28 results on '"Drug cultivation"'
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2. Imperial Drug Economies, Development, and the Search for Alternatives in Asia, from Colonialism to Decolonisation
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John Collins
- Subjects
drug economy ,drug policies ,criminalisation ,prohibition ,drug cultivation ,drug control strategies ,Political science ,Economic growth, development, planning ,HD72-88 - Abstract
This paper challenges contemporary policy conceptions on the historical relationship between drugs and development policies. It uses a historical analysis to examine the interaction of drugs, governance, security, welfare and economic development policies within drug producing contexts in Asia, from colonialism through the period of decolonisation. It highlights that although modern narratives of drugs and development tend to view the latter as new and involving even immediately contemporary innovations for dealing with the outcomes of drug economies and drug policies, the historical reality is much more complex. Managing drugs and development was a fundamental historical process of state regulation, control and the settling of geographical boundaries, both economically and physically. This chapter posits two foundational ideas. First, the issues of drugs and development have always been fundamentally linked, from the globalisation of trade through mercantilist imperial policies, state formation, the limits of governance, the distribution of economic gains, and political economy outcomes stretching from the local to the global. Drugs, licit and illicit, have therefore always been an issue of economic development. Second, policymakers have long recognised and developed state responses based on the above reality. While not going under its now ‘official’ title, many of the principles of ‘alternative development’ have been ingrained in policy responses and limitations over the past several centuries.
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- 2020
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3. Drug Control and Development: A Blind Spot
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Julia Buxton
- Subjects
drug economy ,drug policies ,criminalisation ,prohibition ,drug cultivation ,drug control strategies ,Political science ,Economic growth, development, planning ,HD72-88 - Abstract
Development questions have been central to international drug policy since the first tentative steps towards a global control regime over a century ago. The strategy that was devised to limit the cultivation of mind- and mood-altering plants imposed a disproportionate cost on cultivating territories in the global South. This burden intensified in the post-war period and as the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs and United States ‘war on drugs’ in the 1970s institutionalised ‘narcotics’ as a security issue and a law enforcement concern. Despite criminalisation and coercive state eradication efforts, illicit narcotic plant cultivation (opium poppy, coca) has persisted, reaching record highs after 2015. Recent decades have seen improved understanding of development deficits as the driver of sustained illicit cultivation. However, high-level efforts to promote inter-agency and thematic linkages between drug strategy and global development goals have seen the reinvention of orthodox approaches to both drug control and poverty reduction. Neither has a record of sustainable success or of raising concerns as to the counterproductive impacts of policy reproduction. In patching together new ideas within failing paradigms, alternative development is better understood as ‘policy bricolage’.
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- 2020
- Full Text
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4. Cannabis Regulation and Development: Fair(er) Trade Options for Emerging Legal Markets
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David Bewley-Taylor, Martin Jelsma, and Sylvia Kay
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international cooperation ,official development assistance (ODA) ,drug cultivation ,drug control strategies ,alternative development policies ,Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) ,Political science ,Economic growth, development, planning ,HD72-88 - Abstract
Significant policy shifts have led to an unprecedented boom in medical cannabis markets, while a growing number of countries are moving towards the legal regulation of adult non-medical use. This trend is likely to bring a range of benefits. Yet there are growing concerns over the many for-profit cannabis companies from the global North that are aggressively competing to capture the licit spaces now opening in the multibillion-dollar global cannabis market. This threatens to push small-scale traditional farmers from the global South out of the emerging legal markets. Those trying to transition out of illegality face huge difficulties due to a combination of the legacy of criminalisation and administrative barriers to entry. Conquering and protecting spaces for small-scale farmers within the current overheated and corporate-driven market will require affirmative action, regulation of foreign investment, and well-designed legislative and market strategies. This policy comment explores the unfolding market dynamics from a development perspective and offers a set of guiding principles and policy proposals upon which a more equitable, fair(er) trade cannabis regulation model can be built.
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- 2020
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5. From Alternative Development to Development-Oriented Drug Policies
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Daniel Brombacher and Sarah David
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bilateral cooperation ,international cooperation ,official development assistance (ODA) ,drug cultivation ,drug control strategies ,alternative development policies ,Political science ,Economic growth, development, planning ,HD72-88 - Abstract
This policy comment aims to trace the evolution of the concept of alternative development (AD)—alongside changes in the global drug control regime during recent decades—from a practitioner’s point of view. Since the 1970s, drug supply reduction was primarily concentrated on law enforcement and crop substitution programmes. Following negative experiences, some governments focused on development-led approaches that consider the socio-economic and political conditions of drug crop cultivating areas. Both the 1988 United Nations drug control convention (Convention Against the Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances), the first to mention the concept of AD, and the 1998 Political Declaration created the latitude necessary for AD to evolve into a ‘third pillar’ within the traditional drug supply control system. Another political milestone was the Outcome Document of the 2016 United Nations General Assembly Special Session on the World Drug Problem (UNGASS), as it was the first to dedicate an entire chapter solely to development-oriented drug control. In recent years—unexpectedly given the niche that AD had formerly been—a growing number of countries have declared that they either implement domestic AD measures or support them abroad. The observable increase in AD interventions may be due to a growing engagement of governments, but could also be explained by a rebranding of existing measures, given the increased popularity of AD. The funding situation in light of this enhanced political momentum is, however, rather poor. Latest figures, from 2013, show that AD only accounts for 0.1 per cent of global official development assistance. Though there seems to have been a slight increase in funding recently, the authors argue that a real surge in funding is so far not in sight.
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- 2020
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6. The World Drug Policy Problem. An Interview with José Ramos-Horta
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José Ramos-Horta and Khalid Tinasti
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drug policies ,criminalisation ,prohibition ,drug cultivation ,drug control strategies ,alternative development policies ,Political science ,Economic growth, development, planning ,HD72-88 - Abstract
José Ramos-Horta is a former president of Timor-Leste, a Nobel Peace Prize laureate and a current member of the Global Commission on Drug Policy (GCDP). Khalid Tinasti, one of the guest editors of this Thematic Issue, interviewed José Ramos-Horta to gain insight into his views and analyses of drug control policy. They discuss his experience as one of the drafters of the Constitution and criminal justice responses in Timor-Leste, and his role as the UN Secretary-General’s Special Representative and head of the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Guinea-Bissau (UNIOGBIS) at a time when the country was labelled a ‘narco-state’. Khalid Tinasti also asked him about his views on the future of the drug market in the context of a growing drug policy divide between countries that enforce a punitive approach to drug use and those now legalising cannabis and other substances for recreational purposes.
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- 2020
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7. Trying to Be All Things to All People: Alternative Development in Afghanistan
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David Mansfield
- Subjects
international cooperation ,official development assistance (ODA) ,drug cultivation ,drug control strategies ,alternative development policies ,Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) ,Political science ,Economic growth, development, planning ,HD72-88 - Abstract
Alternative development has had little success in Afghanistan. Understood and implemented as geographically bounded interventions designed to reduce drug crop cultivation, these projects failed to achieve their objectives throughout the 1990s. Since 2001, following the fall of the Taliban, unprecedented rises in levels of opium production, and an inflow of substantial amounts of aid, alternative development came to mean different things to different people in Afghanistan. To some, alternative development continued as short-term interventions designed to extract agreements from communities to reduce opium production, or reward those that had already done so. To others, it could be any development programme implemented in a poppy growing, or potential poppy growing, area often without any consideration of the causes of cultivation and how they differed by location, gender or socio-economic group. This chapter argues that a lack of consistency and clarity in approach—and in particular the failure to articulate and implement a strategy to support farmers transitioning to licit livelihoods within a changing framework of development assistance—confined alternative development and efforts to reduce poppy cultivation though rural development to the margins in Afghanistan. To quote Corinthians, in trying ‘to be all things to all people’, alternative development saved no one.
