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This paper investigates two different views concerning the number of deictic degrees of demonstratives in Classical Arabic (CA) and Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). The first view claims that CA has a medial category of demonstratives in addition to proximals and distals; the second view postulates that there are only proximals and distals in CA. The study examines the dialectal origin of singular and dual CA demonstratives based on writings of ancient grammarians in addition to investigating the Semitic origin of these demonstratives. It is argued that the demonstrative system in CA is the result of a combination of two dialectal demonstrative systems: one of these had been used in Old ?ijaazi, while the other had been used in Old Tamiimi Arabic. Each of these dialects had only proximals and distals but no medials. Demonstratives in these dialects had dissimilar forms for distals. ?ijaazi distals had two suffixes attached to the proximal base, while Tamiimi ones had one suffix only. The presence of these different forms led grammarians representing the first view to the fallacy that demonstratives with one suffix are medials, while those with two suffixes are distals. However, the supposed medials are in fact the distals that were used in Old Tamiimi; their distance value is the same as that of Old Hijaazi distals.

The surge of new words and phrases accompanying the sudden COVID-19 outbreak has created new lexical and sociolinguistic changes that have become part of our lives. The emergence of COVID-19s coinages has remarkably increased to establish a trending base of global neologisms. The present study attempts to investigate the nature of the new English words and expressions that emerged in the wake of the COVID-19 crisis. It also identifies the type of word-formation processes that contributed to the emergence of these neologisms in the English language. The researchers compiled a corpus of 208 COVID-19-inspired neologisms from different sources, including social networking websites, search engines, blogs, and news articles. The analysis revealed that word-formation processes were so varied to cover all possible forms of derivation, including affixation, compounding, blending, clipping, acronyms, among others, along with dual word-formation processes, with compounding and blending being the most discrete. The findings showed that the flux of new terms demonstrates the creativity and vitality of the English language to respond to emerging situations in times of crisis. The study recommends that further research be carried out on the new terms that have been transferred to other languages as loanwords, loan-translations and loan-blends.

With the analysis of a textbook case, the inflectional category of dual in contemporary French, this article presents the hypothesis of a rise in morphology among the founding disciplines of grammar in written languages. Through a study of morphographies, this trend is considered here as a result of the emergence and development of so-called electronic dictionaries, with their lexicographical words as entries to access form / meaning associations. We know that these dictionaries, piloted by mixed teams of computer scientists and linguists, impose themselves step by step as major classificatory tools for the most general treatments, in theoretical and applied linguistics, now related in our modernity to the exploitation of large corpora that have become digitised.

This article presents contemporary Judeo-Spanish poetry for children in the context of the postvernacular mode (when the language is not used any more in everyday communication) of the language. It discusses the poetry collections of three authors who have published Judeo-Spanish poems in the twenty-first century: Ada Gattegno-Saltiel, Avner Perez, and Sarah Aroeste, as well as the project Yeladino, which is an anthology of Judeo-Spanish translations of Hebrew poems. It analyses the books and projects in terms of their subject matter, language, and poetic devices, as well as the relation of some of them with music, theatre-music performance, and educational activities. The paper raises the question of audience of this poetry, allowing for the fact that nowadays there are no children learning Judeo-Spanish as their first language, and that the language itself is considered severely endangered. The paper states the presence of the dual address in these books, i.e. to children and adults, both on the level of implied and real audience.

Finnish-Russian dual citizens are the largest group of multiple citizens in Finland. Building on thematic interviews and drawing on Sara Ahmed’s work on cultural politics of emotions, this paper ex...

Zhou Libo’s Baofeng zhouyu (Hurricane) and Ding Ling’s Taiyang zhao zai Sangganhe shang (The Sun Shines Over the Sanggan River), both written in 1948 and dual recipients of the Stalin Prize for Lit...

This article explores the duality of emergency powers and criminal law in old and new formations of empire. Set against the backdrop of the US “war on terror,” I link discussions around current articulations of empire and the treatment of “enemy combatants,” illuminating new connections between empire, emergency, and “enemy penology.” Focusing on Palestine/Israel, I explore the duality created by emergency powers and criminal law from the late British Empire to contemporary Israel/Palestine as an “imperial formation.” Through a genealogy of emergency legislation, military courts, and two case studies from the 1980s Israel, I show how emergency powers constitute a penal regime that complements ordinary criminal law through prosecutions of racialized enemy populations under a distinct exclusionary and punitive legality. Building on Markus Dubber's Dual Penal State, I demonstrate how the—openly illiberal—dual penal empire (i) suppresses political resistance (insurgency, rebellion, and terrorism) and (ii) institutionalizes enemy penology through emergency statutes and military courts. Thus, in imperial formations, such as Israel and the US—which deny their illiberal features—emergency powers are framed as preventive security and denied as part of the penal system, while enemy penology operates in plain sight.

This article focuses on Maḥzor Vitry, a work considered the major source of the liturgical rite, laws, and customs of the lost Jewish communities of northern France and, more broadly, constituting a landmark of intellectual creativity in medieval Franco-Germany. Compiled sometime in the second half of the eleventh century by Simḥah ben Samuel of Vitry (d. 1105), one of Rashi’s (1040/1–1105) closest disciples, the original manuscript of the Maḥzor Vitry is now lost. However, thirteen copies of the work, dated between the mid-twelfth and the second half of the fourteenth century, are still preserved in public and private collections worldwide. The only surviving work of its kind (from the school of Rashi) to combine liturgy and law, this dual-natured work can be regarded as a liturgical-halakhic compendium, rather than a traditional maḥzor. The aim of this study is to examine the corpus of extant manuscripts, describing their legal content and textual transmission, as well as their internal organization. In addition, it will consider unrelated addenda from a gamut of literary genres that were appended to these manuscripts from the first half of the thirteenth century onwards. A sample list of eight comparable liturgical-halakhic compendia from Franco-Germany (thirteenth to fifteenth centuries) are also briefly described, demonstrating that the dual and encyclopedic nature of these liturgical-halakhic compendia are not limited to Maḥzor Vitry and, therefore, can be viewed as a highly popular genre, used by the rabbinical and intellectual elite of medieval Franco-Germany.

