103 results on '"Domestic wastes"'
Search Results
2. Development of microbial fuel cell for wastewater treatment and electricity generation using domestic wastes
- Author
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Tensay Kifle, Esayas Alemayehu, and Chali Dereje Kitila
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domestic wastes ,electricity generation ,microbial fuel cell ,substrate ,water purification ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 - Abstract
Background: The energy crisis is a growing problem around the world, requiring the creation of alternative energy sources that can generate less carbon dioxide and benefit the ecosystem. Reutilization of wastewater is becoming the emerging energy solution. Wastewater contains a large amount of organic matter that can be oxidized in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) to produce electricity. MFCs use biodegradable materials to create energy in the presence of microorganisms. Methods: Purposive sampling technique was employed to collect samples from critical polluting sources. The samples were certainly maintained in a refrigerator at 4°C. Several mixes for sample were prepared and tested analytically- for physio-chemical and bacteriological characterizations of each substrate status at pre- and post-treatment stages. Electricity generating capacity of MFCs that employing different substrates was investigated experimentally using batch reactors. The cross-sectional methodology was employed to study possible power generation. Results: The maximum voltage output of 118.93, 144.84, and 89.76 mV were produced keeping the resistance unlimited for MFC1 (urine substrate), MFC2 (blackwater substrate), and MFC3 (graywater substrate), respectively. MFC that utilized graywater as a substrate brought the tiniest quantity of electricity; however, it stood the most stable. The highest COD reduction (65.83%) in the process was reported in urine substrate and the highest BOD5 removal (69.18%) was reported in black water substrate. Conclusion: The experimental results provided a promising indication of MFCs viability, providing hope for future power generation and alternative wastewater treatment option in developing countries.
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- 2023
- Full Text
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3. Assessing the Borta Reservoir using physicochemical parameters, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia
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Tolera Kuma and Yohanis Hailu
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anthropogenic factors ,domestic wastes ,nutrients ,pollution ,water quality ,Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering ,TD1-1066 - Abstract
This study was conducted in the Borta Reservoir (Ethiopia) to portray physicochemical parameters between September 2018 and July 2019 for three data collection sessions. Accordingly, the sampling site was purposely selected perimeter-wise from the Borta Reservoir based on the distance from human settlements; anthropogenic effect and accessibility for the study three stations (sampling sites) were purposely selected perimeter-wise and the sites were coded as Site one (S1), site two (S2), and site three (S3). Water samples were collected monthly for three sample collection sessions. Samples were collected from each site and transported to the Limnology Laboratory and other parameters were measured on-site using a pre-calibrated portable instrument. SPSS version 20 was used for the statistical analysis. The recorded physicochemical parameters were in the range of freshwaters. It was evident that the Borta Reservoir had been showing signs of water quality loss over time. This could have resulted from stressors linked to anthropogenic sources from domestic wastes and pollutants from agricultural lands. This study suggested a restoration action be undertaken. HIGHLIGHTS The appropriate study design and method of sample collection is applied.; The characteristics of water quality parameters are controlled.; More detailed settling information about water quality parameters can improve and estimate water treatment performance.; It was demonstrated that the dynamics of the wastewater characteristics under dry and wet seasons influence concentration water quality parameters.;
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- 2022
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4. Effects of Anthropogenic Activities on Water Quality within Ngong River Sub-Catchment, Nairobi, Kenya.
- Author
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Ngatia, Mary, Kithiia, Shadrack M., and Voda, Mihai
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WATER quality ,TOTAL suspended solids ,WATER pollution ,ESCHERICHIA coli ,SEWAGE disposal ,WATERSHEDS - Abstract
Anthropogenic activities often compromise the water quality of natural water systems, rendering it unfit for domestic and agricultural use. This paper evaluates the effects of anthropogenic activities on the water quality of Ngong River in Nairobi County, Kenya. It aimed to assess the river's physico-chemical parameters, identify major anthropogenic activities that act as pollutant sources and establish the relationship between the anthropogenic activities and water quality along the Ngong River. Twelve water samples were systematically collected in each of the twelve study sites in April and August 2021 and analyzed in the laboratory for various water quality parameters. The accumulation factor (AF) indicated that E. coli, total coliforms, BOD and COD were found to significantly build up downstream of Ngong River. The ANOVA test results showed that all the physicochemical parameters studied (BOD, E. coli, pH, total suspended solids, total coliforms, turbidity, conductivity, nitrates, oil and grease and TDS), except COD, were not significantly different (p ≤ 0.05) for the different sites. Measured heavy metals, such as lead (Pb) levels at different sampled points, were all found to be below the detectable limit (0.001 ppm) for both seasons. Cadmium (Cd) was detectable during the dry season with the highest levels (0.113 ppm) being recorded at Ngong Forest Boundary. The findings of this study revealed that anthropogenic activities, such as raw sewage disposal, industrial activities, solid waste dumping and small-scale agriculture, had adverse effects on Ngong River's water quality. The study recommends a need to closely monitor anthropogenic activities along Ngong River to reduce their probable pollution of the water in the River basin. This will ensure the sustainability of the water resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. WETTING-DRYING CYCLES WITH WASTEWATER AFTER FREEZING-THAWING OF CLAY SOIL CONTAINING SEWAGE SLUDGE IMPROVE HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES.
- Author
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Badaou, Abdoul Nasser Aboubacar Dan, Altun, Mehmet, Demir, Azize Dogan, Sahin, Ustun, and Kiziloglu, Fatih Mehmet
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Practical solutions are needed to alleviate possible negative effects of freezing-thawing events on the physical and hydraulic properties of clay soils which are more common with the effect of global warming in medium and high altitudes with cool climates. The deteriorated physical and hydraulic properties can be shortly improved with integrated management of solid and liquid wastes applied as an organic resource. A study was simulated under controlled conditions and conducted with 3 sewage sludge doses (D0: 0 Mg ha
-1 , D1: 50 Mg ha-1 , D2: 100 Mg ha-1 ), 2 freezing-thawing cycles (FT1: 5 times, FT2: 10 times), 2 water types (FW: freshwater, RWW: recycled wastewater) and 2 wetting-drying cycles (WD1: 4 days, WD2: 8 days) with three replicates. FT2 affected soil properties negatively, while the D2 increased organic matter 32.3%, porosity 8.2%, wet aggregate stability 10.8%, field capacity 16.2%, and hydraulic conductivity 24.7% compared to D0, and a decreased bulk density of 9.0%. RWW contributed to soil organic matter by 6.5% and total porosity by 2.1%. Moreover, WD2 increased organic matter 1.7%, total porosity 4.3%, macro-porosity 8.7% and hydraulic conductivity 17.1%, and decreased bulk density 4.6%. Correlogram analysis indicated the significant relationships between parameters. It was concluded that the high dose application of sewage sludge aiming waste disposal can be a practical way to improve clay soil with increased wetting-drying cycles of wastewater under freezing-thawing conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2022
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6. Metals content in spiny amaranth (Amaranthus spinosus) growing wild at domestic waste open burning site.
- Author
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AWENG, E. R., NOOR SYUHADAH, S., ARHAM MUCHTAR, A. B., SALAM, M. A., SHARIFAH AISYAH, S. O., AZLAN, A., MOHAMAD ROHANIF, M. A., and LIYANA, A. A.
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INCINERATION , *METALS , *HEAVY metals , *METAL detectors , *ARSENIC , *AMARANTHS , *CHROMIUM , *COPPER - Abstract
This study was carried out to determine the metal concentrations in several parts of spiny amaranth that grow wild at open burning areas of domestic waste at Tumpat, Kelantan, Malaysia. Spiny amaranth parts such as roots, stems, leaves and flowers used as samples for three replications per part. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) digestion method for metal determination was used to detect the metals content such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn). Overall, shoots contain the highest Fe, Cu, As and Pb compared to other parts. The results also showed the metals concentration slowly decreased from shoots to flowers except for Mn, Pb and Zn. This showed the accumulation of metals for each part is different. However, the contents of all metals from this study is below the maximum permitted and recommended daily serving standards set forth in the Fourteenth Schedule, Food Act 1983 and Food Regulations 1985 except for As. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
7. Dumping Yard-Free Society Through Sustainable Solid Waste Management: A Case Study of Varanasi City
- Author
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Kumar, Awadhesh and Ghosh, Sadhan Kumar, editor
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- 2019
- Full Text
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8. Effects of Anthropogenic Activities on Water Quality within Ngong River Sub-Catchment, Nairobi, Kenya
- Author
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Mary Ngatia, Shadrack M. Kithiia, and Mihai Voda
- Subjects
water quality ,anthropogenic activities ,Ngong River ,water pollution ,domestic wastes ,Hydraulic engineering ,TC1-978 ,Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes ,TD201-500 - Abstract
Anthropogenic activities often compromise the water quality of natural water systems, rendering it unfit for domestic and agricultural use. This paper evaluates the effects of anthropogenic activities on the water quality of Ngong River in Nairobi County, Kenya. It aimed to assess the river’s physico-chemical parameters, identify major anthropogenic activities that act as pollutant sources and establish the relationship between the anthropogenic activities and water quality along the Ngong River. Twelve water samples were systematically collected in each of the twelve study sites in April and August 2021 and analyzed in the laboratory for various water quality parameters. The accumulation factor (AF) indicated that E. coli, total coliforms, BOD and COD were found to significantly build up downstream of Ngong River. The ANOVA test results showed that all the physicochemical parameters studied (BOD, E. coli, pH, total suspended solids, total coliforms, turbidity, conductivity, nitrates, oil and grease and TDS), except COD, were not significantly different (p ≤ 0.05) for the different sites. Measured heavy metals, such as lead (Pb) levels at different sampled points, were all found to be below the detectable limit (0.001 ppm) for both seasons. Cadmium (Cd) was detectable during the dry season with the highest levels (0.113 ppm) being recorded at Ngong Forest Boundary. The findings of this study revealed that anthropogenic activities, such as raw sewage disposal, industrial activities, solid waste dumping and small-scale agriculture, had adverse effects on Ngong River’s water quality. The study recommends a need to closely monitor anthropogenic activities along Ngong River to reduce their probable pollution of the water in the River basin. This will ensure the sustainability of the water resources.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. A Novel Technology for Processing Urban Waste Compost as a Fast-Releasing Nitrogen Source to Improve Soil Properties and Broccoli and Lettuce Production.
- Author
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de Nobile, Fabio Olivieri, Calero Hurtado, Alexander, Prado, Renato de Mello, de Souza, Henrique Antunes, Anunciação, Maria Gabriela, Palaretti, Luiz Fabiano, and Dezem, Leticia Ane Sizuki Nociti
- Abstract
Purpose: This study evaluated nitrogen (N) mineralization dynamics in three soils after the addition of heat-treated urban waste amendments or urban waste compost (UWC). The effects of UWC and urea on soil properties and broccoli and lettuce production were compared. Methods: The first N mineralization experiment was conducted in a factorial arrangement (4 × 3), as a randomized complete block design (RCBD), with three replicates. Four UWC doses: 12.5, 25.0, 37.5, and 50.0 mg dm
−3 were applied to three soils: sandy Ustoxic Quartzipsamment (QS), intermediate-texture red Ultisol (US), and clayey red Oxisol (OS), during eight incubation periods (0, 7, 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, and 84 days). In the second experiment, the effects of UWC and urea fertilizer on soil properties were compared. The growth of broccoli and lettuce plants was evaluated (experiments 3 and 4). The treatments (Experiments 2–4) followed a factorial arrangement (4 × 2; RCBD; three replicates), using OS soil. Four N doses (as for experiment 1) were combined with two N sources (UWC and urea). Results: The processed UWC application proportionally increased the N mineralization rate by 72% in QS, 54% in US, and 66% in OS. Furthermore, UWC application enhanced soil properties (pH and nutrient availability), compared with urea fertilizer, and improved N uptake, resulting in higher fresh biomass production in broccoli and lettuce plants (50.0 and 37.5 mg dm−3 , respectively). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that heat-treated UWC is an economical, viable, and efficient fertilizer to improve soil properties and short-cycle vegetable crop productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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10. Predication of the sources of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in China with distinctive characteristics based on multivariate analysis.
- Author
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Zhang, Juan, Zhang, Yafei, Wang, Ruoyu, Chen, Huajin, Zhang, Minghua, and Zhang, Jianfeng
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PARTICULATE matter , *POLYCYCLIC aromatic hydrocarbons , *MULTIVARIATE analysis , *CARCINOGENICITY , *BIOMASS burning - Abstract
Particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have the characteristics of high carcinogenicity, degradation resistance, and long-distance transport. It is necessary to determine the critical sources that contribute to PAHs in atmospheric particulate matter (PM), soils, and sediments. In the present study, particulate PAHs were collected from Chinese cooking, biomass combustion, waste incineration, coal combustion, and petroleum combustion in different regions of the Chinese mainland. Through linear regression analysis, the relationships have been investigated between different measurement units, including the mass of particulate PAHs per mass of particle matter, mass of particulate PAHs per volume of air, and emission factors of particulate PAHs. This information helps to effectively evaluate the contamination level of PAHs among different studies. On the scale of the entire Chinese mainland, the top three sources of particulate PAHs are industrial coal combustion (11,244 t/year, 44.45%) > domestic coal combustion (7,797 t/year, 30.82%) > straw combustion (6,015 t/year, 23.78%). Efforts should be made to develop clean coal utilization. Although cooking contributes to a small amount of PAHs in China, it is extremely harmful for cooks [benzo(a)pyrene: 1.64 μg/m 3 ]. Principal component analysis (PCA) is an effective method to identify various pollution sources. Using PCA, Chinese cooking, biomass combustion, waste incineration, domestic coal combustion, coking coal combustion, coal combustion for power generation, and diesel/gasoline engines that possess distinct PAH compositions are effectively discriminated from one another. Moreover, the characteristics of particulate PAHs emitted from human activities in China are not totally consistent with those in other countries. It is critical for pollution control to determine the distinctive characteristics of particulate PAHs emitted from typical production processes and life in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
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11. Bacterial perspectives on the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes in domestic wastewater bio-treatment systems: beneficiary to victim.
- Author
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Wu, Dong, Dolfing, Jan, and Xie, Bing
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BACTERIAL genes , *DRUG resistance in bacteria , *SEWAGE purification , *ANTIBIOTICS , *BACTERIOPHAGES , *MICROBIAL communities - Abstract
Domestic wastes, ranging from sewage and sludge to municipal solid waste, are usually treated in bioprocessing systems. These systems are regarded as main conduits for the elevated levels of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) observed in the environment. This paper mainly reviews recent studies on the occurrence and dynamics of ARGs in wastewater bio-treatment systems and discusses the ins and outs of ARG dissemination from the perspective of the microbial community. Our analysis shows that concentration of antibiotics through adsorption to microbial aggregates triggers the bacteria to acquire ARGs, which can be facilitated by the presence of mobile genetic elements. Notably, the acquisition and flow of ARGs during the rapid dissemination process is directed towards and for the best interests of the microbial community as a whole, and is influenced by surrounding nutrient levels, toxicant types, and sensitivities of the species in the prevailing antibiotic-stressed conditions. Furthermore, our review argues that predation of ARG-carrying bacteria by bacteriophages does periodically enhance the accessibility of ARGs to bacteria, which indirectly facilitates the recruitment of ARGs into environmental microbial communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
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12. Recycling of some domestic wastes to produce green corrosion inhibitors and biocides for sulfate reducing bacteria.
- Author
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El-Gendy, Nour Sh., Hamdy, A., Fatthallah, Nesreen A., and Omran, Basma A.
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WASTE management , *WASTE recycling , *CORROSION & anti-corrosives , *BIOCIDES , *SULFATE-reducing bacteria - Abstract
Egypt suffers from a huge amount of domestic wastes which causes a lot of economic and environmental problems. This work investigated the possibility of recycling of some of these wastes into green corrosion inhibitors and biocides. The studied aqueous extracts of outer brown peels of onion (A), outer peels of garlic (B), orange (C), and mandarin (D) peels reduced markedly the corrosion rate of carbon steel alloy in 1.0 M HCl and behaved as mixed inhibitors. The inhibition efficiency decreased in the following order: C > B > A > D and generally increased with the increase of the extract concentration. The inhibition mechanism and adsorption isotherms were discussed to describe the adsorption characteristics of the extracts on the carbon steel surface. The extracts of orange and mandarin peels expressed biocidal effect on sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB). However, those of onion and garlic peels did not express any biocidal activity against SRB. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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13. An Assessment of the Bivalve Perna viridis, as an Indicator of Heavy Metal Contamination in Paradise Point of Karachi, Pakistan.