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- 2020
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8. The Rif and California: Environmental Violence in the Era of New Cannabis Markets
- Author
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Kenza Afsahi
- Subjects
drug cultivation ,cannabis cultivation ,industrial farming ,drug control strategies ,alternative development policies ,sustainable development ,Political science ,Economic growth, development, planning ,HD72-88 - Abstract
This chapter explores the different forms of environmental violence practised against humans and nature (including the cannabis plant) in a context of intensive cannabis cultivation. In particular, it examines the effects of the industrial farming of cannabis since the 1960s on water, land, forests, animals and farmers. It also investigates the exploitation of the labour force, which has comprised vulnerable populations, especially women and landless agricultural workers since Rifian agriculture was first integrated into colonial capitalism in Morocco. While this study focuses on the Moroccan territory, the situation presented is by no means unique at the global level. The phenomenon can be seen developing both within a framework of prohibition and when legal and illegal actors adopt a capitalist system of exploitation, as is the case in California.
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- 2020
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9. Are Barriers to Sustainable Development Endogenous to Drug Control Policies?
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Khalid Tinasti, Julia Buxton, and Mary Chinery-Hesse
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drug policies ,criminalisation ,prohibition ,drug cultivation ,drug control strategies ,alternative development policies ,Political science ,Economic growth, development, planning ,HD72-88 - Abstract
This introductory article explains the rationale behind the 12th Thematic Issue of International Development Policy, which explores the tension between development and drug control goals, both current and historic. The volume of fifteen articles draws on a broad spectrum of thematic issues to address the following key questions: Are prohibition and development mutually exclusive or complementary international agendas? How do the harms associated with drug policy enforcement undermine development prospects? The diverse group of authors highlight the corrosive effects of criminalisation and prohibition - based approaches on the livelihoods and fundamental rights of those who are vulnerable, including women, children, people who count on drug cultivation and trafficking to make a living, and people who use drugs. They also address the limitations and feasibility of development - focused interventions in drug control strategies within the context of the prohibition paradigm.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
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10. The adulteration of narcotic substances, and their knowledge by the consumer as relevant aspects of the material object in the drug trafficking crime
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González García, Álvaro, Durán Seco, Isabel, Cantillo Arcón, Juan Carlos María, Derecho Penal, and Facultad de Derecho
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Narcotics ,Abstract risk ,Toxic drugs ,Drug cultivation ,56 Ciencias Jurídicas y Derecho ,Collective health ,Posesión ,Manipulation or mixture of substances each other or with others ,Salud pública ,Information ,5605.05 Derecho Penal ,Consumidor ,Elaboración ,Salud colectiva ,Drogas tóxicas ,Adulteración ,Traffick ,Derecho Penal ,Paternalismo ,Principio activo ,Drug trafficking ,Public health ,Manipulación o mezcla de sustancias entre sí o con otras ,Trafico de drogas ,Derecho ,Active constituents of drugs ,Manufacture ,Consumer ,Peligro abstracto ,Estupefacientes ,Tráfico ,Individual health ,Adulteration ,Paternalism ,Possession ,Salud individual ,Notoria importancia ,Cultivo ,Notorius importance ,Sustancias psicotrópicas ,Información ,Psychotropic substances - Abstract
[ES] El delito de tráfico de drogas es una realidad jurídica, el cual se concibe como aquella conducta que engloba diferentes tipos de actos como el de cultivo, elaboración, tráfico, posesión, o cualquier otro acto que promueva, facilite, o favorezca el consumo de drogas tóxicas, estupefacientes o sustancias psicotrópicas. Este delito está tipificado en el art. 368 CP español, el cual castiga por un lado a aquel sujeto que realice los actos citados anteriormente con pena de prisión de 3 a 6 años y multa del tanto al triplo del valor de la droga si se tratase de una sustancia que cause grave daño a la salud; y por otro lado castiga a aquel sujeto que realice dichos actos con pena de prisión de 1 a 3 años y multa del tanto al duplo del valor de la droga en los demás casos. De la redacción de este art. se desprenden varios elementos relevantes. El presento trabajo se enfoca en el objeto material, y más concretamente en el aspecto de la adulteración, manipulación o mezcla. Aparte también se centra en el conocimiento del consumidor respecto este objeto material. Para tal fin se examinan las conductas pertinentes que estén previstas en el art. 368 CP, el bien jurídico protegido, así como los subtipos agravados del tipo básico (art. 369 y 370 CP). Lo anterior, como sustento jurídico y social de las propuestas interpretativas y de lege ferenda que se plantean al final del trabajo, en aras de una mayor distinción al interior del objeto material del delito de tráfico de drogas, conforme a la lesividad requerida para el mismo. [EN] Drug trafficking crime is a legal reality that is conceived as a conduct that encompasses different types of acts, such as cultivation, manufacture, traffick, possession, or any other act that promotes, facilitates or favors the use of toxic drugs, narcotics, or psychotropic substances. This crime is typified in article 368 of the Spanish criminal code, which, on the one hand, punishes that subject who performs the previously mentioned acts, with a prison sentence of 3 to 6 years and a fine of as much as the triple of the drug value if it could cause serious health damage; and on the other hand, it punishes the subject which performs the mentioned acts with a prison sentence of 1 to 3 years and a fine of as much as the double of the drug value in all other cases. Several relevant elements emerge from the drafting of this article. The present work focuses on the material object, and more specifically on the aspect of the adulteration, manipulation or mixing. It also focuses on consumer awareness of this material object. To this end, the relevant conduct provided for in article 368 of the Spanish criminal law is examined, aslo the legal interest under protection and the aggravated subtypes of the basic type (articles 369 and 370). The foregoing, as a legal and social basis of interpretative proposals and the lege ferenda that are raised at the end of the work, for the sake of greater distinction within the material object of the drug trafficking crime, according to the injury required for it.
