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There is no consensus in mandibular condylar fracture/s treatment. In medicine, quality of life (QOL) includes the individual's satisfaction toward their own health condition, disease, or treatment. The purpose of this study was to investigate self-perception QOL outcomes for patients who sustained mandibular condylar fracture/s.This cross-sectional study surveyed patients at Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta, Georgia from November 2016 to June 2020. Study included patients who were at least 16 years old at the time of injury, diagnosed with mandibular condylar fracture/s, treated by closed reduction or open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), presented for 6-months post-operative follow-up, and had a valid phone number. The primary predictor variable was treatment approach. The primary outcome variable was mood. Covariates were demographics, injury details, and self-perception QOL questionnaire. Univariate, bivariate, and ordinal regression analysis were performed (P .05 significance).A total of 108 patients met inclusion criteria. Response rate was 84.2%. Our data showed that patients who underwent ORIF treatment were statistically more likely to experience no or milder pain when chewing (tau = 0.390, P = .002), do not require pain medications (tau = 0.389, P = .002), reported larger maximum mouth opening (tau = 0.402, P = .0003), and better QOL (tau = 0.440, P = 7.407e-05). Ordinal regression analysis showed that patients who had undergone ORIF treatment were positively associated with better mood (estimate: -0.062; OR: 0.54; P = .29) and statistically significant associated with excellent QOL (estimate: -2; OR: 0.13; P = 3.99e-05). Patients who sustained class III Lindahl mandibular condyle fracture were statistically significantly associated with depressed mood (estimate: 1.46; OR: 4.33; P = .002).ORIF treatment was positively associated with better QOL when compared to closed reduction for mandibular condyle fracture.

The frequency of intimate partner violence (IPV) is much lower in males than females. Data regarding IPV-related injuries patterns and characteristics in males are scant. The purpose of this study was to characterize and compare patterns of IPV-related head and neck injuries between men and women.This cross-sectional study reviewed cases of IPV at Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta, Georgia from January 2016 to August 2019. The study sample was collected from electronic medical records by identifying IPV subjects using a natural language processing algorithm and then cross-referencing the trauma registry to identify patients who sustained head and neck injuries. The primary analyses of interest were to measure the association between gender and the following covariates: age, race, insurance status, setting of injury, day of injury, social history, report of physical abuse, mechanism of injury, injury location, brain injuries, soft tissue injuries, facial fractures, other associated injuries, Glasgow Coma Scale, Injury Severity Score, hospital length of stay, intensive care unit length of stay, and discharge status. Univariate and bivariate analyses were calculated. Statistical significance was P .05.One hundred fifty six patients met inclusion criteria. There were 120 (76.9%) female patients with a mean age of 34.5 years (range, 16 to 67 years). There were 36 (23%) male patients with a mean age of 43.8 years (range, 18 to 77 years). Women were statistically more likely than men to have government-subsidized insurance (47 [39.2%] vs 7 [19.4%]; P = .03), positive alcohol exposure (27 [22.5%] vs 19 [52.8%]; P = .0001), positive illicit drugs toxicology screen (25 [20.8%] vs 13 [36.1%]; P.02), report physical abuse (24 [20%] vs 0; P = .004), have subarachnoid hemorrhage (14 [11.7%] vs 0; P = .04), and/or lower extremity injuries (39 [32.5%] vs 5 [13.9%]; P = .03).Males tend not to report physical abuse; this behavior contributes to IPV under-reporting in males.