The article presents an overview of the contexts and functions of using the names of mythological creatures found in the Samogitian daily discourse of the second half of the twentieth century, paying attention to the dual – rational or subconscious – nature of naming a mythological creature. The overview is based on the material provided by the Samogitian dialect dictionaries (see Aleksandravičius 2011, Vanagienė 2014–2015) and by the collection of authentic Samogitian speech texts (see Girdenis 1996). Special attention is paid to the types of expressions formed with the name of the devil. In the Samogitian daily discourse the name of the devil (or the name of another mythological creature subordinate to the devil) is used not only in cursing but also to show one’s ignorance (the type of constructions ‘the devil knows what’ is very popular), to convey comparisons, epithets, to reinforce the meaning of certain words. The word vel’(n’)s ‘the devil’ and some of its synonyms are chosen as a distinctive, but quite common substitute for a personal name or are used as an address (addressing a person). Usually, such descriptions are related to a person’s energy and otherness or changes in his/her behaviour patterns.

This study investigated the effects of four subtitle modes on the listening comprehension of TED (Technology, Entertainment, Design) talks and academic vocabulary learning of intermediate (non-English major) and advanced (English major) English as foreign language (EFL) learners. A total of 272 Chinese college sophomore students were randomly assigned to one of the four experimental groups: Dual subtitles, English subtitles, Chinese subtitles, and no subtitles. The participants viewed four TED talks videos over a period of two weeks and were pretested (vocabulary) and posttested (vocabulary, listening comprehension). The results demonstrated that there were no statistically significant differences among the four subtitle modes for intermediate learners. However, the findings showed significant differences among the four subtitle modes for advanced learners. Specifically, the no subtitle and dual subtitle groups performed significantly better than the English subtitle group on vocabulary learning. The Chinese subtitle group significantly outperformed the no subtitle group on listening comprehension. Taken together, the results for advanced English students indicated that the redundancy effect may exist in vocabulary learning and that adding dual subtitles may not impose high cognitive load. Accordingly, this study offered important implications for learning English through watching videos using different subtitle modes for Chinese students.

يتناول هذا البحث دراسة المثنى والجمع في مباحث النحو العربي، من ناحيتي البناء والإعراب، فاستعرض البحث دراسة هذين الموضوعين في أربعةأبواب نحوية، وهي أسماء الإشارة، والأسماء الموصولة، وجملة (لا) النافية للجنس، وجملة النداء. استعرض البحث أيضا کتابات النحويين في عصور النحو المختلفة، واستکشف آراءهم وأدلتهم، وشواهدهم، موافقا لهم أحيانا، ومحاولا مقابلة بعض آرائهم برأي جديد معتمدا على شواهد العربية. وجاءت نتائج البحث مواتية، حققت هدف البحث، وفيها أوجزت ما انتهى إليه البحث من نتائج، وکان أبرز ما جاء بها تبني البحث نظرية الازدواج الإعرابي وسيلة لتفسير مواضع وقوع المثنى والجمع بين ظاهرتي البناء والإعراب. The Dual and Plural in between Inflection and Parsing A Syntactic Study By: Reem Bint Khalaf Bin Meften Alj'aed Department of Language, Syntax and Morphology Faculty of Arabic Language Um Al- Qura University Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Abstract This research studies the dual and Plural Words between inflection and Parsing in Arabic Syntax. The research displays this topic in four chapters: demonstrative Pronouns, relative Pronouns, La " no" negation of gender, and the vocative style. The research has also examined Arabic references along the history of Arabic Syntax to detect their reviews and evidence. The thesis sometimes follows and sometimes denounces the inherited views. The thesis tries to show evidence seeking proof of its attitude. The conclusion agreed with the scope of the thesis and the most important result was that the inflection duplication was a good means of illustration in many places regarding the dual and plural words between inflection and Parsing. Keywords: Muthanna "dual", plural, inflection, syntax, sign, relative, inflectional pairing.

