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Eboni (Diospyros celebica Bakh.) is an endemic tree species of Sulawesi Island including Central Sulawesi, West Sulawesi and South Sulawesi. This species is also called fancy wood; its color is black-striped reddish brown, beautiful, and luxurious. In addition, tree growth is influenced by microbes, including fungi. Fungi are heterotrophic and eukaryotic organisms absorbing organic compounds from other organisms. The study aimed to identify ebony-associated fungi in Urban Forestry at the Tamalanrea Campus, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia. This study consisted of the isolation stage both direct and dilution methods, the rejuvenation stage, and fungal identification. The study result indicated that there were 60 fungal isolates isolated from the ebony tree tissues, while 19 fungal isolates were isolated on the soil under the ebony stands. The direct isolation-based method was higher in term of number of fungal isolates than the dilution-based method. The isolated fungi belonged to the seven genera, namely Aspergillus, Penicillium, Gliocladium, Trichoderma, Fusarium, Rhizopus, and Phytophthora. Aspergillus and Penicillium was genera dominated both in tree tissues and in the soil under ebony stands.

A study was conducted on the antibacterial activity test on n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol extracts of ebony bark (Diospyros celebica Bakh.) using a diffusion method. The purpose of this research is to know the antibacterial activity of ebony bark against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria using n-hexane, ethyl acetate dan ethanol. The method of extraction used in this research was maceration method with three polarity levels of solvent. The antibacterial activity test was performed by diffusion-well test. The results showed that ethyl acetate extract gave the highest inhibition of 26.14 mm in gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and ethanol extract of 25.97 mm in gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli). Keywords: Ebony (Diospyros celebica. Bakh), Tree Bark, Inhibitory, Antibacterial

Background: Climate plays an important role in the growth process of various plant species, and the ebony species is no exception to this. Ebony (Diospyros celebica Bakh.) is a Sulawesi endemic flora species whose wood is widely used as a material for light to heavy construction and important raw material for Indonesia’s timber industry. Massive forest exploitation threatens preservation of the Diospyros celebica, so conservation is needed to save it from extinction. However, the difficulty in distinguishing Diospyros celebica in the tillering phase caused many seed collection errors, so a system was needed to identify plants correctly. This study aims to extract leaf morphological features, analyze the correlation between leaf morphological features and climate variables, and classify them based on the region where Diospyros celebica grows. Result: The results show that several leaf morphological characteristics were sufficiently correlated with climate variables such as MAT and MAP. In dry weather, the leaves of Diospyros celebica tend to have relatively small leaf sizes, whereas, in wetter weather, the leaves tend to have a much larger size. The classification results could distinguish leaf morphology based on growing regions with an accuracy rate of 94.59%. Conclusions: By obtaining a high level of classification accuracy, it can be interpreted that the size of the leaf morphology of the same species (Diospyros celebica) is different in each region, influenced by climate variables, in this case MAT and MAP.

Objectives Development of sequencing technology has opened up vast opportunities for tree genomic research in the tropics. One of the aforesaid technologies named ONT (Oxford Nanopore Technology) has attracted researchers in undertaking testings and experiments due to its affordability and accessibility. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no published reports on the use of ONT for genomic analysis of Indonesian tree species. This progress is promising for further improvement in order to acquire more genomic data for research purposes. Therefore, the present study was carried out to determine the effectiveness of ONT in generating long-read DNA sequences using DNA isolated from leaves and wood cores of Macassar ebony (Diospyros celebica Bakh.). Data description Long-read sequences data of leaves and wood cores of Macassar ebony were generated by using the MinION device and MinKnow v3.6.5 (ONT). The obtained data, as the first long-read sequence dataset for Macassar ebony, is of great importance to conserve the genetic diversity, understanding the molecular mechanism, and sustainable use of plant genetic resources for downstream applications.