- Published
- 2023
11. Contrôle des drogues et développement : un angle mort des politiques internationales
- Author
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Julia Buxton
- Subjects
cannabis ,drogues ,democracy ,poverty ,corruption ,lcsh:Political science ,alternative development policies ,lcsh:HD72-88 ,lcsh:Economic growth, development, planning ,violence ,drug control strategies ,inequalities ,colonial | colonisation ,drug economy ,drug policies ,small-scale farming ,General Medicine ,développement alternatif (de lutte contre la drogue) ,coopération internationale ,criminalisation ,illicit economies ,authoritarianism ,économie illicite ,agricultural change ,drug cultivation ,HIV/AIDS ,lcsh:J ,emerging economies - Abstract
La question du developpement a ete au centre de la politique anti-drogue internationale depuis les premiers pas timides du regime de controle mondial des stupefiants, il y a plus d’un siecle. Mais la strategie concue pour limiter la culture des plantes psychotropes a impose un cout disproportionne aux territoires du Sud. Ce fardeau s’est alourdi dans l’apres-guerre et lorsque la Convention unique sur les stupefiants de 1961 et la « guerre contre la drogue » lancee par les Etats-Unis dans les annees 1970 ont institutionnalise les stupefiants comme un enjeu de securite et une preoccupation policiere. En depit de la penalisation et des efforts d’eradication coercitifs menes par les Etats, la culture illicite de plantes narcotiques (pavot a opium et coca) a persiste et elle a meme atteint des niveaux records a partir de 2015. De fait, la perception du role moteur joue par des deficits de developpement dans la culture illicite durable s’est amelioree ces dernieres decennies. Neanmoins, des efforts importants visant a renforcer les liens interinstitutionnels et thematiques entre la strategie anti-drogue et les objectifs de developpement ont entraine une reinvention des approches orthodoxes du controle de la drogue comme de la reduction de la pauvrete. Aucune de ces approches n’a toutefois connu de succes durable ou n’a souleve de preoccupations quant aux effets contre-productifs de la reproduction de telles politiques. En rassemblant de nouvelles idees au sein de paradigmes defaillants, le developpement alternatif se comprend mieux comme un « bricolage politique ».
- Published
- 2020
12. El Rif y California: violencia medioambiental en la era de los nuevos mercados de cannabis
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Kenza Afsahi, Centre Émile Durkheim (CED), and Sciences Po Bordeaux - Institut d'études politiques de Bordeaux (IEP Bordeaux)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Subjects
cannabis ,drogues ,democracy ,industrial farming ,poverty ,050204 development studies ,corruption ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,02 engineering and technology ,Colonialism ,lcsh:HD72-88 ,violence ,Legalization ,agriculture ,sustainable development ,[SHS.SOCIO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Sociology ,biology ,Intensive farming ,drug economy ,prohibition ,05 social sciences ,021107 urban & regional planning ,General Medicine ,Capitalism ,16. Peace & justice ,labour market ,environnement ,authoritarianism ,Economy ,employment ,legalization ,HIV/AIDS ,environment ,emerging economies ,capitalisme ,colonisation ,lcsh:Political science ,Context (language use) ,alternative development policies ,lcsh:Economic growth, development, planning ,work ,inequalities ,drug control strategies ,Political science ,0502 economics and business ,colonial | colonisation ,Sustainable development ,business.industry ,drug policies ,États-Unis ,small-scale farming ,biology.organism_classification ,criminalisation ,illicit economies ,Maroc ,travail ,agricultural change ,Agriculture ,drug cultivation ,cannabis cultivation ,Cannabis ,business ,lcsh:J ,femmes - Abstract
International audience; Este capítulo explora las diferentes formas de violencia medioambiental que se practican contra las personas y la naturaleza (incluida la planta de cannabis) en un contexto de cultivo intensivo de cannabis. Se estudian en especial los efectos producidos por la agricultura industrial del cannabis desde los años 60 en el agua, la tierra, los bosques, los animales y los agricultores. Se investiga además la explotación de una mano de obra compuesta de poblaciones vulnerables, especialmente mujeres, y de trabajadores agrícolas sin tierra, desde que la agricultura fue integrada por primera vez en el capitalismo colonial de Marruecos. Aunque este estudio se centra en el territorio marroquí, la situación que en él se expone no es en absoluto única a nivel mundial. El desarrollo de este fenómeno se puede apreciar tanto en un contexto de prohibición, como cuando los agentes legales e ilegales siguen un sistema de explotación capitalista, como ocurre en California.; Cet article s’intéresse à différentes formes de violences environnementales exercées sur les humains et la nature –y compris le cannabis– dans un contexte de culture intensive. L’article accorde une place importante aux effets engendrés par l’agriculture industrielle du cannabis à partir des années 1960 sur l’eau, la terre, les forêts, les animaux et les paysans. Il s’intéresse également à l’exploitation de la force de travail de populations vulnérables, notamment les femmes et les ouvriers agricoles depuis l’intégration de l’agriculture rifaine au capitalisme colonial au Maroc. S’il se concentre sur le territoire marocain, le cas étudié n’est pas unique dans le monde. C’est un phénomène que l’on repère lorsqu’il se développe à la fois dans un cadre de prohibition et quand les acteurs légaux ou illégaux adoptent un système capitaliste d’exploitation, comme le montre la comparaison entre le Rif et la Californie.
- Published
- 2020
13. Are Barriers to Sustainable Development Endogenous to Drug Control Policies?
- Author
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Mary Chinery-Hesse, Julia Buxton, and Khalid Tinasti
- Subjects
cannabis ,Sociology and Political Science ,democracy ,poverty ,corruption ,Psychological intervention ,Fundamental rights ,Context (language use) ,lcsh:Political science ,Development ,Mutually exclusive events ,alternative development policies ,lcsh:HD72-88 ,lcsh:Economic growth, development, planning ,03 medical and health sciences ,violence ,0302 clinical medicine ,Drug control ,inequalities ,drug control strategies ,Political science ,030212 general & internal medicine ,colonial | colonisation ,Sustainable development ,sustainable development ,business.industry ,drug economy ,drug policies ,prohibition ,small-scale farming ,Public relations ,Livelihood ,criminalisation ,illicit economies ,authoritarianism ,agricultural change ,Political Science and International Relations ,HIV/AIDS ,drug cultivation ,International development ,business ,Law ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,emerging economies ,lcsh:J - Abstract
This introductory article explains the rationale behind the 12th Thematic Issue of International Development Policy, which explores the tension between development and drug control goals, both current and historic. The volume of fifteen articles draws on a broad spectrum of thematic issues to address the following key questions: Are prohibition and development mutually exclusive or complementary international agendas? How do the harms associated with drug policy enforcement undermine development prospects? The diverse group of authors highlight the corrosive effects of criminalisation and prohibition - based approaches on the livelihoods and fundamental rights of those who are vulnerable, including women, children, people who count on drug cultivation and trafficking to make a living, and people who use drugs. They also address the limitations and feasibility of development - focused interventions in drug control strategies within the context of the prohibition paradigm. ; Cet article d’introduction présente la logique du douzième numéro thématique de la Revue Internationale de Politique de Développement. Celui-ci explore les tensions entre les objectifs de développement et ceux du contrôle des drogues, aujourd’hui et dans une perspective historique. Le numéro rassemble quinze contributions traitant d’un large éventail de thèmes visant à répondre aux questions suivantes : la prohibition des drogues et le développement représentent-ils des programmes internationaux mutuellement exclusifs ou complémentaires ? Comment les problèmes associés à l’application de la politique anti-drogue sapent-ils les perspectives de développement ? Les auteurs de ce numéro présentent les effets destructeurs de la pénalisation et de la prohibition, à partir de recherches portant sur les moyens de subsistance et sur les droits fondamentaux des populations les plus vulnérables, dont les femmes, les enfants, les individus économiquement dépendants de la culture ou du trafic de drogues, et les consommateurs. Ils interrogent également les limites et la faisabilité des interventions axées sur le développement dans les stratégies de contrôle des drogues, et ce dans le contexte du paradigme de la prohibition. ; Este artículo introductorio explica los motivos que justifican el 12o número temático de International Development Policy, en el cual se indaga la tensión actual e histórica entre los objetivos de desarrollo y de fiscalización de drogas. Este número compuesto por quince artículos se apoya en un amplia gama de temas para abordar las siguientes preguntas centrales: ¿La prohibición y el desarrollo son prioridades internacionales incompatibles o complementarias? ¿De qué manera los perjuicios vinculados a la aplicación de políticas sobre drogas socavan las posibilidades de desarrollo? Un grupo heterogéneo de autores destaca los efectos dañinos de las estrategias centradas en la penalización y la prohibición para las fuentes de ingreso y los derechos fundamentales de las personas vulnerables, como las mujeres, los menores, las personas que viven del cultivo y el tráfico de drogas, y aquellas que las consumen. También tratan la cuestión de los límites y la viabilidad de las estrategias de fiscalización de drogas centradas en el desarrollo en el contexto de un paradigma de prohibición.
