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1. Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Author: Steinmetz, J, Seeher, K, Schiess, N, Nichols, E, Cao, B, Servili, C, Cavallera, V, Cousin, E, Hagins, H, Moberg, M, Mehlman, M, Abate, Y, Abbas, J, Abbasi, M, Abbasian, M, Abbastabar, H, Abdelmasseh, M, Abdollahi, M, Abdollahifar, M, Abd-Rabu, R, Abdulah, D, Abdullahi, A, Abedi, A, Abedi, V, Abeldano Zuniga, R, Abidi, H, Abiodun, O, Aboagye, R, Abolhassani, H, Aboyans, V, Abrha, W, Abualhasan, A, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Aburuz, S, Adamu, L, Addo, I, Adebayo, O, Adekanmbi, V, Adekiya, T, Adikusuma, W, Adnani, Q, Adra, S, Afework, T, Afolabi, A, Afraz, A, Afzal, S, Aghamiri, S, Agodi, A, Agyemang-Duah, W, Ahinkorah, B, Ahmad, A, Ahmad, D, Ahmad, S, Ahmadzade, A, Ahmed, A, Ahmed, H, Ahmed, J, Ahmed, L, Ahmed, M, Ahmed, S, Ajami, M, Aji, B, Ajumobi, O, Akade, S, Akbari, M, Akbarialiabad, H, Akhlaghi, S, Akinosoglou, K, Akinyemi, R, Akonde, M, Al Hasan, S, Alahdab, F, Al-Ahdal, T, Al-Amer, R, Albashtawy, M, Albataineh, M, Aldawsari, K, Alemi, H, Alemi, S, Algammal, A, Al-Gheethi, A, Alhalaiqa, F, Alhassan, R, Ali, A, Ali, E, Ali, L, Ali, M, Ali, R, Ali, S, Shujait Ali, S, Ali, Z, Alif, S, Alimohamadi, Y, Aliyi, A, Aljofan, M, Aljunid, S, Alladi, S, Almazan, J, Almustanyir, S, Al-Omari, B, Alqahtani, J, Alqasmi, I, Alqutaibi, A, Al-Shahi Salman, R, Altaany, Z, Al-Tawfiq, J, Altirkawi, K, Alvis-Guzman, N, Al-Worafi, Y, Aly, H, Aly, S, Alzoubi, K, Amani, R, Amindarolzarbi, A, Amiri, S, Amirzade-Iranaq, M, Amu, H, Amugsi, D, Amusa, G, Amzat, J, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Anderson, D, Andrei, C, Androudi, S, Angappan, D, Angesom, T, Anil, A, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Anwer, R, Arafat, M, Aravkin, A, Areda, D, Ariffin, H, Arifin, H, Arkew, M, Arnlov, J, Arooj, M, Artamonov, A, Artanti, K, Aruleba, R, Asadi-Pooya, A, Asena, T, Asghari-Jafarabadi, M, Ashraf, M, Ashraf, T, Atalell, K, Athari, S, Atinafu, B, Atorkey, P, Atout, M, Atreya, A, Aujayeb, A, Avan, A, Ayala Quintanilla, B, Ayatollahi, H, Ayinde, O, Mohammad Ayyoubzadeh, S, Azadnajafabad, S, Azizi, Z, Azizian, K, Azzam, A, Babaei, M, Badar, M, Badiye, A, Baghdadi, S, Bagherieh, S, Bai, R, Baig, A, Balakrishnan, S, Balalla, S, Baltatu, O, Banach, M, Bandyopadhyay, S, Banerjee, I, Baran, M, Barboza, M, Barchitta, M, Bardhan, M, Barker-Collo, S, Barnighausen, T, Barrow, A, Bashash, D, Bashiri, H, Bashiru, H, Basiru, A, Basso, J, Basu, S, Batiha, A, Batra, K, Baune, B, Bedi, N, Begde, A, Begum, T, Behnam, B, Behnoush, A, Beiranvand, M, Bejot, Y, Bekele, A, Belete, M, Belgaumi, U, Bemanalizadeh, M, Bender, R, Benfor, B, Bennett, D, Bensenor, I, Berice, B, Bettencourt, P, Beyene, K, Bhadra, A, Bhagat, D, Bhangdia, K, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhargava, A, Bhaskar, S, Bhat, A, Bhat, V, Bhatti, G, Bhatti, J, Bhatti, R, Bijani, A, Bikbov, B, Bilalaga, M, Biswas, A, Bitaraf, S, Bitra, V, Bjorge, T, Bodolica, V, Bodunrin, A, Boloor, A, Braithwaite, D, Brayne, C, Brenner, H, Briko, A, Bringas Vega, M, Brown, J, Budke, C, Buonsenso, D, Burkart, K, Burns, R, Bustanji, Y, Butt, M, Butt, N, Butt, Z, Cabral, L, dos Santos, F, Calina, D, Campos-Nonato, I, Cao, C, Carabin, H, Cardenas, R, Carreras, G, Carvalho, A, Castaneda-Orjuela, C, Casulli, A, Catala-Lopez, F, Catapano, A, Caye, A, Cegolon, L, Cenderadewi, M, Cerin, E, Chacon-Uscamaita, P, Chan, J, Chanie, G, Charan, J, Chattu, V, Chekol Abebe, E, Chen, H, Chen, J, Chi, G, Chichagi, F, Chidambaram, S, Chimoriya, R, Ching, P, Chitheer, A, Chong, Y, Chopra, H, Choudhari, S, Chowdhury, E, Chowdhury, R, Christensen, H, Chu, D, Chukwu, I, Chung, E, Coberly, K, Columbus, A, Comachio, J, Conde, J, Cortesi, P, Costa, V, Couto, R, Criqui, M, Cruz-Martins, N, Dabbagh Ohadi, M, Dadana, S, Dadras, O, Dai, X, Dai, Z, D'Amico, E, Danawi, H, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Darwish, A, Das, S, Dascalu, A, Dash, N, Dashti, M, De la Hoz, F, de la Torre-Luque, A, De Leo, D, Dean, F, Dehghan, A, Dejene, H, Demant, D, Demetriades, A, Demissie, S, Deng, X, Desai, H, Devanbu, V, Dhama, K, Dharmaratne, S, Dhimal, M, Dias da Silva, D, Diaz, D, Dibas, M, Ding, D, Dinu, M, Dirac, M, Diress, M, Do, T, Doan, K, Dodangeh, M, Doheim, M, Dokova, K, Dongarwar, D, Dsouza, H, Dube, J, Duraisamy, S, Durojaiye, O, Dutta, S, Dziedzic, A, Edinur, H, Eissazade, N, Ekholuenetale, M, Ekundayo, T, El Nahas, N, El Sayed, I, Elahi Najafi, M, Elbarazi, I, Elemam, N, Elgar, F, Elgendy, I, Elhabashy, H, Elhadi, M, Elilo, L, Ellenbogen, R, Elmeligy, O, Elmonem, M, Elshaer, M, Elsohaby, I, Emamverdi, M, Emeto, T, Endres, M, Esezobor, C, Eskandarieh, S, Fadaei, A, Fagbamigbe, A, Fahim, A, Faramarzi, A, Fares, J, Farjoud Kouhanjani, M, Faro, A, Farzadfar, F, Fatehizadeh, A, Fathi, M, Fathi, S, Fatima, S, Feizkhah, A, Fereshtehnejad, S, Ferrari, A, Ferreira, N, Fetensa, G, Firouraghi, N, Fischer, F, Fonseca, A, Force, L, Fornari, A, Foroutan, B, Fukumoto, T, Gadanya, M, Gaidhane, A, Galali, Y, Galehdar, N, Gan, Q, Gandhi, A, Ganesan, B, Gardner, W, Garg, N, Gau, S, Gautam, R, Gebre, T, Gebrehiwot, M, Gebremeskel, G, Gebreslassie, H, Getacher, L, Ghaderi Yazdi, B, Ghadirian, F, Ghaffarpasand, F, Ghanbari, R, Ghasemi, M, Ghazy, R, Ghimire, S, Gholami, A, Gholamrezanezhad, A, Ghotbi, E, Ghozy, S, Gialluisi, A, Gill, P, Glasstetter, L, Gnedovskaya, E, Golchin, A, Golechha, M, Goleij, P, Golinelli, D, Gomes-Neto, M, Goulart, A, Goyal, A, Gray, R, Grivna, M, Guadie, H, Guan, B, Guarducci, G, Guicciardi, S, Gunawardane, D, Guo, H, Gupta, B, Gupta, R, Gupta, S, Gupta, V, Gutierrez, R, Habibzadeh, F, Hachinski, V, Haddadi, R, Hadei, M, Hadi, N, Haep, N, Haile, T, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Hall, B, Halwani, R, Hameed, S, Hamiduzzaman, M, Hammoud, A, Han, H, Hanifi, N, Hankey, G, Hannan, M, Hao, J, Harapan, H, Hareru, H, Hargono, A, Harlianto, N, Haro, J, Hartman, N, Hasaballah, A, Hasan, F, Hasani, H, Hasanian, M, Hassan, A, Hassan, S, Hassanipour, S, Hassankhani, H, Hassen, M, Haubold, J, Hay, S, Hayat, K, Hegazy, M, Heidari, G, Heidari, M, Heidari-Soureshjani, R, Hesami, H, Hezam, K, Hiraike, Y, Hoffman, H, Holla, R, Hopf, K, Horita, N, Hossain, M, Hossain, S, Hosseinzadeh, H, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, S, Hu, C, Huang, J, Huda, M, Hussain, J, Hussein, N, Huynh, H, Hwang, B, Ibitoye, S, Ilaghi, M, Ilesanmi, O, Ilic, I, Ilic, M, Immurana, M, Iravanpour, F, Islam, S, Ismail, F, Iso, H, Isola, G, Iwagami, M, Iwu, C, Iyer, M, Jaan, A, Jacob, L, Jadidi-Niaragh, F, Jafari, M, Jafarinia, M, Jafarzadeh, A, Jahankhani, K, Jahanmehr, N, Jahrami, H, Jaiswal, A, Jakovljevic, M, Jamora, R, Jana, S, Javadi, N, Javed, S, Javeed, S, Jayapal, S, Jayaram, S, Jiang, H, Johnson, C, Johnson, W, Jokar, M, Jonas, J, Joseph, A, Joseph, N, Joshua, C, Jurisson, M, Kabir, A, Kabir, Z, Kabito, G, Kadashetti, V, Kafi, F, Kalani, R, Kalantar, F, Kaliyadan, F, Kamath, A, Kamath, S, Kanchan, T, Kandel, A, Kandel, H, Kanmodi, K, Karajizadeh, M, Karami, J, Karanth, S, Karaye, I, Karch, A, Karimi, A, Karimi, H, Karimi Behnagh, A, Kasraei, H, Kassebaum, N, Kauppila, J, Kaur, H, Kaur, N, Kayode, G, Kazemi, F, Keikavoosi-Arani, L, Keller, C, Keykhaei, M, Khadembashiri, M, Khader, Y, Khafaie, M, Khajuria, H, Khalaji, A, Khamesipour, F, Khammarnia, M, Khan, M, Khan, Y, Suheb, M, Khanmohammadi, S, Khanna, T, Khatab, K, Khatatbeh, H, Khatatbeh, M, Khateri, S, Khatib, M, Khayat Kashani, H, Khonji, M, Khorashadizadeh, F, Khormali, M, Khubchandani, J, Kian, S, Kim, G, Kim, J, Kim, M, Kim, Y, Kimokoti, R, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kivimaki, M, Kochhar, S, Kolahi, A, Koly, K, Kompani, F, Koroshetz, W, Kosen, S, Kourosh Arami, M, Koyanagi, A, Kravchenko, M, Krishan, K, Krishnamoorthy, V, Defo, B, Kuddus, M, Kumar, A, Kumar, G, Kumar, M, Kumar, N, Kumsa, N, Kundu, S, Kurniasari, M, Kusuma, D, Kuttikkattu, A, Kyu, H, La Vecchia, C, Ladan, M, Lahariya, C, Laksono, T, Lal, D, Lallukka, T, Lam, J, Lami, F, Landires, I, Langguth, B, Lasrado, S, Latief, K, Latifinaibin, K, Lau, K, Laurens, M, Lawal, B, Le, L, Le, T, Ledda, C, Lee, M, Lee, S, Lee, W, Lee, Y, Leonardi, M, Lerango, T, Li, M, Li, W, Ligade, V, Lim, S, Linehan, C, Liu, C, Liu, J, Liu, W, Lo, C, Lo, W, Lobo, S, Logroscino, G, Lopes, G, Lopukhov, P, Lorenzovici, L, Lorkowski, S, Loureiro, J, Lubinda, J, Lucchetti, G, Saute, R, Ma, Z, Mabrok, M, Machoy, M, Madadizadeh, F, El Razek, M, Maghazachi, A, Maghbouli, N, Mahjoub, S, Mahmoudi, M, Majeed, A, Malagon-Rojas, J, Malakan Rad, E, Malhotra, K, Malik, A, Malik, I, Mallhi, T, Malta, D, Manilal, A, Mansouri, V, Mansournia, M, Marasini, B, Marateb, H, Maroufi, S, Martinez-Raga, J, Martini, S, Martins-Melo, F, Martorell, M, Marz, W, Marzo, R, Massano, J, Mathangasinghe, Y, Mathews, E, Maude, R, Maugeri, A, Maulik, P, Mayeli, M, Mazaheri, M, Mcalinden, C, Mcgrath, J, Meena, J, Mehndiratta, M, Mendez-Lopez, M, Mendoza, W, Mendoza-Cano, O, Menezes, R, Merati, M, Meretoja, A, Merkin, A, Mersha, A, Mestrovic, T, Mi, T, Miazgowski, T, Michalek, I, Mihretie, E, Minh, L, Mirfakhraie, R, Mirica, A, Mirrakhimov, E, Mirzaei, M, Misganaw, A, Misra, S, Mithra, P, Mizana, B, Mohamadkhani, A, Mohamed, N, Mohammadi, E, Mohammadi, H, Mohammadi, S, Mohammadshahi, M, Mohammed, M, Mohammed, S, Mohan, S, Mojiri-Forushani, H, Moka, N, Mokdad, A, Molinaro, S, Moller, H, Monasta, L, Moniruzzaman, M, Montazeri, F, Moradi, M, Moradi, Y, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moraga, P, Morovatdar, N, Morrison, S, Mosapour, A, Mosser, J, Mossialos, E, Motaghinejad, M, Mousavi, P, Ehsan Mousavi, S, Mubarik, S, Muccioli, L, Mughal, F, Mukoro, G, Mulita, A, Mulita, F, Musaigwa, F, Mustafa, A, Mustafa, G, Muthu, S, Nagarajan, A, Naghavi, P, Naik, G, Nainu, F, Nair, T, Najmuldeen, H, Nakhostin Ansari, N, Nambi, G, Namdar Areshtanab, H, Nargus, S, Nascimento, B, Naser, A, Nashwan, A, Nasoori, H, Nasreldein, A, Natto, Z, Nauman, J, Nayak, B, Nazri-Panjaki, A, Negaresh, M, Negash, H, Negoi, I, Negoi, R, Negru, S, Nejadghaderi, S, Nematollahi, M, Nesbit, O, Newton, C, Nguyen, D, Nguyen, H, Nguyen, N, Nguyen, P, Nguyen, V, Niazi, R, Nikolouzakis, T, Niranjan, V, Nnyanzi, L, Noman, E, Noroozi, N, Norrving, B, Noubiap, J, Nri-Ezedi, C, Ntaios, G, Nunez-Samudio, V, Nurrika, D, Oancea, B, Odetokun, I, O'Donnell, M, Ogunsakin, R, Oguta, J, Oh, I, Okati-Aliabad, H, Okeke, S, Okekunle, A, Okonji, O, Okwute, P, Olagunju, A, Olaiya, M, Olana, M, Olatubi, M, Oliveira, G, Olufadewa, I, Olusanya, B, Bali, A, Ong, S, Onwujekwe, O, Ordak, M, Orji, A, Ortega-Altamirano, D, Osuagwu, U, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, S, Ouyahia, A, Owolabi, M, Mahesh Padukudru, P, Pacheco-Barrios, K, Padubidri, J, Pal, P, Palange, P, Palladino, C, Palladino, R, Palma-Alvarez, R, Pan, F, Panagiotakos, D, Panda-Jonas, S, Pandey, A, Pandian, J, Pangaribuan, H, Pantazopoulos, I, Pardhan, S, Parija, P, Parikh, R, Park, S, Parthasarathi, A, Pashaei, A, Patel, J, Patil, S, Patoulias, D, Pawar, S, Pedersini, P, Pensato, U, Pereira, D, Pereira, J, Pereira, M, Peres, M, Perico, N, Perna, S, Petcu, I, Petermann-Rocha, F, Pham, H, Phillips, M, Pinilla-Monsalve, G, Piradov, M, Plotnikov, E, Poddighe, D, Polat, B, Poluru, R, Pond, C, Poudel, G, Pouramini, A, Pourbagher-Shahri, A, Pourfridoni, M, Pourtaheri, N, Prakash, P, Prakash, S, Prakash, V, Prates, E, Pritchett, N, Purnobasuki, H, Qasim, N, Qattea, I, Qian, G, Radhakrishnan, V, Raee, P, Shahraki, H, Rafique, I, Raggi, A, Raghav, P, Rahati, M, Rahim, F, Rahimi, Z, Rahimifard, M, Rahman, M, Rahmani, A, Rahmani, S, Youshanlouei, H, Rahmati, M, Raj Moolambally, S, Rajabpour-Sanati, A, Ramadan, H, Ramasamy, S, Ramasubramani, P, Ramazanu, S, Rancic, N, Rao, I, Rao, S, Rapaka, D, Rashedi, V, Rashid, A, Rashidi, M, Rashidi Alavijeh, M, Rasouli-Saravani, A, Rawaf, S, Razo, C, Redwan, E, Bana, A, Remuzzi, G, Rezaei, N, Rezaeian, M, Rhee, T, Riad, A, Robinson, S, Rodrigues, M, Rodriguez, J, Roever, L, Rogowski, E, Romoli, M, Ronfani, L, Roy, P, Pramanik, K, Rubagotti, E, Ruiz, M, Russ, T, Sunnerhagen, K, Saad, A, Saadatian, Z, Saber, K, Saberikamarposhti, M, Sacco, S, Saddik, B, Sadeghi, E, Sadeghian, S, Saeed, U, Safdarian, M, Safi, S, Sagar, R, Sagoe, D, Saheb Sharif-Askari, F, Saheb Sharif-Askari, N, Sahebkar, A, Sahoo, S, Sahraian, M, Sajedi, S, Sakshaug, J, Saleh, M, Salehi Omran, H, Salem, M, Salimi, S, Samadi