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International audience; The process of vegetative propagation used to multiply grapevine varieties produces, in most cases, clones genetically identical to the parental plant. Nevertheless, spontaneous somatic mutations can occur in there generative cells that give rise to the clones, leading to consider varieties as populations of clones that conform to a panel of phenotypic traits. Using two sets of nuclear microsatellite markers, the present work aimed at evaluating and comparing the intravarietal genetic diversity within seven wine grape varieties: Cabernet franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Chenin blanc, Grolleau, Pinot noir, Riesling, Savaging, comprising a total number of 344 accessions of certified clones and introductions preserved in French repositories. Ten accessions resulted in being either self progeny, possible offspring of the expected variety or misclassified varieties. Out of the 334 remaining accessions, 83 displayed genotypes different from the varietal reference, i.e., the microsatellite profile shared by the larger number of accessions. They showed a similarity value ranging from 0.923 to 0.992, and thus were considered as polymorphic monozygotic clones. The fraction of polymorphic clones ranged from 2 to 75% depending on the variety and the set of markers, the widest clonal diversity being observed within the Savaging. Among the 83 polymorphic clones, 29 had unique genotype making them distinguishable; others were classified in 21 groups sharing the same genotype. All microsatellite markers were note qually efficient to show diversity within clone collections and a standard set of five microsatellite markers (VMC3a9, VMC5g7, VVS2, VVMD30, and VVMD 32) relevant to reveal clonal polymorphism is proposed.

To measure, in a real-life setting, the benefits of using ready-to-use (RTU) injection preparations compared with conventional reconstituted admixtures (Admix) in terms of cost savings. DESIGN AND PERSPECTIVE: An economic model was developed, based on a randomised study. The perspective of the economic evaluation was that of the hospital administration. A microcosting approach was used to determine costs.Department of Cardiac Surgery at the Charleroi University Hospital in Belgium.Fifty-eight patients undergoing cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass were randomised to Admix dobutamine or to the RTU dobutamine group and were followed up during 24 hours after initiation of dobutamine therapy.Nursing time was reduced by 32% in the RTU group compared with the Admix group. Material cost was also reduced and the overall cost savings in the RTU group amounted to a 60% reduction in the cost of the conventional Admix process (p0.001). When drug cost was included in the equation, cost savings varied from 1.60 euros (EUR) to EUR21.40 per patient depending on dosage. There was no difference between the two groups in terms of safety and efficacy. A user satisfaction survey showed that medical staff especially welcomed improved ease of preparation and potential for prevention of errors and risks of handling.This study confirmed the potential for RTU forms to reduce nursing time associated with preparation and administration of intravenous admixtures and to enable overall cost savings.

La maîtrise du mildiou et de l’oïdium de la vigne repose majoritairement sur l’utilisation systématique de fongicides. Une des voies pour limiter quantitativement le recours aux fongicides est de proposer des stratégies de décisions explicites et innovantes pour des traitements moins systématiques et appliqués aux moments les plus opportuns. Dans le cadre du projet SyDéRéT, un processus opérationnel de décision nommé Mildium® a été conçu et testé à l’échelle parcellaire durant plusieurs années dans le vignoble français. Son application permet une réduction de 30% à 50% de l’indice de fréquence de traitement contre ces deux maladies sans altérer les performances de la récolte dans plus de 90% des situations et sans entraîner un surcoût de mise en oeuvre. Des enquêtes menées auprès des viticulteurs au cours de ce projet montrent cependant que des freins techniques et économiques à l’adoption de ce type de processus existent dans les exploitations et que la diffusion de ces pratiques nécessite un accompagnement étroit des viticulteurs. Un travail de modélisation bioéconomique conduit durant ce projet, permet d'analyser l'impact potentiel en termes de risques de perte de récolte de stratégies de protection contre ces deux bio-agresseurs., In most cases, the protection of grapevine against powdery and downy mildews relies on systematic usage of fungicides. One mean to limit the amount of fungicides used is to design innovative and explicit decision strategies for treatments applied less systematically and at most opportune times. Within the SyDéRéT project, a decision workflow named Mildium® has been designed and implemented at the plot scale during several years in French vineyards. Mildium® made it possible to reduce by 30 to 50% the Treatment Frequency Index for these two diseases without altering, in more than 90% of the cases, the crop protection performance at harvest and without augmenting costs. Interviews of growers which were conducted during this project showed that technical and economical factors may hinder the adoption process for such decision tools and that technical support to growers is needed. A bio-economic model was developed during this project in order to investigate potential impacts of crop protection strategies against both diseases on crop and yield damage risks.