- Published
- 2020
14. Fiscalización de drogas y desarrollo: un punto ciego
- Author
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Julia Buxton
- Subjects
cannabis ,democracy ,poverty ,corruption ,lcsh:Political science ,alternative development policies ,lcsh:HD72-88 ,lcsh:Economic growth, development, planning ,violence ,drug control strategies ,inequalities ,guerra contra las drogas ,colonial | colonisation ,drug economy ,drug policies ,small-scale farming ,General Medicine ,desarrollo ,criminalisation ,illicit economies ,authoritarianism ,agricultural change ,drug cultivation ,HIV/AIDS ,emerging economies ,lcsh:J - Abstract
Los aspectos de desarrollo han sido fundamentales para las políticas internacionales en materia de drogas desde que se implementaron, hace más de un siglo, las primeras medidas tendientes a crear un sistema internacional de control en esta materia. La estrategia elaborada para limitar el cultivo de plantas que alteraban el estado mental y de ánimo impuso unos costes desproporcionados a las regiones de cultivo en el Sur global. Esta carga se agudizó durante la posguerra, como asimismo cuando la Convención Única de 1961 sobre Estupefacientes y la “guerra contra las drogas” iniciada por los Estados Unidos en los años 1970, institucionalizaron los “narcóticos” como un problema de carácter securitario y de la esfera de las fuerzas del orden. Pese a la penalización y a las medidas coercitivas de lucha contra las drogas adoptadas por los Estados Unidos, el cultivo ilegal de plantas narcóticas (adormidera, coca) persiste y ha alcanzado índices sin precedentes a partir de 2015. En décadas recientes se observa una comprensión cada vez mayor del papel impulsor que desempeña el déficit de desarrollo en la continuidad de los cultivos ilegales. Sin embargo, junto a la implementación de medidas de alto nivel con el fin de fomentar la creación de vínculos temáticos e interinstitucionales entre las estrategias de lucha contra las drogas y los objetivos de desarrollo mundiales, se asiste a una reinvención de estrategias ortodoxas de fiscalización de drogas y de reducción de la pobreza. Estas no registran resultados sostenibles ni generan preocupación respecto a los efectos contraproducentes que supone tal reproducción de políticas. Al remendar ideas nuevas dentro de paradigmas deficientes, el desarrollo alternativo se entiende más como un “bricolaje de políticas”.
- Published
- 2020
15. Regulación del cannabis y desarrollo: alternativas comerciales (más) justas para mercados legales emergentes
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Sylvia Kay, David R. Bewley-Taylor, and Martin Jelsma
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cannabis ,comercio justo ,Sociology and Political Science ,democracy ,poverty ,mercados legales emergentes ,gobernanza ,corruption ,0507 social and economic geography ,lcsh:Political science ,Development ,alternative development policies ,droguas ,lcsh:HD72-88 ,lcsh:Economic growth, development, planning ,03 medical and health sciences ,violence ,0302 clinical medicine ,agricultura ,drug control strategies ,inequalities ,030212 general & internal medicine ,colonial | colonisation ,drug economy ,05 social sciences ,drug policies ,small-scale farming ,criminalisation ,illicit economies ,authoritarianism ,agricultural change ,Political Science and International Relations ,drug cultivation ,HIV/AIDS ,narcotráfico ,050703 geography ,Law ,emerging economies ,lcsh:J - Abstract
Los importantes cambios en las politicas han dado lugar a un auge sin precedentes de los mercados del cannabis medicinal, y un numero creciente de paises avanza hacia una reglamentacion juridica de su consumo no medico por parte de adultos. Es probable que esta tendencia aporte una serie de beneficios. No obstante, la preocupacion aumenta respecto al surgimiento de una gran cantidad de empresas de cannabis con fines de lucro originarias del Sur global, las cuales compiten ferozmente para apoderarse de los espacios licitos que se estan abriendo en la actualidad en un mercado internacional del cannabis de miles de millones de dolares. Esta situacion amenaza con expulsar a los pequenos agricultores tradicionales del Sur global de los mercados legales emergentes. Aquellos que intentan abandonar su condicion de ilegalidad se ven enfrentados a enormes dificultades como consecuencia de una combinacion de herencia de la penalizacion y obstaculos administrativos para la legalizacion. Ante el actual recalentamiento de un mercado dominado por las empresas, la conquista de espacios y la proteccion de estos para los pequenos agricultores requeriran acciones positivas, reglamentacion de la inversion extranjera y una buena concepcion de estrategias legislativas y de mercado. Esta reflexion politica analiza el desarrollo de las dinamicas de mercado desde una perspectiva de desarrollo, ofreciendo un conjunto de principios orientadores y proposiciones de accion sobre las cuales construir un modelo de regulacion comercial del cannabis mas equitativo y (mas) justo.