يلخص البحث ظاهرة من ظواهر الفصحى وهي : إفراد الفعل مع الفاعل الظاهر ، سواء أکان مفردا ،أو مثنى ، أو جمعا . تطابق الفعل مع فاعله الظاهر ، أي : إلحاق الفعل علامة تدل على نوع الفاعل من حيث العدد، أي : تسند ألف الاثنين للفعل إذا کان الفاعل مثنى ، وواو الجماعة إذا کان الفاعل جمع مذکر، ونون النسوة إذا کان الفاعل جمع مؤنث ، وقد وردت هاتان الصورتان ، في القرآان الکريم والسنة المطهرة ، وأقوال العرب شعرا ونثرا . وقد دارت الأبحاث السابقة حول ما إذا کانت الصورة الثانية فصيحة أوتعد لغة أخري ام أنها لغة ضعيفة شاذة واستقر الأمر على أنها لغة فصيحة إلا أنها قليلة الورود ، وجاءت في العامية کثيرا فهل جاءت الصورتان في العامية بنفس ما وردت في الفصحى ؟ أم أن هناک اختلاف ؟ قارن البحث بين شعر أحمد فؤاد نجم من شعراء العامية المصرية من خلال أعماله الکاملة الطبعة الأولى 2005، دار مريت القاهرة وتبن أن الشعر العامي من خلال هذه الأعمال قد وردت الصورة الثانية لکن بنسبة أکثر ورودا من الصورة الأولى، وقد وردت أمثلة على لسان الشاعر أيضا من الصورة الأولى ولکن بنسبة أقل من الثانية في حين أن الصورة االأولى في الفصحى هي السائدة ، إما الصورة الثانية وهي تطابق الفعل مع فاعله في العدد أقل ، والصورة الأولى في الفصحى على الأکثرية ، إلاأن في العامية العکس . الصورة الثانية أکثر ورودا في العامية من الأولى ، وقد تأثرت بالعامية المصرية ، حيث تعامل المثنى معاملة الجمع ، فإذا جاء المثنى في موقع الفاعل الحق بالفعل علامة الجمع وجاء على الصورة الثانية . وجاء المثنى بالياء والنون فقط ، ولم يأت مرفوعا رغم وقوعها في موقع المرفوع . کما أنه لم يأت من الصورة الثانية إلا ما وهو مسند إلى واو الجماعة فقط ، خلاف الفصحى ورد منها ما هو مسند إلى الواو ، ومنها ما أسند إلى نون النسوة ، ومنها ما أسند إلى ألف الاثنين ، بذلک يکون الشاعر يسير وفق نظام العربية ، ولم يخرج عنها إلا في أمثلة المثنى فقد عامله معاملة الجمع ، ومجيء المضارع المسند لواو الجماعة محذوف النون ( يقولوا – يسمعوا - يبقوا ) دون أن يسبقه الصب ، ولا جازم ، وبمجيء الصورتين في أعمال الشاعر يدل على اطلاعه على نظام العربية وإفادته منها ، وأن الفاتحين العرب المسلمين الذين نزلوا مصر واستقروا فيها کانت الصورتان في لغتهم مستقرة وـاثره أيضا بالعامية في عدم التزام الإعراب . The research summarizes one of the phenomena of Classical Arabic, namely: Usage of singular verbs with mentioned subjects; regardless of the subject’s singularity, duality, or plurality. Usage of verb agreement with its mentioned subjects in number (singular, dual, or plural), i.e. suffixing the verb with a morpheme corresponding to the subject’s number, i.e. suffixing the verb with either the dual morpheme [ā],[ الف] if the subject number is dual, the plural masculine morpheme [ū] ,[واو]if the subject’s gender is masculine and its number is plural, or the plural feminine morpheme [na][نون] if the subject’s gender is feminine and its number is plural. Both variations are used in Quran, Hadith, and Classical Arabic poetry and prose. Previous studies have tackled whether or not the second usage is Classical Arabic standard, another standard form, or a non-standard variation of Arabic. It has been settled that this usage is Classical Arabic standard but it is an infrequent one. This second usage however is frequently occurring in Colloquial Egyptian. But are the two variations used in Colloquial Egyptian in the same manner as in Classical Arabic, or are there differences? The paper studies and compares the poems written by Ahmed Fouad Negm through his Complete Works, First Edition, 2005, Merit Publishing House, Cairo, and it concludes that Colloquial Egyptian poetry – as seen in that body of work – showed a higher occurrence of the second usage compared to the first. The poet mentioned a variety of examples of the first usage but they were much less frequent than the second. With regard to Classical Arabic, the first usage is the frequent one. The second usage – the agreement of the verb with its correspondent subject in number – is rare in number. The first usage is more frequent, but in Colloquial Egyptian is quite rare. The second usage in Colloquial Egyptian is more frequent than the first. It has been influenced by Colloquial Egyptian in its treatment of dual subjects as plural. So, wherever the dual subject is in the nominative case, its corresponding verb is suffixed with the plural [masculine] morpheme and is written in the form of the second usage. Again, the dual subject is exclusively ending with the [yaa and noon] [الياء والنون] even if it is in the nominative case, (the inflection used in Classical Arabic for the nominative dual subject is [aliph and noon] الألف والنون]] and for the accusative and genitive cases is [yaa and noon] [الياء والنون] ). So in Colloquial Egyptian, the verbs agreeing with their corresponding subjects (the second usage) are exclusively suffixed with the masculine plural morpheme [ū واو], regardless of the duality, plurality, masculinity, or femininity of their subjects, in contrast with Classical Arabic where the verbs agree with the gender as well as the number of their corresponding subject; being suffixed with [ā الف], [ū واو], [na نون] for masculine or feminine dual subject, masculine plural subject, and feminine plural subject respectively. Thus it is seen that the poet is observing the Classical Arabic model and has not deviated from it other than in his treatment of dual subjects as plural. In his treatment of the present tense, verbs are suffixed with the masculine plural morpheme [ūواو]-- as he exclusively uses them with the inflection of the subjunctive and jussive modes [ū], even if they are in the indicative mood (which in Classical Arabic ends in [ūna]), (e.g. ya-qū-lū, yas-ma-ʿū, yub- qū). Using both variations in his works, it is shown that the poet has knowledge of the Classical Arabic model, and has benefited from it. Again, the poet shows that the Muslim Arab conquerors who came to Egypt and settled in it had already had both variations established in their linguistic usage. It also shows that the poet has been influenced by Colloquial Egyptian in that he has not observed the inflection of Classical Arabic.

The purpose of this study was to examine the manifestation of the unique cultural backdrop of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) (the historical and political underpinnings of the GAA; the promo...

The purpose of this study is to expand satirical expressions that appear in a wide range of arts into fashion and to analyse and present satirical expressions that appear in contemporary fashion through the collections of Thom Browne. Theoretical examination of satirical concepts were made of domestic and foreign academic theses, dissertations, precious studies, and publications related to satire. Analysis was conducted on cases in which satirical expressions were applied in literature, painting, sculpture, and fashion. Based on these studies, analysis was conducted on satirical expressions appearing in Thom Browne’s work. Material was gathered from collection reviews, interview articles, professional books, and internet photo material from professional fashion magazines encompassing 16 years of Thom Browne’s collections officially recorded in the international fashion magazine ‘Vogue’, ranging from the 2006 S/S collection to the 2021 S/S collection. From this, a total of 1,753 photos were collected as data. Characteristics of satirical expression were analyzed and the results were as follows. A fluid reconstruction of ‘gender fluid’, dual meanings of metaphorical allegories, playful expressions of visual wit, constructions made of overlapped disassembled material, and borrowing of morphological distortion were all identified. Accordingly, satirical approaches as social aspects and objects in the flow of modern thought appear as positive forms based in humor that hope to be improved. This study anticipate the concept of satire will expand into a positive form as a new direction of fashion.

Sefer Ḥasidim (The Book of the Pious) has long served as a crucial source for medieval Jewish historiography. Yet the dual question of who composed the anonymous text and how its varying recensions came into existence has been a contentious one among scholars of medieval Ashkenaz. In particular, opinions have been split on the issue of the book’s authorship. Ever since the 1538 publication of the editio princeps, Judah he-Ḥasid (“the Pious,” d. 1217) has been credited as the work’s singular “author,” but in the intervening years numerous theories of composite authorship have been proposed as well. The present article reassesses notions of “authorship” in medieval Ashkenaz and does so in dialogue with Ivan Marcus’s recent Sefer Ḥasidim and the Ashkenazic Book in Medieval Europe (2018), a work that seeks to deconstruct the reductive category of unitary “books” in medieval Ashkenaz, but which simultaneously reifies Judah’s self-conscious “authorial identity.” In contrast, I argue on methodological and conceptual grounds that “authorship” is a problematic category in medieval Ashkenazic culture and suggest that in the case of Sefer Ḥasidim there are textual reasons to doubt that a single individual (Judah he-Ḥasid or anyone else) was solely responsible for “authoring” the text in its entirety.

