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Grâce à l’efficacité des médicaments antirétroviraux (ARV), la mortalité et la morbidité liées à l’épidémie de VIH ont considérablement diminué au cours des dernières décennies. Néanmoins en Afrique, la persistance de nouvelles infections et le développement de résistances aux ARV traduisent les difficultés dans la prévention et la prise en charge. Ces difficultés concernent en particulier les enfants et les adolescents vivant avec le VIH (EAvVIH). En 1998, le Sénégal fut le premier pays d’Afrique de l’Ouest à mettre en place un programme gouvernemental d’accès aux ARV. Mais la prise en charge des EAvVIH reste difficile. Une enquête nationale réalisée en 2015 a montré que 64% des EAvVIH (0-19 ans) suivis dans des sites hors de Dakar, étaient en échec thérapeutique. Cet article présente les résultats d’une étude anthropologique qui visait à examiner les modalités de prise en charge médicale et sociale des EAvVIH ; à identifier les déterminants structurels et sociaux de l’échec – ou du succès – thérapeutique ; et à analyser leurs influences respectives. L'enquête ethnographique a été conduite entre juillet 2020 et novembre 2021, dans 11 des 14 régions du Sénégal, dans 14 structures de santé (11 Centres de santé et 4 hôpitaux régionaux). Les entretiens et les observations ont été menés auprès de 87 enfants et adolescents, 97 parents ou tuteurs et 47 agents de santé qui leur prodiguent des soins. Les résultats montrent que les situations d’échec ou de succès thérapeutique résultent de configurations plus ou moins favorables qui mettent en jeu différents acteurs – enfants, parents, professionnels de santé et leurs interactions avec et dans des contextes socio-culturels et structurels variés. Cette recherche s’inscrit dans l’apport de l’anthropologie à l’analyse et la compréhension des systèmes de soins. Dans une perspective de santé publique, nos analyses plaident pour une approche différenciée du renforcement de compétence du personnel des structures sanitaires, tenant compte de la spécificité de chaque site.

International audience; Strain Marseille-P3248 t is a new species from the order Actinomycetales that was isolated from the urine sample of a girl aged 20 months with rotavirus gastroenteritis. It is a facultative anaerobic Gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium. Strain Marseille-P3248 t exhibits 94.73% sequence similarity with Arcanobacterium pluranimalium strain M430/94/2, a phylogenetically related species with standing in nomenclature. Its genome size is 1 667 964 bp with 49.1% G + C content. Strain Marseille-P3248 t (= CSURP3248) is the type strain of the new species Arcanobacterium urinimassiliense sp. nov.

Introduction:In Africa, an increase in the incidence of lupus erythematosus has been noted in recent years. Very few studies have been conducted on epidemiological and clinical aspects of this disease in sub-Saharan Africa. The purpose of this study was to report the epidemiological, clinical and evolutionary aspects of lupus disease in an African Black population. Materials and methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study including all cases of lupus seen in two departments of Dermatology in Dakar from 1999 to 2015. Results: Three hundred and forty cases were recorded, corresponding to a hospital frequency of 0.05%. The average age was 33 years. The sex ratio was 0.17. The various manifestations were: dermatological (89.4%), rheumatological (33.2%), cardiac (5.8%), renal (12%), respiratory (5.6%), neuropsychiatric (4.7%), digestive (2.6%), hematological (70%) and immunological (56.2%). Lupus was associated with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (35%), dermatomyositis (26.3%), rheumatoid arthritis (17.5%) and scleroderma (21%). Patients were treated with corticosteroids (92%), immunosuppressive (12%) and synthetic antimalarial drugs (88.2%). A remission was noted in 80%. The complications were an infection (20.5%) and the occurrence of squamous cell carcinoma (0.8%). Death occurred in 2.6%. Conclusion: Lupus erythematosus is a frequent condition in our regions and represents the first connective tissue disease in our department. Systemic lupus erythematosus is by far the most frequent form, followed by chronic lupus, while subacute lupus seems very rare. The disease is often severe with frequent visceral involvements. The prognosis is still poor in our regions due to the delayed diagnosis with frequent renal involvement and frequent infectious complications.

We report a case of a 28-year-old man with xanthomas over the extensors of the limbs, cataract, chronic diarrhea and various neurological disabilities. There was also an ichthyosis, which predominate over the lower limbs. Chest CTscan showed bilateral apical opacities with cystic images in the culmen. Brain MRI revealed bilateral and symmetric T2 and FLAIR hyper-signals sequences in the region of dentate nucleus and adjacent cerebellar and periventricular white matter. We have reported the first case of CTX in Senegal, which is remarkable by an acquired ichthyosis and excavated lung lesions simulating a tuberculosis.

The occurrence of Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) during pregnancy or postpartum has rarely been reported. These forms can also occur on a recent scar facilitated by the pathergy phenomenon. A 25-year-old woman showed an abruptly worsening of a post-caesarean wound that evolved rapidly into a painful, purulent, extensive ulcer with breakdown of sutures, along with fever and leukocytosis despite antibiotic therapy. The diagnosis of postoperative PG was evoked on the unusual course of the surgical wound, the existence of old cribriform scars on the legs, the clinical appearance of the ulceration around the surgical incision and confirmed by histology, as well as the favourable outcome under systemic corticosteroid. This case raises once again the issue of the possible relationship between pregnancy and PG. In our case, pregnancy could have triggered the PG, and the Caesarean section facilitated its clinical expression by the pathergy phenomenon. Thus, pregnancy could be in the same way as chronic inflammatory diseases, such as arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and haematological disorders, a triggering or exacerbating factor of PG.

Potential trophic competition between two sympatric mullet species, Mugil cephalus and Mugil curema, was explored in the hypersaline estuary of the Saloum Delta (Senegal) using C-13 and N-15 composition of muscle tissues. Between species, N-15 compositions were similar, suggesting a similar trophic level, while the difference in C-13 compositions indicated that these species did not feed from exactly the same basal production sources or at least not in the same proportions. This result provides the first evidence of isotopic niche segregation between two limno-benthophageous species belonging to the geographically widespread, and often locally abundant, Mugilidae family.

International audience

The family Mugilidae comprises mainly coastal marine species that a:e widely distributed in all tropical, subtropical and temperate seas. Mugilid species are generally considered to be ecologically important and they are a major food resource for human populations in certain parts of the world. The taxonomy and systematics of the Mugilidae are still much debated and based primarily on morphological characters. In this study, we provide the first comprehensive molecular systematic account of the Mugilidae using phylogenetic analyses of nucleotide sequence variation at three mitochondrial loci (16S rRNA, cytochrome oxidase 1, and cytochrome b) for 257 individuals from 55 currently recognized species. The study covers all 20 mugilid genera currently recognized as being valid. The family comprises seven major lineages that radiated early on from the ancestor to all current forms. All genera that were represented by two species or more, except Cestraeus, turned out to be paraphyletic or polyphyletic. Thus, the present phylogenetic results generally disagree with the current taxonomy at the genus level and imply that the anatomical characters used for the systematics of the Mugilidae may be poorly informative phylogenetically. The present results should provide a sound basis for a taxonomic revision of the mugilid genera. A proportion of the species with large distribution ranges (including Moolgarda seheli, Mugil cephalus and M. curema) appear to consist of cryptic species, thus warranting further taxonomic and genetic work at the infra-generic level.