- Published
- 2020
16. Cannabis Regulation and Development: Fair(er) Trade Options for Emerging Legal Markets
- Author
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Bewley-Taylor, David, Jelsma, Martin, and Kay, Sylvia
- Subjects
cannabis ,Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) ,democracy ,Sociology and Political Science ,poverty ,corruption ,lcsh:Political science ,Development ,alternative development policies ,lcsh:HD72-88 ,lcsh:Economic growth, development, planning ,official development assistance (ODA) ,violence ,inequalities ,drug control strategies ,colonial | colonisation ,agriculture ,drug economy ,international cooperation ,drug policies ,small-scale farming ,livelihoods security ,criminalisation ,fair trade ,illicit economies ,authoritarianism ,agricultural change ,Political Science and International Relations ,HIV/AIDS ,drug cultivation ,trade ,marijuana ,Law ,emerging economies ,lcsh:J - Abstract
Significant policy shifts have led to an unprecedented boom in medical cannabis markets, while a growing number of countries are moving towards the legal regulation of adult non-medical use. This trend is likely to bring a range of benefits. Yet there are growing concerns over the many for-profit cannabis companies from the global North that are aggressively competing to capture the licit spaces now opening in the multibillion-dollar global cannabis market. This threatens to push small-scale traditional farmers from the global South out of the emerging legal markets. Those trying to transition out of illegality face huge difficulties due to a combination of the legacy of criminalisation and administrative barriers to entry. Conquering and protecting spaces for small-scale farmers within the current overheated and corporate-driven market will require affirmative action, regulation of foreign investment, and well-designed legislative and market strategies. This policy comment explores the unfolding market dynamics from a development perspective and offers a set of guiding principles and policy proposals upon which a more equitable, fair(er) trade cannabis regulation model can be built. Des changements politiques importants ont mené à un développement sans précédent du marché du cannabis licite tandis qu’un nombre croissant de pays s’orientent vers la légalisation de l’usage non médical de cette plante pour les adultes. Cette tendance pourrait apporter de nombreux avantages, même si on peut s’inquiéter du nombre d’entreprises à but lucratif provenant des États du Nord qui se font une concurrence agressive pour capturer les espaces licites qui s’ouvrent dans ce marché global de plusieurs milliards de dollars. La forme de concurrence qui s’exerce menace d’exclure de ces marchés licites émergents les petits agriculteurs traditionnels des États du Sud. De fait, ceux qui tentent de sortir de l’illégalité doivent faire face à d’immenses difficultés du fait d’une combinaison d’héritages de la criminalité et de barrières administratives à l’entrée. La conquête et la protection d’espaces pour les petits paysans au sein d’un marché surchauffé et dirigé par les entreprises nécessiteront des actions positives, la régulation des investissements étrangers et des stratégies législatives et de marché qui soient bien pensées. Cet article présente les dynamiques de marché qui se développent, à partir d’une perspective de développement, ainsi qu’un ensemble de principes et de propositions politiques à partir desquels il est possible de construire un modèle de régulation du marché du cannabis (plus) équitable. Los importantes cambios en las políticas han dado lugar a un auge sin precedentes de los mercados del cannabis medicinal, y un número creciente de países avanza hacia una reglamentación jurídica de su consumo no médico por parte de adultos. Es probable que esta tendencia aporte una serie de beneficios. No obstante, la preocupación aumenta respecto al surgimiento de una gran cantidad de empresas de cannabis con fines de lucro originarias del Sur global, las cuales compiten ferozmente para apoderarse de los espacios lícitos que se están abriendo en la actualidad en un mercado internacional del cannabis de miles de millones de dólares. Esta situación amenaza con expulsar a los pequeños agricultores tradicionales del Sur global de los mercados legales emergentes. Aquellos que intentan abandonar su condición de ilegalidad se ven enfrentados a enormes dificultades como consecuencia de una combinación de herencia de la penalización y obstáculos administrativos para la legalización. Ante el actual recalentamiento de un mercado dominado por las empresas, la conquista de espacios y la protección de estos para los pequeños agricultores requerirán acciones positivas, reglamentación de la inversión extranjera y una buena concepción de estrategias legislativas y de mercado. Esta reflexión política analiza el desarrollo de las dinámicas de mercado desde una perspectiva de desarrollo, ofreciendo un conjunto de principios orientadores y proposiciones de acción sobre las cuales construir un modelo de regulación comercial del cannabis más equitativo y (más) justo.
- Published
- 2020
17. Acción bélica: las zonas de conflicto y su repercusión en las políticas sobre drogas
- Author
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Tuesday Reitano
- Subjects
cannabis ,violencia ,Sociology and Political Science ,democracy ,poverty ,gobernanza ,corruption ,lcsh:Political science ,Development ,corrupción ,alternative development policies ,050601 international relations ,lcsh:HD72-88 ,lcsh:Economic growth, development, planning ,violence ,drug control strategies ,inequalities ,Estados frágiles ,colonial | colonisation ,paz ,drug economy ,05 social sciences ,drug policies ,small-scale farming ,0506 political science ,criminalisation ,illicit economies ,authoritarianism ,agricultural change ,Political Science and International Relations ,Droguas ,drug cultivation ,HIV/AIDS ,narcotráfico ,Law ,emerging economies ,lcsh:J - Abstract
La economia de las drogas ilicitas ha surgido como un factor preponderante de agravamiento de la violencia, de obstaculizacion de las negociaciones de paz y de corrupcion de la transicion de la guerra a la paz. Las cadenas de narcotrafico se extienden a traves de continentes enteros, consolidandose a menudo en Estados fragiles y en situacion de conflicto en los cuales los agentes violentos pueden sacar provecho de un “paradigma de gobernanza violenta” para afianzar su influencia economica, politica y social. Se ha comprobado que lo anterior, combinado con el sistema internacional de deteccion y represion existente en materia de estupefacientes, tiene consecuencias adversas en la resolucion de los conflictos, asi como en las trayectorias de desarrollo de largo plazo de aquellas personas cuyas fuentes de ingresos dependen de la economia de las drogas. Si bien se justificaria la aplicacion de una estrategia de reduccion de los efectos negativos, se requiere que los encargados de las politicas sobre drogas demuestren ser capaces de proponer alternativas validas que trasciendan la fase de cultivo y que se dirijan a agentes situados mas adelante en la cadena de oferta de drogas.
- Published
- 2020
18. More Harm Than Public Health in Drug Policy? A Comment
- Author
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Joanne Csete
- Subjects
cannabis ,democracy ,Sociology and Political Science ,poverty ,conflict ,corruption ,030508 substance abuse ,Prison ,child rights ,lcsh:HD72-88 ,violence ,0302 clinical medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,harm reduction ,gender equality ,media_common ,drug economy ,public health ,prohibition ,United Nations (UN) ,authoritarianism ,governance ,HIV/AIDS ,Mandate ,0305 other medical science ,emerging economies ,Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) ,medicine.medical_specialty ,media_common.quotation_subject ,lcsh:Political science ,Development ,human rights ,alternative development policies ,Drug overdose ,lcsh:Economic growth, development, planning ,03 medical and health sciences ,Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) ,inequalities ,drug control strategies ,Development economics ,medicine ,colonial | colonisation ,crime ,Harm reduction ,Public health ,drug policies ,Social change ,small-scale farming ,medicine.disease ,criminalisation ,illicit economies ,Harm ,agricultural change ,Political Science and International Relations ,drug cultivation ,Business ,Law ,lcsh:J - Abstract