International audience; Vine leaf area index has a great impact on berry quality. This study was conducted to determine whether vine leaf area index could be estimated, and mapped through normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) ground-based measurements. The NDVI measurements were performed using a Greenseeker (N-Tech Industires, Ukiah, CA and Oklahoma State Univ., Stillwater), pointed sideways at the vertical shoot positioned vines [Vitis vinifera (L.)] at Bordeaux, France. Canopy gap fraction and vertical leaf area index (VLAI) measurements were also performed. Plot NDVI maps were obtained by linking the GreenSeeker to a GPS during measurements. The NDVI delivered by the sensor was sensitive to the variations of vertical leaf area index and gap fraction of the canopy, that is, vine vigor. The GreenSeeker was successfully used to carry out a follow-up of the foliar growth of the vine, but with many precautions. The maps obtained showed relative variations of vigor at an intraplot level, enabling access to relevant information for better vineyard management.

The French viticulture is a high consumer of pesticides, as grapevine is sensitive to many pests and diseases. Yet the intensity of pesticide use varies a lot among and within regions. The aim of the present study was to identify various classes of dependency to the intensive use of pesticides and to characterize their productive, environmental and economic performances. Four classes were defined: (0) systematic crop protection, (1) non-systematic protection, (2) integrated protection (adoption of alternatives to pesticides), (3) organic farming. Each class presented a strong variation of the number of pesticide applications, which resulted in identifying classes 1+, 2+ and 3+ characterized by a management of pesticide applications at field rather than at farm scale. The performances of classes 0,1, 2 and 3 were evaluated from a survey carried out by the French Ministry of Agriculture on the management plan of more than 5000 vineyards throughout the country in 2006. Information was missing for calculating agricultural indicators: there was confusion between the reference yield and the actual field yield, and there was no information about product quality. A composite indicator of canopy control was designed to evaluate the intensity of prophylactic practices. Some costs could be evaluated (soil tillage, pesticide applications, pesticides except herbicides), others not (labour). Gross margin could not be calculated, due to missing costs and uncertainty about the price of products. Lastly, the TFI (treatment frequency index) could be calculated for various types of products. The indicators were calculated for 10 wine-producing regions presenting contrasted climates and strategies of production. Groups of regions could be distinguished by the relative weight of the classes of dependency to pesticides, without systematic correlation with climate or pest pressure. On average, TFI decreased from class 0 to classes 2 and 3. Yield and costs also differed, which revealed differences in farm management behind the differences in practices of grapevine protection. All indicators varied a lot within each class. Long term experiments (2001 2007) carried out at Bordeaux Inra centre made it possible to quantify variations of indicators related to pesticide management at farm or field scale and to observe strong inter annual variations in performances and differences among classes. From this characterization of classes of dependency to pesticides, the potential consequences of changes in practices of grapevine protection could be evaluated. Two trajectories led to a significant