Bilateral orbital volume (OV) symmetry is imperative for successful orbital reconstruction to prevent complications such as enophthalmos, diplopia, and orbital dystopia. The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of surgeon-led in-house OV calculation for reconstructed orbits after orbital floor fracture.This is a retrospective cross-sectional observational study of maxillofacial computed tomography scans for patients undergone orbital fracture repair by Emory Oral and Maxillofacial service at Grady Memorial Hospital (Atlanta, Georgia) from 2018 to 2020.The primary predictor variable was OV calculation approach (outsourced vs surgeon-led in-house approach). The primary outcome variable was OV. Secondary variables were age, gender, and race. Interobserver reliability was calculated with a 2-way mixed-effects model, intraclass correlation coefficients, 95% confidence intervals, and P values. Differences between OV (in-house and outsourced) were calculated using student t-test. Statistical significance was determined at P .05.During the study period, 172 patients sustained orbital floor fracture. Of them, 49 patients (31 male, 18 females; 98 orbits) with the mean age of 41.3 years (range, 19 to 89 years) met inclusion criteria. Subjects with incomplete medical records and inadequate computed tomography scans were excluded from the study. The racial distribution in descending order was 87.8% African American, 8.2% Caucasian, 2% Hispanic, and 2% Asian. There was excellent inter-rater reliability for calculating uninjured OV (OV-U, P .0001) and reconstructed OV (OV-R, P .0001). The mean OV difference of outsourced approach was 0.8 cmIn conclusion, using open-source 3-dimensional imaging software is a reliable and a predictable method at calculating reconstructed OV in patients who underwent open reduction and internal fixation of orbital fractures. By having this software in our personal computers and laptops, one can easily calculate OVs in an efficient manner.

Background: Serological testing is urgently required since COVID-19 is the pandemic that is spreading the fastest in recent times, Although RT-PCR is an effective and specific method for diagnosing acute patients, serological tools are urgently required for examining antibody responses and evaluating both individual and prospective herd immunity. The aim of this study was divided into primary objectives were to assess serum IgM antibodies for SARS-Cov-2 in febrile children attending ER in Tanta University Hospital and secondary objectives were to assess computed tomography (CT) findings in febrile SARS-Cov-2 IgM antibody-positive individuals. Methods: This cross-section study was carried out on sixty children presented by fever with any respiratory symptom as cough and dyspnea and fever with non-respiratory and cutaneous symptoms. The patients were divided into three equal groups: group 1: included healthy children, group 2: included febrile children with respiratory symptoms as cough and dyspnea and group3: included febrile children with fever alone or with non-respiratory symptoms as Gastrointestinal symptoms as vomiting and diarrhea, cutaneous manifestations as rash, and CNS manifestations. Results: IgM were significantly higher in group II compared to other groups, significantly higher in group III compared to group I (P value

A patient with craniomaxillofacial (CMF) trauma often receives consultations from multiple medical and surgical services. Antibiotics are sometimes prescribed without consistent evidence. This article reviews current literature regarding antibiotic prophylaxis of patients with CMF fractures. This article also presents the guidelines for the appropriate use of antibiotics for patients with CMF fractures at 2 level I trauma centers.

On January 25, 2011, a spontaneous mobilization of masses of Egyptian folks congregated in Tahrir Square calling for change in Egypt. ‘Bread, freedom and social justice’ is what Egyptian demonstrators chanted throughout their encampment in the Midan. Shortly after Tahrir Square had turned into a community of protestors congregating and setting up camp day and night in the large plaza, random protestors and performers started devising means of entertainment imbued with political satire with which to engage and incite the crowds. Songs and dances as well as lengthy dramatic monologues, verbatim testimonies, poetry recitations and various styles of storytelling emerged. Those performative acts of protest are similar in nature to renowned Egyptian dramatist Yusuf Idris’s recounting of the Egyptian village al-samir performance tradition, which was also performative and unruly in nature. This interdisciplinary study compares that indigenous dramatic art form, al-samir, with the revolutionary performatives of protest that sprang up extemporaneously in the Midan during the Egyptian revolution in 2011. The paper raises questions about the nature of protest and community formation, democracy, performativity and focuses only on the first 18 days of the January uprising, that specific historical moment only and its transformative effect on theatrical performances, performers and protestors at the time. The paper proposes that the Tahrir performatives of protest were an ephemeral phenomenon that appeared as embodiments and celebrations of political freedom in a specific time and place, and they ended when the call for democracy and the euphoria of the uprising of 2011 gradually faded away.