Kafil, H, Samadzadeh, S, Samargandy, S, Samodra, Y, Samuel, V, Samy, A, Sanadgol, N, Sanjeev, R, Sanmarchi, F, Santomauro, D, Santri, I, Santric-Milicevic, M, Saravanan, A, Sarveazad, A, Satpathy, M, Saylan, M, Sayyah, M, Scarmeas, N, Schlaich, M, Schuermans, A, Schwarzinger, M, Schwebel, D, Selvaraj, S, Sendekie, A, Sengupta, P, Senthilkumaran, S, Serban, D, Sergindo, M, Sethi, Y, Seyedalinaghi, S, Seylani, A, Shabani, M, Shabany, M, Shafie, M, Shahabi, S, Shahbandi, A, Shahid, S, Shahraki-Sanavi, F, Shahsavari, H, Shahwan, M, Shaikh, M, Shaji, K, Sham, S, Shama, A, Shamim, M, Shams-Beyranvand, M, Shamsi, M, Shanawaz, M, Sharath, M, Sharfaei, S, Sharifan, A, Sharma, M, Sharma, R, Shashamo, B, Shayan, M, Sheikhi, R, Shekhar, S, Shen, J, Shenoy, S, Shetty, P, Shiferaw, D, Shigematsu, M, Shiri, R, Shittu, A, Shivakumar, K, Shokri, F, Shool, S, Shorofi, S, Shrestha, S, Siankam Tankwanchi, A, Siddig, E, Sigfusdottir, I, Silva, J, Silva, L, Sinaei, E, Singh, B, Singh, G, Singh, P, Singh, S, Sirota, S, Sivakumar, S, Sohag, A, Solanki, R, Soleimani, H, Solikhah, S, Solomon, Y, Song, S, Song, Y, Sotoudeh, H, Spartalis, M, Stark, B, Starnes, J, Starodubova, A, Stein, D, Steiner, T, Stovner, L, Suleman, M, Abdulkader, R, Sultana, A, Sun, J, Sunkersing, D, Sunny, A, Susianti, H, Swain, C, Szeto, M, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tabatabaei, S, Tabatabai, S, Tabish, M, Taheri, M, Tahvildari, A, Tajbakhsh, A, Tampa, M, Lukenze Tamuzi, J, Tan, K, Tang, H, Tareke, M, Tarigan, I, Tat, N, Tat, V, Tavakoli Oliaee, R, Tavangar, S, Tavasol, A, Tefera, Y, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Temesgen, W, Temsah, M, Teramoto, M, Tesfaye, A, Tesfaye, E, Tesler, R, Thakali, O, Thangaraju, P, Thapa, R, Thapar, R, Thomas, N, Thrift, A, Ticoalu, J, Tillawi, T, Toghroli, R, Tonelli, M, Tovani-Palone, M, Traini, E, Tran, N, Van Tran, P, Tromans, S, Truelsen, T, Truyen, T, Tsatsakis, A, Tsegay, G, Tsermpini, E, Tualeka, A, Tufa, D, Ubah, C, Udoakang, A, Ulhaq, I, Umair, M, Umakanthan, S, Umapathi, K, Unim, B, Unnikrishnan, B, Vaithinathan, A, Vakilian, A, Tahbaz, S, Valizadeh, R, Van den Eynde, J, Vart, P, Varthya, S, Vasankari, T, Vaziri, S, Vellingiri, B, Venketasubramanian, N, Verras, G, Vervoort, D, Villafane, J, Villani, L, Veloz, A, Viskadourou, M, Vladimirov, S, Vlassov, V, Volovat, S, Vu, L, Vujcic, I, Wagaye, B, Waheed, Y, Wahood, W, Walde, M, Wang, F, Wang, S, Wang, Y, Waqas, M, Waris, A, Weerakoon, K, Weintraub, R, Weldemariam, A, Westerman, R, Whisnant, J, Wickramasinghe, D, Wickramasinghe, N, Willekens, B, Wilner, L, Winkler, A, Wolfe, C, Wu, A, Wulf Hanson, S, Xu, S, Xu, X, Yadollahpour, A, Yaghoubi, S, Yahya, G, Yamagishi, K, Yang, L, Yano, Y, Yao, Y, Yehualashet, S, Yeshaneh, A, Yesiltepe, M, Yi, S, Yigit, A, Yigit, V, Yon, D, Yonemoto, N, You, Y, Younis, M, Yu, C, Yusuf, H, Zadey, S, Zahedi, M, Zakham, F, Zaki, N, Zali, A, Zamagni, G, Zand, R, Zandieh, G, Zangiabadian, M, Zarghami, A, Zastrozhin, M, Zeariya, M, Zegeye, Z, Zeukeng, F, Zhai, C, Zhang, C, Zhang, H, Zhang, Y, Zhang, Z, Zhao, H, Zhao, Y, Zheng, P, Zhou, H, Zhu, B, Zhumagaliuly, A, Zielinska, M, Zikarg, Y, Zoladl, M, Murray, C, Ong, K, Feigin, V, Vos, T, Dua, T, Steinmetz J. D., Seeher K. M., Schiess N., Nichols E., Cao B., Servili C., Cavallera V., Cousin E., Hagins H., Moberg M. E., Mehlman M. L., Abate Y. H., Abbas J., Abbasi M. A., Abbasian M., Abbastabar H., Abdelmasseh M., Abdollahi M., Abdollahifar M. -A., Abd-Rabu R., Abdulah D. M., Abdullahi A., Abedi A., Abedi V., Abeldano Zuniga R. A., Abidi H., Abiodun O., Aboagye R. G., Abolhassani H., Aboyans V., Abrha W. A., Abualhasan A., Abu-Gharbieh E., Aburuz S., Adamu L. H., Addo I. Y., Adebayo O. M., Adekanmbi V., Adekiya T. A., Adikusuma W., Adnani Q. E. S., Adra S., Afework T., Afolabi A. A., Afraz A., Afzal S., Aghamiri S., Agodi A., Agyemang-Duah W., Ahinkorah B. O., Ahmad A., Ahmad D., Ahmad S., Ahmadzade A. M., Ahmed A., Ahmed H., Ahmed J. Q., Ahmed L. A., Ahmed M. B., Ahmed S. A., Ajami M., Aji B., Ajumobi O., Akade S., Akbari M., Akbarialiabad H., Akhlaghi S., Akinosoglou K., Akinyemi R. O., Akonde M., Al Hasan S. M., Alahdab F., Al-Ahdal T. M. A., Al-Amer R. M., Albashtawy M., AlBataineh M. 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Abstract: Background: Disorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021. Methods: We estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous s
Published: 2024

2. Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: the Right to Sight: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study

Author: Bourne R. R. A., Steinmetz J. D., Saylan M., Mersha A. M., Weldemariam A. H., Wondmeneh T. G., Sreeramareddy C. T., Pinheiro M., Yaseri M., Yu C., Zastrozhin M. S., Zastrozhina A., Zhang Z. -J., Zimsen S. R. M., Yonemoto N., Tsegaye G. W., Vu G. T., Vongpradith A., Renzaho A. M. N., Sorrie M. B., Shaheen A. A., Shiferaw W. S., Skryabin V. Y., Skryabina A. A., Saya G. K., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Shigematsu M., Sahraian M. A., Naderifar H., Sabour S., Rathi P., Sathian B., Miller T. R., Rezapour A., Rawal L., Pham H. Q., Parekh U., Podder V., Onwujekwe O. E., Pasovic M., Otstavnov N., Negash H., Pawar S., Naimzada M. D., Al Montasir A., Ogbo F. A., Owolabi M. O., Pakshir K., Mohammad Y., Moni M. A., Nunez-Samudio V., Mulaw G. F., Naveed M., Maleki S., Michalek I. M., Misra S., Swamy S. N., Mohammed J. A., Flaxman S., Park E. -C., Briant P. S., Meles G. G., Hayat K., Landires I., Kim G. R., Liu X., LeGrand K. E., Taylor H. R., Kunjathur S. M., Khoja T. A. M., Bicer B. K., Khalilov R., Hashi A., Kayode G. A., Carneiro V. L. A., Kavetskyy T., Kosen S., Kulkarni V., Holla R., Kalhor R., Jayaram S., Islam S. M. S., Gilani S. A., Eskandarieh S., Molla M. D., Itumalla R., Farzadfar F., Congdon N. G., Elhabashy H. R., Elayedath R., Couto R. A. S., Dervenis N., Cromwell E. A., Dahlawi S. M. A., Resnikoff S., Casson R. J., Abdoli A., Choi J. -Y. J., Dos Santos F. L. C., Abrha W. A., Nagaraja S. B., Abualhasan A., Adal T. G., Aregawi B. B., Beheshti M., Abu-Gharbieh E., Afshin A., Ahmadieh H., Alemzadeh S. A., Arrigo A., Atnafu D. D., Ashbaugh C., Ashrafi E., Alemayehu W., Alfaar A. S., Alipour V., Anbesu E. W., Androudi S., Arabloo J., Arditi A., Bagli E., Baig A. A., Barnighausen T. W., Battaglia Parodi M., Bhagavathula A. S., Bhardwaj N., Bhardwaj P., Bhattacharyya K., Bijani A., Bikbov M., Bottone M., Braithwaite T., Bron A. M., Butt Z. A., Cheng C. -Y., Chu D. -T., Cicinelli M. V., Coelho J. M., Dai X., Dana R., Dandona L., Dandona R., Del Monte M. A., Deva J. P., Diaz D., Djalalinia S., Dreer L. E., Ehrlich J. R., Ellwein L. B., Emamian M. H., Fernandes A. G., Fischer F., Friedman D. S., Furtado J. M., Gaidhane S., Gazzard G., Gebremichael B., George R., Ghashghaee A., Golechha M., Hamidi S., Hammond B. R., Hartnett M. E. R., Hartono R. K., Hay S. I., Heidari G., Ho H. C., Househ M., Ibitoye S. E., Ilic I. M., Huang J. J., Ilic M. D., Ingram A. D., Irvani S. S. N., Jha R. P., Kahloun R., Kandel H., Kasa A. S., Kempen J. H., Khairallah M., Khan E. A., Khanna R. C., Khatib M. N., Kim J. E., Kim Y. J., Kisa A., Kisa S., Koyanagi A., Kurmi O. P., Lansingh V. C., Leasher J. L., Leveziel N., Limburg H., Manafi N., Mansouri K., McAlinden C., Mohammadi S. F., Mokdad A. H., Morse A. R., Naderi M., Naidoo K. S., Nangia V., Nguyen H. L. T., Ogundimu K., Olagunju A. T., Panda-Jonas S., Pesudovs K., Peto T., Ur Rahman M. H., Ramulu P. Y., Rawaf D. L., Rawaf S., Reinig N., Robin A. L., Rossetti L., Safi S., Sahebkar A., Samy A. M., Serle J. B., Shaikh M. A., Shen T. T., Shibuya K., Shin J. I., Silva J. C., Silvester A., Singh J. A., Singhal D., Sitorus R. S., Skiadaresi E., Soheili A., Sousa R. A. R. C., Stambolian D., Tadesse E. G., Tahhan N., Tareque Md. I., Topouzis F., Tran B. X., Tsilimbaris M. K., Varma R., Virgili G., Wang N., Wang Y. X., West S. K., Wong T. Y., Jonas J. B., Vos T., Bourne, R. R. A., Steinmetz, J. D., Saylan, M., Mersha, A. M., Weldemariam, A. H., Wondmeneh, T. G., Sreeramareddy, C. T., Pinheiro, M., Yaseri, M., Yu, C., Zastrozhin, M. S., Zastrozhina, A., Zhang, Z. -J., Zimsen, S. R. M., Yonemoto, N., Tsegaye, G. W., Vu, G. T., Vongpradith, A., Renzaho, A. M. N., Sorrie, M. B., Shaheen, A. A., Shiferaw, W. S., Skryabin, V. Y., Skryabina, A. A., Saya, G. K., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Shigematsu, M., Sahraian, M. A., Naderifar, H., Sabour, S., Rathi, P., Sathian, B., Miller, T. R., Rezapour, A., Rawal, L., Pham, H. Q., Parekh, U., Podder, V., Onwujekwe, O. E., Pasovic, M., Otstavnov, N., Negash, H., Pawar, S., Naimzada, M. D., Al Montasir, A., Ogbo, F. A., Owolabi, M. O., Pakshir, K., Mohammad, Y., Moni, M. A., Nunez-Samudio, V., Mulaw, G. F., Naveed, M., Maleki, S., Michalek, I. M., Misra, S., Swamy, S. N., Mohammed, J. A., Flaxman, S., Park, E. -C., Briant, P. S., Meles, G. G., Hayat, K., Landires, I., Kim, G. R., Liu, X., Legrand, K. E., Taylor, H. R., Kunjathur, S. M., Khoja, T. A. M., Bicer, B. K., Khalilov, R., Hashi, A., Kayode, G. A., Carneiro, V. L. A., Kavetskyy, T., Kosen, S., Kulkarni, V., Holla, R., Kalhor, R., Jayaram, S., Islam, S. M. S., Gilani, S. A., Eskandarieh, S., Molla, M. D., Itumalla, R., Farzadfar, F., Congdon, N. G., Elhabashy, H. R., Elayedath, R., Couto, R. A. S., Dervenis, N., Cromwell, E. A., Dahlawi, S. M. A., Resnikoff, S., Casson, R. J., Abdoli, A., Choi, J. -Y. J., Dos Santos, F. L. C., Abrha, W. A., Nagaraja, S. B., Abualhasan, A., Adal, T. G., Aregawi, B. B., Beheshti, M., Abu-Gharbieh, E., Afshin, A., Ahmadieh, H., Alemzadeh, S. A., Arrigo, A., Atnafu, D. D., Ashbaugh, C., Ashrafi, E., Alemayehu, W., Alfaar, A. S., Alipour, V., Anbesu, E. W., Androudi, S., Arabloo, J., Arditi, A., Bagli, E., Baig, A. A., Barnighausen, T. W., Battaglia Parodi, M., Bhagavathula, A. S., Bhardwaj, N., Bhardwaj, P., Bhattacharyya, K., Bijani, A., Bikbov, M., Bottone, M., Braithwaite, T., Bron, A. M., Butt, Z. A., Cheng, C. -Y., Chu, D. -T., Cicinelli, M. V., Coelho, J. M., Dai, X., Dana, R., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Del Monte, M. A., Deva, J. P., Diaz, D., Djalalinia, S., Dreer, L. E., Ehrlich, J. R., Ellwein, L. B., Emamian, M. H., Fernandes, A. G., Fischer, F., Friedman, D. S., Furtado, J. M., Gaidhane, S., Gazzard, G., Gebremichael, B., George, R., Ghashghaee, A., Golechha, M., Hamidi, S., Hammond, B. R., Hartnett, M. E. R., Hartono, R. K., Hay, S. I., Heidari, G., Ho, H. C., Househ, M., Ibitoye, S. E., Ilic, I. M., Huang, J. J., Ilic, M. D., Ingram, A. D., Irvani, S. S. N., Jha, R. P., Kahloun, R., Kandel, H., Kasa, A. S., Kempen, J. H., Khairallah, M., Khan, E. A., Khanna, R. C., Khatib, M. N., Kim, J. E., Kim, Y. J., Kisa, A., Kisa, S., Koyanagi, A., Kurmi, O. P., Lansingh, V. C., Leasher, J. L., Leveziel, N., Limburg, H., Manafi, N., Mansouri, K., Mcalinden, C., Mohammadi, S. F., Mokdad, A. H., Morse, A. R., Naderi, M., Naidoo, K. S., Nangia, V., Nguyen, H. L. T., Ogundimu, K., Olagunju, A. T., Panda-Jonas, S., Pesudovs, K., Peto, T., Ur Rahman, M. H., Ramulu, P. Y., Rawaf, D. L., Rawaf, S., Reinig, N., Robin, A. L., Rossetti, L., Safi, S., Sahebkar, A., Samy, A. M., Serle, J. B., Shaikh, M. A., Shen, T. T., Shibuya, K., Shin, J. I., Silva, J. C., Silvester, A., Singh, J. A., Singhal, D., Sitorus, R. S., Skiadaresi, E., Soheili, A., Sousa, R. A. R. C., Stambolian, D., Tadesse, E. G., Tahhan, N., Tareque, Md. I., Topouzis, F., Tran, B. X., Tsilimbaris, M. K., Varma, R., Virgili, G., Wang, N., Wang, Y. X., West, S. K., Wong, T. Y., Jonas, J. B., Vos, T., University of Washington [Seattle], Anglia Ruskin University (ARU), Imperial College London, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg University, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Aksum University, Cairo University, University of Sharjah, Wolkite University, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences [Tehran] (SBUMS), Shahid Beheshti University, The Fred Hollows Foundation, Iran University of Medical Sciences, University of Leipzig Medical Center, University of Thessaly [Volos] (UTH), Visibility Metrics LLC, Adigrat University, San Raffaele Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Bahir Dar University (BDU), University Hospital of Ioannina, Sultan Zainal Abidin University, Universita Vita Salute San Raffaele = Vita-Salute San Raffaele University [Milan, Italie] (UniSR), Charles University [Prague] (CU), Government Medical College Pali, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Ufa Eye Research Institute, ondon School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Service d'Ophtalmologie (CHU de Dijon), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon - Hôpital François Mitterrand (CHU Dijon), Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation [Dijon] (CSGA), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Employee State Insurance Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, University of Waterloo [Waterloo], Federal Polytechnic School of Lausanne, University of Minho, University of Adelaide, Singapore Eye Research Institute [Singapore] (SERI), Seoul National University Hospital, Hanoi National University of