reduction of TFI: either a migration of classes 0, 1, 2 and 3 towards classes 1+, 2+ and 3+, or a migration of classes 0 and 1 to classes 2 or 3. The incomplete information needed to calculate the agronomic and economic indicators made difficult the assessment of the likelihood of adoption of these changes of practices. To this end, the analysis should be continued at farm scale.; La viticulture française est forte consommatrice de pesticides, la vigne étant sensible à de nombreux bio- agresseurs, mais le poids des intrants phytosanitaires connaît de fortes variations inter- et intra-régionales. L’objectif de l’étude est d’identifier différents niveaux de rupture avec l’usage intensif des pesticides et de caractériser leurs performances productives, environnementales et économiques. On peut distinguer en viticulture quatre grands niveaux de rupture : (0) protection systématique, (1) protection raisonnée, (2) protection intégrée (adoption d’alternatives aux pesticides), (3) agriculture biologique. Chaque niveau de rupture présente une forte variation du nombre d’interventions phytosanitaires, ce qui conduit à identifier les niveaux 1+, 2+ et 3+ caractérisés par un raisonnement des applications à des échelles inférieures à l’exploitation agricole. Les performances des niveaux de rupture 0, 1, 2 et 3 sont évaluées à partir de l’enquête PK Vigne 2006 du Scees. Les informations disponibles ne lèvent pas la confusion entre rendement de référence et rendement réalisé et ne permettent pas d’évaluer la qualité des produits. Un indicateur composite de maîtrise de la vigueur est créé afin d’évaluer l’intensité des pratiques à caractère prophylactique. Certains postes de charges peuvent être évalués, (coût de l’entretien mécanique du sol et des pulvérisations et coût des produits phytosanitaires hors herbicides), d’autres non (main d’œuvre). Ces charges manquantes et l’incertitude totale sur le prix des produits empêchent de calculer une marge brute. Enfin, l’IFT peut être calculé pour différentes classes de produits. Les indicateurs sont calculés pour 10 régions viticoles présentant des caractéristiques climatiques et des orientations de production contrastées. Des groupes de régions peuvent être distingués du point de vue du poids relatif des niveaux de rupture, sans corrélation systématique avec des contextes climatiques ou de pression parasitaire. D’une façon générale, on vérifie la réduction des IFT moyens du niveau 0 aux niveaux 2 et 3. Rendements et charges diffèrent également, ce qui révèle des différences de systèmes d’exploitation derrière les différences de pratiques de protection de la vigne. Tous les indicateurs présentent une grande variabilité au sein de chaque niveau. Des essais pluriannuels (2001 2007) conduits au centre Inra de Bordeaux permettent d’une part de quantifier les variations d’indicateurs liées à un raisonnement des interventions à l’échelle de la parcelle et, d’autre part, de constater de fortes variations inter annuelles de performances et de différences entre niveaux de rupture. A partir de cette caractérisation des niveaux de rupture, on peut formuler les conséquences potentielles de différentes hypothèses de changements de pratique. Deux voies (non concurrentes) sont possibles pour réduire systématiquement l’IFT : soit une migration des niveaux 0, 1, 2 et 3 vers les niveaux 1+, 2+ et 3+, soit une migration des niveaux 0 et 1 vers les niveaux 2 ou 3. Le caractère incomplet de l’information nécessaire au calcul des indicateurs agronomiques et économiques rend difficile l’évaluation des conditions de réalisation de ces changements de pratiques. C’est à l’échelle des exploitations viticoles que l’analyse doit être poursuivie.