PURPOSE : Successful orbital reconstruction relies on an accurate restoration of orbital volume (OV). The purpose of this study was to determine if the OV of African American (AA) subjects differs from that of Caucasian subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS : The authors implemented a retrospective observational study of successive subjects who received a maxillofacial computed tomography (CT) scan at a level I trauma center between 2017 and 2020. The primary predictor variable was race (AA/Caucasian). The primary outcome variable was orbital volume. Two independent examiners calculated OV with an open access OsiriX MD software version 10.0.5 (Pixmeo, Switzerland). Inter-rater reliability was calculated. Differences between races, genders, and sides were tested using independent samples t-test with a significance of p RESULTS : Sixty subjects (120 orbits) were included in the study. The mean age was 36.7 (SD ±13.2) years with a range of 22 to 78 years. Gender distribution was equal with 30 male (50%) and 30 female (50%) subjects. Inter-examiner reliability was 0.973. The mean OV of AA and Caucasians was 22.38 and 23.23 cm3, respectively (p = 0.07). The mean OV of AA and Caucasian males was 23.92 and 24.17cm 3 , respectively (p = 0.71). The mean OV in AA and Caucasian females was 20.84 and 22.28cm 3 , respectively (p = 0.013). CONCLUSION : African-American female subjects appear to have a smaller OV when compared to Caucasians which may influence orbital reconstruction. Laterality does not appear to be associated with any differences in OV.

Neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) are rare multifactorial disorders characterized by dysfunction and degeneration of synapses, neurons, and glial cells which are essential for movement, coordination, muscle strength, sensation and cognition. It may also be associated with neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Several genes have been identified underlying the different forms. Herein, we describe seven patients from 6 Egyptian families. The core clinical features of our patients included dysmorphic features, neurodevelopmental delay or regression, gait abnormalities, skeletal deformities, visual impairment, and seizures. Previously unreported clinical phenotypic findings were recorded. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed followed by in silico analysis of the detected genetic variants effect on the protein structure. Three novel variants were identified in three genes “MFSD8 (CLN7), AGTPBP1, and APTX” and other previously reported three variants have been detected in “TPP1, AGTPBP1 and PCDHGC4” genes. In this cohort, we described the detailed unique phenotypic characteristics in view of the identified genetic profile in patients with ND disorders, hence expanding the mutational spectrum of such disorders.

Purpose During coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic, hospitals faced challenges which were different than previous years. The purpose this study was to report frequency of firearm injuries (FI) to head and neck during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and methods This cross-sectional study reviewed patients in the Trauma Registry at Grady Memorial Hospital (GMH) in Atlanta, GA. Patients were included if they sustained FI to head and neck, were listed in TR, and were treated at GMH. Patients were stratified according to date of injury into 1) before COVID-19 pandemic, (BC19) or 2) during initial 5 months of COVID-19 pandemic, (C19). Variables were patient demographics, illegal substance use, etiology, place of injury, distressed communities index, location of injury, Glasgow Coma scale on arrival, cardiopulmonary resuscitation in Emergency Department (ED), shock on admission, disposition from ED, length of stay, days on mechanical ventilation and discharge status. Descriptive, univariate, and bivariate analysis were completed. Chi square test was used for categorical variables. Statistical significance was P Results There were 215 patients who met inclusion criteria. There were 96 patients (78 males) with a mean age of 31.5 years old during BC19. There were 119 patients (101 males) with a mean age 32.7 years old during C19. There was a 10.4% increase in FI to head and neck during COVID-19. Our data showed that alcohol use was associated with FI during C19 (P≤ .0001). FI to base of skull occurred 34.5% more often during C19 (P = .002). Cranial injuries occurred 26% more often during BC19 (P = .03). During BC19, 85.4% of the patients arrived alive to GMH, but only 16% arrived alive during C19 (P ≤ .0001). Conclusions There were more FI to head and neck during COVID-10 pandemic than during the previous time period.