Education (HNUE), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute [Milan, Italie], University of Porto, Queen's University [Belfast] (QUB), University of Dammam - Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Harvard University, University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System, University of Gondar, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Ministry of Health and Medical Education [Iran] (MOHME), Mahatma Gandhi University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Cairo University - Faculty of Medicine, National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Federal University of Sao Paulo (Unifesp), University of Applied Sciences Ravensburg-Weingarten, University of São Paulo (USP), Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, University College of London [London] (UCL), Haramaya University, Sankara Nethralaya Medical Research Foundation, The University of Lahore, Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, University of Georgia, University of Utah, Institution of Public Health Sciences, Jigjiga Universit, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Independent Consultant, The Chinese University of Hong Kong [Hong Kong], Manipal academy of Higher Education, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Yale University [New Haven], University of Ibadan, University of Belgrade [Belgrade], Faculty of Science of the University of Kragujevac, University of Kragujevac, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia, Deakin University [Burwood], University of Hail, Mysore Medical College, Banaras Hindu University [Varanasi] (BHU), Ophtalmologistes Associe Monastir, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin (KUL), Institute of Human Virology [Nigeria] (IHVN), Myungsung Medical College, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Fattouma Bourguiba, Partenaires INRAE, Baku State University, Health Services Academy, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Health Ministers Council Gulf Cooperative Council Stat, Medical College of Wisconsin [Milwaukee] (MCW), Xiamen University Malaysia, Yonsei University, Oslo Metropolitan University (OsloMet), School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia, Brien Holden Vision Institute, Fondation Théa, The Fred Hollows Foundation, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Lions Clubs International Foundation, Sightsavers International, and University of Heidelberg., and GBD 2019 Blindness and Vision Impairment Collaborators* on behalf of the Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study.
Subjects: Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Refractive error, Visual acuity, genetic structures, Eye disease, 030231 tropical medicine, Population, Glaucoma, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine, Global health, 030212 general & internal medicine, [SDV.MHEP.OS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Sensory Organs, education, education.field_of_study, business.industry, Articles, General Medicine, Diabetic retinopathy, Macular degeneration, medicine.disease, eye diseases, 3. Good health, medicine.symptom, business
Abstract: Background: Many causes of vision impairment can be prevented or treated. With an ageing global population, the demands for eye health services are increasing. We estimated the prevalence and relative contribution of avoidable causes of blindness and vision impairment globally from 1990 to 2020. We aimed to compare the results with the World Health Assembly Global Action Plan (WHA GAP) target of a 25% global reduction from 2010 to 2019 in avoidable vision impairment, defined as cataract and undercorrected refractive error. Methods: We did a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based surveys of eye disease from January, 1980, to October, 2018. We fitted hierarchical models to estimate prevalence (with 95% uncertainty intervals [UIs]) of moderate and severe vision impairment (MSVI; presenting visual acuity from
Published: 2021
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3. Assessing performance of the Healthcare Access and Quality Index, overall and by select age groups, for 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Lozano, R., Haakenstad, A., Yearwood, J. A., Fullman, N., Bintz, C., Bienhoff, K., Weaver, M. R., Nandakumar, V., Joffe, J. N., LeGrand, K. E., Knight, M., Abbafati, C., Abbasi-Kangevari, M., Abdoli, A., Zuniga, R. A. A., Adedeji, I. A., Adekanmbi, V., Adetokunboh, O. O., Afzal, M. S., Afzal, S., Agudelo-Botero, M., Ahinkorah, B. O., Ahmad, S., Ahmadi, A., Ahmadi, S., Ahmed, A., Rashid, T. A., Aji, B., Akande-Sholabi, W., Alam, K., Al Hamad, H., Alhassan, R. K., Ali, L., Alipour, V., Aljunid, S. M., Ameyaw, E. K., Amin, T. T., Amu, H., Amugsi, D. A., Ancuceanu, R., Andrade, P. P., Anjum, A., Arabloo, J., Arab-Zozani, M., Ariffin, H., Arulappan, J., Aryan, Z., Ashraf, T., Atnafu, D. D., Atreya, A., Ausloos, M., Avila-Burgos, L., Ayano, G., Ayanore, M. A., Azari, S., Badiye, A. D., Baig, A. A., Bairwa, M., Bakkannavar, S. M., Baliga, S., Banik, P. C., Barnighausen, T. W., Barra, F., Barrow, A., Basu, S., Bayati, M., Belete, R., Bell, A. W., Bhagat, D. S., Bhagavathula, A. S., Bhardwaj, P., Bhardwaj, N., Bhaskar, S., Bhattacharyya, K., Bhutta, Z. A., Bibi, S., Bijani, A., Bikbov, B., Biondi, A., Bolarinwa, O. A., Bonny, A., Brenner, H., Buonsenso, D., Burkart, K., Busse, R., Butt, Z. A., Butt, N. S., dos Santos, F. L. C., Cahuana Hurtado, Lucero, Camera, Luis Alberto, Cardenas, R., Carneiro, V. L. A., Catala-Lopez, F., Chandan, J. S., Charan, J., Chavan, P. P., Chen, S. M., Chen, S., Choudhari, S. G., Chowdhury, E. K., Chowdhury, M. A. K., Cirillo, M., Corso, B., Dadras, O., Dahlawi, S. M. A., Dai, X. C., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Dangel, W. J., Davila-Cervantes, C. A., Davletov, K., Deuba, K., Dhimal, M., Dhimal, M. L., Djalalinia, S., Do, H. P., Doshmangir, L., Duncan, B. B., Effiong, A., Ehsani-Chimeh, E., Elgendy, I. Y., Elhadi, M., El Sayed, I., El Tantawi, M., Erku, D. A., Eskandarieh, S., Fares, J., Farzadfar, F., Ferrero, S., Desideri, L. F., Fischer, F., Foigt, N. A., Foroutan, M., Fukumoto, T., Gaal, P. A., Gaihre, S., Gardner, W. M., Garg, T., Obsa, A. G., Ghafourifard, M., Ghashghaee, A., Ghith, N., Gilani, S. A., Gill, P. S., Goharinezhad, S., Golechha, M., Guadamuz, J. S., Guo, Y. M., Das Gupta, R., Gupta, R., Gupta, V. K., Gupta, V. B., Hamiduzzaman, M., Hanif, A., Haro, J. M., Hasaballah, A. I., Hasan, M. M., Hasan, M. T., Hashi, A., Hay, S. I., Hayat, K., Heidari, M., Heidari, G., Henry, N. J., Herteliu, C., Holla, R., Hossain, S., Hossain, S. J., Hossain, M. B. H., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, S., Hoveidamanesh, S., Hsieh, V. C. R., Hu, G. Q., Huang, J. J., Huda, M. M., Ifeagwu, S. C., Ikuta, K. S., Ilesanmi, O. S., Irvani, S. S. N., Islam, R. M., Islam, S. M. S., Ismail, N. E., Iso, H., Isola, G., Itumalla, R., Iwagami, M., Jahani, M. A., Jahanmehr, N., Jain, R., Jakovljevic, M., Janodia, M. D., Jayapal, S. K., Jayaram, S., Jha, R. P., Jonas, J. B., Joo, T., Joseph, N., Jurisson, M., Kabir, A., Kalankesh, L. R., Kalhor, R., Kamath, A. M., Kamenov, K., Kandel, H., Kantar, R. S., Kapoor, N., Karanikolos, M., Katikireddi, S. V., Kavetskyy, T., Kawakami, N., Kayode, G. A., Keikavoosi-Arani, L., Keykhaei, M., Khader, Y. S., Khajuria, H., Khalilov, R., Khammarnia, M., Khan, M. N., Khan, M. A. B., Khan, M., Khezeli, M., Kim, M. S., Kim, Y. J., Kisa, S., Kisa, A., Klymchuk, V., Koly, K. N., Korzh, O., Kosen, S., Koul, P. A., Defo, B. K., Kumar, G. A., Kusuma, D., Kyu, H. H., Larsson, A. O., Lasrado, S., Lee, W. C., Lee, Y. H., Lee, C. B., Li, S. S., Lucchetti, G., Mahajan, P. B., Majeed, A., Makki, A., Malekzadeh, R., Malik, A. A., Malta, D. C., Mansournia, M. A., Mantovani, L. G., Martinez-Valle, A., Martins-Melo, F. R., Masoumi, S. Z., Mathur, M. R., Maude, R. J., Maulik, P. K., McKee, M., Mendoza, W., Menezes, R. G., Mensah, G. A., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T. J., Mestrovic, T., Michalek, I. M., Mirrakhimov, E. M., Misganaw, A., Misra, S., Moazen, B., Mohammadi, M., Mohammed, S., Moitra, M., Mokdad, A. H., Molokhia, M., Monasta, L., Moni, M. A., Moradi, G., Moreira, R. S., Mosser, J. F., Mostafavi, E., Mouodi, S., Nagarajan, A. J., Nagata, C., Naghavi, M., Nangia, V., Swamy, S. N., Narayana, A. I., Nascimento, B. R., Nassereldine, H., Nayak, B. P., Nazari, J., Negoi, I., Nepal, S., Kandel, S. N., Ngunjiri, J. W., Nguyen, H. L. T, Nguyen, C. T., Ningrum, D. N. A., Noubiap, J. J., Oancea, B., Oghenetega, O. B., Oh, I. H., Olagunju, A. T., Olakunde, B. O., Bali, A. O., Omer, E., Onwujekwe, O. E., Otoiu, A., Padubidri, J. R., Palladino, R., Pana, A., Panda-Jonas, S., Pandi-Perumal, S. R., Pardhan, S., Pasupula, D. K., Pathak, P. K., Patton, G. C., Pawar, S., Pereira, J., Pilania, M., Piroozi, B., Podder, V., Pokhrel, K. N., Postma, M. J., Prada, S. I., Syed, Z. Q., Rabiee, N., Radhakrishnan, R. A., Rahman, M. M., Rahman, M., Rahman, M. H. U., Rahmani, A. M., Ranabhat, C. L., Rao, C. R., Rao, S. J., Rasella, D., Rawaf, S., Rawaf, D. L., Rawal, L., Renzaho, A. M. N., Reshmi, B., Resnikoff, S., Rezapour, A., Riahi, S. M., Ripon, R. K., Sacco, S., Sadeghi, M., Saeed, U., Sahebkar, A., Sahiledengle, B., Sahoo, H., Sahu, M., Salama, J. S., Salamati, P., Samy, A. M., Sanabria, J., Santric-Milicevic, M. M., Sathian, B., Sawhney, M., Schmidt, M. I., Seidu, A. A., Sepanlou, S. G., Seylani, A., Shaikh, M. A., Sheikh, A., Shetty, A., Shigematsu, M., Shiri, R., Shivakumar, K. M., Shokri, A., Singh, J. A., Sinha, D. N., Skryabin, V. Y., Skryabina, A. A., Sofi-Mahmudi, A., Sousa, R. A. R. C., Stephens, J. H., Sun, J., Szocska, M., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Tadbiri, H., Tamiru, A. T., Thankappan, K. R., Topor-Madry, R., Tovani-Palone, M. R., Tran, M. T. N., Tran, B. X., Tripathi, N., Tripathy, J. P., Troeger, C. E., Uezono, D. R., Ullah, S., Ullah, A., Unnikrishnan, B., Vacante, M., Tahbaz, S. V., Valdez, P. R., Vasic, M., Veroux, M., Vervoort, D., Violante, F. S., Vladimirov, S. K., Vlassov, V., Vo, B., Waheed, Y., Wamai, R. G., Wang, Y. P., Wang, Y. Z., Ward, P., Wiangkham, T., Yadav, L., Jabbari, S. H. Y., Yamagishi, K., Yaya, S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V., Yi, S. Y., Yigit, V., Yonemoto, N., Younis, M. Z., Yu, C. H., Yunusa, I., Bin Zaman, S., Zastrozhin, M. S., Zhang, Z. J., Zhong, C. W., Zuniga, Y. M. H., Lim, S. S., Murray, C. J. L., GBD 2019 Healthcare Access Quality, Clinicum, Department of Neurosciences, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Haakenstad, Annie, Yearwood, Jamal Akeem, Fullman, Nancy, Bintz, Corinne, Bienhoff, Kelly, Weaver, Marcia R, Nandakumar, Vishnu, Joffe, Jonah N, Legrand, Kate E, Knight, Megan, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abdoli, Amir, Abeldaño Zuñiga, Roberto Ariel, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O, Afzal, Muhammad Sohail, Afzal, Saira, Agudelo-Botero, Marcela, Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku, Ahmad, Sajjad, Ahmadi, Ali, Ahmadi, Sepideh, Ahmed, Ali, Ahmed Rashid, Tarik, Aji, Budi, Akande-Sholabi, Wuraola, Alam, Khurshid, Al Hamad, Hanadi, Alhassan, Robert Kaba, Ali, Liaqat, Alipour, Vahid, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena, Amin, Tarek Tawfik, Amu, Hubert, Amugsi, Dickson A, Ancuceanu, Robert, Andrade, Pedro Prata, Anjum, Afifa, Arabloo, Jalal, Arab-Zozani, Morteza, Ariffin, Hany, Arulappan, Judie, Aryan, Zahra, Ashraf, Tahira, 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Ullah, A, Unnikrishnan, B, Vacante, M, Valadan Tahbaz, S, Valdez, P, Vasic, M, Veroux, M, Vervoort, D, Violante, F, Vladimirov, S, Vlassov, V, Vo, B, Waheed, Y, Wamai, R, Wang, Y, Ward, P, Wiangkham, T, Yadav, L, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S, Yamagishi, K, Yaya, S, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V, Yi, S, Yigit, V, Yonemoto, N, Younis, M, Yu, C, Yunusa, I, Zaman, S, Zastrozhin, M, Zhang, Z, Zhong, C, Zuniga, Y, Lim, S, Murray, C, Lozano, R, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, King Edward Medical University (Pakistán), Kuwait University (Kuwait), Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, Romanian Ministry of Research Innovation and Digitalization, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Federal Ministry of Education & Research (Alemania), Unión Europea. Comisión Europea. H2020, University of Aberdeen (Reino Unido), Novo Nordisk Foundation, National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia), National Research, Development and Innovation Office (Hungria), National Records of Scotland (Reino Unido), Medical Research Council (Reino Unido), Scottish Government (Reino Unido), Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University (Bangladesh), Xiamen University Malaysia (Malasia), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (Brasil), Ministero della Salute (Italia), Fondazione IRCCS. Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, King College London, IRCCS Materno Infantile Burlo Garofolo (Italia), Edwards Lifesciences Foundation, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (Brasil), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (India), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación. Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa (España), Government of Catalonia (España), International Center of Medical Sciences Research (Pakistán), Ain Shams University (Egipto), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red - CIBERSAM (Salud Mental), INCLIVA Health Research Institute (España), Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Australian Government, and Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development (Serbia)