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Qari, Rashida, Ajiboye, Olufemi, Imran, Saima, and Afridi, Abdul Rahim
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MUSSELS , *POISONOUS shellfish , *SHELLFISH toxins , *HEAVY metal toxicology , *MARINE pollution , *ATOMIC absorption spectroscopy - Abstract
The edible bivalves Perna viridis (green mussel), (n = 100) were analysed for their total Hg, Pb, Cu, Ni, Zn, Co, Fe, Cr, Cd, and Mn concentrations to indicate heavy metal contamination in Paradise Point of Karachi coast using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. There are large seasonal variations in the metal concentrations of Mn (0.025-0.67 μg/g), Fe (0.055-7.740 μg/g), Ni (0.004-0.52 μg/g), Hg (0.0001-0.004 μg/g), Zn (0.04-3.32 μg/g), Cu (0.008-1.66 μg/g), Pb (0.022-2.43 μg/g), Co (0.01-0.044 μg/g), Cd (0.04-0.88 μg/g) and Cr (0.13-1.20 μg/g) recorded in bodies/soft tissues of P. viridis obtained in the samples of the year 1993 and 2012 at the Paradise Point of Karachi coast. The results of heavy metals are in the following descending order of concentration in the samples collected in the year 1993: Fe>Cr>Zn>Mn> Pb>Cd>Cu>Ni>Co>Hg, while Fe>Zn>Pb>Cu>Cr>Cd>Mn>Ni>Co>Hg order was recorded in samples collected in the year 2012. The high accumulation of metals was found mostly in the samples collected in the year 2012 when compared with the samples of the year 1993. This is an indication that the area under study showed signs of being exposed to significant levels of heavy metal pollution due to direct discharge of industrial and domestic wastes along the coast. The concentrations of these heavy metals were lower than the permissible limits for human consumption. However, if this pollution persists, it can prove to be very detrimental in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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14. Quantificação dos resíduos potencialmente infectantes presentes nos resíduos sólidos urbanos da regional sul de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil Gravimetric characterization of potentially infectious material in urban solid waste in southern Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil
- Author
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Noil Amorim de Menezes Cussiol, Gustavo Henrique Tetzl Rocha, and Liséte Celina Lange
- Subjects
Resíduos de Serviços de Saúde ,Resíduos Domésticos ,Resíduos Sólidos ,Medical Waste ,Domestic Wastes ,Solid Wastes ,Medicine ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
O objetivo da pesquisa foi o de conhecer a parcela de resíduos potencialmente infectantes aqueles contendo fezes, urina, sangue e fluidos corpóreos de origem domiciliar, presentes nos resíduos sólidos urbanos. Em agosto e setembro de 2002, os resíduos da região Sul de Belo Horizonte foram coletados e levados ao Centro de Tratamento e Disposição Final de Resíduos Sólidos da BR 040, para segregação e quantificação. Os "perfurocortantes" contribuíram com 0,02±0,02% dos resíduos coletados e a presença dos "não-perfurocortantes" foi de 5,47±1,11%. Na categoria "perfurocortante", os aparelhos de barbear predominaram (0,01±0,01%), enquanto que na categoria "não-perfurocortante" as maiores frações foram de papel higiênico (3,00±0,90%), fraldas descartáveis (2,21±1,08%) e absorventes higiênicos (0,22±0,12%). Os resíduos infectantes de origem domiciliar corresponderam ao dobro da fração total (infectante e comum) dos resíduos de unidades de serviços de saúde. A discussão foi feita sob a égide dos perigos à saúde e segurança dos trabalhadores da coleta formal (garis) e informal (catadores de rua e lixões).This study investigated potentially infectious waste (feces, urine, blood, body fluids) in the composition of total municipal solid waste. From August to September 2002, solid waste samples from southern Belo Horizonte, capital of the State of Minas Gerais, were collected and sent to the solid waste treatment and disposal site at BR-040 for segregation and quantification. Sharps (objects that can cause cuts or puncture wounds) made up 0.02±0.02% of the collected waste, while non-sharps accounted for 5.47±1.11%. In the sharps category, the majority were razor blades (0.01±0.01%), while among non-sharps the most frequent components were toilet paper (3.00±0.90%), diapers (2.21±1.08%), and sanitary napkins (0.22±0.12%). Household infectious waste was twice the total amount of waste (infectious + common) from healthcare units. The study was discussed in light of the health hazards and safety aspects for formal and informal waste collectors.
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- 2006
- Full Text
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15. A Novel Technology for Processing Urban Waste Compost as a Fast-Releasing Nitrogen Source to Improve Soil Properties and Broccoli and Lettuce Production
- Author
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Leticia Ane Sizuki Nociti Dezem, Luiz Fabiano Palaretti, Renato de Mello Prado, Maria Gabriela Anunciação, Alexander Calero Hurtado, Henrique Antunes de Souza, Fabio Olivieri de Nobile, University Center of the Educational Foundation of Barretos, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), FABIO OLIVIERI DE NOBILE, University Center of the Educational Foundation of Barretos/ UNESP, ALEXANDER CALERO HURTADO, FCAV/UNESP, RENATO DE MELLO PRADO, FCAV/UNESP, HENRIQUE ANTUNES DE SOUZA, CPAMN, MARIA GABRIELA ANUNCIAÇÃO, University Center of the Educational Foundation of Barretos/ UNESP, LUIZ FABIANO PALARETT, FCAV/UNESP, and LETICIA ANE SIZUKI NOCITI DEZEM, University Center of the Educational Foundation of Barretos/ UNESP.
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Environmental Engineering ,Domestic wastes ,020209 energy ,Randomized block design ,02 engineering and technology ,engineering.material ,Soil fertility ,01 natural sciences ,Hortaliça ,010608 biotechnology ,Lactuca sativa L ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Nitrogen content ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Compost ,Brassica oleracea L ,Ultisol ,Produtividade ,Horticulture ,Processamento de composto ,Oxisol ,Resíduos ,Soil water ,engineering ,Organic fertilizer ,Environmental science ,Fertilizer - Abstract
Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T10:56:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 Purpose: This study evaluated nitrogen (N) mineralization dynamics in three soils after the addition of heat-treated urban waste amendments or urban waste compost (UWC). The effects of UWC and urea on soil properties and broccoli and lettuce production were compared. Methods: The first N mineralization experiment was conducted in a factorial arrangement (4 × 3), as a randomized complete block design (RCBD), with three replicates. Four UWC doses: 12.5, 25.0, 37.5, and 50.0 mg dm−3 were applied to three soils: sandy Ustoxic Quartzipsamment (QS), intermediate-texture red Ultisol (US), and clayey red Oxisol (OS), during eight incubation periods (0, 7, 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, and 84 days). In the second experiment, the effects of UWC and urea fertilizer on soil properties were compared. The growth of broccoli and lettuce plants was evaluated (experiments 3 and 4). The treatments (Experiments 2–4) followed a factorial arrangement (4 × 2; RCBD; three replicates), using OS soil. Four N doses (as for experiment 1) were combined with two N sources (UWC and urea). Results: The processed UWC application proportionally increased the N mineralization rate by 72% in QS, 54% in US, and 66% in OS. Furthermore, UWC application enhanced soil properties (pH and nutrient availability), compared with urea fertilizer, and improved N uptake, resulting in higher fresh biomass production in broccoli and lettuce plants (50.0 and 37.5 mg dm−3, respectively). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that heat-treated UWC is an economical, viable, and efficient fertilizer to improve soil properties and short-cycle vegetable crop productivity. Graphic Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.] Department of Agrarian Sciences University Center of the Educational Foundation of Barretos, Av. Prof. Roberto Frade Monte 389 Department of Agricultural Sciences – Soil and Fertilizer Sector School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV) São Paulo State University (UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation – Embrapa Mid North, Av. Duque de Caxias 5650 Department of Rural Engineering School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n Department of Agricultural Sciences – Soil and Fertilizer Sector School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV) São Paulo State University (UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n Department of Rural Engineering School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n
- Published
- 2021
16. Projection of Balikesir metropolitan municipality domestic waste and determination of biogas potential
- Author
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Gültekin, Umut, Günay, Ahmet, and Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Subjects
Destekleme Fiyatı ,Domestic Wastes ,Integrated Solid Waste ,Mathematical Modelling ,Entegre Katı Atık ,Yenilenebilir Enerji ,Waste Disposal ,Matematiksel Modelleme ,Support Price ,Renewable Energy ,Atık Depolama ,Evsel Atıklar - Abstract
Balıkesir Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Çevre Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı, Bu çalışmada Balıkesir Büyükşehir Belediyesi evsel katı atıklarının enerji potansiyelinin belirlenmesi ve düzenli depolama sahasında depo gazından elektik enerjisi üretimine yönelik kurulması planlanan tesisin ekonomik ve finansal analizinin modellenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Balıkesir ilinin nüfus projeksiyon değerleri belirlenmiş, kişi başı atık üretim miktarları tespit edilmiş ve gelecekte üretilecek tahmini atık miktarları hesaplanmıştır. Atıkların bileşiminin belirlenmesi amacı ile atık karakterizasyonu çıkartılmıştır. Evsel katı atık düzenli depolama sahasına gelecek atıkların enerji potansiyelleri Tabasaran ve Rettenberger, Multi-Phase ve School Canyon deponi gazı tahmin modelleri ile hesaplanmış ve elde edilecek gaz üretim miktarı verilerinin karşılaştırılması yapılmıştır. Balıkesir ilinin mevcut ve gelecek nüfusu ve ürettiği organik içeriği yüksek atık miktarı ile depo gazından enerji temini konusunda iyi bir potansiyele sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Enerji üretim tesisi için depo gazının sabit motorlarda yakıt olarak kullanıldığı ve içten yanmalı motorlarda yakılarak enerjiye çevrildiği sistem tercih edilmiştir. Tesisin 25 yıllık işletme süresi için ilk yatırım ve işletme maliyetleri hesaplanmış, iki farklı senaryo için gelir modelleri üzerine çalışılmıştır. Bu modellerden YEKDEM’den faydalanılan senaryonun karlı olduğu belirlenmiş ve destek mekanizmasının önemi ortaya konulmuştur. Atık yönetimi ile ilgili çeşitli öneriler geliştirilmiştir., In this study, it was aimed to determine the energy potential of the domestic solid waste of Balıkesir Metropolitan Municipality and to model the economic and financial analysis of the plant planned to be established for the production of electric energy from storage gas at the landfill site. Population projection values of Balıkesir province were determined, waste production amounts per person were determined and estimated waste amounts to be produced in the future were calculated. In order to determine the composition of waste, waste characterization was removed. The energy potentials of the wastes coming to the domestic Solid Waste Landfill were calculated using Tabasaran and Rettenberger, Multi-Phase and School Canyon deponi gas prediction models and the data on the amount of gas production to be obtained were compared. It has been determined that Balıkesir province has a good potential for energy supply from storage gas with its current and future population and the high amount of waste produced by its organic content. A system in which storage gas is used as fuel in stationary engines and converted to energy by burning in internal combustion engines was preferred for the power generation plant. Initial investment and operating costs were calculated for the 25-year operating period of the facility, and revenue models were studied for two different scenarios. From these models, the scenario used by Yekdem was determined to be profitable and the importance of the support mechanism was revealed. Various recommendations on waste management have been developed.
- Published
- 2021
17. Bacterial perspectives on the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes in domestic wastewater bio-treatment systems: beneficiary to victim
- Author
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Wu, Dong, Dolfing, Jan, and Xie, Bing
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Ondokuzuncu yüzyıl Osmanlı İstanbul'unda bir sorunsal olarak çöp
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Tamgörgü, Ahmet Bulut, Yapucu, Olcay, Tarih Anabilim Dalı, Pullukçuoğlu Yapucu, Olcay, and Ege Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Tarih, Ana Bilim Dalı
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Tarih ,History ,Kasımpaşa Stream ,Dirt ,Domestic wastes ,Garbage Collection ,Kirlilik ,Mezbele ,Sanitary Reform ,Human-environment relationship ,Solid Waste Management ,Animal wastes ,Salgın Hastalıklar ,Tathirat ,Garbage ,Solid Waste ,Filth ,Kolera ,Kasımpaşa Deresi ,stanbul Municipal Organization ,Waste Collectors ,"null" ,Ottoman ,Nezafet ,Çöpçü ,Istanbul ,Tanzifat ,Temizlik ,Social history ,Cleaning City ,Ottoman history ,Belediye ,Solid wastes ,Katı Atık ,Waste ,Dustman ,Historical environment ,Municipality ,Tanzifat Amelesi ,Katı Atık Yönetimi ,İstanbul ,Çöp ,Altıncı Daire-i Belediye - Abstract
Bu çalışma Osmanlı İstanbul’unda çöp toplama konusunda yaşanılan kurumsal dönüşümleri incelemeyi hedeflemektedir. Klasik dönemde kadıya bağlı çöplük subaşısı tarafından arayıcı esnafına ihale ederek ya da mahalleliye yaptırım uygulayarak ortadan kaldırılan çöp, XIX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren modern belediyeye bağlı şekilde düzenli bir hale dönüştürülmüştür. Bu tez belediyenin tekeline alınan temizlik sürecini tarihsel bağlam altında ele almayı, inşa edilen kurumlar, oluşturulan nizamnameler ve bunların pratiklerinin nasıl işlediğini tartışmayı amaçlamaktadır. Belediyeye bağlı bir şekilde çalışan çöp emekçilerinin toplumsal konumları, yaşam standartları, maaş ödemeleri ve belediyeyle ilişkileri gibi konulara ışık tutulmaya çalışılacaktır. Halk sağlığı etrafında geliştirilen teori ve pratiklerden biri olan çöp-temizlik konusunun İstanbul’da ne şekilde uygulandığı çok önemli bir konudur. Şehirde kurulan belediyenin hizmet terazisi anlamlandırılmaya, kentin işçi ve yoksul semtlerinde çöpün sorumluluğunun nabzı tutulmaya çalışılacaktır. Bu yapılırken çeşitli Avrupa kentlerinde çöpe dair uygulanan pratikler, İstanbul ile mukayeseli bir şekilde değerlendirilecektir., The study aims to examine the institutional transformations experienced in garbage collection in Ottoman Istanbul. In the pre-modern period, the issue was handled by çöplük subaşısı that was under the command of kadı. Çöplük subaşısı transfered the garbage collection service to arayici esnafi. The other alternative of him was to impose sanctions to dwellers to clean the city. At last the way of garbage collection was implemented regularly under the modern municipality since the second half of the 19th century. The thesis aims to evaluate the laws and practices related to the garbage collection put into effect by the municipality within the historical context. It tries to shed light on the social positions, living standards, salary payments issues and the municipality of the garbage workers. What the garbage issue, which is one of the theories and practices developed with public health, is applied in the whole city is also critically. Whether the municipality helps the poor districts will be discussed. Additionally, all the practices on cleaning of garbage collection in Istanbul will be explained in comparison with European cities.
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- 2020
19. Domestic solid waste management and recycling policies of municipalities: A comparative analysis
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Tekin, Ömer Faruk, Acar, Ali, and Enstitüler, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi Ana Bilim Dalı
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Domestic Wastes ,Solid Waste Management ,Katı Atık Yönetimi ,Evsel Atıklar - Abstract
Çevre sorunları içinde, katı atıkların bambaşka bir önemi bulunmaktadır. Çünkü insan ihtiyaçlarının karşılanması ve hayatın devamı için tüketimden vazgeçmek imkânsızdır. Katı atıkların bir çevre sorunu olarak dünyanın gündeminden tamamen kaldırılması da mümkün görünmemektedir. Bununla birlikte, kentleşme, sanayileşme, nüfus artışı gibi sosyal değişmeler; sanayi, tarım, turizm ve diğer ekonomik faaliyetler ve teknolojik gelişmeler giderek daha çok ve çeşitli atıklar üretilmesini de beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu sosyal, beşerî ve ekonomik faaliyetlerin bir sonucu olarak, insanların yaşam alanlarında üretilen evsel katı atıkların bertaraf edilmesi özel bir önem taşımaktadır. Çoğunluğu, ambalajlar gibi değerli malzemeler içeren bu atıklar, atık türleri içindeki en önemli kalemi oluşturmaktadır. İçerikleri itibariyle geri dönüşüme uygun ve değerli malzemelerden oluşan evsel atıkların diğer atıklarla karıştırılması, kirlenmeden dolayı malzemelerin ekonomik değerini düşürmektedir. Ayrıca, bertaraf edilmesi gereken atık hacmini de arttırmaktadır. Bu yüzden, özellikle evsel katı atıklar için, entegre ve sürdürülebilir bir atık yönetim sistemi kurulmalıdır. Bu sistem ise, literatürde ve uygulamada kabul gören katı atık hiyerarşilerine göre tasarlanmalıdır. Bu çalışma, katı atık yönetiminin özellikle yönetim ve politika, yerel hizmet ve katılım ile ilgili yönlerine odaklanmaktadır. Çalışmada, öncelikle katı atık türleri, katı atık yönetiminin aşamaları, boyutları ve aktörleri hakkında teorik bir çerçeve sunulmaktadır. Türkiye'deki katı atık yönetimi ve politikasının tarihsel gelişim süreci ve mevcut durumu analiz edilmektedir. Belediyelerde katı atık yönetiminin yasal ve kurumsal yapısı üzerinde durulmaktadır. Son olarak, Kocaeli ve Malmö kentlerindeki evsel katı atık yönetimi uygulamaları ve politikaları belli kriterler çerçevesinde değerlendirilmekte, iki kent uygulamasının karşılaştırmalı bir analizi yapılmaktadır., Among the environmental problems, solid wastes have a particular importance. That is a result of the fact that it is impossible to give up consumption for meeting the needs of people and maintaining their lives. It doesn't seem possible to completely remove solid wastes from the world's agenda as an environmental problem. However, social changes such as urbanization, industrialization, population growth; economic activities such as industry, agriculture and tourism; and technological developments bring along increasingly producing amount and variety of wastes. As a result of these social, human and economic activities, disposal of domestic solid waste generated in the living spaces of people has a special importance. These wastes, mostly containing valuable materials such as packaging, constitute the most important item among the waste types. Mixing domestic wastes, which are suitable for recycling and contain valuable materials, with other wastes, reduces the economic value of the materials due to contamination. It also increases the volume of waste that needs to be disposed. Therefore, an integrated and sustainable waste management system should be established, especially for domestic solid waste. This system should be designed according to the solid waste hierarchies accepted in the literature and practice. This study especially focuses on the aspects of management and policy, local service and participation, in solid waste management. In the study, a theoretical framework is presented about solid waste types and, stages, dimensions and actors of solid waste management. Historical development process and current situation of solid waste management and policy in Turkey is analyzed. The legal and institutional structure of solid waste management in municipalities is focused. Finally, domestic solid waste management practices and policies in the cities of Kocaeli and Malmö are evaluated within the frame of certain criteria and a comparative analysis of the applications in these cities is made.