The ethnic identity of children in ethnically mixed families is of considerable academic interest. In order to determine the main thematic problems in this work, the author conducts a historiographic study of the degree of study of the ethnic identity of children in ethnically mixed families. On the basis of these historiographic sources, special studies of the problem under study were systematized by the method of problem-chronological and comparative analysis. In particular, they analyzed research in the Google Scholar search engine related to the issues of children in ethnically mixed marriages in an English-language search. The article systematized problem blocks: theories of ethnic and racial categories in identification, the influence of the place and stages of socialization on ethnic identity, the role of social practice in the formation of ethnic identity. Thus, the author has identified three areas of special research into the problem of ethnic identity of children with dual ethnicity as a result of interethnic marriage. Thematic analysis of the texts revealed insufficient knowledge of ethnic identity in ethnically mixed families, in particular Koreans abroad. This analysis has a number of limitations, which set the task for further consideration in the context of studying the peculiarities of the ethnic identity of foreign Koreans, taking into account the specifics of the history and culture of the host country. Key words: ethnic identity, interethnic families, historiography, special studies, dual ethnicity.

This article argues for understanding the reform of the Buddhist tradition in nineteenth-century Siam as a shift towards a secular conceptual grammar, and positions this shift within the dual imperial context of Siam. The binary conceptual structure that can be traced in the Nangsue Sadaeng Kitchanukit (Elaboration on major and minor matters, 1867) also included an opposition between Buddhism and Islam, documenting not only the epistemic marks of the Christian missionary encounter, but also the inner-political imperial context of Siam's hegemony over the Islamic sultanate of Patani.

The Treason Clause creates an individual right at a criminal trial that could have logically been placed within the Fifth Amendment rather than Article III: “No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court.” It has effectively prevented expansive uses of the charge at the federal level. But states may also charge citizens with treason against state governments, and many such prosecutions have played important roles in American history. This article reviews the parallel histories of state and federal treason prosecutions. It then analyzes contemporary state treason laws, showing that many, but not all, states have analogues to the Treason Clause in their own constitutions. The article focuses on those states that provide fewer protections for defendants accused of treason, or define treason more broadly than the federal Constitution, asking whether the Treason Clause should be incorporated against the states through the Fourteenth Amendment. While the doctrine of incorporation is normally applied to the Bill of Rights, I argue that the Treason Clause creates an individual right that is “fundamental to our scheme of ordered liberty” and “deeply rooted in this Nation’s history and tradition.” Its similarities to the Bill of Rights with respect to its structure and purpose argue in favor of incorporation. I also consider whether treason remains relevant in the modern context, given the lack of recent significant treason prosecutions, concluding that it does.

Manuscript Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS fr. 12577 and ivory casket Musée du Louvre, OA 122, and are two of three extant fourteenth-century visualizations of Chrétien’s Le Conte du Graal, produced in Paris circa 1310-1330. Although the objects’ shared era of production suggests similarities of iconography, artistic influences, and production methods, little research has been conducted regarding visual and cultural connections between MS fr. 12577 and OA 122. Through iconographic and stylistic analysis of the scenes each artisan depicted within his respective medium, I elucidate how the casket and manuscript’s imagery personifies Perceval’s dual nature, a young knight symbolic of the secular and sacred. As visualizations of Chrétien’s most religiously-minded legend, MS fr. 12577 and OA 122 exemplify the intertwining of the sacred and secular within fourteenth-century French romantic art, specifically within illuminated manuscripts and carved ivory, materials that through their refinement, rarity, and expense, signified leisure, luxury, and nobility. By examining these two opulent objects, I provide insights into their purpose and significance in late medieval France, especially cultural crossover between the porous realms of sacred and secular medieval life. Manuscrito Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS fr. 12577 y cofre de marfil Musée du Louvre, OA 122, son dos de las tres visualizaciones existentes del siglo XIV de Le Conte du Graal de Chrétien, producidas en París alrededor de 1310-1330. Aunque la era de producción compartida de los objetos sugiere similitudes de iconografía, influencias artísticas y métodos de producción, se han realizado pocas investigaciones sobre las conexiones visuales y culturales entre MS fr. 12577 y OA 122. A través del análisis iconográfico y estilístico de las escenas que cada artesano representa en su medio respectivo, elucido cómo el cofre y las imágenes del manuscrito personifican la naturaleza dual de Perceval, un joven caballero simbólico de lo secular y lo sagrado. Como visualizaciones de la leyenda más religiosa de Chrétien, MS fr. 12577 y OA 122 ejemplifican el entrelazamiento de lo sagrado y lo secular dentro del arte romántico francés del siglo XIV, específicamente dentro de manuscritos iluminados y marfil tallado, materiales que, por su refinamiento, rareza y gasto, significaban ocio, lujo y nobleza. Al examinar estos dos opulentos objetos, proporciono ideas sobre su propósito y significado en la Francia medieval tardía, especialmente el cruce cultural entre los porosos reinos de la vida medieval sagrada y secular.

The “Dual Structure” model on the formation of the modern Japanese population assumes that the indigenous hunter-gathering population (symbolized as Jomon people) admixed with rice-farming population (symbolized as Yayoi people) who migrated from the Asian continent after the Yayoi period started. The Jomon component remained high both in Ainu and Okinawa people who mainly reside in northern and southern Japan, respectively, while the Yayoi component is higher in the mainland Japanese (Yamato people). The model has been well supported by genetic data, but the Yamato population was mostly represented by people from Tokyo area. We generated new genome-wide SNP data using Japonica Array for 45 individuals in Izumo City of Shimane Prefecture and for 72 individuals in Makurazaki City of Kagoshima Prefecture in Southern Kyushu, and compared these data with those of other human populations in East Asia, including BioBank Japan data. Using principal component analysis, phylogenetic network, and f4 tests, we found that Izumo, Makurazaki, and Tohoku populations are slightly differentiated from Kanto (including Tokyo), Tokai, and Kinki regions. These results suggest the substructure within Mainland Japanese maybe caused by multiple migration events from the Asian continent following the Jomon period, and we propose a modified version of “Dual Structure” model called the “Inner-Dual Structure” model.

The purpose of this study is to examine the role of the translator of Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales into Afrikaans in the dual contexts of the ideological milieu that dominated the Afrikaans literary ...

The increase in Israeli emigration and Israeli dual citizenship over the past fifteen years has created growing expatriate communities and Hebrew literary production outside of Israel. The emigrati...

This article explores the ways in which the dual visions of French director Jacques Audiard and Sri Lankan Tamil writer Shobasakhti, despite a blatant lack of linguistic communication, come to coha...