Subjects: Adult, Adolescent, Population, Global Health, Health Services Accessibility, Global Burden of Disease, Health system quality, Young Adult, Nations, Health systems, health care access, Risk Factors, Quality-Adjusted Life Year, Humans, Child, Global Burden of Disease Study 2019, Health-care access, Aged, Quality of Health Care, quality, performance, The Healthcare Access and Quality Index, Risk Factor, Infant, Newborn, Infant, eu-repo/semantics/review [info], Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, General Medicine, Health-care quality, Middle Aged, 3141 Health care science, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Indicator, Medical-care, Child, Preschool, Deaths, Amenable mortality, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Age groups, Trends, Human
Abstract: Background: Health-care needs change throughout the life course. It is thus crucial to assess whether health systems provide access to quality health care for all ages. Drawing from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019 (GBD 2019), we measured the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index overall and for select age groups in 204 locations from 1990 to 2019. Methods: We distinguished the overall HAQ Index (ages 0-74 years) from scores for select age groups: the young (ages 0-14 years), working (ages 15-64 years), and post-working (ages 65-74 years) groups. For GBD 2019, HAQ Index construction methods were updated to use the arithmetic mean of scaled mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs) and risk-standardised death rates (RSDRs) for 32 causes of death that should not occur in the presence of timely, quality health care. Across locations and years, MIRs and RSDRs were scaled from 0 (worst) to 100 (best) separately, putting the HAQ Index on a different relative scale for each age group. We estimated absolute convergence for each group on the basis of whether the HAQ Index grew faster in absolute terms between 1990 and 2019 in countries with lower 1990 HAQ Index scores than countries with higher 1990 HAQ Index scores and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. SDI is a summary metric of overall development. Findings: Between 1990 and 2019, the HAQ Index increased overall (by 19·6 points, 95% uncertainty interval 17·9-21·3), as well as among the young (22·5, 19·9-24·7), working (17·2, 15·2-19·1), and post-working (15·1, 13·2-17·0) age groups. Large differences in HAQ Index scores were present across SDI levels in 2019, with the overall index ranging from 30·7 (28·6-33·0) on average in low-SDI countries to 83·4 (82·4-84·3) on average in high-SDI countries. Similarly large ranges between low-SDI and high-SDI countries, respectively, were estimated in the HAQ Index for the young (40·4-89·0), working (33·8-82·8), and post-working (30·4-79·1) groups. Absolute convergence in HAQ Index was estimated in the young group only. In contrast, divergence was estimated among the working and post-working groups, driven by slow progress in low-SDI countries. Interpretation: Although major gaps remain across levels of social and economic development, convergence in the young group is an encouraging sign of reduced disparities in health-care access and quality. However, divergence in the working and post-working groups indicates that health-care access and quality is lagging at lower levels of social and economic development. To meet the needs of ageing populations, health systems need to improve health-care access and quality for working-age adults and older populations while continuing to realise gains among the young. O Adetokunboh acknowledges support from Department of Science and Innovation and National Research Foundation. S Afzal acknowledges the institutional support of King Edward Medical University. S Aljunid acknowledges Department of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, Health Science Centre, Kuwait University for the approval and support to participate in this research project. M Ausloos, C Herteliu, and A Pana acknowledge partial support by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. C Herteliu also acknowledges partial support by a grant of the Romanian Ministry of Research Innovation and Digitalization, MCID, project number ID-585-CTR-42-PFE-2021. T Bärnighausen was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through the Alexander von Humboldt Professor award, funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research. B Bikbov acknowledges funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 703226. Institute of Applied Health Sciences; School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Scotland. The salary for N Ghith is covered by a grant from Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF16OC0021856). V B Gupta acknowledges funding support from National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Australia. V K Gupta acknowledges funding support from National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Australia. T Joo acknowledges support from the National Research, Development and Innovation Office of Hungary under grant RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00006 (Data-driven Health Division of Health Security National Laboratory). S Vittal Katikireddi acknowledges funding from a NRS Senior Clinical Fellowship (SCAF/15/02), the Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00022/2), and the Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office (SPHSU17). M N Khan acknowledges the support of Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Y J Kim acknowledges support from the Research Management Centre Xiamen University Malaysia [XMUMRF/2020-C6/ITCM/0004]. G Lucchetti is a grantee of the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development Research Productivity - Level 1D. L Mantovani acknowledges support by Italian Ministry of Health Ricerca Corrente - IRCCS Multimedica. M Molokhia acknowledges support by the National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Center at Guy’s and St Thomas’ National Health Service Foundation Trust and King’s College London. L Monasta reports support for the present manuscript from the Italian Ministry of Health on project Ricerca Corrente 34/2017 and payments made to the Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo. R Moreira acknowledges the CNPQ productivity grant (316607/2021-5). B R Nascimento is partially supported by CNPq (Research Productivity Grant, 312382/2019-7), the Edwards Lifesciences Foundation (Improving the prevention and detection of Heart Valve disease across the Lifespan, 2021), and FAPEMIG (grant APQ-000627-20). J R Padubidri acknowledges Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India for their constant support in conducting research. D Rasella reports financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and State Research Agency through the Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa 2019-2023 programme (CEX2018-000806-S), and financial support from the Generalitat de Catalunya through the Centres de Recerca de Catalunya programme. U Saeed would like to acknowledge the International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad (44000), Pakistan. A M Samy acknowledges the support from Ain Shams University and the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. U Saeed would like to acknowledge Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore. Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal for supporting research activities. R T-S is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Institute of Health Carlos III, CIBERSAM, INCLIVA (PID2021-129099OB-I00). D Vervoort is supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Vanier Canada Graduate Scholarship. S B Zaman acknowledges receiving a scholarship from the Australian Government Research Training Program (RTP) in support of his academic career. Serbian part of this GBD contribution was co-financed through Grant OI 175 014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of The Republic of Serbia. This work was supported, in whole or in part, by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation OPP1152504. Under the grant conditions of the Foundation, a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Generic License has already been assigned to the Author Accepted Manuscript version that might arise from this submission. Sí
Published: 2022
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4. Global, regional, and national progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 for neonatal and child health: all-cause and cause-specific mortality findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Paulson, K. R., Kamath, A. M., Alam, T., Bienhoff, K., Abady, G. G., Abbas, J., Abbasi-Kangevari, M., Abbastabar, H., Abd-Allah, F., Abd-Elsalam, S. M., Abdoli, A., Abedi, A., Abolhassani, H., Abreu, L. G., Abu-Gharbieh, E., Abu-Rmeileh, N. M. E., Abushouk, A. I., Adamu, A. L., Adebayo, O. M., Adegbosin, A. E., Adekanmbi, V., Adetokunboh, O. O., Adeyinka, D. A., Adsuar, J. C., Afshari, K., Aghaali, M., Agudelo-Botero, M., Ahinkorah, B. O., Ahmad, T., Ahmadi, K., Ahmed, M. B., Aji, B., Akalu, Y., Akinyemi, O. O., Aklilu, A., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alanezi, F. M., Alanzi, T. M., Alcalde-Rabanal, J. E., Al-Eyadhy, A., Ali, T., Alicandro, G., Alif, S. M., Alipour, V., Alizade, H., Aljunid, S. M., Almasi-Hashiani, A., Almasri, N. A., Al-Mekhlafi, H. M., Alonso, J., Al-Raddadi, R. M., Altirkawi, K. A., Alumran, A. K., Alvis-Guzman, N., Alvis-Zakzuk, N. J., Ameyaw, E. K., Amini, S., Amini-Rarani, M., Amit, A. M. L., Amugsi, D. A., Ancuceanu, R., Anderlini, D., Andrei, C. L., Ansari, F., Ansari-Moghaddam, A., Antonio, C. A. T., Antriyandarti, E., Anvari, D., Anwer, R., Aqeel, M., Arabloo, J., Arab-Zozani, M., Aripov, T., Arnlov, J., Artanti, K. D., Arzani, A., Asaad, M., Asadi-Aliabadi, M., Asadi-Pooya, Ali A, Jafarabadi, M. A., Athari, S. S., Athari, S. M., Atnafu, D. D., Atreya, A., Atteraya, M. S., Ausloos, M., Awan, A. T., Quintanilla, B. P. A., Ayano, G., Ayanore, M. A., Aynalem, Y. A., Azari, S., Azarian, G., Azene, Z. N., Darshan, BB, Babaee, E., Badiye, A. D., Baig, A. A., Banach, M., Banik, P. C., Barker-Collo, S. L., Barqawi, H. J., Bassat, Q., Basu, S., Baune, B.T., Bayati, M., Bedi, N., Beghi, E., Beghi, M., Bell, M. L., Bendak, S., Bennett, D. A., Bensenor, I. M., Berhe, K., Berman, A. E., Bezabih, Y. M., Bhagavathula, A. S., Bhandari, D., Bhardwaj, N., Bhardwaj, P., Bhattacharyya, K., Bhattarai, S., Bhutta, Z. A., Bikbov, B., Biondi, A., Birihane, B. M., Biswas, R. K., Bohlouli, S., Bragazzi, N. L., Breusov, A. V., Brunoni, A. R., Burkart, K., Nagaraja, S. B., Busse, R., Butt, Z. A., dos Santos, F. L. C., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Camargos, P., Camera, L. A., Cardenas, R., Carreras, G., Carrero, J. J., Carvalho, F., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., Castaneda-Orjuela, C. A., Castelpietra, G., Cerin, E., Chang, J-C., Chanie, W. F., Charan, J., Chatterjee, S., Chattu, S. K., Chattu, V. K., Chaturvedi, S., Chen, S., Cho, D. Y., Choi, J-Y. J., Chu, D-T., Ciobanu, L. G., Cirillo, M., Conde, J., Costa, V. M., Couto, R. A. S., Dachew, B. A., Dahlawi, S. M. A., Dai, H., Dai, X., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Daneshpajouhnejad, P., Darmstadt, G. L., Das, J. K., Davila-Cervantes, C. A., Davis, A. C., Davletov, K., De la Hoz, F. P., De Leo, D., Deeba, F., Denova-Gutierrez, E., Dervenis, N., Desalew, A., Deuba, K., Dey, S., Dharmaratne, S. D., Dhingra, S., Dhungana, G. P., da Silva, D. D., Diaz, D., Dorostkar, F., Doshmangir, L., Dubljanin, E., Duraes, A. R., Eagan, A. W., Edinur, H. 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Yonemoto, N, Yoon, S, Younis, M, Yousefi, Z, Yousefinezhadi, T, Yu, C, Yusuf, S, Zaidi, S, Zaman, S, Zamani, M, Zamanian, M, Zastrozhin, M, Zastrozhina, A, Zhang, Y, Zhang, Z, Zhao, X, Ziapour, A, Hay, S, Murray, C, Wang, H, Kassebaum, N, and Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine (LKCMedicine)