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are devastating neurodevelopmental disorders that showed global increased prevalence. They are characterized by impairment of social communication and stereotyped patterns.This study aimed at measuring the levels of total sialic acid (SA) and anti-ganglioside M1 (anti- GM1) IgG antibodies as essential biomarkers in a cohort of children with ASD to identify their diagnostic yield as well as their correlation with the severity of autistic behaviors.The demographic characteristics, anthropometric measurements, and clinical data were recorded. The levels of total plasma SA and serum anti-GM1 IgG antibodies levels were measured in 100 children with ASD and 100 healthy controls. The severity of ASD-related symptoms was assessed by using the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS).Children with ASD had significantly higher levels of both SA and anti-GM1 antibodies than healthy controls (p 0.001). SA showed a statistically significant moderate diagnostic performance while anti-GM1 antibody showed a statistically significant high diagnostic in differentiating severe from mild to moderate autism. Moreover, both SA and anti-GM1 antibodies levels were significantly correlated to the severity of ASD symptoms (p 0.001).The significantly increased levels of SA and anti-GM1 antibodies in children with ASD and their correlation with autism-related symptoms suggest their possible etiopathogenic role in autism as one of the pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders. However, further large-scale studies are still needed to explore their possible bidirectional relationship as biomarkers for autism.

Health care professionals (HCPs) performing tracheostomies in patients with COVID-19 may be at increased risk of infection.To evaluate factors underlying HCPs' COVID-19 infection and determine whether tracheostomy providers report increased rates of infection.An anonymous international survey examining factors associated with COVID-19 infection was made available November 2020 through July 2021 to HCPs at a convenience sample of hospitals, universities, and professional organizations. Infections reported were compared between HCPs involved in tracheostomy on patients with COVID-19 and HCPs who were not involved.Of the 361 respondents (from 33 countries), 50% (n = 179) had performed tracheostomies on patients with COVID-19. Performing tracheostomies on patients with COVID-19 was not associated with increased infection in either univariable (P = .06) or multivariable analysis (odds ratio, 1.48; 95% CI, 0.90-2.46; P = .13). Working in a low- or middle-income country (LMIC) was associated with increased infection in both univariable (P.001) and multivariable analysis (odds ratio, 2.88; CI, 1.50-5.53; P = .001).Performing tracheostomy was not associated with COVID-19 infection, suggesting that tracheostomies can be safely performed in infected patients with appropriate precautions. However, HCPs in LMICs may face increased infection risk.

Socioeconomic status (SES) describes social standing of an individual or a group. SES has been directly associated with violence. The purpose of this study is to measure the association between SES profiles and firearm injuries (FIs) to the head and neck.This cross-sectional study reviewed patients at Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta, Georgia from January 2016 to June 2021. The study included patients who sustained FIs to the head and neck. The primary predictor variable was Distressed Community Index as a surrogate for SES. The primary outcome variable was type of FI (assault-induced firearm injury [AFI] or self-inflicted firearm injury [SFI]). Covariates were patient characteristics, distribution, and severity of FI. Univariate and bivariate analyses were calculated. The χSix hundred ninety-four patients met inclusion criteria. AFIs were statistically more frequent in young (AFI = 32.2; SFI = 42.2; P ≤ .001) and/or Black patients (AFI: n = 483, 86.3%; SFI: n = 40, 29.9%; P ≤ .001). Patients who sustained AFIs were statistically more likely to live in areas associated with high Distressed Community Index score (AFI: 64.8, range = 3.7 to 99.7; SFI: 54.4, range = 2.8 to 98; P ≤ .001). A statistically significant number of SFI patients presented with lower Glasgow Coma Scale score (AFI: 10.7, range = 3 to 15; SFI: 5.5, range = 3 to 15; P ≤ .001), and/or required tracheostomy (AFI: n = 56, 10%; SFI: n = 27, 20.1%; P = .005).Patients who lived in economically distressed areas were positively associated with AFIs to the head and neck. However, SFIs were statistically more sever. More studies on the impact of current gun prevention programs and how to be addressed to at-risk populations is needed.

The purpose of this study was to describe patterns of burns to the head and neck in children during the early COVID-19 pandemic.This cross-sectional study reviewed pediatric patients in the Burn Care Quality Platform Registry. Patients were included if they were ≤17.9 years old and had sustained burns to the head and neck. Patients were separated into the following groups: March 13 to September 13, 2019 (before COVID-19 pandemic, BC) or March 13 to September 13, 2020 (during the initial 6 months of the COVID-19 pandemic, C19). The study team collected patient-related variables, details regarding burn injury, burn severity, and hospital course. Univariate and bivariate analyses were calculated. The chi-squared test was used for categorical variables. Statistical significance was P.05.Fifty-five children with head and neck burn injuries were included. There was a 200% increase in burns to the head and neck region in children in April 2021 compared with previous year. Burns to head and neck in White children occurred more often during C19 (P = .03). The study revealed differences in timing of presentation (time of burn injury to emergency department admission) in different racial groups during (White children [P = .05]), and after the pandemic (African American children [P = .02]).There was a transient increase in burns to the head and neck region in children during the early pandemic compared with the historic cohort.