The article is devoted to the consideration of family and woman sanctification in the Ukrainian spiritual tradition. The study reveals the feminine motives of the Ukrainian language culture and ethnic mentality and represents the issue of dual consideration of religious phenomenon and religion as a spiritual paradigm of ethnic and mental themes in the Ukrainian ethnic culture. The authors study ethnic and social dimensions of the Ukrainian mentality in light of the crisis of traditional religion and family communication culture. The multivector post-industrial world is inconsistent with the sense of traditional Ukrainian religion that has caused its crisis. Consequently, the vital issue for the Ukrainian nation is the Ukrainian ethnos, which nature considers spiritual and historical national experience. The true spiritual Renaissance of Ukraine and tolerant attitude to the other values are possible only when the true Ukrainian values are popularized and respected.

During development of the Standard Lithuanian language at the end of the 19th century, the dialectal basis was chosen first, and the orthography varied yet for another twenty years. This article analyses the dual orthography – of books and personal orthography of their authors. The study is designed to find out whether the books published during that period reflect the orthographic model chosen by their authors; what factors, in addition to the author’s choice, may have influenced the orthography of the books.The influence of printers on the orthography of books during that period was smaller than before, as many authors did the proofreading themselves. Thus, printers were able to change the orthography in cases where books were printed without the author’s knowledge or consent, such as prayer books. If the author chose unusual, rare, or even self-invented characters, a limited inventory of prints could be a serious obstacle to keep their orthography in the book. As the case of Jonas Basanavičius shows, even when the author offered to finance the acquisition of the necessary prints, this was not necessarily done.At the end of the 19th century, books were published as supplements to periodicals. The editors of newspapers Ūkininkas and Tėvynės sargas adapted the orthography of such books to their periodicals. Under the terms of the press ban, it was often important for authors just to print a book, and the spelling model was chosen by the publisher. However, authors such as Basanavičius, who considered themselves the creators of the standard language, took care to present their chosen or created model of orthography in their books as well.As the cases of Liudvika Didžiulienė, Dominykas Tumėnas and Basanavičius show, two orthographic standards emerged during the research period: correspondence was written one way and books were printed another. Hence, it is not always possible to judge the orthographic model chosen by the authors in books published at the end of the 19th century and the early 20th century.

This article focuses on film subtitles, as a distinctive instantiation of cinematic discourse and a distinctive form of translation. Like dubbing and audiovisual translation more broadly, interlingual subtitling is increasingly recognised as a meaning-making mode and language variety in its own right, so far usually with application to single language pairs. In the pilot study reported here, the representational potential of subtitling is approached comparatively across different languages, with a dual objective: to further enquiry into the distinctiveness and creativity of subtitling as a mode of expression, and to make a start on inspecting how different languages may harness their own specificities to the demands and opportunities of interlingual subtitling. The work has drawn on (Romance) French, Italian, Spanish and (Germanic) English and German subtitle data, all from Lonergan's 2016 feature film in US English Manchester by the Sea. Representation of source dialogues is explored qualitatively across these languages from a broad cross-cultural pragmatics perspective, in a subset of scenes from across the film and with particular focus on functional pragmatic markers. The study is exploratory at this stage, but part of a broader agenda intended to increase our understanding of audiovisual translation as intercultural mediation.

According to the “spatial turn,” space in cities are considered not only in the context of social processes but also as a product of human activity and imagination. Street naming is an integral part of the human vision of space in cities. In the medieval and early modern times, the names were inextricably linked to the objects, artisans, or communities residing in the territory. Due to this, I can classify street names and trace their origins. Often, the street naming is mentioned in the renaming directories and studied, mainly, at the local lore level, especially in Lviv. It means that street names in Lviv sometimes became the subject of speculation and have overgrown with centuries-old myths. My research aims to clarify the renaming processes, study the genesis of such names, and display them on a map using a geo-information system. That will explain and makes us better understand their formation. So, I present an advanced methodology of researching street names in Lviv. As the first step in this research, I created a database of the street names in Lviv in 1382-1768 years. The tax records were the primary source, and the city council books were the auxiliary source. In this database, every street name has a unique ID. Then, I created the Geo-informational system [application QGIS 2.18]. It has three layers, where: layer one contains the Friedrich von Mieg’s map of Lviv (XVIII century), layer two has a modern map, and layer three contains the objects (streets), to which names from the database are merged. Because of the ID, the application extracts only the desired street name and chronologically displays its development. It allows us to analyze the changes in street names, their approximate location, and understand the origins of some myths in Lviv’s street naming. For example, analyzing the development of street name “Sutorum/Szewska” (Cobbler street) I have proved that the building and appearance of the Jesuit church have affected to the perception of the adjacent space, so the street name became dual: “Jesuit or Szewska street”. The second example shows that street name “Zarwanska/Serbanska” comes from the old-polish word, which means “loud market”, but not from the Serbians that came to Lviv much later, than street name appeared.

The National Newspaper Publishers Association, founded in 1940 as the Negro Newspaper Publishers Association (NNPA), served two roles from the outset. As a trade organization, it sought to professionalize the Black press by holding regular conventions, improving business practices, and implementing journalism awards. As an advocacy organization, the NNPA met with sitting presidents and high-ranking government officials to push for civil rights legislation. This study, the first to document and discuss the NNPA’s dual roles, draws on organizational records, news stories, and other primary sources by and about the NNPA since its inception to illustrate the scope of its work for the Black press and equality. The historical narrative also situates the organization in the context of the Civil Rights Movement and the long struggle for equal rights in the United States. Current advocacy and trade issues are discussed in the light of this narrative and the COVID-19 pandemic, and some suggestions for improvement are offered relative to the NNPA’s eightieth anniversary in 2020.

The study used naturalistic data on the production of nominal prefixes in the Otopamean language Northern Pame (autonym: Xi'iuy) to test Whole Word (constructivist) and Minimal Word (prosodic) theories for the acquisition of inflection. Whole Word theories assume that children store words in their entirety; Minimal Word theories assume that children produce words as binary feet. Northern Pame uses obligatory portmanteaux prefixes to inflect nouns for class, number, animacy and possessor. Singular nouns constitute 90 percent of the nouns that the children hear and yet all five two-year-old children frequently omitted the singular noun prefixes, but produced the low frequency noun suffixes for dual and animate plural. Neither the children's production of the noun-class prefixes nor their prefix overextensions correlated with the adult type and token frequencies of production. Northern Pame children constructed Minimal Words that contain binary feet and disfavor the production of initial, extrametrical prefixes.