Subjects: Male, Perinatal care, Newborn care, STILLBIRTHS, RJ101, UNDER-5 MORTALITY, Psychological intervention, 010501 environmental sciences, Infant mortality, Global Health, 01 natural sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, RA0421, Cause of Death, Infant Mortality, Global health, Life Tables, Healthcare improvements, 030212 general & internal medicine, 610 Medicine & health, Child, COVID-19, Humans, Infant, SARS-CoV-2, Sustainable Development, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, Cause of death, Life Table, Mortality rate, 1. No poverty, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, General Medicine, Articles, Hälsovetenskaper, Mortality analyses, 3. Good health, Child, Preschool, SDG 1 - No Poverty, Child Mortality, Female, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Human, Child mortality, COUNTRIES, DEATHS, Infants -- Mortalitat, GBD, 03 medical and health sciences, Medicine, General & Internal, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Life tables, under-5 mortality rate, General & Internal Medicine, Health Sciences, Neonatal deaths, medicine, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, Medicine [Science], Infants -- Salut, Preschool, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Science & Technology, Infants nadons -- Salut, business.industry, Infants nadons -- Mortalitat, INFORM, Infant, Newborn, Neonatal and child health, Sustainable Development Goal 3.2, GBD 2019 Under-5 Mortality Collaborators, medicine.disease, Newborn, TRENDS, Sustainable Development Goal, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Deaths, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, RG, business, Systematic Analysis, Malaria, Demography
Abstract: Background: Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 has targeted elimination of preventable child mortality, reduction of neonatal death to less than 12 per 1000 livebirths, and reduction of death of children younger than 5 years to less than 25 per 1000 livebirths, for each country by 2030. To understand current rates, recent trends, and potential trajectories of child mortality for the next decade, we present the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 findings for all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality in children younger than 5 years of age, with multiple scenarios for child mortality in 2030 that include the consideration of potential effects of COVID-19, and a novel framework for quantifying optimal child survival. Methods: We completed all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality analyses from 204 countries and territories for detailed age groups separately, with aggregated mortality probabilities per 1000 livebirths computed for neonatal mortality rate (NMR) and under-5 mortality rate (U5MR). Scenarios for 2030 represent different potential trajectories, notably including potential effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the potential impact of improvements preferentially targeting neonatal survival. Optimal child survival metrics were developed by age, sex, and cause of death across all GBD location-years. The first metric is a global optimum and is based on the lowest observed mortality, and the second is a survival potential frontier that is based on stochastic frontier analysis of observed mortality and Healthcare Access and Quality Index. Findings: Global U5MR decreased from 71·2 deaths per 1000 livebirths (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 68·3-74·0) in 2000 to 37·1 (33·2-41·7) in 2019 while global NMR correspondingly declined more slowly from 28·0 deaths per 1000 live births (26·8-29·5) in 2000 to 17·9 (16·3-19·8) in 2019. In 2019, 136 (67%) of 204 countries had a U5MR at or below the SDG 3.2 threshold and 133 (65%) had an NMR at or below the SDG 3.2 threshold, and the reference scenario suggests that by 2030, 154 (75%) of all countries could meet the U5MR targets, and 139 (68%) could meet the NMR targets. Deaths of children younger than 5 years totalled 9·65 million (95% UI 9·05-10·30) in 2000 and 5·05 million (4·27-6·02) in 2019, with the neonatal fraction of these deaths increasing from 39% (3·76 million [95% UI 3·53-4·02]) in 2000 to 48% (2·42 million; 2·06-2·86) in 2019. NMR and U5MR were generally higher in males than in females, although there was no statistically significant difference at the global level. Neonatal disorders remained the leading cause of death in children younger than 5 years in 2019, followed by lower respiratory infections, diarrhoeal diseases, congenital birth defects, and malaria. The global optimum analysis suggests NMR could be reduced to as low as 0·80 (95% UI 0·71-0·86) deaths per 1000 livebirths and U5MR to 1·44 (95% UI 1·27-1·58) deaths per 1000 livebirths, and in 2019, there were as many as 1·87 million (95% UI 1·35-2·58; 37% [95% UI 32-43]) of 5·05 million more deaths of children younger than 5 years than the survival potential frontier. Interpretation: Global child mortality declined by almost half between 2000 and 2019, but progress remains slower in neonates and 65 (32%) of 204 countries, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia, are not on track to meet either SDG 3.2 target by 2030. Focused improvements in perinatal and newborn care, continued and expanded delivery of essential interventions such as vaccination and infection prevention, an enhanced focus on equity, continued focus on poverty reduction and education, and investment in strengthening health systems across the development spectrum have the potential to substantially improve U5MR. Given the widespread effects of COVID-19, considerable effort will be required to maintain and accelerate progress. This article was supported by the European Research Council, ERC 848325. Alberto Ortiz was supported by FIS/Fondos FEDER (PI18/01366, PI19/00588, PI19/00815, DTS18/00032, ERA-PerMed-JTC2018 (KIDNEY ATTACK AC18/00064 and PERSTIGAN AC18/00071, ISCIII-RETIC REDinREN RD016/0009). Daniela Ribeiro acknowledges the financial support from the European Union [FEDER funds through COMPETE, POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029253). Joan B Soriano acknowledges support from the Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Published: 2021
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5. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990-2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Feigin, V, Stark, B, Johnson, C, Roth, G, Bisignano, C, Abady, G, Abbasifard, M, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abd-Allah, F, Abedi, V, Abualhasan, A, Abu-Rmeileh, N, Abushouk, A, Adebayo, O, Agarwal, G, Agasthi, P, Ahinkorah, B, Ahmad, S, Ahmadi, S, Salih, Y, Aji, B, Akbarpour, S, Akinyemi, R, Al Hamad, H, Alahdab, F, Alif, S, Alipour, V, Aljunid, S, Almustanyir, S, Al-Raddadi, R, Salman, R, Alvis-Guzman, N, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Anderson, J, Ansar, A, Antonazzo, I, Arabloo, J, Arnlov, J, Artanti, K, Aryan, Z, Asgari, S, Ashraf, T, Athar, M, Atreya, A, Ausloos, M, Baig, A, Baltatu, O, Banach, M, Barboza, M, Barker-Collo, S, Barnighausen, T, Barone, M, Basu, S, Bazmandegan, G, Beghi, E, Beheshti, M, Bejot, Y, Bell, A, Bennett, D, Bensenor, I, Bezabhe, W, Bezabih, Y, Bhagavathula, A, Bhardwaj, P, Bhattacharyya, K, Bijani, A, Bikbov, B, Birhanu, M, Boloor, A, Bonny, A, Brauer, M, Brenner, H, Bryazka, D, Butt, Z, Dos Santos, F, Campos-Nonato, I, Cantu-Brito, C, Carrero, J, Castaneda-Orjuela, C, Catapano, A, Chakraborty, P, Charan, J, Choudhari, S, Chowdhury, E, Chu, D, Chung, S, Colozza, D, Costa, V, Costanzo, S, Criqui, M, Dadras, O, Dagnew, B, Dai, X, Dalal, K, Damasceno, A, D'Amico, E, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Gela, J, Davletov, K, De La Cruz-Gongora, V, Desai, R, Dhamnetiya, D, Dharmaratne, S, Dhimal, M, Diaz, D, Dichgans, M, Dokova, K, Doshi, R, Douiri, A, Duncan, B, Eftekharzadeh, S, Ekholuenetale, M, El Nahas, N, Elgendy, I, Elhadi, M, El-Jaafary, S, Endres, M, Endries, A, Erku, D, Faraon, E, Farooque, U, Farzadfar, F, Feroze, A, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Flood, D, Gad, M, Gaidhane, S, Gheshlagh, R, Ghashghaee, A, Ghith, N, Ghozali, G, Ghozy, S, Gialluisi, A, Giampaoli, S, Gilani, S, Gill, P, Gnedovskaya, E, Golechha, M, Goulart, A, Guo, Y, Gupta, R, Gupta, V, Gyanwali, P, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hamidi, S, Hanif, A, Hankey, G, Hargono, A, Hashi, A, Hassan, T, Hassen, H, Havmoeller, R, Hay, S, Hayat, K, Hegazy, M, Herteliu, C, Holla, R, Hostiuc, S, Househ, M, Huang, J, Humayun, A, Hwang, B, Iacoviello, L, Iavicoli, I, Ibitoye, S, Ilesanmi, O, Ilic, I, Ilic, M, Iqbal, U, Irvani, S, Islam, S, Ismail, N, Iso, H, Isola, G, Iwagami, M, Jacob, L, Jain, V, Jang, S, Jayapal, S, Jayaram, S, Jayawardena, R, Jeemon, P, Jha, R, Johnson, W, Jonas, J, Joseph, N, Jozwiak, J, Jurisson, M, Kalani, R, Kalhor, R, Kalkonde, Y, Kamath, A, Kamiab, Z, Kanchan, T, Kandel, H, Karch, A, Katoto, P, Kayode, G, Keshavarz, P, Khader, Y, Khan, E, Khan, I, Khan, M, Khatib, M, Khubchandani, J, Kim, G, Kim, M, Kim, Y, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kivimaki, M, Kolte, D, Koolivand, A, Laxminarayana, S, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Krishnamoorthy, V, Krishnamurthi, R, Kumar, G, Kusuma, D, Vecchia, C, Lacey, B, Lak, H, Lallukka, T, Lasrado, S, Lavados, P, Leonardi, M, Li, B, Li, S, Lin, H, Lin, R, Liu, X, Lo, W, Lorkowski, S, Lucchetti, G, Saute, R, Abd El Razek, H, Magnani, F, Mahajan, P, Majeed, A, Makki, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malik, A, Manafi, N, Mansournia, M, Mantovani, L, Martini, S, Mazzaglia, G, Mehndiratta, M, Menezes, R, Meretoja, A, Mersha, A, Jonasson, J, Miazgowski, B, Miazgowski, T, Michalek, I, Mirrakhimov, E, Mohammad, Y, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, A, Mokhayeri, Y, Molokhia, M, Moni, M, Al Montasir, A, Moradzadeh, R, Morawska, L, Morze, J, Muruet, W, Musa, K, Nagarajan, A, Naghavi, M, Swamy, S, Nascimento, B, Negoi, R, Kandel, S, Nguyen, T, Norrving, B, Noubiap, J, Nwatah, V, Oancea, B, Odukoya, O, Olagunju, A, Orru, H, Owolabi, M, Padubidri, J, Pana, A, Parekh, T, Park, E, Kan, F, Pathak, M, Peres, M, Perianayagam, A, Pham, T, Piradov, M, Podder, V, Polinder, S, Postma, M, Pourshams, A, Radfar, A, Rafiei, A, Raggi, A, Rahim, F, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rahmani, A, Rajai, N, Ranasinghe, P, Rao, C, Rao, S, Rathi, P, Rawaf, D, Rawaf, S, Reitsma, M, Renjith, V, Renzaho, A, Rezapour, A, Rodriguez, J, Roever, L, Romoli, M, Rynkiewicz, A, Sacco, S, Sadeghi, M, Moghaddam, S, Sahebkar, A, Saif-Ur-Rahman, K, Salah, R, Samaei, M, Samy, A, Santos, I, Santric-Milicevic, M, Sarrafzadegan, N, Sathian, B, Sattin, D, Schiavolin, S, Schlaich, M, Schmidt, M, Schutte, A, Sepanlou, S, Seylani, A, Sha, F, Shahabi, S, Shaikh, M, Shannawaz, M, Shawon, M, Sheikh, A, Sheikhbahaei, S, Shibuya, K, Siabani, S, Silva, D, Singh, J, Skryabin, V, Skryabina, A, Sobaih, B, Stortecky, S, Stranges, S, Tadesse, E, Tarigan, I, Temsah, M, Teuschl, Y, Thrift, A, Tonelli, M, Tovani-Palone, M, Tran, B, Tripathi, M, Tsegaye, G, Ullah, A, Unim, B, Unnikrishnan, B, Vakilian, A, Tahbaz, S, Vasankari, T, Venketasubramanian, N, Vervoort, D, Vo, B, Volovici, V, Vosoughi, K, Vu, G, Vu, L, Wafa, H, Waheed, Y, Wang, Y, Wijeratne, T, Winkler, A, Wolfe, C, Woodward, M, Wu, J, Hanson, S, Xu, X, Yadav, L, Yadollahpour, A, Jabbari, S, Yamagishi, K, Yatsuya, H, Yonemoto, N, Yu, C, Yunusa, I, Zaman, M, Zaman, S, Zamanian, M, Zand, R, Zandifar, A, Zastrozhin, M, Zastrozhina, A, Zhang, Y, Zhang, Z, Zhong, C, Zuniga, Y, Murray, C, Feigin V. L., Stark B. A., Johnson C. O., Roth G. A., Bisignano C., Abady G. G., Abbasifard M., Abbasi-Kangevari M., Abd-Allah F., Abedi V., Abualhasan A., Abu-Rmeileh N. M. E., Abushouk A. I., Adebayo O. M., Agarwal G., Agasthi P., Ahinkorah B. O., Ahmad S., Ahmadi S., Salih Y. A., Aji B., Akbarpour S., Akinyemi R. O., Al Hamad H., Alahdab F., Alif S. M., Alipour V., Aljunid S. M., Almustanyir S., Al-Raddadi R. M., Salman R. A. -S., Alvis-Guzman N., Ancuceanu R., Anderlini D., Anderson J. A., Ansar A., Antonazzo I. C., Arabloo J., Arnlov J., Artanti K. D., Aryan Z., Asgari S., Ashraf T., Athar M., Atreya A., Ausloos M., Baig A. A., Baltatu O. C., Banach M., Barboza M. A., Barker-Collo S. L., Barnighausen T. W., Barone M. T. U., Basu S., Bazmandegan G., Beghi