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- 2020
20. Polyhydroxyalkanoates production from domestic waste feedstock: A sustainable approach towards bio-economy.
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Guleria, Shikha, Singh, Harpreet, Sharma, Vamika, Bhardwaj, Neha, Arya, Shailendra Kumar, Puri, Sanjeev, and Khatri, Madhu
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- *
FOOD waste , *FEEDSTOCK , *ORGANIC wastes , *ORGANIC foods , *MICROBIAL cells , *INDUSTRIAL costs , *POLYHYDROXYALKANOATES - Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are emerging as one of the important alternates to synthetic plastics. PHAs are immensely known for their biodegradability, biocompatibility, and renewability properties. They generally are the polyesters of hydroxyalkanoates produced from renewable compounds such as food waste, organic waste from agriculture, and municipal wastes by the activity of microorganisms. They are specifically produced by several bacteria and Archaea as the intracellular products, carbon reserves, or energy storage compounds and are known to protect the microbial cells from adverse environmental stress such as heat, UV irradiation, oxidative stress, freezing, and osmotic shock. Regardless of their immense applications, PHAs still face the challenge of high production and market costs, which is related to the selection of raw materials for manufacturing PHAs. Since the last decade, its expansion has explored the potential of organic wastes such as food wastes as one of the cheapest materials for PHAs production. The production costs can be largely reduced with the use of domestic wastes in the role of carbon sources, paving the way for the bio-based economy. The present review gives a comprehensive overview of the updated research progress in the fabrication of PHAs by using different wastes generated from domestic households. Further, the review deals with the PHAs synthesis, properties, and biochemical pathways involved in the production, factors affecting PHAs production, and purification of PHAs extracted from domestic wastes. [Display omitted] • Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are a replacement for traditional synthetic plastics. • Biosynthetic routes of PHA production and factors affecting its yield. • Domestic wastes as natural raw materials for PHAs production. • Production parameters and downstream processing of PHAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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21. Aerobic Granulation in a Sequencing Batch Reactor Using Real Domestic Wastewater.
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Wagner, Jamile and da Costa, Rejane Helena Ribeiro
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- *
SEQUENCING batch reactor process , *SEWAGE purification , *GRANULATION , *AERATED package treatment systems , *METALS removal (Sewage purification) , *CHEMICAL reactors - Abstract
Aerobic granulation has been extensively investigated in recent decades but most researchers have focused their studies on granule formation in laboratory-scale reactors using synthetic wastewaters at high organic loading rates (OLR) (). This research studied the aerobic granulation in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) using real domestic wastewater with an OLR at or lower than . The reactor was operated in three different stages (Stage I, II, and III), according to the applied OLR (1.4, 1.0, and , respectively). After 140 days of operation (Stage II), the reactor biomass consisted mainly of compact mature granules (average diameter of 0.7 mm) with a good settling ability ( approximately ). The OLR increase caused a partial disintegration of the mature granules during the beginning of Stage III. However, the granules were able to quickly recover after the disturbance caused by the higher OLR. The reactor was effective at removing carbon and nitrogen compounds, especially when operated with an OLR of , providing an average removal efficiency of 92% for and 96% for . The results demonstrated that aerobic granules can be formed, using real domestic wastewater, with an effective carbon and nitrogen removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2013
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22. Large-Scale Bioreactor Pilots for Monitoring the Long-Term Hydromechanics of MSW.
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Staub, Matthias J., Gourc, Jean-Pierre, Drut, Nicolas, Stoltz, Guillaume, and Mansour, Alicia A.
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FLUID mechanics ,BIOREACTORS ,PILOT projects ,LANDFILLS ,SOLID waste ,MOISTURE ,BIODEGRADATION - Abstract
Municipal solid waste (MSW) in landfill bioreactors is subjected to mechanical, biological, and hydrological processes. To understand these processes, four large-scale bioreactor pilots were specifically designed to simulate the behavior of waste in the core of a landfill. Here, the results of two long-term tests that were performed in two compression cells are presented. Mechanical, biochemical, and hydrological parameters were analyzed throughout the experiments. The promising results of this research improve the understanding of biodegradation and its correlation with the hydromechanical behavior of municipal solid waste. In particular, the sensitivity of the biodegradation to leachate injection and the correlation between the biogas flow and vertical settlement were confirmed for wastes with high initial moisture content. The results showed that it is important to consider the potential of different monitoring techniques and the representative volume for the experimental approach. Furthermore, the operational results led to interesting conclusions, especially regarding the addition of moisture to waste, which is a key element for bioreactor landfill operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
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23. POLLUTION SOURCES, BENEFICIAL USES AND MANAGEMENT OF BATANG ARAU AND KURANJI RIVER IN PADANG, INDONESIA.
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HONG, P. C., AWENG, E. R., and HERMANSAH, H.
- Abstract
Batang Arau River and Kuranji River in Padang, Indonesia serve as an important source of fresh water supply for the local communities to carry out their daily activities. Agricultural activities depend on the river as the main source for crop irrigation. However, due to the rapid the industrialization and urbanization that took place especially along Batang Arau River has caused intense pollution to the river. There is a need to study on the human activities and the management of the rivers in Padang. Therefore, a field survey was conducted to identify the type of river usage by the local communities, the sources of pollution and to understand the current management of Batang Arau River and Kuranji River by the local authorities. The result showed that apart from industrial waste, improper disposal practiced of domestic waste and sewage by the local communities were the main causes of the river pollution. Batang Arau River was intensely polluted by various sources of pollution and has lower river water quality compared to the Kuranji River. River monitoring and management had been carried out by the Environmental Impact Management Agency (Badan Pengendalian Dampak Lingkungan, BAPEDALDA) and Department of Water Resources Management (Dinas Pengelolaan Sumber Air, PSDA) of West Sumatera Province. Although enforcement of laws and regulations to protect the rivers had been practised by the local authorities, constant efforts in increasing the awareness of the local communities on the importance of river conservation are necessary to ensure the sustainability of the river ecosystem health and the ecological services provided by the river. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
24. Evaluation of primary and secondary production using wastewater as a culture medium.
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Nandini, S., Ramírez-García, Pedro, and Sarma, S.S.S.
- Abstract
The ability of rotifers and cladocerans to convert primary to secondary production in wastewaters was tested. Scenedesmus acutus was cultured on Bold’s (defined) medium, wastewater from the tertiary phase of water treatment and a mixture of both. The algal growth rates (µ) ranged from 0.4 to 0.7 day —1, being highest in defined medium. The demographic characteristics of Brachionus rubens and Moina macrocopa were tested using algae at a density of 1.0 × 106 cells mL —1. Into each test jar, we introduced 20 neonates (< 12-h-old) of either B. rubens or M. macrocopa. Daily (for M. macrocopa) or twice a day (for B. rubens), dead adults and the neonates were enumerated and removed. Average life-span and generation time of B. rubens were not significantly influenced by the algal treatment type. Gross and net reproductive rates were significantly influenced by the medium on which the algae was cultured; in the case of B. rubens, they ranged from 20—36 and 10—22 offspring female— 1; the corresponding values for M. macrocopa were higher (38—110 and 13—31 offspring female— 1, respectively). The rate of population increase was higher for Brachionus (0.41—0.65 day—1) compared to Moina (0.28—0.57 day—1). Brachionus had significantly higher growth rates on algae cultured on Bold medium than on treated wastewater while Moina grew significantly better on Scenedesmus cultured on Bold medium or a mixture of treated wastewater and Bold medium than on treated wastewater alone. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
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- 2010
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25. Emerging Contaminants of Environmental Concern: Source, Transport, Fate, and Treatment.
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Yan, Song, Subramanian, S. Bala, Tyagi, R. D., Surampalli, Rao Y., and Zhang, Tian C.
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POLLUTANTS ,DRUGS ,HYGIENE products ,SURFACE active agents ,PLASTICIZERS ,FIREPROOFING agents ,PUBLIC health - Abstract
Emerging contaminants (ECs) have been wildly distributed in the environment and attracted increasing attention over the past decades. In this paper, the contaminants including pharmaceuticals and personal care products, surfactants, and their degradation products, plasticizers, pesticides, and fire retardants are comprehensively reviewed. Their main categories, properties, followed by their occurrences and behavior (fate and transport) in natural and engineered systems are discussed. The fate of the nanomaterial in different environmental compartments as well as their effects on human health and other fauna are also presented in this paper. Furthermore, the emerging molecular biology techniques to enumerate microbes capable of degrading ECs are introduced. The study has clearly showed the presence of complex mixtures of ECs, having various origins, and raised concern about their potential interactive effects in the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
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26. Effects of Discharge of Spent Cooling Water from an Oligotrophic Lake to a Polluted Eutrophic Lake.
- Author
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Effler, Steven W., Owens, Emmet M., Matthews, David A., O'Donnell, Susan M., and Hassett, James M.
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- *
WATER quality , *WATER quality management , *EUTROPHICATION , *WATER pollution - Abstract
Water quality and related management issues for a proposed lake source cooling (LSC) facility discharge of water from oligotrophic Lake Ontario to polluted eutrophic Onondaga Lake, NY, are considered in the context of ongoing rehabilitation programs for domestic waste and industrial contamination at Onondaga Lake. The analysis is supported by monitoring data for the lakes, a nearby LSC facility, a domestic wastewater treatment discharge (Metro), and local meteorological conditions. Model simulations are presented to address effects of a LSC discharge on thermal stratification, hypolimnetic dissolved oxygen, and epilimnetic total phosphorus, critical features for cold water fish and eutrophication. Eight LSC discharge scenarios, representing a range of flows, entry depths within the lake, and mixture with Metro effluent, are identified and evaluated. The high salinity of Onondaga Lake would prevent retention of the LSC discharge within the hypolimnion and associated benefits with respect to oxygen resources. Further, a hypolimnetic discharge would increase the upward transport of undesirable constituents mobilized from the sediments. In contrast, water quality and habitat benefits for two metalimnetic LSC discharge scenarios were predicted that would either ameliorate the lake’s cultural eutrophication problem or could serve to provide a modest refugium for certain cold water fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
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- View/download PDF
27. Removal of Cs+ and Co2+ from Domestic Wastewater by Adsorbent Addition.
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Alba, Alicia, Wheeler, James, and Reed, Brian E.
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WASTEWATER treatment ,WASTE management ,COBALT ,RADIOISOTOPES ,TEMPERATURE ,ADSORPTION (Chemistry) - Abstract
The removal of radiological agents from a wastewater treatment plant that entered via the detonation of a radiological dispersive device (RDD) was investigated. Cobalt and cesium have been the focus of simulated RDD events and therefore were chosen as the radionuclides to be studied. The goal of the study was to determine the efficacy of using commercially available adsorbents to remove Cs and Co from wastewater. Based on adsorption experiments two adsorbents were chosen for further study: sorbent ATS was selected for Co and IONSIV (UOP, Des Plaines, Ill.) IE-911 was chosen for Cs. Both ATS–Co and IE911–Cs were modeled using the Langmuir isotherm. Co removal by ATS increased with increasing pH. Cs adsorption by IE-911 was not a function of pH directly but decreased with increasing pH due to the increased removal of other cations (e.g., calcium). Removals of Co and to a lesser extent Cs were not significantly affected by the presence of wastewater solids and dissolved organics. The level of mixing did not adversely affect ATS/Co or IE-911/Cs removal kinetics. ATS’s Co removal capacity was constant with temperature, whereas IE-911–Cs’s capacity decreased with decreasing temperature. Both ATS–Co and IE911–Cs removal kinetics decreased with temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Quantificação dos resíduos potencialmente infectantes presentes nos resíduos sólidos urbanos da regional sul de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
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Cussiol, Noil Amorim de Menezes, Tetzl Rocha, Gustavo Henrique, and Lange, Liséte Celina
- Abstract
Copyright of Cadernos de Saude Publica is the property of Escola Nacional de Saude Publica Sergio Arouca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2006
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29. REDUCING THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION BY WASTE COMPOSTING.
- Author
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Dumitrescu, Lucia, Manciulea, Ileana, Isac, Luminita, and Tica, Rodica
- Abstract
The need for processing solid urban and agro-industrial wastes is in agreement with the demands of the society sustainable development. The paper presents aspects regarding some of the chemical and physical aspects of the composting process. Effective utilization of waste materials biodegraded by composting assumes added significance. The optimum composting conditions, for a mixture based on wood residues and domestic waste are: 40 °C starting temperature, for a C/N ratio of 30 and a humidity value of 60%. Nutrient supplements with carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus sources by mixing two or more feedstock (starch, soybean, rice, urea etc.) made in order to establish a desired ratio of carbon to nitrogen, and perhaps carbon to phosphorus, to control odor generation, and to achieve market requirements for product stability could be also take into consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Effect of Organic Surface Load on Process Performance of Pilot-Scale Algae and Duckweed-Based Waste Stabilization Ponds.
- Author
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Zimmo, O. R., van der Steen, N. P., and Gijzen, H. J.
- Subjects
- *
ALGAE , *DUCKWEEDS , *SEWAGE lagoons , *BIOCHEMICAL oxygen demand , *NITROGEN , *ENERGY metabolism - Abstract
Removal efficiencies in pilot scale algae-based ponds (ABPs) and duckweed-based ponds (DBPs) were assessed during two periods of 4 months each. During Periods 1 and 2, the effect of low and high organic loading was studied. A linear correlation between ponds organic surface loading rates and the corresponding biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) removal rates was observed in both systems. For both periods, higher BOD and total suspended solids (TSS) removal efficiencies were found in DBPs compared to ABPs. Nitrogen removal rates (λr) in ABPs were linearly correlated with BOD surface loading rates (λs,BOD) and nitrogen loading rates (λs,N), while in DBPs, N removal rates were almost constant irrespective of λs,BOD or λs,N. Overall N removal rate in the algae system was significantly higher than that in duckweed system. Organic loading had no effect on total phosphorus removal efficiency in both systems. Higher P removal efficiency was achieved in the duckweed system than in the algae system. In ABPs as well as DBPs, fecal coliforms were better removed during low organic loading in comparison with high organic loading. During the two operational periods, higher fecal coliform removal efficiency in the algae system than in the duckweed system was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Fecal Coliform Removal within a Marshland Upwelling System Consisting of Scatlake Soils.
- Author
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Richardson, Stephen D. and Rusch, Kelly A.
- Subjects
- *
MARSHES , *WETLANDS , *FECES , *INDUSTRIAL wastes , *WASTEWATER treatment - Abstract
The marshland upwelling system (MUS) was installed on private camps in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, Moss Point, Mississippi. The system was evaluated for its effectiveness in removing fecal coliforms from settled, raw wastewater. A suite of studies was performed at flow rates of 1.9, 2.8, and 5.5 L/min and an injection frequency of 30 min every 3 h to investigate fecal coliform removal. An additional study was performed at a flow rate of 2.8 L/min and an injection frequency of 15 min every hour. Overall, the MUS consistently maintained fecal concentrations below effluent regulatory standards for shellfish harvesting waters (14 most probable number of colonies per 100 mL). Mean influent concentrations of 55,269±2,218,016 colony forming units (CFU)/100 mL were reduced to effluent counts of 2.7±14.07 CFU/100 mL (observed in the 1.5 m wells). Three- to four-log reductions in influent counts were observed over the initial 1.4 vector m from the injection well. The overall removal followed a first-order decay relationship with respect to vector distance, resulting in removal rate constants ranging from 5.6 to 6.6/m and predicted surface concentrations approaching 0 CFU/100 mL. The 2.8 L/min for 30 min every 3 h treatment provided the best effluent quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. MƏIŞƏT TULLANTILARININ EMALI TEXNOLOGİYASI ƏSASINDA TƏKRAR POLİMERLƏRİN ALINMASI
- Author
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Məmmədli, Ü.M., Həsənova, A.Ə., Allahverdiyeva, X.V., Arzumanova, N.B., Mustafayeva, F.A., and Qəhrəmanov, N.T.