Well-conceived drug-control policies could contribute importantly to economic and social development and public health. Unfortunately, the reality of drug policies in most countries is rather that they undermine public health by failing to protect people who use drugs from infectious disease and the risk of drug overdose. Drug laws and policies that mandate incarceration for minor, non-violent drug offences have profound health costs as the risk of infectious disease in prison is high, and too few prisons offer appropriate health services for people who use drugs. Overly zealous drug-control policies, moreover, have led to enormous human suffering, as many countries have restricted the use of opioids for the relief of pain associated with cancer and other conditions. Protection of the health of communities involved with the production of drug crops such as coca leaf and opium poppy has rarely figured in ‘alternative development’ programmes for these populations. A few countries have shown that intentionally health-focused drug-control policies can lessen some of these harms. Des politiques anti-drogue bien pensées pourraient énormément contribuer au développement socio-économique et à la santé publique. Malheureusement, dans la plupart des pays, la réalité de la politique anti-drogue est toute autre : elle tend à porter atteinte à la santé publique par son incapacité à protéger les consommateurs de drogues des maladies infectieuses et des risques d’overdose. La législation et les politiques anti-drogue qui imposent l’incarcération pour des délits mineurs et non violents liés aux stupéfiants ont des coûts de santé importants, car le risque de maladies infectieuses est élevé dans les prisons et trop peu de ces dernières offrent des soins appropriés aux personnes qui consomment de la drogue. De plus, des politiques de contrôle des stupéfiants trop zélées ont entraîné d’énormes souffrances humaines, car de nombreux pays ont restreint l’utilisation des opioïdes pour soulager la douleur associée au cancer et à d’autres maladies. Par ailleurs, la protection de la santé des communautés impliquées dans la production de cultures de drogues telles que la feuille de coca et le pavot à opium a rarement figuré dans les programmes de « développement alternatif » destinés à ces populations. Certains pays ont toutefois montré que des politiques anti-drogue volontairement axées sur la santé peuvent réduire certains de ces problèmes. Una concepción adecuada de las políticas de fiscalización de las drogas podría contribuir de manera significativa tanto al desarrollo económico y social como a la salud pública. Lamentablemente, la realidad de las políticas sobre drogas en la mayoría de los países es que estas desfavorecen la salud pública al no conseguir proteger a los consumidores de drogas de enfermedades infecciosas y de los riesgos de sobredosis. Las normativas y las políticas sobre drogas que establecen el encarcelamiento por delitos menores no violentos relacionados con drogas tienen enormes costos en términos de salud, debido al alto riesgo de contraer enfermedades infecciosas en los recintos penitenciarios y a que muy pocos de ellos ofrecen servicios de salud apropiados para los consumidores de drogas. Asimismo, el celo excesivo de ciertas políticas de fiscalización de drogas ha ocasionado enormes sufrimientos humanos, ya que numerosos países han restringido el uso de opiáceos para aliviar los dolores ocasionados por el cáncer y otras enfermedades. La protección de la salud de las comunidades que participan en el cultivo de drogas como la hoja de coca y la adormidera ha figurado pocas veces en los programas de “desarrollo alternativo” de estas poblaciones. En algunos países se ha demostrado que las políticas de control de drogas expresamente orientadas a la salud pueden disminuir parte de estos efectos negativos.
- Published
- 2020
19. Incorporating Child Rights into Scheduling Decisions at the UN Commission on Narcotic Drugs
- Author
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Diederik Lohman and Damon Barrett
- Subjects
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) ,cannabis ,democracy ,Inequality ,poverty ,Process (engineering) ,media_common.quotation_subject ,conflict ,corruption ,Control (management) ,lcsh:Political science ,Commission ,human rights ,alternative development policies ,child rights ,lcsh:HD72-88 ,lcsh:Economic growth, development, planning ,violence ,Drug control ,inequalities ,drug control strategies ,Political science ,colonial | colonisation ,gender equality ,media_common ,Law and economics ,crime ,Human rights ,drug economy ,Corporate governance ,drug policies ,prohibition ,small-scale farming ,General Medicine ,Child labour ,United Nations (UN) ,criminalisation ,illicit economies ,authoritarianism ,governance ,agricultural change ,drug cultivation ,HIV/AIDS ,multilateral cooperation ,emerging economies ,lcsh:J - Abstract
This paper focuses on the child rights implications of bringing new substances into the global drug control regime. Focusing on the examples of ketamine and khat, which in turn highlight the issues of access to medicines (SDG 3) and child labour (SDG 8), it outlines the process for placing substances under international control and the child rights implications of such decisions. To date, however, child rights law has not been featured in this procedure. While child rights law may not be determinative in terms of outcome, the chapter focuses on an important process in global drug policy governance. If decisions to place substances under international control within the drug control architecture of the United Nations engage the obligations of child rights treaties, then there is a strong case for formally taking the obligations arising under those treaties into account. Cet article s’intéresse aux conséquences, pour les droits de l’enfant, de l’introduction de nouvelles substances dans le régime mondial de contrôle des drogues. À partir des exemples de la kétamine et du khat qui soulèvent aussi les questions de l’accès aux médicaments (ODD 3) et du travail des enfants (ODD8), l’auteur analyse le processus de l’inclusion de substances nouvelles dans la liste de celles qui doivent être sous contrôle international, et les conséquences en termes de droits des enfants de ce type de décisions. À ce jour, la législation sur les droits de l’enfant n’a pas été prise en compte dans cette procédure et bien qu’elle ne présente pas de résultats déterminants, ce texte aborde un processus important de la gouvernance de la politique mondiale en matière de drogues. En effet, si les décisions d’inclure des substances dans le cadre de l’architecture de contrôle des drogues des Nations Unies entrainent des obligations au titre des traités sur les droits de l’enfant, il y a alors de fortes raisons de prendre officiellement en compte les obligations découlant de ces traités. Este artículo se centra en las implicaciones que tiene para los derechos de la infancia la incorporación de nuevas sustancias al sistema internacional de fiscalización de estupefacientes. Enfocándose en los ejemplos de la ketamina y el khat –lo que a su vez pone de relieve los temas del acceso a los medicamentos (ODS 3) y el trabajo infantil (ODS 8)–, este análisis esboza el procedimiento para someter las substancias a control internacional y las repercusiones de estas decisiones en los derechos de la infancia. Hasta la fecha, no obstante, ese procedimiento no contempla la legislación sobre los derechos de la infancia. Aunque dicha legislación puede no desempeñar un papel determinante en términos de resultados, este capítulo se concentra en lo que considera un procedimiento importante de la gobernanza en el ámbito de las políticas internacionales sobre drogas. Si las decisiones en cuanto a someter substancias al control internacional dentro de la estructura de fiscalización de las drogas de la ONU comprometen las obligaciones que emanan de los tratados de derechos de la infancia, entonces existe un argumento de peso para tomar en cuenta formalmente tales obligaciones.