Ebony (Diospyros celebica Bakh.) is an endemic plant on Celebes (Sulawesi) island. Extractive compounds within ebony wood cause it to have durability, strength, and beautiful patterns. In this study, we used near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to discriminate between ebony wood samples, based on their origins at different growth sites on Celebes island, and to develop quantitative models to predict the extractive content of ebony wood. A total of 45 wood meal samples from 11 sites located in West, Central, and South Celebes were collected in this study. NIR spectral data were acquired from hot water and ethanol&ndash, benzene soluble extracts from ebony wood in this study. The extractive content of the ebony was 10.408% and 10.774% based on hot water solubility and treatment with ethanol&ndash, benzene solvent, respectively. Multivariate analysis based on principal component analysis&ndash, discriminant analysis revealed that ebony wood from West Celebes differed from most of the wood from South Celebes, however, it was only slightly different from ebony wood from Central Celebes based on NIR spectra data. These findings were in line with the extractive contents obtained. Partial least square regression models based on wood meal spectra could potentially be used to estimate the hot water and ethanol&ndash, benzene extractive contents from ebony wood.

An expedition to Lasitae Protected Forest in District of Barru, South Sulawesi was undertaken to collect living plants for Pucak Botanic Garden, South Sulawesi. The aims were to investigate the diversity of the plants and as a dedication to the Expedition of the Republic of Indonesia Corridor Sulawesi. Using an explorative method, we collected the plants and recorded all data in the field following the tracks assisted by the field guide. A total of 179 collection-numbers have been collected from this dry lowland forest including the data for the local names. Many potential and valuable plants occur in the forest, 13 plants were highlighted in this paper for its conservation status, the potentiality for various purposes or its uniqueness: Diospyros celebica Bakh. or streak ebony (Ebenaceae), Arenga pinnata (Wurmb.) Merr. (Arecaceae), Phyllanthus lamprophyllus Mull.Arg. (Phyllanthaceae), Cycas rumphii Miq. (Cycadaceae), Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. (Lythraceae), Garcinia celebica L. (Clusiaceae), Nervilia aragoana Gaud. (Orchidaceae), Phalaenopsis amabilis (L.) Blume (Orchidaceae), Ophioglossum reticulatum L. (Ophioglossaceae), Tetracera scandens (L.) Merr. (Dilleniaceae), Derris trifoliata Lour., Phytocrene bracteata Wall. (Icacinaceae), and Dioscorea hispida Dennst. Buchanania arborescens (Blume) Blume and Ardisia elliptica Thunb. can easily be found and widely spread.

Saroinsong FB. 2020. Supporting plant diversity and conservation through landscape planning: a case study in an agro-tourism landscape in Tampusu, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 1518-1526. Plants are one of the living elements of a landscape which have dynamic characteristics. In the green/vegetation concept, the diversity of plants becomes vital in landscape planning to articulate the ecological, socio-cultural, and economic aspects in effort to mitigate biodiversity loss. The aim of this study is to illustrate the application of the green concept when planning an agro-tourism landscape in Tampusu region, North Sulawesi, Indonesia which demonstrates the function and utilization of plants in landscape management while paying attention to plant diversity. Data collection was conducted by field surveys, interviews, and literature studies. Data collected and analyzed included the existing conditions of site, site history, planning goal, topography, flora and fauna, climate, existing facilities and utilities, and area management. Based on its function, the green concept in landscape planning in Tampusu agro-tourism grouped plant diversity into four functions, namely production, ecological, architectural, and aesthetic functions. The ecological aspect of plant species selection (both existing species and added species) was based on the consideration of the plant's function in the landscape with special consideration of its contribution to plant diversity and conservation including those considered as endemic species. There are architectural function for examples Goodyera celebica, Racemobambos celebica, Ficus minahassae, Pterospermum celebicum, Diospyros celebica; ecological function for examples F. minahassae, Clerodendrum minahassae, Vatica celebica, Myristica minahassae, Diospyros minahassae, Korthalsia celebica, Licuala celebica, Aquilaria beccariana, Kibatalia wigmanii, Lithocarpus celebica; production function for examples Musa celebica, Musa acuminafe; aesthetic function for examples C. minahassae, Ixora celebica, D. celebica, R. celebica, Phalaenopsis celebensis. This study demonstrates that the application of the green concept in landscape planning can help to translate plant diversity and conservation into management actions, especially in agro-tourism landscape.