Literature is a dual discipline as it deals with human beings and their environment at monist and dualist levels. Duality in literature in this respect arouses considerable interest here. It is explored in West African writings with a particular focus on Achebe’s A Man of the People and Soyinka’s The Lion and the Jewel. Both authors’ use of duality for each is examined by attempting to measure the two literary works’ main characters and the leading themes. Achebe’s Chief Nanga and his antagonist, Odili, are compared to Soyinka’s Baroka and his rival Lakunle. Sidi the center of the conflict in Soyinka’s play is measured to Achebe’s Edna. Both writers’ works are examined under the plane of the conflict of generations. The two literary works exhibit the themes of tradition versus modernity depicted through their characters. The analysis revealed that a character in one genre may be different from or similar to another’s story character from a similar or different setting.

This article examines the dual and paradoxical conception of the Arabic literary canon in Orientalist and Nahḍa discourses in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries—an era of great change and closer mutual cultural awareness between Europe and the Arab world. What Arabic literature had long signified to European scholars since Antoine Galland’s eighteenth-century translation of The Arabian Nights (mysticism, Romanticism and a platform to explore sexual taboos) was very different from how the nationalist-minded Nahḍa intellectuals wanted to reconfigure it as the hallmark of the rational “Golden Age” of Arab civilization. Sexuality became a site of contestation between certain Orientalists who praised Arab literary “frankness” and an anxious class of Arab scholars who wanted to “cleanse” the Arabic literary canon and reconfigure it in line with modern, European standards of “respectability” and “politeness.”

Bialystok (2015) argues that the bilingual’s cognitive benefit is related to the continuous supervision and the need for conflict resolution that happens when dual languages are co-activated. One framework that clearly projects the experience of the bilingual, in terms of swapping languages is the bilingual’s language modes (BLMs) by Grosjean (2001). In this review paper, we have highlighted the policy of medium of instruction for teaching English in primary schools in Ghana. Again, we have briefly described the tenants of the BLMs, and demonstrated how these modes can be applied on the Ghanaian bilingual primary schools. On the basis of the BLMs, we argue that the most suitable medium of instruction for teaching and learning of English as a second language at the primary level (primary 1 - 6) of a diverse Ghanaian multilingual society should be English language, and the mother tongue of the community within which the school is situated. This argument is in conformism with Anyidoho (2009), and Owusu et al. (2015). Consequently, this paper would enable the key stakeholders of Ghanaian primary schools, to reexamine the policy of instruction for teaching English in Ghanaian primary schools, by placing prominence on the first language of the various speech communities in Ghana.

This article examines how UK, English, Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish unionisms and unionists are responding to the Brexit crisis in the state. The United Kingdom faces a dual territorial sover...

The present study analyzed lexical processing efficiency in Spanish-speaking English language learners (ELLs) and their monolingual English-speaking peers from kindergarten through second grade. Specifically, changes in the patterns of speed and accuracy on a rapid object-naming task were evaluated across languages for the ELL children and across the groups of children. Repeated measures analysis of variance demonstrated that ELL children have a rapid shift in language processing efficiency from Spanish to English by the end of kindergarten. Results also showed that by the end of kindergarten ELL children were slightly faster and more accurate in English compared with their monolingual peers. This work provides perspective on how lexical processing is impacted by the development of a dual lexical system. We discuss how lexical density, strength of lexical connections, and environmental constraints may influence this rapid shift in lexical processing efficiency for young Spanish-speaking ELL children.

The current study analyzes Spanish present tense morphology with a focus on overregularization. It examines written production from two groups of English/Spanish bilingual children in a dual immersion setting, Spanish heritage language (SHL) speakers (n = 21) and Spanish second language (SL2) learners (n = 41), comparing them to age-matched (nine to ten years old) Spanish majority language children (n = 15). Spanish majority children show full mastery of present tense regular, stem-changing and irregular morphology. SHL children seem to have acquired mastery of regular inflectional morphology, but not of stem-changing morphology. SL2 children are significantly less accurate than both majority Spanish and SHL children in terms of both regular and irregular morphology. Evidence of overregularization, but not of irregularization, is provided for both SHL and SL2 children. The analysis of overregularization errors supports a variational approach (Yang, 2016) to acquisition, storage and access of morphology.

The mastery of morphological structure and vocabulary acquisition are significantly associated. However, the association between the abilities of L2 learners to manipulate morphological elements and develop vocabulary size with native Arabic speakers needs to be assessed. This study assesses the impact of morphological knowledge on lexical acquisition and processing among English-speaking learners of Arabic. The study focused on gender (masculine/feminine) and the complete number system (singular/dual/plural) by native English speakers. The error rates and error patterns were analysed carefully to provide insight into the learner’s interlanguage grammar through the experiment. The experimental study design was used. The study sample included 40 of L2 Arabic speakers from Arabic language courses at major universities in Northern Virginia and Maryland. These were native English speakers with no exposure to Arabic before their enrolment in the university. The sample was divided into three groups (Group I, individual in the second year of Arabic program, Group II, individual in 3rd or 4th year of the program, and Group III control group, five native speakers of Arabic). Different tasks were presented to the groups, where PsychoPy software was used for task presentation. Audacity Version 2.0 was audio-recorded, transcribed, and coded by the experimenter. The production and comprehension test revealed that morphological problems are prevalent at the advanced proficiency level. It showed the role of animacy for the morphological variability and higher agreement accuracy for human targets. It concluded that morphological variability in L2 Arabic remains a persistent problem even at advanced levels of proficiency, extending to comprehension.

This article aims to analyze the dual Orientalism of the Chilean fans of K-pop. All Asians in Chile are often referred to as chinitos (Chinese). Chilean society, generally speaking, considers the fans of Asian popular culture as ‘weird’ and as ‘outsiders’. The rejection of an unfamiliar culture is related to the process of cultural identity formation in Chile: an oligarchy society. Taking this into account, this article, based on in-depth interviews conducted in Santiago in September–November 2018, explores the most influential phenomena on the formation of cultural identity in Chile, determining social legacies of socio-economic status in Chile, and the influence of Japanese and Korean popular culture on young adults in Chile. Then, it investigates the nuances of the term chinitos in Chilean youth. Finally, it maps out the multiple societal contradictions in Chilean youth due to conflicting co-existence of indigenous culture and rapid neo-liberalization.