The French viticulture is a high consumer of pesticides, as grapevine is sensitive to many pests and diseases. Yet the intensity of pesticide use varies a lot among and within regions. The aim of the present study was to identify varioux classes of dependency to the intensive use of pesticides and to charaterize their productive, environmental and economic performances.four classes were defined : (0) systematic crop protection, (1) non-systematic protection, (2) integrated production (adoption of alternatives to pesticides), (3) organic farming. Each class presented a strong variation of the number of pesticide applications, which resulted in identifying classes 1+, 2+ and 3+ charaterized by a management of pesticide applications at field rather than at farm scale. The performances of classes 0, 1,2 and 3 were evaluated from a survey carried out by the French Ministry of Agriculture on the management plan of more than 5000 vineyards throughout the country in 2006. information was missing for calculating agricultural indicators : there was confusion between the reference yield and the actual field yield, and there was no information about product quality. A composite indicator of canopy control was designed to evaluate the intensity of prophylactid practices. Some costs could be evaluated (soil tillage, pesticide applications, pesticides except herbicides), others not (labour). Gross margin could not be calculated, due to missing costs and uncertainty about the price of products. Lastly, the TFI (treatment frequency index) could be calculated for various types of products. The indicators were calculated for 10 wine-producing regions presenting contrasted climates and strategies of production. Groups of regions could be distinguished by the relative weight of the classes of dependency to pesticides, without systematic correlation with climate or pest pressure. On average, TFI decreased from class 0 to classes 2 and 3. yield and costs also differed, which revealed differences in farm management behind the differences in practices of grapevine protection ; all indicators varied a lot within each lcass. Long term experiments (20001-2007) carried out at Bordeaux Inra centre made it possible to quantify variations of indicators related to pesticide management at farm or field scale and to observe strong inter-annual variatiosn in performances and differences among classes. From the caracterization of classes of dependency to pesticides, the potential consequences of changes in practices of grapevine protection could be evaluated. Two trajectories led to a significant reduction of TFI : eigher a migration of classes 0, 1, 2 and 3 towards classes 1+, 2+ and 3+, or a migration of classes 0 and 1 to classes 2 or 3. the incomplete information needed to calculate the agronomic and economic indicators made difficult the assessment of the likelihood of adoption of these changes of practices. To this end, the analysis should be continued at farm scale, La viticulture française est forte consommatrice de pesticides, la vigne étant sensible à de nombreux bio agresseurs, mais le poids des intrants phytosanitaires connaît de fortes variations inter- et intra-régionales. L’objectif de l’étude est d’identifier différents niveaux de rupture avec l’usage intensif des pesticides et de caractériser leurs performances productives, environnementales et économiques ; on peut distinguer en viticulture quatre grands niveaux de rupture : (0) protection systématique, (1) protection raisonnée, (2) protection intégrée (adoption d’alternatives aux pesticides), (3) agriculture biologique. Chaque niveau de rupture présente une forte variation du nombre d’interventions phytosanitaires, ce qui conduit à identifier les niveaux 1+, 2+ et 3+ caractérisés par un raisonnement des applications à des échelles inférieures à l’exploitation agricole. Les performances des niveaux de rupture 0, 1, 2 et 3 sont évaluées à partir de l’enquête PK Vigne 2006 du Scees. Les informations disponibles ne lèvent pas la confusion entre rendement de référence et rendement réalisé et ne permettent pas d’évaluer la qualité des produits. Un indicateur composite de maîtrise de la vigueur est créé afin d’évaluer l’intensité des pratiques à caractère prophylactique. Certains postes de charges peuvent être évalués (coût de l’entretien mécanique du sol et des pulvérisations et coût des produits phytosanitaires hors herbicides), d’autres non (main d’œuvre). Ces charges manquantes et l’incertitude totale sur le prix des produits empêchent de calculer une marge brute. Enfin, l’IFT peut être calculé pour différentes classes de produits. Les indicateurs sont calculés pour 10 régions viticoles présentant