Pterocarpus and Pterocarpus products have certain human health function. In this paper, Diospyros celebica Bakh as an example, we study its human health components by using PY–GC–MS, TDS–GC–MS and GC–MS. The composition of known human health functions was studied by reviewing the literature. 3-O-Methyl-d-glucose has a certain conservation property, and it can protect the pancreatic B cells against the toxicity of alloxan. P-Cresol plays a role in endothelial dysfunction in uremic patients, and it can repair wounds and reduce endothelial progression. 2(3H)-Furanone, 5-methyl-has certain biological resistance, and has high antimicrobial activity against NCIM 2501 and NCIM 5021. Keywords: Pterocarpus, Diospyros celebica, PY–GC–MS, GC–MS, TDS–GC–MS, Health care ingredients

The population of ebony trees in Sulawesi has decreased and has been included in Appendix II Cites, which means it can only be traded based on quotas. Insect studies on ebony stands are still limited, especially in South Sulawesi. This study aims to determine the diversity and association of ebony with insects found in ebony stands in the Hasanuddin University Education Forest, Maros Regency. This activity was carried out in June 2021. Sampling was carried out using the light trap method for winged insects with nocturnal activity and pitfall traps for insects crawling on the ground. Data analysis to determine the diversity of insect species was carried out using the Shannon-Wiener (H') species and the Margalef index. The results showed that the insects found were 8 orders, 20 families, and 28 species from 128 individuals. Based on analysis of their functional role, the insect complexes consist of 34% herbivores, 50% predators, 8% parasitoids, 14% detritivores and 2% transient species. The diversity of species was classified as moderate, namely 2.71, while the richness index value of 5.56, which was classified as high richness in Ebony Stands.

Sixty two Indonesian wood species were exposed to marine borers for determining their resistances. The study was conducted at Rambut Island seashore using wood samples measuring 2,5 cm by 5 cm by 30 cm. The samples were randomly arranged using nylon rope immersed in the shore and then observed after six months. Results revealed that most of the samples were completely attacked by Martesia striata Linne of the Pholadidae family, Teredo bartchi Clapp., Dicyathifer manni Wright and Bankia cieba Clench., of the Teredinidaefamily. Nine out of 62 wood species i.e. 14.5% were resistant to marine borers. Eusideroxylon zwageri T. et B., was classified as very resistant (no attack), while Diospyros celebica Bakh., Mimusops elingi L., Parinari corymbosa Miq., Tectona grandis lf, Trestania maengayi Duthii.,Trestania whiteana Griff, Vitex cofassus Reinw., and Vitex pubescens Vahl. were categorized as resistant (light attack). These nine wood species are suitable for marine constructions.

The model described in this article was simulated in order to provide the best recommendations related to the management of dry forest carbon stock. The methodology of this study is based to the dynamic growth model (CO2fix V3.1). The model was developed to calculate and estimate dry forest carbon fluxes and stocks. In this study the model was utilized for estimating how much carbon is sequestered in Diospyros celebica, Eucalyptus urophylla, Tectona grandis and mixed woods and soils. The results of this study show that in the 200 years simulated, total C stock had a tendency of increase. All of modules showed very similar patterns from 0 years to 40 years, except for bioenergy. Biomass had the highest value of carbon stock around 236.9 MGCHA–1, carbon soil around 292.7 MGCHA–1, product carbon storage around 226.8 MGCHA–1 and bioenergy carbon storage presented a sustained increase and reached 522.3 MGCHA–1 in the end of the simulated period. The contribution of the tree species component to total carbon stock was significantly positively correlated (R2 = 0.634–0.882, P < 0.05) with the time simulated in years, except foliage of Diospyros celebica (R2 = 0.301), foliage of Tectona grandis (R2 = 0.162) and foliage of Eucalipthus urophylla (R2 = 0.256). However, future studies should involve detailed examination on below-ground fraction and the effects of humans on global ecosystems.