E., Beheshti M., Bejot Y., Bell A. W., Bennett D. A., Bensenor I. M., Bezabhe W. M., Bezabih Y. M., Bhagavathula A. S., Bhardwaj P., Bhattacharyya K., Bijani A., Bikbov B., Birhanu M. M., Boloor A., Bonny A., Brauer M., Brenner H., Bryazka D., Butt Z. A., Dos Santos F. L. C., Campos-Nonato I. R., Cantu-Brito C., Carrero J. J., Castaneda-Orjuela C. A., Catapano A. L., Chakraborty P. A., Charan J., Choudhari S. G., Chowdhury E. K., Chu D. -T., Chung S. -C., Colozza D., Costa V. M., Costanzo S., Criqui M. H., Dadras O., Dagnew B., Dai X., Dalal K., Damasceno A. A. M., D'Amico E., Dandona L., Dandona R., Gela J. D., Davletov K., De La Cruz-Gongora V., Desai R., Dhamnetiya D., Dharmaratne S. D., Dhimal M. L., Dhimal M., Diaz D., Dichgans M., Dokova K., Doshi R., Douiri A., Duncan B. B., Eftekharzadeh S., Ekholuenetale M., El Nahas N., Elgendy I. Y., Elhadi M., El-Jaafary S. I., Endres M., Endries A. Y., Erku D. A., Faraon E. J. A., Farooque U., Farzadfar F., Feroze A. H., Filip I., Fischer F., Flood D., Gad M. M., Gaidhane S., Gheshlagh R. G., Ghashghaee A., Ghith N., Ghozali G., Ghozy S., Gialluisi A., Giampaoli S., Gilani S. A., Gill P. S., Gnedovskaya E. V., Golechha M., Goulart A. C., Guo Y., Gupta R., Gupta V. B., Gupta V. K., Gyanwali P., Hafezi-Nejad N., Hamidi S., Hanif A., Hankey G. J., Hargono A., Hashi A., Hassan T. S., Hassen H. Y., Havmoeller R. J., Hay S. I., Hayat K., Hegazy M. I., Herteliu C., Holla R., Hostiuc S., Househ M., Huang J., Humayun A., Hwang B. -F., Iacoviello L., Iavicoli I., Ibitoye S. E., Ilesanmi O. S., Ilic I. M., Ilic M. D., Iqbal U., Irvani S. S. N., Islam S. M. S., Ismail N. E., Iso H., Isola G., Iwagami M., Jacob L., Jain V., Jang S. -I., Jayapal S. K., Jayaram S., Jayawardena R., Jeemon P., Jha R. P., Johnson W. D., Jonas J. B., Joseph N., Jozwiak J. J., Jurisson M., Kalani R., Kalhor R., Kalkonde Y., Kamath A., Kamiab Z., Kanchan T., Kandel H., Karch A., Katoto P. D. M. C., Kayode G. A., Keshavarz P., Khader Y. S., Khan E. A., Khan I. A., Khan M., Khan M. A. B., Khatib M. N., Khubchandani J., Kim G. R., Kim M. S., Kim Y. J., Kisa A., Kisa S., Kivimaki M., Kolte D., Koolivand A., Laxminarayana S. L. K., Koyanagi A., Krishan K., Krishnamoorthy V., Krishnamurthi R. V., Kumar G. A., Kusuma D., Vecchia C. L., Lacey B., Lak H. M., Lallukka T., Lasrado S., Lavados P. M., Leonardi M., Li B., Li S., Lin H., Lin R. -T., Liu X., Lo W. D., Lorkowski S., Lucchetti G., Saute R. L., Abd El Razek H. M., Magnani F. G., Mahajan P. B., Majeed A., Makki A., Malekzadeh R., Malik A. A., Manafi N., Mansournia M. A., Mantovani L. G., Martini S., Mazzaglia G., Mehndiratta M. M., Menezes R. G., Meretoja A., Mersha A. G., Jonasson J. M., Miazgowski B., Miazgowski T., Michalek I. M., Mirrakhimov E. M., Mohammad Y., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammed S., Mokdad A. H., Mokhayeri Y., Molokhia M., Moni M. A., Al Montasir A., Moradzadeh R., Morawska L., Morze J., Muruet W., Musa K. I., Nagarajan A. J., Naghavi M., Swamy S. N., Nascimento B. R., Negoi R. I., Kandel S. N., Nguyen T. H., Norrving B., Noubiap J. J., Nwatah V. E., Oancea B., Odukoya O. O., Olagunju A. T., Orru H., Owolabi M. O., Padubidri J. R., Pana A., Parekh T., Park E. -C., Kan F. P., Pathak M., Peres M. F. P., Perianayagam A., Pham T. -M., Piradov M. A., Podder V., Polinder S., Postma M. J., Pourshams A., Radfar A., Rafiei A., Raggi A., Rahim F., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M., Rahman M. A., Rahmani A. M., Rajai N., Ranasinghe P., Rao C. R., Rao S. J., Rathi P., Rawaf D. L., Rawaf S., Reitsma M. B., Renjith V., Renzaho A. M. N., Rezapour A., Rodriguez J. A. B., Roever L., Romoli M., Rynkiewicz A., Sacco S., Sadeghi M., Moghaddam S. S., Sahebkar A., Saif-Ur-Rahman K. M., Salah R., Samaei M., Samy A. M., Santos I. S., Santric-Milicevic M. M., Sarrafzadegan N., Sathian B., Sattin D., Schiavolin S., Schlaich M. P., Schmidt M. I., Schutte A. E., Sepanlou S. G., Seylani A., Sha F., Shahabi S., Shaikh M. A., Shannawaz M., Shawon Md. S. R., Sheikh A., Sheikhbahaei S., Shibuya K., Siabani S., Silva D. A. S., Singh J. A., Singh J. K., Skryabin V. Y., Skryabina A. A., Sobaih B. H., Stortecky S., Stranges S., Tadesse E. G., Tarigan I. U., Temsah M. -H., Teuschl Y., Thrift A. G., Tonelli M., Tovani-Palone M. R., Tran B. X., Tripathi M., Tsegaye G. W., Ullah A., Unim B., Unnikrishnan B., Vakilian A., Tahbaz S. V., Vasankari T. J., Venketasubramanian N., Vervoort D., Vo B., Volovici V., Vosoughi K., Vu G. T., Vu L. G., Wafa H. A., Waheed Y., Wang Y., Wijeratne T., Winkler A. S., Wolfe C. D. A., Woodward M., Wu J. H., Hanson S. W., Xu X., Yadav L., Yadollahpour A., Jabbari S. H. Y., Yamagishi K., Yatsuya H., Yonemoto N., Yu C., Yunusa I., Zaman M. S., Zaman S. B., Zamanian M., Zand R., Zandifar A., Zastrozhin M. S., Zastrozhina A., Zhang Y., Zhang Z. -J., Zhong C., Zuniga Y. M. H., Murray C. J. L., Feigin, V, Stark, B, Johnson, C, Roth, G, Bisignano, C, Abady, G, Abbasifard, M, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abd-Allah, F, Abedi, V, Abualhasan, A, Abu-Rmeileh, N, Abushouk, A, Adebayo, O, Agarwal, G, Agasthi, P, Ahinkorah, B, Ahmad, S, Ahmadi, S, Salih, Y, Aji, B, Akbarpour, S, Akinyemi, R, Al Hamad, H, Alahdab, F, Alif, S, Alipour, V, Aljunid, S, Almustanyir, S, Al-Raddadi, R, Salman, R, Alvis-Guzman, N, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Anderson, J, Ansar, A, Antonazzo, I, Arabloo, J, Arnlov, J, Artanti, K, Aryan, Z, Asgari, S, Ashraf, T, Athar, M, Atreya, A, Ausloos, M, Baig, A, Baltatu, O, Banach, M, Barboza, M, Barker-Collo, S, Barnighausen, T, Barone, M, Basu, S, Bazmandegan, G, Beghi, E, Beheshti, M, Bejot, Y, Bell, A, Bennett, D, Bensenor, I, Bezabhe, W, Bezabih, Y, Bhagavathula, A, Bhardwaj, P, Bhattacharyya, K, Bijani, A, Bikbov, B, Birhanu, M, Boloor, A, Bonny, A, Brauer, M, Brenner, H, Bryazka, D, Butt, Z, Dos Santos, F, Campos-Nonato, I, Cantu-Brito, C, Carrero, J, Castaneda-Orjuela, C, Catapano, A, Chakraborty, P, Charan, J, Choudhari, S, Chowdhury, E, Chu, D, Chung, S, Colozza, D, Costa, V, Costanzo, S, Criqui, M, Dadras, O, Dagnew, B, Dai, X, Dalal, K, Damasceno, A, D'Amico, E, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Gela, J, Davletov, K, De La Cruz-Gongora, V, Desai, R, Dhamnetiya, D, Dharmaratne, S, Dhimal, M, Diaz, D, Dichgans, M, Dokova, K, Doshi, R, Douiri, A, Duncan, B, Eftekharzadeh, S, Ekholuenetale, M, El Nahas, N, Elgendy, I, Elhadi, M, El-Jaafary, S, Endres, M, Endries, A, Erku, D, Faraon, E, Farooque, U, Farzadfar, F, Feroze, A, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Flood, D, Gad, M, Gaidhane, S, Gheshlagh, R, Ghashghaee, A, Ghith, N, Ghozali, G, Ghozy, S, Gialluisi, A, Giampaoli, S, Gilani, S, Gill, P, Gnedovskaya, E, Golechha, M, Goulart, A, Guo, Y, Gupta, R, Gupta, V, Gyanwali, P, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hamidi, S, Hanif, A, Hankey, G, Hargono, A, Hashi, A, Hassan, T, Hassen, H, Havmoeller, R, Hay, S, Hayat, K, Hegazy, M, Herteliu, C, Holla, R, Hostiuc, S, Househ, M, Huang, J, Humayun, A, Hwang, B, Iacoviello, L, Iavicoli, I, Ibitoye, S, Ilesanmi, O, Ilic, I, Ilic, M, Iqbal, U, Irvani, S, Islam, S, Ismail, N, Iso, H, Isola, G, Iwagami, M, Jacob, L, Jain, V, Jang, S, Jayapal, S, Jayaram, S, Jayawardena, R, Jeemon, P, Jha, R, Johnson, W, Jonas, J, Joseph, N, Jozwiak, J, Jurisson, M, Kalani, R, Kalhor, R, Kalkonde, Y, Kamath, A, Kamiab, Z, Kanchan, T, Kandel, H, Karch, A, Katoto, P, Kayode, G, Keshavarz, P, Khader, Y, Khan, E, Khan, I, Khan, M, Khatib, M, Khubchandani, J, Kim, G, Kim, M, Kim, Y, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kivimaki, M, Kolte, D, Koolivand, A, Laxminarayana, S, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Krishnamoorthy, V, Krishnamurthi, R, Kumar, G, Kusuma, D, Vecchia, C, Lacey, B, Lak, H, Lallukka, T, Lasrado, S, Lavados, P, Leonardi, M, Li, B, Li, S, Lin, H, Lin, R, Liu, X, Lo, W, Lorkowski, S, Lucchetti, G, Saute, R, Abd El Razek, H, Magnani, F, Mahajan, P, Majeed, A, Makki, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malik, A, Manafi, N, Mansournia, M, Mantovani, L, Martini, S, Mazzaglia, G, Mehndiratta, M, Menezes, R, Meretoja, A, Mersha, A, Jonasson, J, Miazgowski, B, Miazgowski, T, Michalek, I, Mirrakhimov, E, Mohammad, Y, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, A, Mokhayeri, Y, Molokhia, M, Moni, M, Al Montasir, A, Moradzadeh, R, Morawska, L, Morze, J, Muruet, W, Musa, K, Nagarajan, A, Naghavi, M, Swamy, S, Nascimento, B, Negoi, R, Kandel, S, Nguyen, T, Norrving, B, Noubiap, J, Nwatah, V, Oancea, B, Odukoya, O, Olagunju, A, Orru, H, Owolabi, M, Padubidri, J, Pana, A, Parekh, T, Park, E, Kan, F, Pathak, M, Peres, M, Perianayagam, A, Pham, T, Piradov, M, Podder, V, Polinder, S, Postma, M, Pourshams, A, Radfar, A, Rafiei, A, Raggi, A, Rahim, F, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rahmani, A, Rajai, N, Ranasinghe, P, Rao, C, Rao, S, Rathi, P, Rawaf, D, Rawaf, S, Reitsma, M, Renjith, V, Renzaho, A, Rezapour, A, Rodriguez, J, Roever, L, Romoli, M, Rynkiewicz, A, Sacco, S, Sadeghi, M, Moghaddam, S, Sahebkar, A, Saif-Ur-Rahman, K, Salah, R, Samaei, M, Samy, A, Santos, I, Santric-Milicevic, M, Sarrafzadegan, N, Sathian, B, Sattin, D, Schiavolin, S, Schlaich, M, Schmidt, M, Schutte, A, Sepanlou, S, Seylani, A, Sha, F, Shahabi, S, Shaikh, M, Shannawaz, M, Shawon, M, Sheikh, A, Sheikhbahaei, S, Shibuya, K, Siabani, S, Silva, D, Singh, J, Skryabin, V, Skryabina, A, Sobaih, B, Stortecky, S, Stranges, S, Tadesse, E, Tarigan, I, Temsah, M, Teuschl, Y, Thrift, A, Tonelli, M, Tovani-Palone, M, Tran, B, Tripathi, M, Tsegaye, G, Ullah, A, Unim, B, Unnikrishnan, B, Vakilian, A, Tahbaz, S, Vasankari, T, Venketasubramanian, N, Vervoort, D, Vo, B, Volovici, V, Vosoughi, K, Vu, G, Vu, L, Wafa, H, Waheed, Y, Wang, Y, Wijeratne, T, Winkler, A, Wolfe, C, Woodward, M, Wu, J, Hanson, S, Xu, X, Yadav, L, Yadollahpour, A, Jabbari, S, Yamagishi, K, Yatsuya, H, Yonemoto, N, Yu, C, Yunusa, I, Zaman, M, Zaman, S, Zamanian, M, Zand, R, Zandifar, A, Zastrozhin, M, Zastrozhina, A, Zhang, Y, Zhang, Z, Zhong, C, Zuniga, Y, Murray, C, Feigin V. L., Stark B. A., Johnson C. O., Roth G. A., Bisignano C., Abady G. G., Abbasifard M., Abbasi-Kangevari M., Abd-Allah F., Abedi V., Abualhasan A., Abu-Rmeileh N. M. E., Abushouk A. I., Adebayo O. M., Agarwal G., Agasthi P., Ahinkorah B. O., Ahmad S., Ahmadi S., Salih Y. A., Aji B., Akbarpour S., Akinyemi R. O., Al Hamad H., Alahdab F., Alif S. M., Alipour V., Aljunid S. M., Almustanyir S., Al-Raddadi R. M., Salman R. A. -S., Alvis-Guzman N., Ancuceanu R., Anderlini D., Anderson J. A., Ansar A., Antonazzo I. C., Arabloo J., Arnlov J., Artanti K. D., Aryan Z., Asgari S., Ashraf T., Athar M., Atreya A., Ausloos M., Baig A. A., Baltatu O. C., Banach M., Barboza M. A., Barker-Collo S. L., Barnighausen T. W., Barone M. T. U., Basu S., Bazmandegan G., Beghi E., Beheshti M., Bejot Y., Bell A. W., Bennett D. A., Bensenor I. M., Bezabhe W. M., Bezabih Y. M., Bhagavathula A. S., Bhardwaj P., Bhattacharyya K., Bijani A., Bikbov B., Birhanu M. M., Boloor A., Bonny A., Brauer M., Brenner H., Bryazka D., Butt Z. A., Dos Santos F. L. C., Campos-Nonato I. R., Cantu-Brito C., Carrero J. J., Castaneda-Orjuela C. A., Catapano A. L., Chakraborty P. A., Charan J., Choudhari S. G., Chowdhury E. K., Chu D. -T., Chung S. -C., Colozza D., Costa V. M., Costanzo S., Criqui M. H., Dadras O., Dagnew B., Dai X., Dalal K., Damasceno A. A. M., D'Amico E., Dandona L., Dandona R., Gela J. D., Davletov K., De La Cruz-Gongora V., Desai R., Dhamnetiya D., Dharmaratne S. D., Dhimal M. L., Dhimal M., Diaz D., Dichgans M., Dokova K., Doshi R., Douiri A., Duncan B. B., Eftekharzadeh S., Ekholuenetale M., El Nahas N., Elgendy I. Y., Elhadi M., El-Jaafary S. I., Endres M., Endries A. Y., Erku D. A., Faraon E. J. A., Farooque U., Farzadfar F., Feroze A. H., Filip I., Fischer F., Flood D., Gad M. M., Gaidhane S., Gheshlagh R. G., Ghashghaee A., Ghith N., Ghozali G., Ghozy S., Gialluisi A., Giampaoli S., Gilani S. A., Gill P. S., Gnedovskaya E. V., Golechha M., Goulart A. C., Guo Y., Gupta R., Gupta V. B., Gupta V. K., Gyanwali P., Hafezi-Nejad N., Hamidi S., Hanif A., Hankey G. J., Hargono A., Hashi A., Hassan T. S., Hassen H. Y., Havmoeller R. J., Hay S. I., Hayat K., Hegazy M. I., Herteliu C., Holla R., Hostiuc S., Househ M., Huang J., Humayun A., Hwang B. -F., Iacoviello L., Iavicoli I., Ibitoye S. E., Ilesanmi O. S., Ilic I. M., Ilic M. D., Iqbal U., Irvani S. S. N., Islam S. M. S., Ismail N. E., Iso H., Isola G., Iwagami M., Jacob L., Jain V., Jang S. -I., Jayapal S. K., Jayaram S., Jayawardena R., Jeemon P., Jha R. P., Johnson W. D., Jonas J. B., Joseph N., Jozwiak J. J., Jurisson M., Kalani R., Kalhor R., Kalkonde Y., Kamath A., Kamiab Z., Kanchan T., Kandel H., Karch A., Katoto P. D. M. C., Kayode