- Published
- 2020
20. Prohibitionist Drug Policy in South Africa—Reasons and Effects
- Author
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Shaun Shelly, Andrew Scheibe, and Anna Versfeld
- Subjects
cannabis ,Economic growth ,democracy ,Sociology and Political Science ,poverty ,corruption ,030508 substance abuse ,policy coherence ,lcsh:HD72-88 ,violence ,0302 clinical medicine ,Health care ,030212 general & internal medicine ,harm reduction ,gender equality ,media_common ,Human rights ,drug economy ,public health ,prohibition ,Law enforcement ,transparency and accountability ,General Medicine ,authoritarianism ,HIV/AIDS ,0305 other medical science ,emerging economies ,Criminal justice ,medicine.medical_specialty ,media_common.quotation_subject ,lcsh:Political science ,Development ,human rights ,alternative development policies ,lcsh:Economic growth, development, planning ,03 medical and health sciences ,inequalities ,drug control strategies ,Political science ,medicine ,colonial | colonisation ,Harm reduction ,Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs ,business.industry ,Public health ,drug policies ,small-scale farming ,Conditionality ,criminalisation ,illicit economies ,agricultural change ,Political Science and International Relations ,drug cultivation ,business ,multilateral cooperation ,Law ,lcsh:J - Abstract
The moral approach that has been used to interpret and implement the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs exacerbates the health burden faced by people who use drugs. Drawing on our experience in research, programming and policy relating to drug use and health in South Africa, we illustrate the negative consequences prohibition has had for the health of people who use drugs in our country. We argue that South Africa illustrates how approaches that stigmatise people who use drugs are morally justified at the expense of human rights and public health outcomes. We highlight how South Africa is perpetuating prohibitionist approaches on international platforms and question why this has endured. Conflicting health and law enforcement policies, local conservatism and donor conditionality have thwarted harm reduction expansion and evidence-based drug policy development, resulting in notable harms. Persistent morally-based perspectives contribute to stigma and discrimination in healthcare facilities and negatively affect treatment-seeking by people who use drugs. Criminal justice responses have increased TB exposure and entry into correctional centres that do not offer evidence-based drug treatment services. Encouragingly, progressive health and HIV policy affecting people who use drugs has recently been developed, and the recent decriminalisation of cannabis opens a door for policy debate. We recommend that to improve health, the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs should be challenged to prioritise rights and health and that the personal use of drugs be decriminalised. We also highlight the need for mechanisms to hold health and other actors accountable for ensuring that the health and rights of all people are prioritised and strengthened. L’approche moraliste qui a été adoptée dans l’interprétation et la mise en œuvre de la Convention unique sur les stupéfiants en Afrique du Sud exacerbe la charge sanitaire supportée par les consommateurs de drogues. En s’appuyant sur leur expérience en matière de recherche, de programmation et de politique relative à la consommation de drogues et à la santé en Afrique du Sud, les auteurs de cet article illustrent les conséquences négatives que la prohibition a eues sur la santé des personnes qui consomment des drogues dans le pays. Le cas de l’Afrique du Sud illustre la manière dont les approches qui stigmatisent cette catégorie de la population sont moralement justifiées aux dépens des droits humains et des résultats en matière de santé publique. Les auteurs mettent en avant la manière dont cet État perpétue les approches prohibitionnistes sur les plateformes internationales et s’interrogent sur les raisons de la pérennité d’une telle posture. Des politiques contradictoires en matière de santé et de maintien de l’ordre, le conservatisme local et la conditionnalité de l’aide ont contrecarré le développement d’un travail de réduction des risques pour la santé et l’élaboration de politiques anti-drogue fondées sur des données probantes, ce qui a entraîné d’importantes difficultés. La persistance de points de vue moraux contribue à la stigmatisation et à la discrimination dans les établissements de soins et cela entraine des répercussions négatives sur la recherche de traitement par les consommateurs de drogues eux-mêmes. En outre, les réponses de la justice pénale ont augmenté l’exposition à la tuberculose et le placement dans les centres correctionnels qui n’offrent pas de services de traitement de la toxicomanie s’appuyant sur des données probantes. Il est encourageant de constater qu’une politique progressiste en matière de santé et de VIH touchant les consommateurs de drogues a été élaborée il y a peu, et que la récente dépénalisation du cannabis rend possible un débat politique. Les auteurs de cet article recommandent que la Convention unique sur les stupéfiants donne la priorité aux droits et à la santé et que l’usage personnel de drogues soit dépénalisé. Ils soulignent également la nécessité de la mise en place de mécanismes permettant de responsabiliser les acteurs de la santé et les autres parties prenantes afin que la santé et les droits de tous soient prioritaires et renforcés. La visión moralista que se ha empleado en África del Sur para interpretar e implementar la Convención Única sobre Estupefacientes agudiza el problema de salud al que se ven enfrentados quienes consumen drogas. Sobre la base de nuestra experiencia en la investigación, la elaboración de programas y las políticas vinculadas al consumo de drogas y a la salud en África del Sur, ilustramos las consecuencias negativas de la prohibición para la salud de los consumidores de drogas en nuestro país. Sostenemos que África del Sur ilustra la justificación moral de enfoques que estigmatizan a los consumidores de drogas a costa de los derechos humanos y la salud pública. Destacamos el hecho de que África del Sur está reproduciendo estos enfoques prohibicionistas en plataformas internacionales y nos preguntamos el motivo por el cual dichos enfoques persisten. Políticas contrapuestas en los ámbitos de la salud y de la acción de las fuerzas del orden, el conservatismo local y la imposición de condiciones por parte de los donantes han frustrado una mayor reducción de los efectos negativos y la elaboración de políticas con bases empíricas en materia de drogas, ocasionando daños considerables. La persistencia de perspectivas basadas en aspectos morales contribuye a la estigmatización y a la discriminación en los establecimientos de salud y afecta negativamente la búsqueda de tratamiento por parte de quienes consumen de drogas. Las políticas de justicia penal han aumentado la exposición a la tuberculosis y el ingreso a establecimientos penitenciarios que no ofrecen tratamientos para el consumo de drogas con bases empíricas. El hecho de que en el último tiempo se hayan ido desarrollando políticas de salud y de VIH progresistas que tienen influencia en los consumidores de drogas es alentador, y la reciente despenalización del cannabis abre las puertas para un debate acerca de las políticas. Para mejorar la situación sanitaria recomendamos que se anime a la Convención Única sobre Estupefacientes a priorizar las cuestiones de los derechos y la salud, y la despenalización del consumo personal de drogas. Destacamos igualmente la necesidad de crear mecanismos que obliguen, entre otros, a los agentes del área de la salud a responder por sus actos, de modo de garantizar que se prioricen y fortalezcan la salud y los derechos de todas las personas.