- Subjects
композит ,məişət tullantıları ,polymer ,kompozit ,ash ,зола ,dib külü ,модификация ,polimer ,domestic wastes ,modifikasiya ,полимер ,composites ,modifikation ,бытовые отходы - Abstract
Polimer materiallardan ibarət tullantıların emalı probleminə baxılmışdır. Məişət tullantıları əsasında kompozitlərin fiziki-mexaniki xassələri tədqiq edilmişdir. Məmulatların hazırlanmasında plastik kütlələrdən istifadənin sürətləndirilməsinin əsas səbəbləri, təhlükəsizliyi və rahatlığı, aşağı maya dəyəri və yüksək estetikliyi, həmçinin plastik kütlə tullantılarının təkrar emalının əsas üsulları və onların iqtisadi cəhətdən əhəmiyyətliliyi müəyyənləşdirilmişdir., Институт полимерных материалов Национальной Академии Наук Азербайджана, Сумгайыт Рассмотрена проблема переработки отходов полимерных материалов. Исследованы физико-механические свойства композитов на основе бытовых отходов. Выявлено удобство и безопасность, низкая цена и высокая эстетика, т.е. определяющие условия ускоренного роста использования пластических масс при изготовлении изделий, а также основные способы утилизации отходов пластических масс и их экономическая значимость., This article is about research of problems of recycling polymer materials from domestic wastes. There was done research of physic-mechanical properties of composites on base of domestic waste. Moreover there was reviewed of the main reasons of rapid increase utilizing plastic materials, their comfort and safety, low cost value and high aesthetics, also main methods of recycling plastic wastes and economic significance of recycling., Научные труды, Выпуск 1 (1-166-2019) 2019, Pages 36-43
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Selection of suitable thermal method for disposal of domestic solid wastes in Balıkesir
- Author
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Yilmaz, Mustafa, HKÜ, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Çevre Bilimleri ve Enerji Yönetimi Anabilim Dalı, Yılmaz, Mustafa, Yurtsever, Adem, and Çevre Bilimleri ve Enerji Yönetimi Anabilim Dalı
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,Oxidative pyrolysis ,Domestic wastes ,Waste incineration plant ,Gazifikasyon ,Solid wastes ,Katı Atık ,Yakma ,Enerji ,Termal Atık Bertaraf Yöntemleri ,Piroliz ,Çevre Mühendisliği ,Atık Yönetimi ,Integrated solid waste ,Gasification - Abstract
Avrupa Birliği Uyum sürecinde Ülkemizde atık yönetimine ilişkin çevre yönetimi politikaları oluşturulmuş ve çevrenin korunması için atık oluşumunun önlenmesi, mümkün olmadığı durumda atıkların yeniden kullanılması eğer kullanılamıyorsa geri dönüştürülmesi, geri kazanılması mümkün olmayan atıkların ise enerji geri kazanımında kullanılması veya nihai olarak düzenli depolama sahalarında güvenli şekilde bertaraf edilmesi gibi bir takım yasal düzenlemeler yapılmıştır. Tüm çalışmalara rağmen tüketimin hızla artması neticesinde kişi başına üretilen atık miktarı sürekli olarak artış göstermiştir. Balıkesir ili genelinde milli park, sit alanı, zeytinlik ve mera arazilerinin fazla olmasından dolayı entegre katı atık tesisi yer seçiminde alan sıkıntısı yaşanmıştır. Atıkların düzenli depolanması için yer sıkıntısı bulunan ve ekonomisi gelişmiş ülkelerde tercih nedeni olan termal yöntemlerin temel faydası atıkların kütlesel ve hacimsel olarak azaltılması olmakla beraber atık içerisinde bulunan ve termal yöntemler sonucunda ortaya çıkan ısının kullanılarak enerji geri kazanımı sağlamasıdır.Evsel atık bertrafında kullanılan termal yöntemler Avrupada 60 yılı aşkın süredir kullanılmaktadır.Yapılan bu çalışmada Dünyada ve Avrupada evsel katı atıklarla ilgili deneyimlerden örneklerde verilmiştir.Yine bu çalışmada Balıkesir'de uygulanan katı atık yönetim planı çerçevesinde evsel nitelikli katı atıklara uygulanabilirliği öngörülen termal bertaraf yöntemlerinden yakma, piroliz ve gazifikasyon sistemleri incelenmiştir.Balıkesir ilinde oluşan evsel nitelikli belediye katı atıklarındaki karakterizasyonu etkileyen değişkenler incelenerek (nüfus, iklim şartları, bölgesel farklılık) nüfus projeksiyonu, atık yönetimi ve atık karakterizasyonuna dayalı kalorifik değerlere uygun termal bertaraf yöntemi olarak yakma teknolojisinin daha uygun olduğu belirlenmiştir. Yakma tesisinden elde edilecek enerji geri kazanımı (Elektrik üretimi) hesaplamasında atığın düşük kalorifik değeri tüm mevsimlerde 8 MJ/kg olacak şekilde kabul edilmiş ve toplam elektrik enerjisi üretimi 87.360 MWh hesaplanmıştır.Bu çalışma sonucunda; Balıkesir evsel atıklarına termal bertaraf yöntemlerinden yakma teknoljisinin uygulanabileceği, bütüncül bir atık yönetimi yaklaşımı ilemi, atık toplama konteynerlerinin değiştirilmesi ile birlikte ikili toplama sistemine geçilmesi ve kalorifik değeri yüksek olan atıkların direk yakma ünitesine alınarak yakma sisteminin başarılı ve sürdürülebilirliğin sağlanması için elektrik üretiminden ilave gelirler elde edilebileceği sonucuna varılmıştır. In the European Union harmonization process, environmental management policies established, prevention of waste generation for environmental protection, reuse of wastes where this is not possible, recycling if not available, in the case of non-recyclable wastes, some legal arrangements have been made such as using them for energy recovery or finally disposing of them safely in landfills. Despite all the studies, as a result of the rapid increase in consumption, the amount of waste produced per capita has increased continuously. Due to the excess of national park, protected area, olive groves and pasture lands in Balıkesir province, there was a shortage of areas in the selection of the integrated solid waste facility site. The main benefit of thermal methods preferred in economically developed countries, where there is a lack of space for the regular storage of wastes, is the mass and volume reduction of wastes and the recovery of energy by using the heat contained in the waste resulting.Thermal methods used for domestic waste disposal have been used in Europe for more than 60 years. In this study, examples from domestic solid waste experiences in the world and in Europe are also given. In this study, incineration, pyrolysis and gasification systems which are considered to be applicable to domestic solid wastes within the framework of solid waste management plan applied in Balıkesir are examined.When the variables affecting the characterization of domestic municipal solid wastes (population, climatic conditions, regional differences) in Balıkesir province were analyzed, it was determined that incineration technology is a more suitable thermal disposal method based on population projection, waste management and waste characterization. In the calculation of the energy recovery from the incineration plant (electricity generation), the low calorific value of the waste was assumed to be 8 MJ/kg in all seasons and the total electricity production was calculated as 87.360 MWh.As a result of this study; It is concluded that thermal disposal methods of incineration technology can be applied to Balıkesir household wastes, the waste collection containers can be replaced with a holistic integrated waste management approach, increase the calorific values of the wastes with the dual collection system and ensure that the success and sustainability of the incineration system can be ensured by taking the wastes with high calorific value to the direct incineration unit and thus additional revenues from electricity generation can be obtained. 120
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- 2019
34. Kentsel katı atık yönetiminde panel veri yöntemiyle maliyet analizi: İzmir ilçe belediyeleri örneği
- Author
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Bayrak, Saygin, Acar, İbrahim Attila, and İşletme Anabilim Dalı
- Subjects
Public Administration ,Domestic wastes ,Cost ,Sustainable environment ,Panel data models ,Urban wastes ,Solid wastes ,Municipalities ,Kamu Yönetimi ,İşletme ,Cost analysis ,Izmir ,Waste management ,Business Administration - Abstract
Hızla artan nüfus, aşırı kentleşme ve kentsel yoğunlaşma gibi sebeplerle artan tüketim sonucu katı atık miktarında önemli artışlar meydana gelmiştir. Artan katı atıkların ekolojik düzene verdiği zarar nedeniyle katı atık yönetimi; yerel, ulusal ve uluslararası gündemlerin önemli bir konusu durumundadır. Etkin bir katı atık yönetimi modeli ancak devlet kurumlarının, özel sektörün, sivil toplum kuruluşlarının ve vatandaşların işbirliği sağlanarak oluşturulabilir. Katı atık yönetiminden sorumlu olan yerel yönetimler, bu alanda strateji, proje, iyi uygulamalar geliştirmek durumundadır. Günümüzde gelişmiş ülkelerin özellikle oluşan atık miktarını azaltma ve atıkların geri dönüşümü konularında önemli ilerleme kaydettiği görülmektedir. Her ne kadar mevzuatta uyum çalışmaları yapılsa ve hukuki anlamda cezalar arttırılsa bile ülkemizin atık yönetimi konusunda iyi uygulamaları örnek alarak çalışmalarına hız vermesi gerekmektedir.Diğer taraftan katı atık yönetimi planlaması ve uygulamaları kent yöneticileri ve toplum için de yeni yönetim anlayışı olarak `kentsel yönetişimi` uygulamak anlamında büyük bir fırsattır. Bu çok yönlü kamusal hizmet, çoğu belediyede yetersiz hukuki, kurumsal, örgütsel, teknik, finansal ve sosyal özelliklerle yerine getirilmektedir. Bu alanda Türkiye'de katılımcı ve uygulanabilir pratiklerin geliştirilmesine çok büyük gereksinim duyulmaktadır.Bu tez ile Belediyelerin kentsel katı atık ile ilgili uygulamaları ele alınmıştır. Teori ve uygulamalar incelenmiş, literatür taraması yapılmıştır. Uygulamada ortaya çıkan farklılıklar ve iyi uygulamalar bu tez ile uluslararası örnekler de göz önüne alınarak incelenmiştir. Bu çalışma hem ortak bir eylem planı hem de başarılı örnekleri ortaya koyma açısından önemlidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, İzmir genelinde kentsel katı atıkların toplama maliyetini ekonomik yöntemler ile analiz etmektir. Bu bağlamda 2010-2017 döneminde İzmir ilçe belediyelerinin katı atık yönetimi maliyetlerini etkileyen faktörler panel veri analizi yöntemi ile tahmin edilmiştir. Son olarak yapılan ekonometrik analiz sonuçları yorumlanarak etkin bir atık yönetimi için önerilerde bulunulmuştur. There has been a serious increment in the quantity of solid waste conclusion due to enhancement consumption, like quickly increasing population, extremely urbanization and urban concentration. Solid waste management due to the damage caused by ecological disposal of increasing solid wastes; is an significant issue of local, national and international agenda. An efficient residual management pattern is only created according to the collaboration of the government agencies, private sector, non-governmental organizations and citizens. Local governments are in charge of the solid waste management have to develop strategies, project, good practices in this field.It is analyzed that developed countries have made significant development particularly in reducing the amount of waste created and recycling waste. Although the harmonization works in the regulations and the punishment in the legitimate sensation are rised, our country should accelerate the work by taking good implementations in waste management as a sample. However, solid waste management planning and practices are a perfect chance to implement `urban management` as a new management concept for town managers and society. This multi-directional public service is completed in many municipalities with insufficient legal, traditional, organizational, technical, financial and social characteristics. In this field, there is a great need for the improving of participatory and applied implementations in Turkey. Owing to this thesis, the applications of the municipalities on solid waste are debated. Theories and applications are investigated, literature review is completed. Differences in practices and good practices are analyzed with international samples are considered. This study is important both in terms of a mutual activity plan and the presentation of successful instances. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the cost of urban waste management in the municipalities in İzmir by using econometric methods. In this context the main variables of the cost of solid waste management are estimated for all the municipalities of İzmir for the period 2010-2017 by using panel data analysis. As a conclusion all empirical results are evaluated to recommend policies for solid waste management. 164
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- 2019
35. Katı atık yönetimi: Evsel atıklarda Gana batı Gonja bölgesi analizi
- Author
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Abdulai, Abdul Malik, Pustu, Yusuf, and Kamu Yönetimi Ana Bilim Dalı
- Subjects
Kamu Yönetimi ,Public Administration ,Domestic wastes ,İşletme ,Africa ,African countries ,Solid wastes ,Waste management ,Ghana ,Business Administration ,Management - Abstract
Bu çalışma, Gana'nın Damongo bölgesinde evsel katı atık yönetimine olan yaklaşımı incelemektedir. Çalışma, evsel atık imhasını etkileyen unsurları tespit etmiş, katı atık durumunu değerlendirmiş ve katık atık yönetimini için atık yönetim acentaları tarafından benimsenen stratejileri inceleyerek Batı Gonja İlçesi'ndeki katı atık yönetiminin etkinliğini ortaya çıkarmıştır. Damongo bölge başkentinde bulunan 10 alandan toplam 200 hane halkı seçmek için çok aşamalı, rasgele bir örnekleme prosedürü uygulanmıştır. İkinci olarak, konu hakkında bilgi vermesi için kilit 16 kişiyi (atık yönetim şirketleri çalışanları, bölge sağlık hizmetleri görevlileri ve bölge halkı paydaşları) seçmede amaçlı bir örnekleme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Hane halkı anket verisi toplamak için yarı yapılandırılmış bir form kullanılmış ve bilgi verecek kilit kişilerle mülakat yapmak için de bir görüşme kılavuzu kullanılmıştır. Bilgi veren kilit kişilerden gelen bilgileri analiz etmek için konusal içerik analiz yöntemi kullanılırken, evsel atık imhasını etkileyen unsurları belirlemek için lojistik regresyon modeli kullanılmıştır. Diğer hedefler betimleyici istatistikler kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Yiyecek atıklarının bölge başkentinde oluşan katı atık türlerinin en başında geldiği ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Çalışma, hane halkı reisinin yaşı, yok etme alanına olan mesafe ve hane halklarının atıkların yok edilmesi için ödemeye istekli oldukları gerçek miktarı ve katı atıkların yok edilmesini büyük ölçüde etkilediğini ancak katı atıkların yok edilmesi için para ödemeye istekli olmanın katı atıkların yok edilmesini olumsuz yönde etkilediğini tespit etmiştir. Buna ek olarak, çevre sağlığı birimi çalışanları ve diğer paydaşlardan gelen yanıtlar, atıkların yok edilmesi, nüfus büyümesi, sağlıktaki gelişme, tüketimdeki değişiklik ve yetersiz çöp kutularına karşı olan tutumun, bölge başkentinde katı atık üretiminde meydana gelen artışın itici unsurları olduğunu ortaya çıkarmıştır. İzinsiz atık çöplükleri birden meydana geldiğinden, bizler, katık atıkların sürdürülebilir yönetimi için Damongo bölge meclisinin daha fazla aktörü ve oyuncuyu bir araya getirecek sektörler arası iş birliğini teşvik etmesini önermekteyiz. Ayrıca, toplumsal eğitim, kirleten öder ilkesi, çöp kutularının tedarik edilmesi, halk temizliği ve katı atık yönetimine sermaye ayrılması sağlanmalıdır. This study analyzed household approach to solid waste management in the Damango district of Ghana. The study identified factors that influence household waste disposal, assessed the solid waste situation, examined strategies adopted by waste management agencies in managing solid waste and ascertained the effectiveness of solid waste management in the West Gonja District. A multi stage random sampling procedure was employed to select a total of 200 households from 10 zones in the Damango district capital. Secondly a purposive sampling technique was used to select 16 key informants (staff of waste management companies, district sanitation officers and community stakeholders) on the subject matter. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect household survey data and an interview guide to interview key informants. The logistic regression model was used to determine the factors that influence household waste disposal while the thematic content analysis technique was employed to analyze the information from key informants, other objectives were analyzed using descriptive statistics. It was revealed that food waste is the leading type of solid waste generated in the district capital. The study found that age of household head, distance to disposal site and the actual amount households are willing to pay for waste disposal positively and significantly influenced solid waste disposal whereas willingness to pay for waste disposal negatively affected solid waste disposal. There was also a negative relationship between household size and household solid waste disposal. Additionally, response from staff of the environmental health office and other stakeholders revealed that attitude on waste disposal, population growth, improvement in wellbeing, change in consumption and inadequate waste bins are the propelling factors causing increase in solid waste generation in the district capital. We recommend that the Damango district assembly should encourage inter-sectorial collaboration to bring in more actors and players towards a sustainable management of the solid waste since more unauthorized refuse dumping sites are springing up. Additionally, public education, polluter pay principle, provision of bins, community cleaning, and allocation of funds to invest in solid waste management should be enforced. 140