Knowledge of the physiological properties of tree species is one of the basic requirements in determining the prescription silvicultural treatment of stands in nature. This study aims to analyze the physiological characteristics of the species of ebony (Diospyros celebica Bakh), as one of the potential endemic species of Sulawesi, based on leaf position in the crown and differences in altitude. Leaf sampling locations were in the Hasanuddin University Educational Forest (507 m asl) and Makassar city (16 m asl). The research variables consist of number of stomata, size of stomata, leaf stomata index, and leaf chlorophyll content. The results show that the physiological characteristics of the leaves were influenced by their position in the tree crown and differences in altitude. The highest number of stomata was found in the leaves exposed to the sunlights with 52.900 stomata/mm2 compared to 29.800 stomata/mm2 in shaded leaves. Likewise, the highest chlorophyll content was found in leaves exposed to the sunlights of 0.043 mg/L and shaded leaves of 0.034 mg/L. The difference occurs based on differences in altitude as well. The number of stomata in the lower area was 35.733 stomata/mm2, while in the high area was 42.667 stomata/mm2. The chlorophyll content in the low area was 0.038 mg/L and in the high area it was 0.037 mg/L. The higher a place, the more the number of stomata, this is inversely proportional to the size of the stomata and the stomata index, while the number of chlorophylls is not significantly different.

Ebony (Diospyros celebica Bakh) is a woody plant that has been used in the manufacture of luxury veneers, plywood, luxury furniture, sculpture, carving decorative tools, sticks, piano guitars, wind instruments and building materials. To maintain the existence of Ebony, it is necessary to provide good seedling quality through the tissue culture method. Tissue culture is one of the clonal propagation techniques for mass propagation. Moreover, it is able to produce a large quantity of plants in a relatively short time and obtain superior seedling. The process of sterilizing plant material (explants) is an important activity in tissue culture which aims to eliminate microorganisms carried during explant extract, which can cause contamination. This study aimed to obtain the optimal sterilization procedure for Ebony in vitro micropropagation. The analysis used was descriptive analysis by observing the percentage of contaminated explants, types of contamination, and explants that had browned (browning). Sterilization using Bactericides and Fungicides showed the lowest contamination level (71%). There were three types of contamination found, namely fungal contamination, bacterial contamination, and a combination of fungal and bacterial contamination. The lowest percentage of browning explants was using sterilization 3 (71%).

Ebony (Diospyros celebica Bakh.) is an endemic tree species of Sulawesi. Based on the World Conservation Monitoring Centre, it is one of the protected tree species and listed in IUCN Red List under the category of vulnerable. This species is well known for its beautiful and luxurious wood. In practice, natural forests dominated by Diospyros can be managed using the Indonesian Selective Logging System (TPTI). The purpose of this paper was to determine the cultivation and management techniques of ebony plants in order to establish ebony plantations and their conservation strategy. Data were collected based on primary field observation and review of previous research written by other authors. Direct field observations were conducted to collect data on the management of seed, scarification techniques, germination, and seedling growth increment (height and diameter), while secondary data were collected from Diospyros-related studies. From the study, it was identified that the best time to produce fruit for the species was between September - November, with a germination rate, was up to 94.67%. The recommended parent trees should be over 20 years old. Seedlings were weaned when having 2 - 4 leaves with compost enriched with NPK as the best planting media. The seedling can be moved to the planting location after the age of 8-9 months with weeding as the initial treatment. The optimum growth for nine-year-old Ebony trees may reach 6.5 m in height and 6.63 cm in diameter and this growth may still be seen for 12 years old trees that showed 9 m in height and 12.81 cm in diameter. Based on this optimum growth, it is prospective to establish ebony plantation and or enrichment planting as long as the silvicultural aspect described in this study was used as a basic guideline.