- Published
- 2020
21. The Neo-Patrimonial ‘Use’ of Drug Policy in Electoral Processes
- Author
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Khalid Tinasti
- Subjects
cannabis ,Sociology and Political Science ,democracy ,poverty ,corruption ,Opposition (politics) ,lcsh:HD72-88 ,violence ,0302 clinical medicine ,Drug control ,050602 political science & public administration ,participation ,030212 general & internal medicine ,media_common ,war on drugs ,Human rights ,drug economy ,05 social sciences ,prohibition ,International community ,0506 political science ,authoritarianism ,governance ,political stability ,HIV/AIDS ,International development ,fragile states ,emerging economies ,Clientelism ,clientelism ,media_common.quotation_subject ,lcsh:Political science ,Development ,alternative development policies ,lcsh:Economic growth, development, planning ,03 medical and health sciences ,Politics ,drug control strategies ,inequalities ,Political science ,colonial | colonisation ,crime ,drug policies ,small-scale farming ,Rule of law ,criminalisation ,illicit economies ,agricultural change ,Political economy ,Political Science and International Relations ,drug cultivation ,Law ,lcsh:J - Abstract
The prohibition of illegal drug production, use and trafficking has resulted in several shortcomings and negative consequences for other global development objectives. According to available evidence, current drug control policies undermine the international community’s commitments to public health, criminal justice, sustainable development, women rights, human rights, poverty alleviation and the reduction of inequalities. This policy comment focuses on the impact of repressive drug policies on state institutions and politics. In a unique conjunction of interests, prohibition allows transnational criminal organisations to weaken state institutions, corrupt civil and military officials and influence control policies because of the entrenched neo-patrimonialism in political life. Therefore, prohibition allows populist and political contenders to stigmatise a minority population—people who use drugs, in opposition to the desires of the majority rule. The use of political emotions, based on fear or promise of change, undermines effective responses to drugs, erodes the rule of law and trust between authorities and populations, and weakens state institutions and democratic governance. This policy comment provides examples from low- and middle-income countries, as well as cases from high-income countries, of the impact of drug prohibition and its illegal proceeds on governance through neo-patrimonialism, clientelism and the weakening of institutions. L'interdiction de la production, de la consommation et du trafic de stupéfiants est la cause d’un certain nombre de problèmes et de conséquences négatives sur d’autres objectifs de développement mondial. De multiples données montrent que les politiques actuelles de contrôle des drogues sapent les engagements de la communauté internationale en matière de santé publique, de justice pénale, de développement durable, de droits des femmes, de droits humains, de lutte contre la pauvreté et de réduction des inégalités. Cette contribution se concentre sur les conséquences des politiques anti-drogue répressives sur les institutions et la politique étatiques. Dans une conjonction d’intérêts unique, la prohibition permet aux organisations criminelles transnationales d’affaiblir les institutions de l’État, de corrompre les fonctionnaires civils et militaires et d’influencer les politiques de contrôle en raison d’une vie politique vérolée par le néo-patrimonialisme. Elle permet aussi aux populistes et aux candidats politiques de stigmatiser une minorité — les consommateurs de drogues — dont les agissements sont contraires aux désirs de la majorité. Le recours aux émotions politiques qui s’appuie sur la peur ou la promesse de changement, sape les réponses efficaces aux problèmes liés aux drogues, érode l'État de droit et la confiance entre les autorités et les populations, et affaiblit les institutions publiques et la gouvernance démocratique. Cet article fournit des exemples des conséquences de la prohibition des drogues et de ses recettes illégales sur la gouvernance par le biais du néo-patrimonialisme, du clientélisme et de l’affaiblissement des institutions, dans des pays à faible et moyen revenu, ainsi que dans des pays à revenu élevé. La prohibición de la producción, del uso y del tráfico ilegal de drogas ha ocasionado diversas deficiencias y consecuencias negativas en otros objetivos mundiales de desarrollo. De acuerdo con los estudios existentes, las actuales políticas de fiscalización de drogas socavan los compromisos de la comunidad internacional en los ámbitos de la salud pública, la justicia penal, el desarrollo sostenible, los derechos de las mujeres, los derechos humanos, y la reducción de la pobreza y de las desigualdades. Esta reflexión política se centra en los efectos que producen las políticas represivas en las instituciones y las políticas estatales en materia de drogas. En el marco de una combinación singular de intereses, la prohibición posibilita que las organizaciones penales transnacionales debiliten las instituciones del Estado, corrompan a autoridades civiles y militares e influencien las políticas de control de drogas, gracias al neopatrimonialismo arraigado en la vida política. Por tanto, la prohibición permite que los candidatos políticos y populistas estigmaticen a personas de una población minoritaria –los consumidores de drogas–, como opuestas a la voluntad de las mayorías. La utilización de emociones políticas fundadas en el miedo o en las promesas de cambio desfavorece la eficacia de las medidas en materia de drogas, menoscaba el estado de derecho y la confianza entre las autoridades y la población, y debilita las instituciones del Estado y la gobernanza democrática. Esta reflexión política ofrece ejemplos extraídos tanto de países con ingresos bajos y medios como de altos ingresos sobre los efectos de la prohibición de las drogas y de sus ingresos ilegales en la gobernanza a través del neopatrimonialismo, el clientelismo y el debilitamiento de las instituciones.
- Published
- 2020
22. The illicit drug trade, counternarcotics strategies and terrorism.
- Author
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Piazza, James
- Subjects
DRUG traffic ,DRUG control ,TERRORISM financing ,INTERDICTION (Civil law) ,DRUG prices ,NARCOTICS ,COCAINE - Abstract
Conventional wisdom indicates that international trade in illicit drugs helps to fuel terrorism. Since 2001, counter-narcotics policy increasingly has been used to fight terrorism. This study investigates empirically the relationship between the drug trade and terrorism and examines whether or not interdiction and eradication efforts reduce domestic and transnational terrorist activity. The study finds that illicit drug production and opiate and cocaine wholesale prices are significant positive predictors of transnational and domestic terrorist attacks, while drug crop eradication and drug interdiction are significant negative predictors of terrorism. The study concludes with the policy implications of the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Lebanon: A Convergence of Political Islam and Criminality
- Author
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NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA DEPT OF NATIONAL SECURITY AFFAIRS, King, Ryan K, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA DEPT OF NATIONAL SECURITY AFFAIRS, and King, Ryan K
- Abstract
Kamal Salibi, a recognized Lebanese historian, has described Lebanese society as liberal and tolerant, traditional rather than zealous or fanatical in its attitude towards religion and political ideology. Unfortunately, the openness that has defined Lebanon's success also has led to its failures. Confessionalism, a fragile political environment resulting in a perpetually weak central government, and internal meddling by Lebanon's neighbors and imperial powers have framed its fractured history. The country of Lebanon is a sum of its parts (i.e., religion, politics, economy), parts that can be examined individually but are never defined as one hundred percent independent of each other. A part of Lebanon that is often underestimated and overlooked is the drug trade and its influence on Lebanese politics. The control of narcotics trafficking through the Lebanese state has disproportionately influenced the political landscape of Lebanon, contributed to the disenfranchisement of many confessional groups, the Shi'a in particular, and fostered the rise of Hezbollah.
- Published
- 2012
24. The Political Economy of Counterdrug Policy: The Case of Bolivia, 1997-2006
- Author
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NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA, Rocha, Raul, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA, and Rocha, Raul
- Abstract
Analysts have long argued that Latin American countries will not implement tough counterdrug policies because: (1) they view drugs as a demand-side (U.S.) problem; (2) drugs play a central role in their economies; (3) there are strong pressures from domestic interest groups not to; and (4) international pressure can only generate minimal compliance. Despite this, a variety of governments have implemented tough policies since the mid-1990s. The explanation: a president's grand strategy mediates the influence of the four aforementioned factors. This thesis examines the case of Bolivia, in which President Hugo Banzer implemented a very successful eradication strategy (Plan Dignidad) because he believed a positive international image was necessary for his country's economic development. Subsequent presidents lacked grand strategies that justified tough counterdrug policies; therefore, they mostly focused on meeting minimal requirements to avoid decertification by the United States. The thesis also addresses the factors that influence the effectiveness and sustainability of counterdrug policies. It challenges the conventional wisdom that Plan Dignidad was not sustainable because it was based on forced eradication and the militarization of the Chapare. It shows instead that the Plan would have been sustainable if not for a premature push into the Yungas. It also demonstrates that forced eradication depends on firm but fair negotiations with cocaleros, backed by a public relations campaign that strengthens the government's hand.
- Published
- 2007
25. How green is grass?
- Published
- 1992
26. Pakistan tries to deal with the avalanche
- Author
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Sadeque, Najma
- Published
- 1992
27. Growers fight to protect a sure income
- Author
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Davila, Amanda
- Published
- 1992
28. Crop of dreams: why people grow drugs
- Author
-
Smith, Michael
- Published
- 1992
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