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- 2019
36. Türkiye'deki katı atık depo sahalarında madde ve alan geri kazanım potansiyelinin değerlendirilmesi
- Author
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Şükür, Fatma Zehra, Özkaya, Bestami, and Çevre Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı
- Subjects
Packaging waste ,Environmental Engineering ,Çevre Mühendisliği ,Domestic wastes ,Waste disposal areas ,Solid wastes ,Waste disposal - Abstract
Düzenli depolama sahaları düşük maliyeti ve kolay uygulanabilirliği ile atık bertarafında yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. İlk uygulandığı 1953 yılından sonra 90'lı yıllarda gündeme gelen ve günümüze kadar birçok projenin uygulandığı `depolama sahası madenciliği` düzenli depolama sahalarının metal, cam, plastik, toprak geri kazanımı ve sahanın bizzat kendi arazisinin yeniden kullanımı amacıyla geleneksel madencilik yöntemlerini kullanarak kazılması prosesi olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Dünyadaki depolama sahalarında ve diğer atık depolarında bakırın, dünya genelinde bilinen cevherlerde kalan rezervlerin %30'undan fazlasına denk geldiği örneğinde olduğu gibi günümüzde atık depolama sahalarına potansiyel kaynak rezervleri olarak yaklaşılmaktadır.Depolama sahalarına kaynakların çıkarıldığı bir rezerv olarak yaklaşılıp ekonomik ve çevresel performansı bir sistem perspektifinden değerlendirilerek standart bir çerçeve belirlenmesi gerekmektedir. Bu yaklaşım, ülkemizde atıkların tamamının düzenli depolama sahalarında bertaraf edilmediği ve vahşi depolama sahalarının kullanıldığı yerlerin olduğu dikkate alındığında ülkemiz için oldukça yenidir. Özellikle İstanbul gibi büyük metropoller için büyük sıkıntılara sebep olan depolama sahası için uygun yer bulunmasına yönelik oldukça etkin alternatif bir yöntem olarak gözükmektedir. Bu çalışmada öncelikle ülkemizde geçerli olan ulusal ve uluslararası yasal mevzuata değinilerek düzenli depolama sahasının oluşturulması detaylandırılmış ve İstanbul'da bulunan düzenli depolama sahalarının yapılarına ilişkin teknik bilgiler sunulmuştur.Düzenli depolama sahası madenciliğinin İstanbul'a uygulanabilirliğini değerlendirmek için öncelikle standart bir çerçevenin geliştirilerek depolama sahası madenciliğinde ihtiyaç duyulan teknolojik kaynakların ve koşulların açıklığa kavuşması ve ekonomik kazanımların ortaya çıkarılması gerekmektedir. Bu çalışma ile dünyada hâlihazırda uygulanmakta olan düzenli depolama sahası madenciliği, teknik ve ekonomik çerçevenin belirlenmesi amacıyla incelenmiş ve değerlendirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada daha çok kazma ve ayırma işlemleri esnasında ortaya çıkan depolama sahası madenciliğinin çevresel etkilerini ortaya koyabilmek için düzenli depolama sahası madenciliği uygulamaları araştırılarak bütüncül bir bakış açısı oluşturulmaya çalışılmıştır. Depolama sahası madenciliğinin yalnızca teknik ve çevresel özellikleri değil ekonomik boyutu da önem arz etmektedir. Depolama sahası madenciliği maliyetleri uygulanan her projenin kendi dinamikleri olduğundan oldukça geniş aralıkta farklılıklar göstermektedir. Depolama sahası madenciliği maliyetleri tahmini olarak işlenmiş malzemenin metrik tonu başına 10 ila 100 $'a kadar değişebilmektedir. Bu çalışmada İstanbul'da uygulanması muhtemel bir depolama sahası madenciliği projesi için tespit edilmesi gereken ekonomik koşullar, fayda-maliyet analizi bileşenleri ortaya konularak konuya ışık tutması bakımından İstanbul'da bulunan düzenli depolama sahasına dair ekonomik değerlendirilmelere yer verilmiştir. Landfills are a common used method in waste disposal because of low cost and easy applicability. Landfill mining, which was first implemented 1953 and then in 90s implemented in many countries widely, is defined as `the process of excavation of old landfills by using traditional mining methods for recycling of metal, glass, plastic, soil and the land area or volume itself`. As in case, copper in the world's landfills and other waste deponies is equivalent to more than 30% of world copper ore reserves; it arises clearly that landfills are potential material and energy resource reserves.Therefore a standard framework in a system perspective should be identified by evaluating economic and environmental performance of landfills as a reserve where resources are excavated from.When we consider that all of wastes in our country are not disposed of in landfills and still open dump areas are used, this approach is quite new for our country and seems to be a very effective alternative method for finding suitable places for storage areas, which is a great challange especially for metropolitan cities such as Istanbul.In this study, first of all, building a landfill site has been explained and then technical information on structure of landfills in Istanbul has been presented.In order to assess the applicability of landfill mining to Istanbul, a standard framework should be developed and essential technological resources and conditions in landfill mining should be clarified and economic aspects should be revealed. In this study, previously applied landfill mining projects have been examined and evaluated in order to determine technical and economic framework. On the purpose of presenting environmental impacts of landfill mining, which are mostly effective during excavation and sorting operations, it has been tried to create a holistic perspective by investigating landfill mining applications which are evaluated by using evaluation methods such as life cycle analysis.In landfill mining operations, not only technical and environmental characteristics but also economics are important. The cost of landfill mining varies considerably depending on implemented project dynamics. A typical cost of landfill mining can be estimated to range from $ 10 to $ 100 per metric ton of processed material. In this study, economic data on landfill sites in Istanbul were shared to aim sorting out economic conditions, cost-benefit analysis components which should be determined more detailed for a landfill mining project in Istanbul. 120
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- 2019
37. Türkiye'de evsel katı atık ücret tarifelerinin belirlenme sürecinde verimliliğin analizi
- Author
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Çelik, Uğur, Kurt, Hacı, and Kamu Yönetimi Anabilim Dalı
- Subjects
Kamu Yönetimi ,Public Administration ,Domestic wastes ,Environmental tax ,Productivity analysis ,Wage ,Wastes ,Solid wastes ,Wage fixing ,Tarification ,Productivity - Abstract
Evsel katı atıklar antik çağlardan bu yana insanoğlu için büyük bir sorun olmuştur. Büyük şehirlerin kurulması ve insanoğlunun toplu yaşama geçmesiyle birlikte bu sorun daha da büyük bir hal almaya başlamıştır. Kimi zamanlar evsel atıkların oluşturduğu hastalıklar nedeniyle salgınlar meydana gelmiş ve ölümler yaşanmıştır. Bu nedenle devletler hem çevreyi hem de insan sağlığını korumak için tedbirler almaya başlamıştır. Öncelikle atıklar düzenli olarak toplanmış ve depolanıp, yok edilmeye başlanmıştır. Bununla birlikte zamanla teknolojinin gelişmesiyle atık yönetimi ortaya çıkmış ve soruna bilimsel yöntemlerle yaklaşılmaya başlanmıştır. En önemlisi de atığın sadece çöp olmadığı, kurulacak atık tesisleri ve yapılacak geri dönüşümler ile atıkların değerlendirilebileceği ve daha sağlıklı bir çevre oluşturulacağı anlaşılmıştır. Yönetimler sadece tesisler kurarak atık sorununu çözmekte yetersiz kalınca, atık üretimini ve gereksiz tüketimi azaltmak maksadıyla bazı tedbirler alınmaya başlamıştır. Ayrıca söz konusu atık tesislerinin kurulması ve atık yönetiminin yönetimlere ağır yükler getirmesi nedeniyle, yönetimler tarafından atık üreticilerinin de kendini kontrol etmesi ve atık üretimini kısıtlaması için ücret ödenmesi esaslı yöntem ve sistemler geliştirilmiştir. Bu yöntemlerden dünyada en çok kullanılanı ise ''kirleten öder ikesi'' esasına dayalı ücret yöntem ve sistemleridir. Atık üreticileri ürettikleri atık miktarı kadar ücret ödeyerek ve mevcut atık yönetiminin finansmanına katkıda bulunarak hem sürekliliği sağlamış olacak hem de atık miktarı kadar ücret ödediğinden dolayı atık üretimini azaltacaktır. Bu sistemin işlemesi için de evsel katı atık idareleri tarafından ücretlendirmenin nasıl olacağına ilişkin bir tarife hazırlanması gerekmektedir. Işte bu tarifenin ismine de ülkemizde ''Evsel katı atık tarifeleri'' denmektedir. Tezin konusu da ülkemizde hazırlanan ve uygulanan evsel katı atık tarifelerinden bir kısmının incelenerek, hazırlanma ve uygulama aşamasında karşılaşılan sorunlar ve verimliliğinin analizini yapmaktır. Bu çalışmanın, söz konusu evsel katı atık tarifelerinin hazırlanmasına ve uygulamasına yardımcı olacağı değerlendirilmektedir.Anahtar Kelimeler: Evsel katı atık, evsel katı atık idareleri, kirleten öder ilkesi, evsel katı atık tarifesi, çevre vergisiDanışman: Prof. Dr. Hacı KURT, Kamu Yönetimi Ana Bilim Dalı, Mersin Üniversitesi, , Mersin Home Solid Waste since ancient ages has been a big problem for human. Home waste has started to become a bigger problem with instruction of big cities and human started to live in social life. Sometime because of the home solid waste there were seen illness and also deadness. So states took precautions in order to protect both environment and human health. Firstly, wastes were taken regularly and storage then destroyed. Along with this waste management came up with improving technology and was started to look in scientific method to this problem. And the most important thing was waste was not only a garbage but also wastes could be beneficial with establishing facilities and it could be understood that healthier environment cool be gotten. Because only establishing facilities weren't enough to be beneficial, some precautions were taken in waste production and unnecessary consumption and also because of establishing facilities which were said before and waste management brought heavy load. Managements improved a basic is on paying fee system in order to waste productions to take control of waste production to restrict their production of wastes in these systems the most used one is as system in which '' Pay As You Throw''. Paying fee much ever they pollute and contribution to available management in this financing not only ensure its continuity but also it will reduce polluting because paying fee according to prepare a rates about how payment would be. This rates is called as ''home waste rates''. In thesis, with looking some of home solid waste rate which is prepared and administered in our country will be analyzed in preparation and administration phase problems and productivity. This study is assessed as helpful in home solid waste rate preparation and administration. Anahtar Kelimeler: Home solid waste, Home solid waste administration, Pay as you throw, , Home solid waste rate, Environment tax.Danışman: Prof. Dr. Hacı KURT, Department of Public Administration, University of Mersin, , Mersin. 147
- Published
- 2018
38. Can domestic wastes-evolved Fe2N@Carbon hybrids serve as competitive anodes for sustainable Li/Na storage applications?
- Author
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Zhang, Han, Xu, Yihan, Zhou, Weiwei, Xu, Maowen, Li, Chang Ming, and Jiang, Jian
- Subjects
- *
ENERGY density , *ENVIRONMENTAL economics , *NANOPARTICLES , *CATHODES , *ELECTRIC batteries , *IRON oxide nanoparticles - Abstract
Smart evolution of domestic wastes into applicable and competitive battery materials at less expense is an ideal and rational strategy of "killing two birds with one stone", and would be never better especially for grid-scale sustainable energy-storage utilizations wherein achieving great energy density is less crucial than environmental friendliness and fabrication cost. Our success herein solidly confirms a feasible, and low-cost way to make useful Fe 2 N@C anodes at large scale with common domestic wastes, providing an encouraging "wastes-to-battery" approach for energy-related fields and paving the way to advance more techniques for sustainable applications beyond. • Wastes-evolved Fe 2 N@C anodes with a proper tap density of ∼1.74 g cm−3 are composed of numerous particles where each Fe 2 N unit is evenly configured in robust carbon sheath. • Rationalized core-shell configurations endow such anodes with impressive specific capacities under varied areal mass loading of 3∼15 mg cm−2, outstanding rate capabilities and long-term cyclic stability. • We successively choose economical LiFePO 4 and phase-stable Na 3 V 2 (PO 4) 3 as pairing cathodes to build LIBs/SIBs, both of which hold great promise in near-future sustainable energy-storage applications. Evolution of domestic wastes into competitive battery materials at less expense is a rational strategy of "killing two birds with one stone", and never better for grid-scale energy-storage utilizations wherein achieving great energy density is less crucial than environmental friendliness and cost. To checkout this concept, we herein select Fe 2 N, a conductive conversion-type anode for Li-/Na-ion batteries (LIBs/SIBs), as a paradigm study. Rusty/plastic wastes-evolved anodes with a proper tap density of 1.74 g cm−3 are composed of numerous nanoparticles where each Fe 2 N unit is evenly configured in robust carbon sheath. Such electrodes demonstrate impressive specific capacities under varied areal mass loading ratios of 3∼15 mg cm-2, outstanding rate capabilities and cyclic stability. To judge their promise in practical usage, we successively choose economical LiFePO 4 and phase-stable Na 3 V 2 (PO 4) 3 as pairing cathodes to build full-cell LIBs/SIBs. This wastes-to-battery protocol may pave a way to advance practical techniques for sustainable usage beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Identifying lithogenic and anthropogenic factors responsible for spatio-seasonal patterns and quality evaluation of snow melt waters of the River Jhelum Basin in Kashmir Himalaya.