G. A., Keshavarz P., Khader Y. S., Khan E. A., Khan I. A., Khan M., Khan M. A. B., Khatib M. N., Khubchandani J., Kim G. R., Kim M. S., Kim Y. J., Kisa A., Kisa S., Kivimaki M., Kolte D., Koolivand A., Laxminarayana S. L. K., Koyanagi A., Krishan K., Krishnamoorthy V., Krishnamurthi R. V., Kumar G. A., Kusuma D., Vecchia C. L., Lacey B., Lak H. M., Lallukka T., Lasrado S., Lavados P. M., Leonardi M., Li B., Li S., Lin H., Lin R. -T., Liu X., Lo W. D., Lorkowski S., Lucchetti G., Saute R. L., Abd El Razek H. M., Magnani F. G., Mahajan P. B., Majeed A., Makki A., Malekzadeh R., Malik A. A., Manafi N., Mansournia M. A., Mantovani L. G., Martini S., Mazzaglia G., Mehndiratta M. M., Menezes R. G., Meretoja A., Mersha A. G., Jonasson J. M., Miazgowski B., Miazgowski T., Michalek I. M., Mirrakhimov E. M., Mohammad Y., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammed S., Mokdad A. H., Mokhayeri Y., Molokhia M., Moni M. A., Al Montasir A., Moradzadeh R., Morawska L., Morze J., Muruet W., Musa K. I., Nagarajan A. J., Naghavi M., Swamy S. N., Nascimento B. R., Negoi R. I., Kandel S. N., Nguyen T. H., Norrving B., Noubiap J. J., Nwatah V. E., Oancea B., Odukoya O. O., Olagunju A. T., Orru H., Owolabi M. O., Padubidri J. R., Pana A., Parekh T., Park E. -C., Kan F. P., Pathak M., Peres M. F. P., Perianayagam A., Pham T. -M., Piradov M. A., Podder V., Polinder S., Postma M. J., Pourshams A., Radfar A., Rafiei A., Raggi A., Rahim F., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M., Rahman M. A., Rahmani A. M., Rajai N., Ranasinghe P., Rao C. R., Rao S. J., Rathi P., Rawaf D. L., Rawaf S., Reitsma M. B., Renjith V., Renzaho A. M. N., Rezapour A., Rodriguez J. A. B., Roever L., Romoli M., Rynkiewicz A., Sacco S., Sadeghi M., Moghaddam S. S., Sahebkar A., Saif-Ur-Rahman K. M., Salah R., Samaei M., Samy A. M., Santos I. S., Santric-Milicevic M. M., Sarrafzadegan N., Sathian B., Sattin D., Schiavolin S., Schlaich M. P., Schmidt M. I., Schutte A. E., Sepanlou S. G., Seylani A., Sha F., Shahabi S., Shaikh M. A., Shannawaz M., Shawon Md. S. R., Sheikh A., Sheikhbahaei S., Shibuya K., Siabani S., Silva D. A. S., Singh J. A., Singh J. K., Skryabin V. Y., Skryabina A. A., Sobaih B. H., Stortecky S., Stranges S., Tadesse E. G., Tarigan I. U., Temsah M. -H., Teuschl Y., Thrift A. G., Tonelli M., Tovani-Palone M. R., Tran B. X., Tripathi M., Tsegaye G. W., Ullah A., Unim B., Unnikrishnan B., Vakilian A., Tahbaz S. V., Vasankari T. J., Venketasubramanian N., Vervoort D., Vo B., Volovici V., Vosoughi K., Vu G. T., Vu L. G., Wafa H. A., Waheed Y., Wang Y., Wijeratne T., Winkler A. S., Wolfe C. D. A., Woodward M., Wu J. H., Hanson S. W., Xu X., Yadav L., Yadollahpour A., Jabbari S. H. Y., Yamagishi K., Yatsuya H., Yonemoto N., Yu C., Yunusa I., Zaman M. S., Zaman S. B., Zamanian M., Zand R., Zandifar A., Zastrozhin M. S., Zastrozhina A., Zhang Y., Zhang Z. -J., Zhong C., Zuniga Y. M. H., and Murray C. J. L.
Abstract: Background Regularly updated data on stroke and its pathological types, including data on their incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability, risk factors, and epidemiological trends, are important for evidence-based stroke care planning and resource allocation. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) aims to provide a standardised and comprehensive measurement of these metrics at global, regional, and national levels. Methods We applied GBD 2019 analytical tools to calculate stroke incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and the population attributable fraction (PAF) of DALYs (with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals [UIs]) associated with 19 risk factors, for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. These estimates were provided for ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, subarachnoid haemorrhage, and all strokes combined, and stratified by sex, age group, and World Bank country income level. Findings In 2019, there were 12·2 million (95% UI 11·0–13·6) incident cases of stroke, 101 million (93·2–111) prevalent cases of stroke, 143 million (133–153) DALYs due to stroke, and 6·55 million (6·00–7·02) deaths from stroke. Globally, stroke remained the second-leading cause of death (11·6% [10·8–12·2] of total deaths) and the third-leading cause of death and disability combined (5·7% [5·1–6·2] of total DALYs) in 2019. From 1990 to 2019, the absolute number of incident strokes increased by 70·0% (67·0–73·0), prevalent strokes increased by 85·0% (83·0–88·0), deaths from stroke increased by 43·0% (31·0–55·0), and DALYs due to stroke increased by 32·0% (22·0–42·0). During the same period, age-standardised rates of stroke incidence decreased by 17·0% (15·0–18·0), mortality decreased by 36·0% (31·0–42·0), prevalence decreased by 6·0% (5·0–7·0), and DALYs decreased by 36·0% (31·0–42·0). However, among people younger than 70 years, prevalence rates increased by 22·0% (21·0–24·0) and incidence rates
Published: 2021

6. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990–2019 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Mosiur Rahman, Rehab Salah, Mario F P Peres, Licia Iacoviello, Benjamin A Stark, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Amir Radfar, Kamarul Imran Musa, Yannick Béjot, Deanna Anderlini, Carlos Cantú-Brito, Feng Sha, V. E. Nwatah, Pradip Gyanwali, Boris Bikbov, Bartosz Miazgowski, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana, Ali Bijani, Imteyaz A Khan, Yaser Mokhayeri, Bogdan Oancea, Tarang Parekh, Martin Dichgans, Linh Gia Vu, Naohiro Yonemoto, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Gebiyaw Wudie Tsegaye, Mona Pathak, Maciej Banach, Marissa B Reitsma, Derrick A Bennett, Treska S Hassan, Allen Seylani, Gdiom Gebreheat Abady, Islam Y. Elgendy, Hassan Mehmood Lak, Ismael R. Campos-Nonato, Sorin Hostiuc, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Alessandra C. Goulart, Silvia Schiavolin, Simona Sacco, Atif Amin Baig, Azeem Majeed, Sahar Eftekharzadeh, Badr Hasan Sobaih, Archith Boloor, Aimé Bonny, Graeme J. Hankey, Jiregna Darega Gela, Mohamed I Hegazy, Pedram Keshavarz, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Maseer Khan, Hatem Abdelaziz Mohamed Wafa, Hualiang Lin, Enayet Karim Chowdhury, Simon I. Hay, Vanessa De la Cruz-Góngora, Xuefeng Liu, Arokiasamy Perianayagam, Maryam Zamanian, Sezer Kisa, Preetam Bhalchandra Mahajan, Junmei Miao Jonasson, Alberto Raggi, Shubha Jayaram, Tahira Ashraf, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Matthias Endres, Masoumeh Sadeghi, Dominique Vervoort, Hanadi Al Hamad, Mowafa Househ, Elena V. Gnedovskaya, Johan Ärnlöv, Andrea Sylvia Winkler, Yousef Khader, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Yuming Guo, Yunquan Zhang, Sami Almustanyir, Lalit Dandona, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Chythra R Rao, Giancarlo Lucchetti, Irena Ilic, Suzanne Barker-Collo, Priya Rathi, Emerito Jose A. Faraon, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Reza Ghanei Gheshlagh, Gyu Ri Kim, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Alaa Makki, Yun Jin Kim, Vida Abedi, Shanshan Li, Kewal Krishan, David Flood, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Michele Romoli, Gregory A. Roth, Jagdish Khubchandani, Isabela M. Benseñor, Rupak Desai, Mohammed Shannawaz, Aziz Sheikh, Claudiu Herteliu, Xiaoyue Xu, Santi Martini, Kenji Shibuya, Jasvinder A. Singh, Ravi Prakash Jha, Kairat Davletov, Mahya Beheshti, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Ismaeel Yunusa, Maria Inês Schmidt, Koustuv Dalal, Sohail Ahmad, Patrick D. M. C. Katoto, Oladimeji Adebayo, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Ranil Jayawardena, Giampiero Mazzaglia, Mitra Abbasifard, Usman Iqbal, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Alireza Rafiei, Catherine O. Johnson, Mark Thomaz Ugliara Barone, Simona Giampaoli, Gaetano Isola, Ricardo Lutzky Saute, Mandira Lamichhane Dhimal, Vishnu Renjith, Farshad Farzadfar, Irina Filip, Daniel Diaz, André Karch, Samer Hamidi, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, David Colozza, Gbenga A. Kayode, Dinh-Toi Chu, Truong-Minh Pham, Arielle Wilder Bell, Aziz Rezapour, David Laith Rawaf, Anasthasia Zastrozhina, Yves Miel H Zuniga, Ivo Iavicoli, Adrian Pana, Salman Rawaf, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Omid Dadras, Anayat Ullah, Gina Agarwal, Shafiu Mohammed, Bing-Fang Hwang, Eyayou Girma Tadesse, Charles D.A. Wolfe, Sanjay Basu, Michael Brauer, Tanuj Kanchan, Ahmad Azam Malik, Brigid Unim, Min Seo Kim, Kia Vosoughi, Tomasz Miazgowski, Warren D. Lo, Vivek Podder, Dana Bryazka, Chuanhua Yu, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Rufus Akinyemi, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Ettore Beghi, Xiaochen Dai, Meghnath Dhimal, Mehrnoosh Samaei, Sathish Kumar Jayapal, Bay Vo, Amanual Getnet Mersha, Rajaa Al-Raddadi, Savita Lasrado, Jalal Arabloo, Pablo M. Lavados, Samaneh Akbarpour, Khezar Hayat, Ritesh G. Menezes, Vahid Alipour, Sowmya J. Rao, Mariam Molokhia, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Aletta E. Schutte, Zahra Kamiab, Lidia Morawska, Mohammad Ali Moni, Bo Norrving, Tommi Vasankari, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Ai Koyanagi, Tissa Wijeratne, Rizwan Kalani, Chenwen Zhong, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Sepideh Ahmadi, Bruce Bartholow Duncan, Andrzej Rynkiewicz, Pradyumna Agasthi, Saeed Shahabi, Adnan Kisa, Fares Alahdab, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Adnan Ansar, Matilde Leonardi, Ali Koolivand, Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez, Leonardo Roever, Daniel Asfaw Erku, Alok Atreya, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Dhaval Kolte, Shajedur Rahman Shawon, Michael Ekholuenetale, Navid Manafi, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Syed Amir Gilani, Mohamed M. Gad, Christopher J L Murray, Louis Jacob, Robert Ancuceanu, Simona Costanzo, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Nazanin Rajai, Muhammed Elhadi, Abdelrahman Ibrahim Abushouk, Alireza Zandifar, Walter Muruet, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Promit Ananyo Chakraborty, Hans Orru, Mikk Jürisson, Rajeev Gupta, Kurnia Dwi Artanti, Till Bärnighausen, Mark Woodward, Masao Iwagami, Brijesh Sathian, Bingyu Li, Vijay Krishnamoorthy, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Sherief Ghozy, Amanda G. Thrift, Michael A. Piradov, Florian Fischer, Mayowa O. Owolabi, Lorenzo G. Mantovani, Aman Yesuf Endries, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Stefan Lorkowski, Muhammed Shahriar Zaman, Ali Yadollahpour, Abdiwahab Hashi, Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Hiroshi Yatsuya, Mika Kivimäki, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irmina Maria Michalek, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Alberico L. Catapano, Gholamreza Bazmandegan, Ahmed Al Montasir, Fakher Rahim, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Giang Thu Vu, G Anil Kumar, Juan Jesus Carrero, Hiroyasu Iso, Abdallah M. Samy, Stefan Stortecky, Reza Malekzadeh, Ashwin Kamath, Nevine El Nahas, Ayesha Humayun, Miguel A Barboza, Sheng-Chia Chung, Carlo La Vecchia, Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya, Rita Krishnamurthi, Masood Ali Shaikh, Milena Ilic, Lalit Yadav, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Abdel Douiri, Yousef Mohammad, Jason H Y Wu, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Ramesh Holla, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Itamar S. Santos, Jost B. Jonas, Dian Kusuma, Atte Meretoja, Yasir Waheed, Ben Lacey, Zahra Aryan, Mulugeta Molla Birhanu, Moien Ab Khan, K. M. Saif-Ur-Rahman, Ramin Zand, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Sung In Jang, Rakhi Dandona, Emanuele D'Amico, Priyanga Ranasinghe, Jaykaran Charan, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Davide Sattin, Akram Pourshams, Markus P. Schlaich, Arief Hargono, Samaneh Asgari, Ovidiu Baltatu, Ippazio Cosimo Antonazzo, Sandhya Neupane Kandel, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Jakub Morze, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Manjari Tripathi, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Rohollah Kalhor, Yogeshwar Kalkonde, Soraya Siabani, Sojib Bin Zaman, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Shilpa Gaidhane, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Yihienew Mequanint Bezabih, Samath D Dharmaratne, Ingan Ukur Tarigan, Vivek Gupta, Klara Dokova, Alireza Vakilian, Vardhmaan Jain, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Sarah Wulf Hanson, Umar Farooque, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Vera Marisa Costa, Alessandro Gialluisi, Valery L. Feigin, Himal Kandel, Suzanne Polinder, Nermin