Eboni (Diospyroscelebica Bakh.) is aspeciesof Diospyros.It isone of the endemic species that distributesonly in Wallacea geographicalregion. Ebony is lowland tree species found in both rain forest and monsoon forest in Sulawesi with various soils types including in Alluvial, Latosols, Mediterranean, and Litosols. In its natural habitat this species associateswitharen (Arengapinnata), rattan and other palm trees.Ebony iswell known as an outstanding tree speciesthat producesdurable, fancy wood withcolorful mixed red and brownish yellow. Because of its superior quality and luxury, ebony has been utilized for high class furniture and house interior. Before trade banning ebony was an important species exported mainly to Japan.High demand in both domestic and foreign markets has lead the overcutting of the ebony and put the extinction of this species. To date, only few ebony treesremaining in Sulawesi natural forest. This species is having struggle of natural regeneration. The data showed that the potential ebony trees in term of IVI decreased dramatically from 92% to 23% during 1970 to 1990. At this moment, it is hard to find the ebony trees in the conservation areas, only a few ebony at poles levels can be found in those areas. Therefore, it is important to conserve the ebony through in situ replanting programs.Before Forest Concession was handed over to private parties in the 70s, the potential of value approached 92% and after management until the 90s, IVI droppedto less than 23%.At present the existence of ebony trees in some ex-processing is only in the pillars form and in the conservation area they can still be found at poles with small diameter. In the future, ebony conservation could be implemented through.

Diospyros celebica Bakh is luxury wood which is endemic to Sulawesi. The Environment and Forestry Research and Development Istitute of Manado is implementing an ex situ conservation of D. celebica through planting it in The Arboretum since 2012. The D. celebica stand at the BP2LHK Arboretum in Manado was attacked by insects on the leaves, the leaf part is gnawed from the edge to the vein and midrib. The purpose of this study is to identify the types of insects which is pest to leaves of D celebica and calculate the level of damage caused. The study was conduct on the plot of D. celebica stands by census observation. Two types of insects were identified, namely leaf cutting bees ( Megachile sp ) and caterpillars from the order of L epidoptera. The main insects that damage the leaves of D. celebica is leaf-cutting bee ( Megachile sp ) because this insect has no natural predators. The caterpillars of the order lepidoptera have a number of natural predators, such as Pycnonotus aurigaster , Centropus bengalensis , Phaenicophaeus calyorhynchus , Hypothymis azurea , and Oecophylla smaragdina. The results showed that the frequency of insect attacks on D. celebica leaves was 97.44%, there are 38 of 39 plant observed were attacked by insect. The intensity of insect attacks on stands of D. celebica is 11.54%, this result shows that pest control in stands is not yet necessary, since of the intensity of the attack is including minor damage. Keywords: insect, pests, Diospyros celebica Bakh ., Intensity of damage

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are known to exhibit an efficient, wide spectrum of antimicrobial properties. Certain metabolite compounds in plants can be used as reducing agents for silver ions reduction into AgNPs. The potential of Diospyros celebica extract was used to synthesize AgNPs and it was tested for their antibacterial activity. The phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of phenols and saponins. For biosynthesis, 2% (w/v) of the extracts were treated with 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 mM of AgNO3 as precursors in a ratio of 1:9 (v/v). AgNP formation was confirmed by the observation of the solution color change from yellow to brown as well as by UV–Vis spectrophotometry, which revealed a peak at 350–500 nm. The nanoparticle size and shape confirmed using a Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). The antibacterial activity of AgNPs against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was examined by the well diffusion method. The results revealed that AgNPs synthesized by using the D. celebica extract exhibit antimicrobial activity for E. coli, which was indicated by the formation of clear zones. This result paves opportunities to develop an antimicrobial agent trough this method optimization.

Diosphyros celebica Bakh., also known as Sulawesi ebony, is an endemic to central and northern Sulawesi. Information about pollen dispersal patterns of D. celebica have not been previously investigated. This study was aimed to determine pollination type, percentage of selfing and outcrossing, as well as distance of pollen dispersal of D. celebica . This study was conducted at experimental forest of Universitas Hasanuddin, Maros District, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. One hundred and sixty six individuals of D. celebica consisted of adult trees and seedlings were analyzed in this study. Ninety four adult trees were selected to become parent trees. The trees were mapped with GPS coordinates . All samples were genotyped using four SSR markers loci. Parental analysis and determination of pollen dispersal patterns were carried out using Cervus 3.0.3. Results indicated that the evaluated markers were effective for assigning candidate of male parents to all evaluated seedlings. Donated pollens could come from male parents in any directions relative to female parent positions. Pollen dispersal pattern showed outcrossing pollination among different male parents (pollen donated trees). The results indicated that seeds were produced predominatly by outcrossing. Pollen dispersal reached up to 166 m. Pollen related processes were linked through female parents, pollinators availability and ecological environment. Simultaneous use of progeny genotyping, spatially explicit analysis of environmental variables and outcomes of plant–animal interactions, were the key elements for an expanded approach to gene flow analysis considering dispersal via pollen and seeds. Research on pollen dispersal of D. celebica should be carried out in other forest types, such as mixed forest and highland forest.