- Author
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Khanday, Shabir A., Bhat, Sami Ullah, Islam, Sheikh Tajamul, and Sabha, Inam
- Subjects
- *
SNOWMELT , *MELTWATER , *WATERSHEDS , *WATER hardness , *WATER pollution , *RIVER pollution - Abstract
• Assessment of hydrochemistry and its spatio-seasonal variations in the Jhelum River Basin. • Hydrochemistry is controlled by anthropogenic, lithogenic and gradient factors. • Water quality towards downstream segments poses safety concern for drinking purpose. • Total coliform bacteria and pH are main contributors to WQI evaluation. The characterization and evaluation of water quality in the Jhelum River Basin is indispensable due to its immense significance in supporting the livelihoods of people and various ecosystem services. Anthropogenic pressures, however, in the form of forest degradation, reckless use of fertilizers and pesticides, land system changes and unplanned settlements are diminishing pristine basin water quality, which necessitates better understanding of pollution variability and its sources. Extensive field sampling across major tributaries and along main river course was carried out during the year 2017–18. Pattern recognition techniques like Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), Wilk's λ quotient, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were applied to a huge dataset comprising of 5192 observations. Spatially, three clusters correspond to low pollution headwater streams (cluster 1), moderately polluted middle and downstream sites (cluster 2) and high polluted main river course sites (cluster 3). This is also supported by ANOVA results, manifesting significantly higher concentrations of total hardness (TH), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), chloride (Cl), total alkalinity (TA), nitrate-nitrogen (NO 3 -N), total phosphorus (TP), iron (Fe) and total coliform (TC) in high pollution associated cluster (cluster 3) followed by cluster 2 and minimum quantities were observed in cluster 1. Observations on seasonal water quality either did not fluctuate considerably or differs significantly during summers only, except water temperature (WT), which exhibits significant difference in all seasonal clusters. Wilk's λ quotient distribution revealed that only WT was main contributor in the formation of seasonal clusters. PCA recognized five underlying factors in the data structure and explained about 72% of total variance. Maximum variance (22.66%) is explained by combination of ionic salt group (natural source) and TC (anthropogenic source) followed by dissolved ions (19.20%) causing hardness and buffering of waters, nutrient sources (15.08%) from human and agriculture wastes, gradient factor (7.87%) allied with small fall in dissolved oxygen (DO) downwards and pH (7.11%) linked with hydrolysis of acidic material accrued from organic matter. The water quality index (WQI) was mostly influenced by coliform bacterial count and pH with highest mean effective weights of 39.15% and 26.65% respectively. Evaluation of the water suitability for drinking purpose reveals that the Jhelum River Basin has mostly retained excellent water quality (66% of data points) but poses safety concerns in downstream segments due to anthropogenic signatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Evsel katı atık toplama, taşıma ve bertarafı iş kolunda çalışanların sağlık ve güvenlik şartlarının incelenmesi
- Author
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Özaydin Şenol, Burcu, Gökmen, Selahattin, and İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Ana Bilim Dalı
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,Occupational health ,Domestic wastes ,Waste collection ,Waste paper picking ,Çalışma Ekonomisi ve Endüstri İlişkileri ,Halk Sağlığı ,Work safety ,Çevre Mühendisliği ,Health ,Security ,Public Health ,Wastes ,Labour Economics and Industrial Relations ,Waste disposal methods ,Workers - Abstract
Evlerimizde çeşitli faaliyetler sonucu oluşturabileceğimiz, tehlikeli ve zararlı atık olmayan her türlü katı atık evsel katı atık sınıfına girmektedir. Evsel katı atıkların bileşimi; %33'ü geri kazanılabilir atık, %26 diğer atıklar ve %41'i kompostlaştırılabilen organik atıklardan oluşmaktadır. Geri kazanımı mümkün olan evsel atıklar her ilde belediye çalışanları tarafından toplanmakta, taşınmakta ve uygun şekilde bertaraf edilmektedir. Peki çevre sağlığını korumak için yapılan bu faaliyetlerin, her bir evresinde görev alan çalışanlar ne derece sağlıklı ve güvenli şartlarda çalışıyorlar? Çalışma hayatlarında ne gibi tehlikeler ve meslek hastalıklarıyla karşı karşıya geliyorlar? Bu çalışmada; evlerimizde oluşturduğumuz katı atıkları toplama, taşıma ve bertarafı iş kolunda çalışanların sağlığı ve iş ortamlarının güvenlik şartları incelenip, mevcut düzenin ne derece güvenli olduğu incelenmiştir.Toplum ve çevre sağlığının korunması kaygısı ile ülkelerin oluşturduğu çevre politikaları ve atık yönetim planları doğrultusunda atık toplama ve bertarafı iş kolu faaliyet göstermeye başlamıştır. Teknolojik gelişmelerin de etkisi ile atık bertaraf tesisleri atıkları etkisiz hale getirirken, ülkelere de enerji üretimi ile gelir sağlamaktadır. Diğer yandan; bu sektörde çalışanlar, hammadde olarak kullanılan atıklar ile sürekli temas halinde olmaları sebebiyle çeşitli tehlike ve risklere maruz kalmaktadırlar. Faaliyet kolunda, iş sağlığı ve güvenliği alanında ne tür risklerin olduğu, toplum sağlığı için çalışanların kendi sağlıklarının ne derecede etkilendiği ile ilgili bir araştırma yapılması amaçlanmıştır.Veriler; iş kolunun ülkemizdeki ve yurt dışındaki uygulamaları araştırılıp, literatür taraması şeklinde ilgili kurumlar tarafından yayınlanmış olan istatistiksel bilgiler, yönetmelikler incelenmiş ve bu bilgiler ışığında Türkiye'de uygulanabilecek iyileştirmeler belirlenmiştir.Çalışanların birebir temas halinde olduğu atık toplama, taşıma ve bertaraf tesislerinde iş sağlığı ve güvenliğinin olumsuz yönde etkilendiği belirlenmiştir. Bunun sonucunda; çalışanların birebir atık ile temas halinde olmadığı, otomasyona dayalı toplama, taşıma ve bertaraf işlemlerinin yapıldığı ve bu doğrultuda çalışan sayısının azaltıldığı sistemlerin kullanılması gerekmektedir.Evsel katı atık bertarafından sorumlu kuruluşların; atık bertarafının ilk adımı olan atık oluşumunun azaltılması ve sonrasında atığı kaynağında ayırma konularında atık üreticilerini bilinçlendirmeye yönelik proje ve tanıtımlar yapması gerektiği belirlenmiştir. Bunun sonucunda; yerel televizyonlarda, halk eğitim merkezlerinde ve okullarda ders olarak toplum ve çevre sağlığı, atık yönetimi (bileşenine göre ayırma ve toplama) şeklinde bilinçlendirme faaliyetlerinin yapılması gerekmektedir. Everyday activities are classified as hazardous or harmful waste that can be generated in the aftermath of the home environment. Composition of domestic solid waste; 33% consist of recyclable waste, 26% other waste and 41% compostable organic waste. Household wastes that can be recovered are collected, transported and appropriately disposed by municipal employees everywhere. How safe and safe are the employees working in each of these activities to protect the environment? What hazards and occupational diseases do they face in their working lives? In this study; The occupational health and safety requirements of workers in the business of collecting, transporting and disposing of domestic solid waste have been examined and it has been examined how safe the current scheme is. Waste collection and disposal business line has started to work in the direction of environment policy and waste management plans established by the countries and concern about protection of society and environment health. With the effect of technological developments, the waste disposal facilities neutralize the wastes, while the countries also provide energy production and income. On the other hand; Workers in this sector are exposed to various hazards and risks because they are in constant contact with the wastes used as raw materials. The aim of the activity is to investigate what risks are involved inthe area of occupational health and safety and how well their health is affected by community health. Data; The applications of the business sector in our country and abroad were investigated and statistical information and regulations published by related institutions in the form of literature review were examined and the improvements that could be applied in Turkey were determined. It has been determined that occupational health and safety is affected negatively in waste collection, transportation and disposal facilities where employees are in contact with each other. As a result; It is necessary to use systems in which employees are not in contact with individual waste, automation-based collection, transportation and disposal operations are carried out and the number of employees in this direction is reduced. It has been determined that by companies responsible for domestic solid waste disposal; projects and promotions should be made to raise awareness of waste producers in the first step of waste disposal, namely the reduction of waste generation and the separation of wastes in waste water resources. As a result; Awareness-raising activities on local TV, public education centers and schools as community and environmental health, waste management (component sorting and collection) as a lesson. 92
- Published
- 2017
41. Ekolojik tekinsizlik: Sosyo-kültürel bağlamda çöp ve katı atık sorunu (Ankara Üniversitesi ve Bilkent Üniversitesi örneği)
- Author
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Çeken, Gülbana, Yiğitbaşıoğlu, Mustafa Hakan, and Sosyal Çevre Bilimleri Anabilim Dalı
- Subjects
Antropoloji ,Public Administration ,Domestic wastes ,Human-environment relationship ,Plastic wastes ,Urban wastes ,Socio-cultural environment ,Environmental problems ,Solid wastes ,Unconny ,Garbage ,Kamu Yönetimi ,Anthropology ,Ecological environment - Abstract
Günümüzde çöp ve evsel katı atıklarımız bilinçsiz ve aşırı tüketimin de katkısıyla önemli bir çevre sorunu haline gelmiştir. Modern dünyada çöplerimizi her ne kadar görünmez kılmaya çalışsak da gün geçtikçe daha da büyüyen çöpler bizleri tehdit etmeye devam etmektedir. Çöplerimiz hem bu yönüyle bir yıkımı işaret ederken hem de bir yeniden doğuşu da göstermektedir. Kapitalist ekonomik sistem ve neo-liberal yaşam tarzı bir taraftan zengin kesimlerin çöpten olabildiğince uzaklaşmasına neden olurken, bir taraftan da geri dönüşüm sektörü tarafından da bir zenginleşme kaynağı haline gelmiştir. Bunun yanı sıra, yoksullar hem yaşam alanları olarak çöpe yakın yerlerde ikamet etmek, hem de çöpü (çöpten çıkan işe yarar atığı) satarak ya da doğrudan çöpten beslenerek geçinmek durumunda bırakılmışlardır. Çöpün kendine özgü karışıklığı onu tekinsiz bir hale getirmektedir. Bu bakımdan onu `ekolojik tekinsizlik` olarak nitelemek doğru bir yaklaşım olacaktır.Tez çalışması kapsamında Ankara Üniversitesi ve Bilkent Üniversitesi öğrencilerinin çöp ve atıklarla olan ilişkilerinin nasıl bir süreç izlediği yüz yüze görüşme tekniği kullanılarak anlaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Farklı soyo-kültürel çevrelerden gelen ve farklı gelir düzeylerine sahip rastgele bölümlerden seçilmiş her bir üniversiteden 25'er, toplam olarak 50 öğrenci ile görüşülüp bir sonuca ulaşılmıştır.Anahtar kelimeler: Çöp, Atık, Ekolojik Tekinsizlik, Geri Dönüşüm Today, with the contribution of the unconscious and excessive consumption, our garbage and municipal solid wastes has become an important environmental issue. However we try to keep our rubbish foreseen in the modern world, they grow and threaten us more and more. While our rubbish indicates a degradation by this aspect, at the same time it shows a rebirth.In the capitalist economic system and the neo-liberal lifestyle, while people avoid the garbage as much as possible, recycling industry has made it a source of enrichment. In addition, the poor have been forced to live in the vicinity of the trash as habitats, and to live by selling garbage (littering waste) or by feeding directly from the landfill. The distinctive confusion of trash makes it uncanny. From this point of view it would be the right approach to describe it as `ecological uncanny`.In this thesis, Ankara University and Bilkent University students, in the scope of its relationship with garbage, followed by face-to-face interview technique is used by a process were introduced. To reach a result, interviews were made with 25 students (50 students in total), selected from random departments at each university, who were come from different socio-cultural backgrounds and different income levels.Keywords: Garbage, Waste, Ecological Uncanny, Recycling 196
- Published
- 2017
42. Effect of geotextile layer on leachate quality in recirculated landfill bioreactor
- Author
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Küçükağa, Yusuf, Yaman, Cevat, and Çevre Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı
- Subjects
Organic wastes ,Environmental Engineering ,Bioreactors ,Çevre Mühendisliği ,Domestic wastes ,Waste disposal areas ,Anaerobic reactors ,Urban wastes ,Solid wastes ,Waste disposal - Abstract
Atık depolama sahalarında büyük miktarlarda, içerisinde birçok kirleticiyi konsantre şekilde barındıran sızıntı suları oluşmaktadır. Bilim insanları, atık depolama sahalarının işletmesinde yeni bir inovatif yaklaşım geliştirdiler. Bu yeni yaklaşımda atık depolama sahası bir biyoreaktör gibi işletilerek, atık stabilizasyonunun hızlandırılması hedeflenir. Nem, nutrient ve mikroorganizmanın atık gövdesine eşit dağıtımı amacıyla oluşan sızıntı sularının geri devri atık biyoreaktörlerinin temel işletme stratejisidir.Gözenekli bir malzeme olan geotekstil, atık depolama sahalarında genellikle geçirimsiz geomembran malzemesini korumak amacıyla kullanılır. Bununla birlikte, dokuma (nonwoven) geotekstil malzemelerin biyofiltre olarak kullanıldığı bazı biyolojik atıksu arıtım uygulamaları da mevcuttur. Bu çalışmada geotekstil malzeme biyofilm medyası olarak sızıntı suyu kalitesinin yerinde artırılması amacıyla kullanılmıştır. Geotekstil malzemenin atıkların ayrışmasına ve sızıntı suyu kalitesine olan etkisini incelemek amacıyla iki adet laboratuvar ölçekli ve sızıntı suyu geri devirli simüle atık biyoreaktörü kullanılmıştır.Geotekstil filtreli atık biyoreaktörü (LBR-2), diğer kontrol reaktörüne kıyasla (LBR-1) sızıntı suyu kalitesindeki iyileşme ve atık stabilizasyonu açılarından daha iyi bir performans göstermiştir. Metanojenik safhanın tamamen sağlanması LBR-2'de çok daha hızlı (LBR-1'den üç ay daha önce) gerçekleşmiştir. Buna ek olarak, yine aynı reaktörde (LBR-2) %95'in üzerinde bir kimyasal oksijen ihtiyacı (KOİ) giderim verimi elde edilmiş ve atık ayrışma prosesinin daha hızlı gerçekleştiği gözlemlenmiştir. A great amount of leachate containing highly concentrated pollutants, is produced in landfill areas. Scientists have developed a new innovative approach in operation of landfills. In this new approach landfill is operated as a bioreactor to accelerate waste stabilization. Main operational strategy in landfill bioreactors (LBRs) is recirculation of leachate to uniformly distribute moisture, nutrients and microorganisms over solid waste body. Geotextile is a porous material which is mainly used for protection of impermeable geomembrane material in landfill areas. On the other hand, there are some applications of nonwoven geotextile filters in attached growth biologic wastewater treatment systems. In this study, geotextile material was used as a biofilm media for improving leachate quality. Two simulated lab-scale landfill bioreactors with leachate recirculation were used to investigate the effect of geotextile on leachate quality and waste decomposition. The simulated LBR equipped with geotextile filter (LBR-2) showed a greater performance than the control reactor (LBR-1) in terms of both leachate quality improvement and waste stabilization. Achieving the strict methanogenic conditions were happened much faster in LBR-2 (3 months earlier than LBR-1) as a result of biofilm growth in geotextile filter. Moreover, above 95% chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency was achieved and faster waste decomposition was observed in the same reactor (LBR-2). 68
- Published
- 2016
43. Behavior of Reclaimed Polyethylene Modified Asphalt Cement for Paving Purposes
- Author
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V. S. Punith and A. Veeraragavan
- Subjects
Cement ,Materials science ,business.industry ,Domestic waste ,Asphalt cements ,Binder properties ,Blending temperature ,Carry bags ,Domestic wastes ,Dynamic shear rheometer ,Elastic recovery ,Modified asphalts ,Storage stability ,Temperature increase ,Temperature susceptibility ,Test results ,Aging of materials ,Asphalt ,Blending ,Cements ,Pavements ,Polyethylenes ,Thermoplastics ,Binders ,asphalt ,cement ,elastic property ,temperature effect ,Building and Construction ,Polyethylene ,Asphalt concrete ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Mechanics of Materials ,General Materials Science ,Composite material ,business ,Material properties ,Civil and Structural Engineering - Abstract
The present paper deals with the procedure for modification of 80/100-paving grade asphalt cement using reclaimed polyethylene (PE) derived from low-density polyethylene carry bags collected from domestic waste. The details of the preparation of the PE-modified binder and the results on variation of binder properties with blending temperature and blending time are presented. Results of various tests carried out on the different PE blends indicated enhanced binder properties like improved storage stability, resistance to aging, degradation, and temperature susceptibility. It is observed that viscosity at a given temperature increases with the addition of PE in the binder. Dynamic shear rheometer test results revealed that PE-modified binders (when subjected to the same stress) experienced lower strains than the neat asphalt; in addition, tan? values of PE-modified binders considerably decreased as the PE content was increased. It was found that 5% PE content in modified asphalt by weight is adequate in terms of enhanced binder properties studied. � 2011 American Society of Civil Engineers.
- Published
- 2011
44. Farmácia caseira e descarte de medicamentos no bairro Luiz Fogliatto do Município de Ijuí – RS
- Author
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CRISTIANE SCHMALZ BUENO, DéBORA WEBER, and KARLA RENATA DE OLIVEIRA
- Subjects
lcsh:Pharmacy and materia medica ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Resíduos de Serviços de Saúde / Medicine Storage ,Domestic Wastes ,Resíduos Domésticos ,Estudos Transversais ,lcsh:RS1-441 ,Armazenagem de Medicamentos ,Public Health ,Saúde Pública ,Medical Waste - Abstract
O objetivo do estudo foi determinar a prevalência da farmácia caseira, conhecer os medicamentos que a compõem, os locais destinados ao armazenamento e descarte. Realizou-se estudo transversal junto a famílias do bairro Luiz Fogliatto, Ijuí, RS, cadastradas na Unidade Básica de Saúde deste bairro. As entrevistas foram realizadas nos domicílios de junho a agosto de 2008. Dentre 640 famílias, foram visitadas 321, das quais 91,59% possuíam medicamentos em casa. Encontraramse 1.234 medicamentos, com predomínio dos atuantes no sistema nervoso (27,28%). A cozinha foi o principal local de armazenamento. Foram encontrados medicamentos vencidos em 17 residências, predominando o descarte no lixo (56,87%). Não foi encontrada legislação que regulamente o descarte de medicamentos em nível domiciliar. O conhecimento quanto ao tema abordado ainda é restrito e impede sua adequada organização em nível domiciliar. O farmacêutico deve orientar quanto ao armazenamento e descarte, capacitando os Agentes Comunitários de Saúde, visando evitar a exposição da população a riscos, assim como a contaminação do meio ambiente. Palavras-chave: Armazenagem de Medicamentos. Saúde Pública. Resíduos Domésticos. Estudos Transversais. Resíduos de Serviços de Saúde. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of household stocks of medicine, to know which medicines are stocked in the home and the places where they are stored and discarded. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with families from the Luiz Fogliatto neighborhood of Ijuí city (RS), registered at the neighborhood Health Service clinic. The interviews were carried out at home in June to August, 2008. There are 640 families in the neighborhood and 321 were visited, of which 91.59% had some medicines at home. In all, 1234 medicines were found, mostly those that act on the nervous system (27.28%). The kitchen was the main place used to store medicines. Expired medicines were found in 17 residences, and the main disposal route was in the common garbage (56.87%). No legislation was found that regulates the disposal of household medicines. Knowledge on storage and disposal of medicines is restricted and does not suffice for its proper organization at home. The pharmacist should educate the patient about storage and disposal and capacitate Community Health Agents, in order to avoid exposure of the public to risks, as well as contamination of the environment. Keywords: Medicine Storage. Public Health. Domestic Wastes. Cross-Sectional Studies. Medical Waste.