des caractéristiques climatiques et des orientations de production contrastées. Des groupes de régions peuvent être distingués du point de vue du poids relatif des niveaux de rupture, sans corrélation systématique avec des contextes climatiques ou de pression parasitaire. D’une façon générale, on vérifie la réduction des IFT moyens du niveau 0 aux niveaux 2 et 3. rendements et charges diffèrent également, ce qui révèle des différences de systèmes d’exploitation derrière les différences de pratiques de protection de la vigne. Tous les indicateurs présentent une grande variabilité au sein de chaque niveau ; des essais pluriannuels (2001-2007) conduits au centre Inra de Bordeaux permettent d’une part de quantifier les variations d’indicateurs liées à un raisonnement des interventions à l’échelle de la parcelle et, d’autre part, de constater de fortes variations inter-annuelles e performances et de différences entre niveaux de rupture. A partir de cette caractérisation des niveaux de rupture, on peut formuler les conséquences potentielles de différentes hypothèses de changements de pratique. Deux voies (non concurrentes) sont possibles pourréduire systématiquement l’IFT : soit une migration des niveaux 0, 1, 2 et 3 vers les niveaux 1+, 2+ et 3+, soit une migration des niveaux 0 et 1 vers les niveaux 2 ou 3. le caractère incomplet de l’information nécessaire au calcul des indicateurs agronomiques et économiques rend difficile l’évaluation des conditions de réalisation de es changements de pratiques. C’est à l’échelle des exploitations viticoles que l’analyse doit être poursuivie

To evaluate in premature infants a new parenteral lipid emulsion based on olive and soybean oils (ratio 4:1), with less polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and more alpha-tocopherol than standard soybean oil emulsion.Premature infants (gestational age, 28-37 weeks) were randomized to receive one of the two emulsions within the first 72 hours of life. The triglyceride dose was increased to 2 g/kg/day within 3 days. Plasma phospholipid fatty acids, alpha-tocopherol/lipid ratio, and urinary malondialdehyde (MDA) excretion were determined at baseline and after 7 days.Of 45 recruited infants, 33 completed the study per protocol (15 soybean oil, 18 olive oil emulsion). At study end, groups did not differ in plasma phospholipid arachidonic acid, total n-6 and n-3 metabolites, but the olive oil group showed higher values of the PUFA intermediates C18:3n-6 (0.19% +/- 0.01% vs. 0.13% +/- 0.02%, P0.05) and C20:3n-6 (2.92% +/- 0.12% vs. 2.21% +/- 0.17%, P = 0.005). The plasma alpha-tocopherol/total lipd ratio was higher in the olive oil group (2.45 +/- 0.27 micromol/mmol vs. 1.90 +/- 0.08 micromol/mmol, P = 0.001), whereas urinary MDA excretion did not differ.The lower PUFA supply with the olive/soybean oil emulsion appears to enhance linoleic acid conversion. The reduced PUFA content, combined with a higher antioxidant intake in the olive oil group, results in an improved vitamin E status. The olive oil-based emulsion is a valuable alternative for parenteral feeding of preterm infants who are often exposed to oxidative stress, while their antioxidative defense is weak.

Whether or not pregnancy adversely affects the natural course of underlying primary renal disease, and whether fetal outcome is influenced by the type of renal disease per se are controversial issues. We retrospectively analyzed the fetal and maternal outcome in 148 women with various, biopsy-proven histological types of primary chronic glomerulonephritis (GN), including IgA GN (52 patients), membranous GN ([MGN] 20 patients), membranoproliferative type 1 GN ([MPGN] 58 patients), focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis ([FSGS] 13 patients), and minimal change nephrotic syndrome ([MCNS] 22 patients), who were pregnant (with a total of 290 pregnancies) after the clinical onset of GN, and in 104 women with reflux nephropathy (with a total of 254 pregnancies). Fetal outcome was poor in the presence of uncontrolled hypertension, nephrotic range proteinuria, and/or impaired renal function at conception or early in gestation, whatever the type of renal disease. An accelerated, more rapid than expected, worsening of maternal renal function was observed in five GN patients of whom four (two IgA, two MPGN) had serum creatinine (Scr) levels greater than 160 mumol/L (1.8 mg/dL) early in gestation, and in five patients with reflux nephropathy whose Scr at conception ranged from 180 to 490 mumol/L (2.0 to 5.5 mg/dL).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Conception et évaluation des systèmes viticoles innovants "bas intrants". 18. International Symposium GIESCO