Ebony has a beautiful heartwood with black and brown streaks alternately. Each site has various streak pattern in which the industry classified it into two streak types namely batang macis (BM) and sarang laba-laba/bendera (SL). This research was conducted to investigate the influence of site on streak patterns and several physical properties of the heartwood of ebony. Ebony from Parigi has BM streaks pattern and meet the grade B-A, meanwhile ebony from Poso has SL streaks pattern, qualified for grade C only. On the basis of t-test, only L* (lightness-darkness) was differed between the two streak patterns, while wood density and initial moisture content were not differed significantly. The BM streaks pattern has a darker of heartwood color, higher density but lower initial moisture content.

Diospyros spp. is one of the genera of the Ebenaceae that has the highest distribution in tropical Asia and Africa. The high rate of deforestation in the tropics, so we need for preservation of species in conservation ex-situ at the Botanical Gardens. Research on the basic information and potential of Diospyros spp., the collection of the Bogor Botanical Gardens has been carried out through direct observation of all the Gardens’ Diospyros collections, both in the field and in the nursery. The results obtained as many as 32 species of Diospyros spp. which have been collected with the most specimens of the species Diospyros celebica, D. buxifolia, and D. maritima. Meanwhile, the source collection Diospyros spp. mostly from Sulawesi. The general potential of Diospyros spp. used as a valuable timber (ebony) and edible fruit.

The distribution pattern and population structure of Diospyros celebica under the conopy of their mother-tree stand were studied in the experimental forest of Hasanuddin University at Maros District. One hectar rectangular plot was established in the secondary natural forest dominated by D. celebica . All individuals of D. celebica found in the plot were recorded their diameter at hight 130 cm above ground level. Individual less than 130 cm in hight were categorized as seedling and measured their total hight from ground level. Analyzes using Morisita’s Distribution Index (I δ ) resulted in the distribution pattern of D. celebica was clumped for all life-stages (seedling, sapling, pole and tree). Distribution pattern of seedling was found to be not significanly correlated to the slope, but was positively and significantly correlated with the level of canopy cover of their mother-tree stand. Abundance of seedlings were found under the canopy of the mother trees. However, as the individuals grow taller the correlation became weaker, until then the correlation became negative at the tree stage. This study also indicated that for all life-stages, more individual of D. celebica were found on the habitat with steeper slopes, but the correlation was not significant. The abundant number of seedling indicates that this species has a good ability in the natural regeneration process.

Study of the effects of various media on growth of ebony (Diospyros celebica Bakh) seedlings through seeds multiplication was carried out. The experiment used various media i.e. sands, soil (latosol), compost and EM Bokashi. The study was arranged by Factorial Randomized Block Design with 4 replications, growth parameters were observed i.e. growth percentage, plant height, total leaves, total roots and rootslength. The results showed that the best medium of all parameter observed was EM Bokashi and the low results showed by latosol soil medium. Statistically all of parameter observed showed significant level at 5% Duncans’ tested to various media. The best media at the study was EM Bokashi, and could be recommended for media of ebony seed multiplication especially.© 2006 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: effect, media, growth, seedling, ebony multiplication.

In addition to macassar II (1) and its methyl ether, macassar III, the heartwood of Diospyros celebica contains diomelquinone A (2), the o-naphthoquinone (3), celebaquinone (8), isocelebaquinone (21), and diosindigo B (10) and its dihydro-derivative (13). These extractives appear to be related biogenetically to the dihydric methoxynaphthols (15) and (27). Two other products, diosindigos B1(17) and B2(18), which contain ethoxy groups, are artefacts formed during the extraction procedure.