- Published
- 2009
45. Afşin Elbistan linyit kömürü ve RDF'den üretilen yarıkok karışımlarının yanma davranımlarının belirlenmesi
- Author
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Kurt, Gülşen, Açma, Hanzade, and Kimya Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
- Subjects
Lignite coal ,Organic wastes ,Energy ,Domestic wastes ,Hazardous wastes ,Industrial wastes ,Charcoal ,Plastic wastes ,Agricultural wastes ,Urban wastes ,Solid wastes ,Enerji - Abstract
Ülkemizde artan enerji ihtiyacı ve petrol, doğalgaz rezervlerinin kısıtlı oluşu buna karşı linyit kömürünün rezervlerinin fazla olmasından dolayı, gelecekte linyit kömürünün öneminin daha da artacağı öngörülmektedir. Ülkemizde kaliteli linyitlerden nem, kül ve kükürt içeriği yüksek, ısıl değeri düşük olan kalitesiz linyitlere kadar çok çeşitli kömürler bulunmaktadır. Ancak, düşük kaliteli linyitlerin toplam rezerv içindeki payı oldukça yüksektir. Uygun koşulların sağlanamadığı yakma sistemlerinin kullanılması, kömürden enerji üretim verimini önemli ölçüde düşürmekte ve çevre kirliliğine neden olmaktadır. Bu çerçevede, düşük kaliteli linyit potansiyelinin değerlendirilmesi için uygun teknolojilerin geliştirilmesi, ülkemizin öncelikli enerji politikaları arasında yer almaktadır.RDF; evsel, ticari veya endüstri proseslerinden çıkan tehlikeli ve tehlikesiz atıkların, geri kazanılabilen malzemeleri (cam, plastik, metal vb.) ayrıştırıldıktan sonra geriye kalan yanabilir özelliğe sahip geri dönüşümsüz malzemeden türetilen alternatif katı yakıttır. Ülkemiz biyokütle potansiyeli içinde RDF'nin payı oldukça yüksektir. RDF'nin kömürle birlikte kullanılması, yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının kullanılması konusunda önemli bir seçenek sunmaktadır. Kömür ve RDF'den enerji üretimi dünya genelinde yaygın olarak yakma yoluyla sağlanmaktadır. Kömür ve RDF'den üretilen yarıkoklardan birlikte yakma yoluyla kaliteli yakıt üretilebilir. Kömür yarıkoku ve RDF yarıkoku yakan yakma sistemlerinin ticari boyuttaki modellenmesi, tasarımı ve işletilmesi için kömür yarıkoku ve RDF yarıkoku karışımlarının yanma davranımları ve aralarındaki etkileşimin bilinmesi gereklidir.Bu çalışmada, düşük kaliteli Afşin Elbistan linyit kömürü ve RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel-Atıklardan Türetilmiş Yakıt) kullanılarak kaliteli yakıt üretmek hedeflenmiştir. Kömür ve RDF'den farklı sıcaklıklarda (400oC, 500oC, 600oC, 700oC, 800oC, 900oC) yarıkoklar üretilmiş ve ısıl değeri en yüksek olan kömür yarıkoku ve RDF yarıkoku seçilerek, farklı oranlarda RDF yarıkoku içeren (%10, %20, %30, %40, %50) karışımlar hazırlanmıştır. Linyit kömürü ve RDF ana numunesine, yarıkoklarına ve farklı oranlarda hazırlanan karışımlarına yanma davranımlarını belirlemek amacıyla farklı analizler (kısa analiz, elementel analiz, ısıl değer analizi, FTIR, XRD, XRF, SEM, BET ve tanecik boyutu analizleri) uygulanmıştır. Ayrıca, aynı numunelere yanma davranımlarını belirlemek amacıyla termal analizler (TGA, DTA, DSC, DTG) uygulanmıştır. Deneysel çalışmalar sonucunda, Afşin Elbistan linyit kömürü ve RDF'den üretilen yarıkok karışımlarından yüksek ısıl değerli yakıt üretimi gerçekleştirilmiştir. The big part of the world energy requirement, which increases in parallel with population and industrialization, is provided from fossil fuels. The difference between energy supply and consumption in our country increases every year and accordingly, our foreign dependence on energy in terms of sources increases as well. Today, issues which are dealing with the environmental pollution resulting from production and consumption of fossil fuels and restricted reserves of fossil resources are the most important problems.Coal which is a kind of sedimentary rock has a very important share of world energy production. Also, coal is the most important energy source of Turkey and most of the Turkish coal's are low quality lignites having high ash, sulfur, moisture content and low heating value. The amount of low quality lignites inthe total lignite reserves is extremely high. Using inconvenient combustion systems causes significant reduction in the efficiency of energy production from coal and also environmental pollution. Coal burning is a major contributor to global warming. Thus, the development of appropriate technologies for the evaluation of low-quality lignite potential must be one of the most important energy policy of our country. Electricity generation using coal burning produces approximately twice the greenhouse gasses per kilowatt compared to generation using natural gas.Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) is a kind of alternative solid fuel that is obtained by proper methods out of domestic waste, industrial waste and toxic waste, and has calorific value. Recycling waste, reuse of waste and use of those that have calorific value allows significant decrease in the waste amount that will be sent for storage, and such practice enables a management that complies with the strategy developed by European Union in the subject of waste management. RDF production and use needs to be reformed and standardized within this scope.Refuse-derived fuel typically consists of pelletized or fluffy MSW that remains after the removal of noncombustible materials such as ferrous materials, glass, grit, and other noncombustible materials. The remaining material is then called RDF. Energy production through the direct combustion of coal and RDF is the oldest known method. In recent years, combustion systems for burning coal-RDF blends together, are being developed.Energy production from coal and RDF is widely provided by combustion. Co-combustion of coal and RDF blends gains more importance in terms of the utilization of low quality coals and RDF economically and reducing the total pollutant emissions. Investigation of the combustion behaviour and combustion kinetics of coal-RDF blends is essential for the modelling, design and operation of the combustion systems at industrial scale.Co-combustion means simultaneous combustion of two or more fuels in the same plant for energy production. Although this mode of combustion has been applied for many years, the interest has been enhanced recently.Co-combustion can be carried out in various ways for various purposes. A coarse classification could be as follows, covering new plants as well as existing ones converted for the purpose. First, a small amount (a few percent of total fuel power) of biofuel or waste is fired together with coal in a boiler, originally designed for coal.Turkey's large lignite reserves and agricultural wastes, which are important with regard to reduce our energy dependency, are widely evaluated by burning together. In this study, instead of the raw coal and RDF, coal and RDF char, which have higher calorific values are burned together.Various governments worldwide are beginning to put regulations in place and to encourage development of more sustainable sources of power generation in order to protect populations worldwide from the immediate harmful effects on life and health, and to protect the environment for future generation.RDF is appeared to be an important feedstock for three main reasons.First, it is a renewable resource that could be sustainably developed in the future. Second, it appears to have formidably positive environmental properties, reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, possibly reduced NOx and SOx depending on the fossil fuels displaced. However, it also has negative impacts, such as emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dioxins, furans, volatile organic compounds and heavy metals especially when combusted in traditional stoves.The purpose is to get rid of waste or to replace coal by RDF utilisation. Second, a small amount of fuel with a high heating value is fired together with a fuel having a low heating value that needs thermal support to attain a desired combustion temperature. Third, spontaneous use of co-combustion with fuels in any ratio, depending on price, availability and local supply conditions.The first type is of greatest significance due to its potential ability to reduce the consumption of coal, thereby decreasing the emissions of greenhouse gases. It is of interest to assess the possibility and reliability of such utilisation of RDF and waste in a plant designed for the base fuel (normally coal). Secondly, addition of high-value fuel to a low-value one, or in general terms, combination of any fuels with different properties, may have useful secondary consequences, such as reduction of emissions or improving reliability of operation.Coal and RDF are quite different in composition. Co-firing RDF with coal has the capability to reduce both NOx and SOx levels from existing pulverized coal fired power plants.This could enhance the interest for combinations of fuels, because certain fuel constituents may influence each other, `synergy effects` may take place, leading to an improvement of operation of a boiler and to avoidance of inconveniences related to some fuels.Residues from agricultural production and processing industries are readily availablein large quantities and solid wastes are generated by every social activity.Combustion of these residues can reduce the volume of wastes, allowing for energy recovery and increase of economic returns to rustic communities. Co-combustion of solid residues and wastes with coal in existing power plants is a most interesting option, because apart from the environmental benefits it offers technical and economic benefits, by replacing part of conventional energy sources, while at the same time using existing infrastructures.The knowledge of the behaviour of coal and RDF during combustion not only separately but also together, is essential, as interactions may occur between them that may affect the overall efficiency of the process. It is necessary to know the combustion behaviour and kinetics of RDF-coal or RDF char-coal char blends for the desining of combustion systems to be used. Combustion characteristics of a fuel before it is used in energy production can be determined by using thermo-analytical techniques such as TG, DTG, DSC and DTA which cover a wide range of applications in research, development and economic assessment of fuels. They have been used in a wide variety of areas related to proximate analysis, coal reactivity and heat effects associated with coal pyrolysis, combustion and heat of hydrogenation. Although thermogravimetric analysis technique (TGA) operates in a different condition compared to a real combustor, it provides a rapid and reliable quantitative method for thermochemical processes. 131
- Published
- 2015
46. Yerel Yönetimler İçin Evsel Katı Atık Tarifelerinin Belirlenmesi Üzerine Geliştirilen Bir Hesap Yöntemi
- Author
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Soysal, Yavuz, Demir, İbrahim, Çevre Bilimleri ve Mühendisliği, Environmental Science and Engineering, and Çevre Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
- Subjects
Evsel Atık ,Domestic Waste ,Environmental Engineering ,Çevre Mühendisliği ,Domestic wastes ,Evsel Katı Atık Tarifeleri ,Waste Management ,Atık Yönetimi ,Waste Tariffs ,Solid wastes - Abstract
Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2015, Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Instıtute of Science and Technology, 2015, Sanayi devrimi neticesinde ortaya çıkan çevre sorunları, başlangıçtaki etkilerinin sınırlı olması ve ekonomik kalkınmanın öncelikli hedef olarak kabul edilmesi sebebiyle uzun süre çözülmesi gereken problemler olarak görülmemiştir. Diğer taraftan, hızlı nüfus artışı ve yaşam standardındaki yükseliş tüketim alışkanlıklarının değişmesine, bunun sonucu olarak da atık miktarlarında daha önce yaşanmayan büyüklükte artış gerçekleşmesine sebep olmuştur. Ülkemizde atık yönetimi kapsamına giren tüm faaliyetleri -katı atıkların toplanması, taşınması, ayrıştırılması, geri kazanımı ve nihai bertarafı- yapmak ve yaptırmak görevi yerel yönetimlere verilmiştir. Bu sebeple, belediye bütçelerinde önemli bir yer tutan atık yönetim faaliyetleri maliyetlerinin esaslarına uygun olarak belirlenmesi önem arz etmektedir. Toplanmasından bertarafına kadar olan tüm hizmetlerin maliyetlerini ve sorumluluğunu yüklenmiş olan yerel yönetimler, her geçen gün artan atık miktarları sebebiyle zorlaşan atık yönetimi faaliyetleri konusunda çözüm üretmekte zorlanmaktadır. Bu tez çalışmasında amaç, İlgili Katı Atık İdareleri (Büyükşehir Belediyeleri, Belediyeler ve Belediye Birlikleri) tarafından verilen tüm Katı Atık Yönetim Sistemi hizmetlerine ait faaliyetlerin gerçekleştirilmesi için ihtiyaç duyulan mâli kaynağın ve bu kaynağın oluşturulması için başvurulan tarifelerin belirlenmesi için gerekli altlığın oluşturulmasıdır. Birinci bölümde çevre sorunları genelinde atık yönetimi konusunun önemi ve atık yönetim faaliyetlerini gerçekleştirmekle yükümlü olan yerel yönetimler açısından konunun önemi ifade edilmeye çalışılmış ve tez çalışmasının kapsamı aktarılmıştır. İkinci bölümde, katı atık ve evsel katı atık kavramlarının farklı kaynaklardaki tanımı, katı atık kaynakları ve türleri verilmiş, bütünleşik atık yönetim sistemi kavramı ve bu sistem bünyesinde yer alan faaliyetler özetlenmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde ülkemizdeki katı atık yönetim sisteminin mevcut durumu özetlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu amaçla, mevcut durumda konu ile ilgili olan ulusal ve uluslararası ölçekte yasal mevzuat hakkında kapsamlı bilgi verilmiş; atık yönetimi kapsamındaki iş ve işlemlerin ifasından sorumlu olan kurum ve kuruluşlar hakkında özet bilgi aktarılmıştır. Bu bölümde ayrıca rakamsal verilerle ülkemizdeki mevcut durum ve konu hakkında bugüne kadar ortaya konmuş olan stratejileri ifade eden çalışmalardaki prensipler özetlenmiştir. Dördüncü bölüm yerel yönetimlerle ilgilidir. Bu bölümde ülkemizdeki yerel yönetim yapılanmasının geçmişten bugüne yaşadığı değişim ve günümüzdeki yerel yönetim yapılanması verilmiş; mevcut yapının atık yönetim sistemi kapsamında idarî ve malî açıdan değerlendirilmesine çalışılmıştır. Beşinci bölüm, atık yönetim sisteminin mâli boyutunu ortaya koyma amacını taşımaktadır. Bu maksatla öncelikle genel olarak çevre sorunlarının önlenmesi ve giderilmesi amacıyla dünyada ve ülkemizde kullanılan ekonomik araçlar hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Daha sonra, atık yönetim süreçlerinin her bir aşaması için dünyadaki ve ülkemizdeki uygulamalarda ortaya çıkan maliyetler verilmiştir. Bunun için literatür araştırması ve elde edilebildiği kadarıyla gerçek uygulama değerlerine yer verilmiştir. Altıncı bölüm tez çalışması kapsamında önerilen hesaplama modülünün ve bu modül kullanılarak elde edilen maliyet değerlerinin aktarıldığı bölümdür. Yedinci bölümde hesaplama neticesinde elde edilen sonuçlara istinaden, atık yönetim faaliyetlerinde yaşanan ve maliyetleri olumsuz yönde etkileyen aksaklıkların giderilmesi için alınması gereken önlemler ile ilgili bazı öneriler getirilmiştir., The environmental issues raised as a result of the industrial revolution haven’t been seen a problem to be solved for a long time because of their limited initial effects and also because of the fact that economic development is seen as a priority objective. On the other hand, rapid population growth and the raise of living standards caused the consumption habits to change; then, as a result, it has led increase in the amount of waste that previously hasn’t been experienced. In our country, doing or having all activities done within the scope of the waste management, -waste collection, transportation, separation, recycling, disposal and landfilling- are given as a task to the local authorities. Therefore, it is very important to determine the costs of waste management activities which have a significant place in municipality budgets. Local authorities, who bear all the costs and responsibilities from collection to landfill, are having troubles to produce solutions about services in the scope of waste management due to amount of waste increasing day by day. In this study; it is aimed to create a basis to be used to determine the tariffs which will be used to generate the economic source needed to implement the activities in the scope of solid waste management services done by related Soild Waste Management Administrators (including Metropolitan Municipalities, Municipalities and Municipality Unions). In the first chapter; it is tried to express the position of waste management across environmental problems and the importance of the subject according to the local authorities, who are obliged to carry out waste management activities. The scope of the study is also given in this chapter. In the second part; the definition of solid waste and municipal solid waste concepts in the different sources, the sources and types of solid waste are given. It is also summarized the concept of integrated solid waste management system and the activities included within this system. The current status of solid waste management system in our country is tried to be summarized in the third chapter. For this purpose; it is given comprehensive information about the national and international legislations; and also given a summarized knowledge about organizations that are responsible for the execution of the work and processes of waste management. In this section, the numerical data about current situation within our country and also the principles referring to the studies representing strategies that have been put forward until now are summarized. The fourth chapter is about the local authorities. In this chapter; a change from past to now in local government structure and the current situation of local authorities in our country is given. It is also tried to assess the situation of current administrative and financial structure in the aspects of waste management. The fifth chapter is intended to demonstrate the financial size of the waste management system. For this purpose, first overall the information is given about the economic tools used in the world and in our country for the prevention and elimination of environmental problems. Subsequently, the cost incurred in the implementation of the waste management process in our country in the world and is provided for each stage. It can be as far as to obtain literature and are given to the actual application value. The sixth chapter is the section that includes the calculation module which is suggested within this study and the costs that are calculated by the module. In the seventh chapter the calculated results are evaluated and some suggestions in order to eliminate malfunctions about activities taking place in the waste management system were introduced., Yüksek Lisans, M.Sc.