This essay traces the cultural legacy of the Port Royal Experiment, the Civil War–era social experiment in free labor conducted by Union forces on the Sea Islands of South Carolina and Georgia. Whereas literary and cultural historians typically focus on the “discovery” of slave spirituals by Northern missionaries and educators at Port Royal, this essay tracks how later writers, performers, and sociologists returned to the Sea Islands to reimagine the promise of free labor. The archive thus assembled includes Civil War–era ethnographies, memoirs, and reports; the scholarly monographs in UNC Press’s Social Study Series; and DuBose Heyward’s popular “Negro novel” Porgy (1925). Across this interdisciplinary tradition, writers of various stripes seek by turns to celebrate and contain the threat of the free but noncapitalist black body. The latter figure, recalling the disability category’s historical role in sorting people into work-based or need-based systems of social distribution, is commonly represented as disabled. Ultimately, the essay documents a dual development in US political economy as the marginalization of contraband slaves as capitalist laborers on the Sea Islands—the “failure” of the Port Royal Experiment—gives way to the consolidation of “black culture,” a success of a different kind.

The German phrase ‘Musik und Sprache’ has a dual meaning: both ‘music and speech’ and ‘music and language’. This is a commonly used phrase within the German speaking New Music community to refer to...

The writing of literary history, generally speaking, is a matter of selecting and organizing literary works according to aesthetic judgement and historical values. If one writes the literary history of a foreign culture, however, at least if one wants to include samples of literary works, one must contend with the issue of translation, not only in the sense of having to choose which source texts to translate but also in that of choosing among existing translations or of translating oneself. The dual role of a historian and a translator is a challenging and complicated balancing act, as proven in the case of H.A. Giles (1845–1935), whose 1901A History of Chinese Literature is the first Chinese literary history ever written in English. As one of the then leading sinologists in Europe, Giles had contributed tremendously to the dissemination of Chinese literature by way of smooth translations that appealed to his English readers, but which also formed an obstacle for the reader’s proper understanding of the history of Chinese literature. The evidence for this comes from his misguided take on the dual aspects of visibility and invisibility of the translator’s identity in writing about a foreign literature.

Drawing on ethnographic data collected while working as a deckhand on two Scottish trawlers, this article analyses the spatialisation of social, religious, and economic inequalities that marked relations between crew members while they hunted for prawns in the North Sea. Moreover, it explores these inequalities as a wider feature of life in Gamrie, Aberdeenshire, a Brethren and Presbyterian fishing village riven by disparities in wealth and religion. Inequalities identified by fishermen at sea mirrored those identified by residents onshore, resulting in fishing boats being experienced as small floating villages. Drawing on the work of Rodney Needham, this article suggests that these asymmetries can be traced along a vertical axis, with greater to lesser wealth and religiosity moving from top/above to bottom/below. The article seeks to understand the presence and persistence of these hierarchies at sea and on land, by revisiting dual classification within anthropological theory.

This paper presents the L1 Portuguese – L2 Spanish subcorpus of Corpus Escrito del Español L2 (CEDEL2), a new methodological resource for second language acquisition (SLA) research, which is freely searchable and downloadable (http://cedel2.learnercorpora.com). CEDEL2 is a large-scale, multi-L1 learner corpus of L2 Spanish which contains written productions from learners at all proficiency levels as well as 6 native control subcorpora (total size: over 1,100,000 words from over 4,000 participants). CEDEL2 follows strict corpus design criteria (Sinclair, 2005) and learner corpus design recommendations (Tracy-Ventura & Paquot, 2021a). In its current version (CEDEL2 v. 2), its Portuguese component includes an L1 Portuguese – L2 Spanish subcorpus, with 21,662 words written by 164 participants, and an L1 Portuguese native subcorpus, with 3,500 words from 16 L1 speakers of European Portuguese. Thanks to their design features (e.g., same design across subcorpora, inclusion of metadata about SLA-relevant variables, dual native control subcorpora) and freely available web interface, CEDEL2 and its Portuguese subcorpora allow researchers to investigate a wide range of topics in SLA.

Suddha Dharma Mandalam (SDM) is name of an ancient Hierarchy which watches over the evolutionary progress of the Humanity. In the whole Universe the Bhagavad Gita—the Yogic art of Brahman—occupies the most exalted position. The aim of this study is to explain the composition and the mystic-philosophical principles that sustain SDM Bhagavad Gita of 745 slokas and 26 chapters. Suddha Gita contains 745 verses in 26 chapters conformed by the dual extreme “The Pranava” (first and last chapters) and the central body “The Gayatri” of 24 chapters (4 feet). The first (Proem) and last one (Epilogue) represent Vyasthi- and Samasthi-para aspects of The Pranava; these aspects correspond to the Brahman conception of One and Many, respectively. While 4 feet or headings (G&ntildeana-knowledge, Bhakti-desire, Karma-action and Yoga-synthesis) correspond to 4 aspects of eternal Dharma and the 4 keys for life learning (quadruple life-path), the 24 chapters represent the 24 material tatwas. By the other hand, the greatest symbols known are The Pranava or the syllable Om and The Gayatri consisting of 24 syllables. The syllable of Pranava contains 2 expressions: 1) the analytical three-letters AUM which normally appear at the beginning of important mantras, where the first letter represents Atma or the Self-aspect of Brahman; U the Prakriti or the Not-self aspect; M the Shakti or the Force-aspect; 2) the synthetical two-letters OM which normally appear at the end of important mantras, where O (pronounced at center of the palate) integrates the 2 extreme vowels and M similar like before. The AUM at the beginning signifies that Brahman is the source from which the factors manifest themselves, and Om at the end signifies that these factors merge and become synthesized in that very Brahman. No reference has been made to the reason for the introduction by the author of the first and the twenty-sixth chapters and his linking them with the body of the twenty-four chapters compacted together under the four groups. The whole of the current recension is divided into 18 chapters and empirically divided into three shatkas—Kriya, Bhakti and G&ntildeana shatkas, which are based on “tripada gayatri”, although Gayatri to be complete has to be “chatuspada-shadangula” representing the well-known 24 principles, six in each pada. The absence, thus, of a fourth pada as such is a serious unfortunately omission. Today Suddha Gita is valid and it is being read by many people around world, since SDM Order as an outer organization has several schools distributed in American and European countries.