Ghith, Deepak Dhamnetiya, Michael H. Criqui, Asif Hanif, Ahmed Abualhasan, Veer Bala Gupta, Mahaveer Golechha, Bach Xuan Tran, Jason A. Anderson, Catherine Bisignano, Kazumasa Yamagishi, Zahid A Butt, Budi Aji, Baye Dagnew, Rasmus Havmoeller, Victor Volovici, Jitendra Singh, Paramjit Gill, Saverio Stranges, Eun Cheol Park, Andrew T Olagunju, Milena Santric-Milicevic, Woldesellassie M. Bezabhe, Sheikh M. Alif, Junjie Huang, Foad Abd-Allah, Yvonne Teuschl, Rajkumar Doshi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Marcel Ausloos, Mohsen Naghavi, Yusra Ahmed Salih, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Maarten J. Postma, Ghozali Ghozali, Yanzhong Wang, Ali H. Mokdad, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Nitin Joseph, Andre M. N. Renzaho, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Mohammad Athar, Rustam Al-Shahi Salman, Albertino Damasceno, Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan, Marcello Tonelli, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Sonali G. Choudhari, Abdullah Hamid Feroze, Walter D. Johnson, Ro-Ting Lin, Francesca Giulia Magnani, Hermann Brenner, Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary, Tea Lallukka, Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, GBD 2019 Stroke Collaborators, Feigin, V. L., Stark, B. A., Johnson, C. O., Roth, G. A., Bisignano, C., Abady, G. G., Abbasifard, M., Abbasi-Kangevari, M., Abd-Allah, F., Abedi, V., Abualhasan, A., Abu-Rmeileh, N. M. E., Abushouk, A. I., Adebayo, O. M., Agarwal, G., Agasthi, P., Ahinkorah, B. O., Ahmad, S., Ahmadi, S., Salih, Y. A., Aji, B., Akbarpour, S., Akinyemi, R. O., Al Hamad, H., Alahdab, F., Alif, S. M., Alipour, V., Aljunid, S. M., Almustanyir, S., Al-Raddadi, R. M., Salman, R. A. -S., Alvis-Guzman, N., Ancuceanu, R., Anderlini, D., Anderson, J. A., Ansar, A., Antonazzo, I. C., Arabloo, J., Arnlov, J., Artanti, K. D., Aryan, Z., Asgari, S., Ashraf, T., Athar, M., Atreya, A., Ausloos, M., Baig, A. A., Baltatu, O. C., Banach, M., Barboza, M. A., Barker-Collo, S. L., Barnighausen, T. W., Barone, M. T. U., Basu, S., Bazmandegan, G., Beghi, E., Beheshti, M., Bejot, Y., Bell, A. W., Bennett, D. A., Bensenor, I. M., Bezabhe, W. M., Bezabih, Y. M., Bhagavathula, A. S., Bhardwaj, P., Bhattacharyya, K., Bijani, A., Bikbov, B., Birhanu, M. M., Boloor, A., Bonny, A., Brauer, M., Brenner, H., Bryazka, D., Butt, Z. A., Dos Santos, F. L. C., Campos-Nonato, I. R., Cantu-Brito, C., Carrero, J. J., Castaneda-Orjuela, C. A., Catapano, A. L., Chakraborty, P. A., Charan, J., Choudhari, S. G., Chowdhury, E. K., Chu, D. -T., Chung, S. -C., Colozza, D., Costa, V. M., Costanzo, S., Criqui, M. H., Dadras, O., Dagnew, B., Dai, X., Dalal, K., Damasceno, A. A. M., D'Amico, E., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Gela, J. D., Davletov, K., De La Cruz-Gongora, V., Desai, R., Dhamnetiya, D., Dharmaratne, S. D., Dhimal, M. L., Dhimal, M., Diaz, D., Dichgans, M., Dokova, K., Doshi, R., Douiri, A., Duncan, B. B., Eftekharzadeh, S., Ekholuenetale, M., El Nahas, N., Elgendy, I. Y., Elhadi, M., El-Jaafary, S. I., Endres, M., Endries, A. Y., Erku, D. A., Faraon, E. J. A., Farooque, U., Farzadfar, F., Feroze, A. H., Filip, I., Fischer, F., Flood, D., Gad, M. M., Gaidhane, S., Gheshlagh, R. G., Ghashghaee, A., Ghith, N., Ghozali, G., Ghozy, S., Gialluisi, A., Giampaoli, S., Gilani, S. A., Gill, P. S., Gnedovskaya, E. V., Golechha, M., Goulart, A. C., Guo, Y., Gupta, R., Gupta, V. B., Gupta, V. K., Gyanwali, P., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Hamidi, S., Hanif, A., Hankey, G. J., Hargono, A., Hashi, A., Hassan, T. S., Hassen, H. Y., Havmoeller, R. J., Hay, S. I., Hayat, K., Hegazy, M. I., Herteliu, C., Holla, R., Hostiuc, S., Househ, M., Huang, J., Humayun, A., Hwang, B. -F., Iacoviello, L., Iavicoli, I., Ibitoye, S. E., Ilesanmi, O. S., Ilic, I. M., Ilic, M. D., Iqbal, U., Irvani, S. S. N., Islam, S. M. S., Ismail, N. E., Iso, H., Isola, G., Iwagami, M., Jacob, L., Jain, V., Jang, S. -I., Jayapal, S. K., Jayaram, S., Jayawardena, R., Jeemon, P., Jha, R. P., Johnson, W. D., Jonas, J. B., Joseph, N., Jozwiak, J. J., Jurisson, M., Kalani, R., Kalhor, R., Kalkonde, Y., Kamath, A., Kamiab, Z., Kanchan, T., Kandel, H., Karch, A., Katoto, P. D. M. C., Kayode, G. A., Keshavarz, P., Khader, Y. S., Khan, E. A., Khan, I. A., Khan, M., Khan, M. A. B., Khatib, M. N., Khubchandani, J., Kim, G. R., Kim, M. S., Kim, Y. J., Kisa, A., Kisa, S., Kivimaki, M., Kolte, D., Koolivand, A., Laxminarayana, S. L. K., Koyanagi, A., Krishan, K., Krishnamoorthy, V., Krishnamurthi, R. V., Kumar, G. A., Kusuma, D., Vecchia, C. L., Lacey, B., Lak, H. M., Lallukka, T., Lasrado, S., Lavados, P. M., Leonardi, M., Li, B., Li, S., Lin, H., Lin, R. -T., Liu, X., Lo, W. D., Lorkowski, S., Lucchetti, G., Saute, R. L., Abd El Razek, H. M., Magnani, F. G., Mahajan, P. B., Majeed, A., Makki, A., Malekzadeh, R., Malik, A. A., Manafi, N., Mansournia, M. A., Mantovani, L. G., Martini, S., Mazzaglia, G., Mehndiratta, M. M., Menezes, R. G., Meretoja, A., Mersha, A. G., Jonasson, J. M., Miazgowski, B., Miazgowski, T., Michalek, I. M., Mirrakhimov, E. M., Mohammad, Y., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammed, S., Mokdad, A. H., Mokhayeri, Y., Molokhia, M., Moni, M. 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Rawaf, S, Reitsma, M, Renjith, V, Renzaho, A, Rezapour, A, Rodriguez, J, Roever, L, Romoli, M, Rynkiewicz, A, Sacco, S, Sadeghi, M, Moghaddam, S, Sahebkar, A, Saif-Ur-Rahman, K, Salah, R, Samaei, M, Samy, A, Santos, I, Santric-Milicevic, M, Sarrafzadegan, N, Sathian, B, Sattin, D, Schiavolin, S, Schlaich, M, Schmidt, M, Schutte, A, Sepanlou, S, Seylani, A, Sha, F, Shahabi, S, Shaikh, M, Shannawaz, M, Shawon, M, Sheikh, A, Sheikhbahaei, S, Shibuya, K, Siabani, S, Silva, D, Singh, J, Skryabin, V, Skryabina, A, Sobaih, B, Stortecky, S, Stranges, S, Tadesse, E, Tarigan, I, Temsah, M, Teuschl, Y, Thrift, A, Tonelli, M, Tovani-Palone, M, Tran, B, Tripathi, M, Tsegaye, G, Ullah, A, Unim, B, Unnikrishnan, B, Vakilian, A, Tahbaz, S, Vasankari, T, Venketasubramanian, N, Vervoort, D, Vo, B, Volovici, V, Vosoughi, K, Vu, G, Vu, L, Wafa, H, Waheed, Y, Wang, Y, Wijeratne, T, Winkler, A, Wolfe, C, Woodward, M, Wu, J, Hanson, S, Xu, X, Yadav, L, Yadollahpour, A, Jabbari, S, Yamagishi, K, Yatsuya, H, Yonemoto, N, Yu, C, Yunusa, I, Zaman, M, Zaman, S, Zamanian, M, Zand, R, Zandifar, A, Zastrozhin, M, Zastrozhina, A, Zhang, Y, Zhang, Z, Zhong, C, Zuniga, Y, Murray, C, Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), and Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD)
Subjects: Male, Aging, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Stroke data, GUIDELINES, 3124 Neurology and psychiatry, Body Mass Index, Global Burden of Disease, 0302 clinical medicine, RA0421, Risk Factors, Epidemiology, Strokes, YOUNG-ADULTS, Prevalence, 80 and over, Aetiology, 610 Medicine & health, Stroke, POPULATION, 1103 Clinical Sciences, 1109 Neurosciences, Cause of death, Aged, 80 and over, education.field_of_study, Mortality rate, Incidence (epidemiology), Incidence, 1. No poverty, Articles, Hälsovetenskaper, Middle Aged, Stroke types, ddc, 3. Good health, ISCHEMIC-STROKE, Income, Female, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, GBD, Population, Clinical Sciences, Clinical Neurology, 03 medical and health sciences, Clinical Research, MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES, Health Sciences, medicine, Humans, Risk factor, education, GBD 2019 Stroke Collaborators, Cerebral Hemorrhage, Aged, Ischemic Stroke, Global burden, Science & Technology, Neurology & Neurosurgery, HYPERTENSION, business.industry, MORTALITY, Prevention, 3112 Neurosciences, Neurosciences, 1103 Clinical Sciences, SERVICES, Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, medicine.disease, PREVENTION, Brain Disorders, Good Health and Well Being, Attributable risk, Human medicine, Neurology (clinical), Neurosciences & Neurology, business, 1109 Neurosciences, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Demography, 2.4 Surveillance and distribution, RC
Abstract: Background Regularly updated data on stroke and its pathological types, including data on their incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability, risk factors, and epidemiological trends, are important for evidence-based stroke care planning and resource allocation. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) aims to provide a standardised and comprehensive measurement of these metrics at global, regional, and national levels. Methods We applied GBD 2019 analytical tools to calculate stroke incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and the population attributable fraction (PAF) of DALYs (with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals [UIs]) associated with 19 risk factors, for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. These estimates were provided for ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, subarachnoid haemorrhage, and all strokes combined, and stratified by sex, age group, and World Bank country income level. Findings In 2019, there were 12·2 million (95% UI 11·0–13·6) incident cases of stroke, 101 million (93·2–111) prevalent cases of stroke, 143 million (133–153) DALYs due to stroke, and 6·55 million (6·00–7·02) deaths from stroke. Globally, stroke remained the second-leading cause of death (11·6% [10·8–12·2] of total deaths) and the third-leading cause of death and disability combined (5·7% [5·1–6·2] of total DALYs) in 2019. From 1990 to 2019, the absolute number of incident strokes increased by 70·0% (67·0–73·0), prevalent strokes increased by 85·0% (83·0–88·0), deaths from stroke increased by 43·0% (31·0–55·0), and DALYs due to stroke increased by 32·0% (22·0–42·0). During the same period, age-standardised rates of stroke incidence decreased by 17·0% (15·0–18·0), mortality decreased by 36·0% (31·0–42·0), prevalence decreased by 6·0% (5·0–7·0), and DALYs decreased by 36·0% (31·0–42·0). However, among people younger than 70 years, prevalence rates increased by 22·0% (21·0–24·0) and incidence rates increased by 15·0% (12·0–18·0). In 2019, the age-standardised stroke-related mortality rate was 3·6 (3·5–3·8) times higher in the World Bank low-income group than in the World Bank high-income group, and the age-standardised stroke-related DALY rate was 3·7 (3·5–3·9) times higher in the low-income group than the high-income group. Ischaemic stroke constituted 62·4% of all incident strokes in 2019 (7·63 million [6·57–8·96]), while intracerebral haemorrhage constituted 27·9% (3·41 million [2·97–3·91]) and subarachnoid haemorrhage constituted 9·7% (1·18 million [1·01–1·39]). In 2019, the five leading risk factors for stroke were high systolic blood pressure (contributing to 79·6 million [67·7–90·8] DALYs or 55·5% [48·2–62·0] of total stroke DALYs), high body-mass index (34·9 million [22·3–48·6] DALYs or 24·3% [15·7–33·2]), high fasting plasma glucose (28·9 million [19·8–41·5] DALYs or 20·2% [13·8–29·1]), ambient particulate matter pollution (28·7 million [23·4–33·4] DALYs or 20·1% [16·6–23·0]), and smoking (25·3 million [22·6–28·2] DALYs or 17·6% [16·4–19·0]). Interpretation The annual number of strokes and deaths due to stroke increased substantially from 1990 to 2019, despite substantial reductions in age-standardised rates, particularly among people older than 70 years. The highest age-standardised stroke-related mortality and DALY rates were in the World Bank low-income group. The fastest-growing risk factor for stroke between 1990 and 2019 was high body-mass index. Without urgent implementation of effective primary prevention strategies, the stroke burden will probably continue to grow across the world, particularly in low-income countries. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2021
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6 results on '"Dos Santos F. L. C."'

1. Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

2. Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: the Right to Sight: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study

3. Assessing performance of the Healthcare Access and Quality Index, overall and by select age groups, for 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

4. Global, regional, and national progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 for neonatal and child health: all-cause and cause-specific mortality findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

5. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990-2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

6. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990–2019 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

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