- Published
- 2015
47. Evsel atıktan enerji üretimi: Gaziantep örneği
- Author
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Coşkuner, Mesut Cem, Alp, Kadir, and Enerji Bilim ve Teknoloji Anabilim Dalı
- Subjects
Energy ,Environmental Engineering ,Çevre Mühendisliği ,Domestic wastes ,Elektrik ve Elektronik Mühendisliği ,Landfill gas ,Urban wastes ,Biogas ,Biomass energy ,Renewable energy resources ,Enerji ,Electrical and Electronics Engineering ,Biogas systems - Abstract
Atık yirminci yüzyılda `sahibinin istemediği, arıtma ve uzaklaştırılması gerekli maddeler` olarak tanımlanmasına rağmen teknolojik ve çevresel gelişmelerin doğal sonucu olarak günümüzde ülkelerin en önemli kaynaklardan biri konumuna yükselmiştir. Bu gelişmeler, içinde bulunduğumuz yirmibirinci yüzyılda toplumlar ve ülkeler tarafından gezegenimizdeki doğal kaynakların sınırlı olduğunun algılanması kadar; atıkların `yenilenebilir` bir kaynak konumuna yükselmesi ve içerdikleri bileşenler bakımından hammadde olarak kullanılabilecek unsurlarının geri kazanılması önem kazanmıştır. Atık, gerek sahip oldukları enerji potansiyelinin kullanılması ve gerekse sera gazları gibi iklim değişikliğine yol açan çevresel risklerinin azaltılması gibi hususlar dolayısı ile bir değer olarak benimsenmesine imkân sağlamıştır. Gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan toplumlarda `entegre çevre yönetimi` ve `sürdürülebilir kalkınma` gibi yeni kavramların ışığı altında atıkların yönetimi ifadesi ekonomik olarak karşılanabilir, sosyal olarak kabul edilebilir ve çevresel olarak da etkin bir yönetim anlayışına karşı gelmektedir. İnsan faaliyeti sonucunda, kaçınılmaz olarak atık oluşmaktadır. AB ülkelerinde 2000'li yılların başında kişi başına katı atık üretimi 430 kg/yıl iken;10 yıl kadar önce ülkemizde bu değer, ancak, 380 kg/yıl mertebelerinde idi. Nüfus ve ekonomik refah artışı ile ülkemizde de kişi başına katı atık üretimi hızla artmaktadır. Sonuç olarak bu atıkların bir şekilde zararsız hale getirilmesi kadar bir o kadar da ekonomiye ve çevreye olumlu katkı sağlayacak şekilde yönetilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada, ülkemizde evsel katı atıklardan enerji geri kazanımı konusu incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla, ülke bazında evsel atık oluşumu ve karakteristiği incelenmiş, enerji geri kazanma potansiyelleri değerlendirilmiştir. Özel olarak da, Gaziantep şehrimize ait evsel atık depolama sahasından elde edilecek çöp gazından enerji üretimine ilişkin projenin temel mühendislik yaklaşımı verilerek; bu konuda örnek bir uygulama sunulmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu kapsamda, öncelikle katı atık oluşumu ve enerji geri kazanma teknolojileri üzerinde durulmuştur. Evsel atıklardan enerji geri kazanımı; entegre atık yönetimi çerçevesinde düzenli depolama tesislerinde çöpgazının toplanarak ısı ve elektrik enerjisi üretiminde kullanılması, veya atığın doğrudan biyomekanik (anaerobik çürütme ve biyogaz üretimi, kompostlaştırma, atıktan türetilmiş yakıt üretimi) veya termal yöntemlerle (kütlesel yakma, piroliz, gazlaştırma) sağlanmaktadır. Atıktan enerji geri kazanım potansiyellerinin belirlenmesinde pekçok faktör etkili olmaktadır. Bu faktörler arasında toplumun refah seviyeleri, yerleşim yerlerinde tüketim alışkanlıkları, ekonomik faaliyetler, topoğrafya ve iklim koşulları, mevsimsel değişimler, yanında kişi başına evsel atık oluşumu, atıkların madde grup analizleri, nem ve inert kısımlarının oranları, bileşenlerin ısıl değerleri önemlidir. Bu faktörler bakımından 2000'li yıllardan sonra yapılmış şehirlerimizdeki evsel katı atıkların karakterizasyonu verilerek genel olarak katı atık enerji potansiyellerimiz verilmiştir. Ulusal atık yönetimi strateji belgesine göre ülkemizin 2030'lu yıllara kadar benimsenen atık yönetim hedefleri, atık miktar ve karakterindeki değişiklik tahminleri irdelenmiştir. Özellikle düzenli depolama tesislerinin gelişimine bağlı olarak atık depolama ve çöp gazı oluşum miktarlarına yönelik tahminler değerlendirilmiştir.Çalışmanın, Gaziantep EKA'dan enerji geri kazanılmasını içeren kısmında, şehrin atık miktarı ve kompozisyonu yardımıyla; Şahinbey Düzenli Depolama Tesisi'nden 2010-2039 yılları arasındaki 29 yıllık işletme dönemi ile 2039-2059 yılları arasındaki kapanma dönemi süresince elde edilecek depo gazının miktarı EPA'nın `Landfill Gas Emission Modeli (LandGem)`ile tahmin edilmiştir. Bu tahminle paralel olarak, teknik olarak içten yanmalı motorlar kullanılarak, depo gazından elde edilecek enerji miktarının yıllara göre değişimi bulunmuştur. Enerji geri kazanımına yönelik mevcut tesise ilişkin proje fizibilitesi verilmiştir. Fizibiliteler gaz toplama sistemi, enerji ekipmanı, inşaat faaliyetleri için ilk yatırım maliyetlerini, işletme maliyetlerini, geri ödeme süresini ve karlılık hesaplarını içermektedir. Waste is defined as the material which is not wanted and/or a material needed to be removed from society. This definition especially in the twentieth century, is changed in the favor of the waste itself. By means of the technological and the environmental developments, waste becomes an important material, simply a source of energy. These developments put a different view on the term of the waste and the meaning of waste is elevated to the level of `renewable energy sources` in the current century. The main reason for this new definition is the public awareness of limited nature of the energy in the world. Chemically the components of waste can be reused and/or recovered as raw materials. This allows not only to decrease the greenhouse gas emission but also to introduce a `valuable goods` meaning to the waste definition. With the help of other improvements summarized in the title of `sustainable development` and `environmental management`, waste management became an acceptable term economically, socially and environmentally, in the developed and developing countries.Waste is produced inevitably as a result of any human activity. In years of 2000s, while the the production of waste was 430 kg/years per person in EU countries, Turkish one was only at around 380 kg/year per person. However these values are increasing with the increase in the population and the wealth of societies due to the economical developments. Consequently the management of waste becomes a requirement which involves elimination and processing steps. This not only is essential for environmental health but also is a necessity for economic improvement. In this thesis, the subject of municipality waste recovery as an energy source is studied. Mainly the production of household waste and its characteristics were examined and the potential of recovery mechanics were investigated. As a particular case; the engineering approach to generate energy from landfill gases from the landfill areas of the city of Gaziantep is given. This energy which is generated from municipal waste is recovered by systematic processed which can be summered under the name of `the integrated waste management`. This involves the usage of landfill gasses in the generation of electric and thermal energy, direct biomechanical method (anaerobic decomposition and biogas production), composting (waste-derived fuel production) and thermal methods (mass incineration, pyrolysis and gasification) processes. Several factors involve in choosing the effective process for waste recovery and energy production. Of these factors, the people's wealth, consumption patterns, economic activities, topographical and climatic conditions, seasonal changes, municipal waste generation per capita, waste material group analysis, humidity and solid waste concentrations, calorific values of the components of waste can be count.The characterization of domestic municipal solid waste production after years of 2000s is determined within the frame work of these factors. The Turkish waste-to-energy potential is tried to be identified. According to a `National Waste Management Strategy Document` of our country up to 2030 years; waste management targets, estimates changes in waste quantity and its characters are discussed. In particular, the estimated values of waste deposition and gas generation respect to the landfill developments were evaluated. In the chapters of this thesis where Gaziantep EKA's recovery subject is given, the landfill gas amounts which is obtained from Sahinbey Lanfill Area is estimated using `Landfill Gas Emission Model` for the periods of [2010 to 2039] and [2039 to 2059]. The later period is going to be the shutdown years for this particular landfill area. The yearly variation of the energy amounts which will be created from the burning of waste gasses is given. These values are calculated/estimated by using internal combustion engine methods. Then, present and future perspectives were made for solid waste Gaziantep. Analysis of the energy production potential is estimated by making certain assumptions.According to these estimates, from one ton of the original MSW, 113 m3 of landfill gas can be obtained by calculation. However, due to the lack of data taken into account essential, considering the average values of the solid waste in Turkey, the results have been revised. As landfill gas production potential for the revised value of 170 m3per tonne it was used to store waste gas values.The above-mentioned calculated with the help of LandGEM method, with the actual amount of electricity generation from landfill gas production with another production facility, which began in year 2010 are quite compatible.In the study, the project planning stage and on completion, is shown in detail. In particular, the realistic figures on the cost of the project are used. The payback period is calculated and the profitability of the project.These and other projects, and to local governments an arrow contribute. These benefits, cheap way to dispose of municipal solid waste creates environmental problems, trade opportunities in the carbon market, and also greenhouse gases (methane) is useful in reducing.Providing electrical energy from a renewable resource; significant contributions to environmental care, improvements can be made. Therefore, this type of project, in the feasibility stage, realistic data to perform calculations with the help of the event, of the feasible projects for other cities will be able to implement and will constitute the first step of such projects.The data obtained with the approach (LandGEM), making the company the confirmation of the data, the project is important to hit the accepted value basis. However, as seen so far this election with the current results provide reasonably possible to obtain. The energy obtained from urban solid waste, in particular, has a great importance in meeting the local energy needs.Urban solid waste from energy production, with changing world conditions, then the developed countries, it has now been entered into the agenda of developing countries.In terms of developing countries, the benefit of a major investment in this area is that the employment created. Turkey is also developing a consciousness about it. This issue turned into a national project, the waste analysis, depending on the seasons, quantity and quality made and periodically updated is important to establish a data bank. In addition, investors and related industries by encouraging the principal to be directed to this type of investment should be maintained as an economic as well as social responsibility projects.The existing facilities for energy recovery from landfill gas, first and second stage are given regarding the feasibility of the project.The feasibility for the investment costs including the gas collection system, energy equipment, construction activities, operating costs, re-payment period and profitability calculations.The feasibility of this waste management facility is given with respect to the values of the current energy recovery potentials. Those feasibility projects involve the cost calculations for a gas collection systems and installation of related equipment's and tools, pre-investment studies, management expenses, repayment plan and the probability studies. 141
- Published
- 2015
48. Композиционные покрытия для защиты деталей теплообменников мусоросжигательных установок
- Subjects
waste-burning facility ,нормативы ,жаростойкое стеклокомпозиционное покрытие ,heat-exchange ,heat-resistant glass-composite coating ,domestic wastes ,утилизация ,тугоплавкий наполнитель ,отходящие газы ,refractory filler ,бытовые отходы - Abstract
Рассмотрены особенности утилизации твердых бытовых отходов путем применения мобильных мусоросжигательных установок и проблемы, возникающие при работе термокаталитического реактора этих установок. Показана возможность использования стеклокомпозиционных покрытий для защиты трубчатых деталей теплообменников от высокотемпературной газовой коррозии. Приведены результаты исследований по созданию защитных покрытий.
- Published
- 2014
49. Ambalaj atıkları toplama ayırma tesislerinin kurulması, maliyet analizleri ve işletilmesi
- Author
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Maden, Serhan, Arslankaya, Ertan, and Çevre Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı
- Subjects
Operation cost ,Packaging waste ,Environmental Engineering ,Çevre Mühendisliği ,Domestic wastes ,Plastic wastes ,Urban wastes ,Solid wastes ,Integrated solid waste - Abstract
Bir ambalaj atığı toplama ayırma tesisi kurulurken, kullanılacak makine ve ekipmanların, kurulacak yerin ambalaj atık potansiyeline uygun şekilde seçilmesi ile toplama için kullanılacak araçlarında bu parametrelere paralel olarak seçimi önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada, ambalaj atığı toplama ayırma tesislerinin kurulma aşamasında yapılması gereken fizibilite çalışmalarının incelenerek, mevcut tesislerden 35.000 ton/yıl ve 60.000 ton/yıl kapasiteli örnekleri birbiriyle karşılaştırılması sonucunda, hem tesis işletilmesi hem de bölge halkının eğilimi konusunda tavsiyelerde bulunulmaktadır. Bunlarla beraber tesisin kurulumu sırasında yapılacak olan yatırımın hangi şartlar altında ne kadar sürede kendisini amorti edeceği belirlenmiştir. Ambalaj atıklarının geri kazanım miktarını arttırmak için yapılaması gerekenler hakkında tavsiyelerde bulunulmaktadır. Sosyo-ekonomik durumu farklılık gösteren Küçükçekmece, Güngören ve Sultangazi belediyelerinde toplanan ambalaj atıklarının atık kompozisyonları ile toplanan atık miktarları karşılaştırılarak ilçeler arası farklılıklar değerlendirilmiştir. Yapılan bu çalışmayla, hem mevcut tesislere hem de yeni kurulacak olan tesislere kurulum, maliyet ve işletme konularında ve halkın geri dönüşüme olan eğiliminin işletme faaliyetlerine etkisi hakkında elde edilen sonuçlar değerlendirilerek yol gösterilmesi amaçlanmıştır.Anahtar Kelimeler: Atık Yönetimi, Proses Kontrol, Lojistik Süreç Optimizasyonu, Ambalaj Atığı, Geri Dönüşüm Tesisleri A collection of packaging waste sorting plant is set up, used machinery and equipment, to be established in accordance with the election of the potential of the earth Packaging waste collection vehicles used for the selection of these parameters is very important in parallel. In this study, collection of packaging waste separation facilities to the phase of preparation of feasibility studies examining the 60.000 ton/year and 35.000 ton/year examples of existing facilities as a result of determined and compared with each other, and suggestions are presented for the training of plant personnel and the local community. Given this, which will be held during the installation facility investment will pay for itself the conditions under which determined how long it takes. Finally, Business, Collection Operation of the separation plant will be informed about and to increase the amount of packaging waste recovery Structuring suggestions are about things. Differences in socioeconomic status, which Sultangazi, Güngören and Küçükçemece are collected packaging waste collection separation facilities to compare the amount of waste collected by the waste composition. Which will be held in this study, which will be established as well as new plants and existing plants, installation, and operation cost is intended to show the way. The trend of recycling of public, its impact on operating activities, and the results obtained, were evaluated.Keywords: Waste Management, Process Control and Logistics, Process Optimization, Packaging Waste, Recycling Plants 131
- Published
- 2014
50. Evsel ilaç atıklarının toplanması projesindeki tersine lojistik sürecinin modellenmesi için genetik algoritmaların kullanılması
- Author
-
Kirda, Kadir, Doğan, Özlem, and İşletme Ana Bilim Dalı
- Subjects
Domestic wastes ,İşletme ,Pharmaceutical sector ,Genetic algorithms ,Reverse logistics ,Business Administration - Abstract
Son dönemlerde fark edilmeye başlanan çevresel kirlenme ve bunun zararları sonucunda insanların çevre konusunda duyarlılıkları artmış, aynı hassasiyeti işletmelerden ve yönetimlerden de bekler hale gelmişlerdir. Tersine lojistik bu konuda büyük bir öneme sahiptir. Tersine lojistik ile işe yaramayan ürünlerin lojistik zincirinde tersine doğru akışı ile değer kazandırılması söz konusudur. Böylece bütün olarak atık olabilecek bir ürünün ayrıştırma ile en az miktarda atık ortaya çıkacak şekilde değerlendirilmesi işlemi gerçekleştirilir.Evsel atık ilaçların toplanması için etkin yöntemlerden biri tersine lojistik ağının kurulması ve etkin yönetilmesidir. Evsel ilaç atıkları olarak isimlendirilen bu ilaçlar, çöpe veya kanalizasyona atıldığında fark edilemeyecek derecede küçük zerreler halinde yayılmakta, birikmekte, deniz canlılarına, sulara ve dolaylı yollarla insanlara zarar vermektedirler. Bu zararların önüne geçilebilmesi için evsel ilaç atıklarının toplanmasına yönelik tersine lojistik zincirinin kurulması ve etkin olarak yönetilmesi gerekmektedir.Bu tezde evsel ilaç atıklarının toplanması projesinde atık ilaçların taşınması faaliyetine yönelik genetik algoritmanın kullanılması araştırılmıştır. Genetik algoritma, evrim mantığının matematiksel modele uyarlanması ile geliştirilmiş sezgisel bir algoritmadır. Hızlı çözüme ulaşma, optimuma yakın sonuçlar verme gibi özellikleri genetik algoritmaların kullanılmasını avantajlı kılmaktadır. Araştırmanın kapsamında genetik algoritmanın hesaplanmasını sağlayan bir yazılım geliştirilmiştir. Geliştirilen masaüstü yazılıma eczanelere ve depolara ait verilerin eklenebildiği bir arayüz tasarlanmıştır. Verilerde yer alan koordinatlar web tabanlı bir uygulama aracılığıyla elde edilmiş ve ekler kısmında sunulmuştur.Yazılımda test edilmek üzere üç farklı taşıma modeli örneği geliştirilmiştir. Bu üç model gerçek veriler ve çeşitli varsayımlar ışığında karşılaştırılmış, test sonuçları sunulmuştur. Genetik algoritmaların etkin kullanımına yönelik olarak yapılan bu araştırmanın ileriye dönük bir rehber niteliğinde olması amaçlanmaktadır.Anahtar Kelimeler: Tersine Lojistik, Genetik Algoritma, ?laç Sektörü, Evsel ?laç Atıkları. After environmental contamination and its hazards which realized recently, people?s awareness about the environment has increased, and they have begun expecting the same sensitivity from firms and governments. Reverse logistics have a great importance on that matter. With reverse logistics, useless products gain value with joining to reverse flow in logistics chain. So, a product which may be waste as a whole can have increased value, with decomposition to occur in the least amount of waste.One of the methods for collection of household pharmaceutical waste is establishment and effective management of reverse logistics network. These pharmaceuticals, named household pharmaceutical waste, inroad into small particles, accumulate, damaging to sea creatures, water, and people indirectly. To prevent these damages, reverse logistics chain for the collection of household pharmaceutical waste must be established and managed effectively.In this thesis, using genetic algorithm on transport activity in collection of household pharmaceutical waste project has investigated. Within the scope of the study, software which enables to process genetic algorithm has developed. User interface of developed software have ability importing data about pharmacies and warehouses. Coordinates derived from a web based application and presented in the appendix.In order to test, three different transportation model examples have been developed. These three models were compared in the light of the actual data and various assumptions, and the test results were presented. This study made for the effective use of genetic algorithms, is intended as a guide to future studies.Keywords: Reverse Logistics, Genetic Algorithm, Pharmaceutical Industry, Household Pharmaceutical Waste. 154
- Published
- 2013
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