–BW value at 40 keV was significantly higher than that of virtual 120 kVp [80.5 ± 54 (SD) vs. 11.4 ± 12.5 HU, P < 0.01]. Average scores of subjective evaluations in the virtual-120-kVp and 40-keV images were 1.7 ± 1.2 and 2.1 ± 1.2, respectively (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The advanced monoenergetic reconstruction technique reconstructed using DE-CT image is useful to depict BC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]