Middle age Turkish history works as a main source are limited. The 15th century historian Yazicizâde Ali’s work Tevârih-i Âl-i Selcuk, which is written in 1434, Murad the 2nd period, is one of the main source in this age. It is known with many different names as Tevârih-i Âl-i Selcuk, Târiḫ-i Âl-i Selcuk, Oguz-nâme, Selcuḳ- nâme. Tevârih-i Âl-i Selcuk is different than other works in the history of Seljuk with its content. Therefore, in this work pre-islamic Turkish History, Seljuk, Ghaznavid, Mongols, Kharzem Shah State, the period of Seigniory of Anatolia and the history of Ottoman Empire’s beginning are mentioned and can be named as a Overall Turkish History. With the help of the work one can reach the important and detailed information about names, tamgas, bones, traditions, the method of being khan and bey, usage of dual administration in governance, the family tree of Seljuk, and the details relationship with other governments of the Oghuz tribe. In this article, the information about the importance of the work, copies, its language, its wording of Tevârih-i Âl-i Selcuk by Yazicizâde Ali, are given and addition to that word groups are evaluated. Sentences, which are constructed by word groups, are evaluated with the frame of “Turkcede Soz Dizimi” by Leyla Karahan. Lastly, the outcomes of the analyzing and resources are mentioned in the articl

This chapter analyzes speeches delivered by former Colombian President, Álvaro Uribe Vélez, between August 2002 and August 2009, which can be found on the official website of the presidency: ( http://web.presidencia.gov.co/discursos/ ). We attempt to identify the webs of meaning surrounding the concepts of ‘Democratic Security’ and ‘Communitarian State’ with awareness of the relationship between discourse, ideology and power. The aim is to better understand the political power of the plans, programs and projects developed by Uribe’s administration, and how this was affected by widespread deployment of the media. These policies are conditioned by a set of colonialist principles that are embodied in symbolic-discursive strategies that result in representations, by means of which mechanisms of marginalization, discrimination and polarized hierarchy are legitimized from the different social spheres. During the 7-year period analyzed there were controversial debates over the commission of crimes against humanity by national security agents, as well as corruption scandals over topics like ‘para-politics’, ‘false positives’, selective arrests, extrajudicial killings and violations of the sovereignty of bordering countries. Within this political context, we attempt to identify the inherent tensions and social conflicts. It is argued that the analyzed discourses reproduce colonialist thoughts, in relation to neoliberal principles and the application of global policies. Using the principles of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), we explore the strategies and resources used in Uribe’s speeches and how major themes are positioned to reproduce systems of beliefs, values and attitudes.

This article draws from historical treatises on Arabic grammar, alongside modern theories of untranslatability and translation ethics, to argue for both the practical feasibility and the ethical potential of accounting for the grammatical Arabic dual inflection in English translations of Arabic literature. It considers the dual to possess certain formal qualities—of sound, sense, affective impact, and ontological significance—that require a correspondingly material and embodied mode of engagement from the translator, which is described here with reference to my own published translation of a contemporary Lebanese novel. Ultimately, I propose that such an approach enables new and more ethical ways of reading from an Anglophone audience.

The foundation and institutionalisation of Austrian and Hungarian geography not only occurred in the same historical period but also within the confines of the same territorial unit, the Habsburg Empire, and then the Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy. Just as in the case of the population and the enterprises, science had no internal borders within the Monarchy either; still, the vast majority of scholars treat the two parts of the Empire separately. In this paper, my view of the Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy as a unified legal entity is applied for the development of the discipline of geography. In addition to the process of institutionalisation in the Empire’s two parts (in the form of the establishment of university geography departments and geographical societies), I also provide an overview of the scientific work done by the heads of geography departments of the universities of Vienna and Budapest, the two main centres of national scientific life. By doing so, not only the Dualism-era development of Austrian and Hungarian geography can be compared and their connections can be identified but the Monarchy’s geographical discipline can also be placed in an international context.

The purpose of this study is to identify language influence on students' performance. This study involves 55 undergraduate student who are taking the Economic Principles course at the Sultan Idris Education University. The specific objectives of the study are; to identify the choice of language for the examination, to determine students' exam performance in both languages, and lastly to measure mean score difference by language and by gender. The data are analyzed by using descriptive statistics, paired-sample-test, and one way ANOVA. Comparisons between the mean scores show students perform better in the exam conducted in Malay language compared to exams in English. The result of the paired-sample-test provides indication that there is a significant difference between the two mean scores. The one-way ANOVA test has recorded significant results in the exam conducted in English only. The findings provide two main implications. Firstly, there is a significant difference in students’ performance when the exam is conducted in Malay and in English languages. It is highly recommended the exams are prepared in dual languages (English and Malay) in order to maximize the opportunity of the good and the weak students in English to achieve their highest score in the examination. Secondly, the results also reflect that the level of English language proficiency of the students at this institution is not at competitive level, or is weaker than their level of understanding in Malay language. In relating to this, the institution may want to reconsider the structure of the English program provided for the weak. This is a correction program so that in the long run the English language program and courses at the university succeeded in producing quality students in English proficiency; equivalent to their skills in Malay language domination.

This article explores the newly catalogued manuscripts of the English Poor Clares preserved in Palace Green Library, Durham. It argues that the collection advances our understanding of the spirituality of the Poor Clares, a group who have received substantially less attention than their Benedictine and Carmelite counterparts. Focusing on manuscript evidence relating to mysticism at the convents of Aire and Rouen, it suggests three areas of interest to scholars of English women religious and recusant Catholic spirituality. First, it explores how a dual understanding ofunio mysticain the convents converted wider concepts of anonymity and self-effacement into a radical form of authorial poverty. Through this, the nuns sought not only to unite with God but also achieve a symbolic union with each other. Secondly, it explores how the physical objects of the crucifix and Eucharist served to inspire a deeper mystical pattern of growth within the souls of the nuns. It suggests that feast days and specific times of the year, especially building up to Easter, had a profound effect on spiritual outpourings. Finally, the article explores the importance of the concept of the “heavenly Jerusalem” to the Poor Clares, revealing its centrality to their understanding of their life as a pilgrimage and their own lived experience as exiles.

Murals decorating an Eastern Han tomb excavated in Jingbian, Shaanxi include two large-scale representations of the deceased who appears in a processional scene on the left front wall of the tomb wearing typical Han elite dress, and then again on the rear wall in a regional version of a spirit seat (lingwei) composition, clean-shaven and donning a hairstyle uncommon in Han mortuary art. This paper considers these depictions in terms of Han pictorial conventions and argues that they are dual portraits of the deceased in which different attributes of his political, social, and cultural identity are stressed.