The purpose of the study was to characterize patients who had failure of mandibular hardware (FMH).This retrospective cohort study consisted of patients with mandible fractures (MFs) that required surgical intervention from 2012 to 2020. Patients were included when mandibular hardware failed. Descriptive variables were collected.During the study period, 57 patients (47 male, average age 38.7 years) met the inclusion criteria. Incidence of FMH was 7.4%. Most patients were African American (n = 45, 78.9%) with American Society of Anesthesiologists classification II (n = 40, 70.2%). Tobacco use (n = 31, 54.4%) and/or alcohol (n = 33, 57.9%). The most common etiology was assault (n = 28, 49.1%). The most common location was the angle of the mandible. Most mandibles had fracture at 1 location (n = 31, 54.4%) and a tooth was involved in the fracture line (n = 44, 77.2%). More than half of patients were treated with transoral surgical approach (n = 35, 61.4%). The majority of patients received preoperative antibiotics (n = 51, 89.4%). Patients had varying levels of compliance with postoperative care, and most were not compliant. Infection (n = 45) was the most common presentation of FMH.High American Society of Anesthesiologists score, smoking, excessive alcohol use, parafunctional habits, and compliance with postoperative instructions may affect surgical outcome.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID- 19) affected daily activities since December 2019. Burn injuries to head and neck can result in cosmetic and functional deformities. The purpose of this study was to characterize patients with burns to head and neck during the pandemic. This cross-sectional study reviewed patients in Burn Care Quality Platform Registry. Patients were included if they were age 18 years of age or older, and sustained burns to head and neck. Patients were stratified according to date of injury into: (1) March 13 to September 13, 2019 (i.e., before COVID-19 pandemic, BC19) or (2) March 13 to September 13, 2020. March 13, 2020 was chosen because (1) COVID-19 was announced as a national emergency on that date and (2) it was the last day of in-person schools in state of Georgia. Data collection included patient demographics, admission details, burn details, and hospital related variables were documented. During the study period, 157 patients had burn to head and neck (BC-19; 70, C-19; 71). Our data showed a 375% increase in March following the announcement of the pandemic (BC19; 4, C19;19). Admissions from another facility were statistically more than in C19 group (p=

Objective The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused delays in medical and surgical interventions in most health care systems worldwide. Oral and maxillofacial surgeons (OMSs) delayed operations to protect themselves, patients, and staff. This article (1) presents one institution's experience in the management of pediatric craniomaxillofacial trauma during the COVID-19 pandemic and (2) suggests recommendations to decrease transmission. Methods This was a retrospective review of children aged 18 years or younger who underwent surgery at Children's Healthcare of Atlanta in Atlanta, GA, between March and August 2020. Patients (1) were aged 18 years old or younger, (2) had one or more maxillofacial fractures, and (3) underwent surgery performed by an OMS, otolaryngologist, or plastic surgeon. Medical records were reviewed regarding (1) fracture location, (2) COVID-19 status, (3) timing, (4) personal protective equipment, and (5) infection status. Descriptive statistics were computed. Results Fifty-eight children met the inclusion criteria. The most commonly injured maxillofacial location was the nose. Operations were performed 50.9 hours after admission. Specific prevention perioperative guidelines were used with all patients, with no transmission occurring from a patient to a health care worker. Conclusions With application of our recommendations, there was no transmission to health care workers. We hope that these guidelines will assist OMSs during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Skin diseases are the most common health problem among dogs. Demodicosis is the most important one. The study aimed to detect the clinical effect of demodicosis on dogs that come to the veterinary clinic and the correlation between some blood parameters and some oxidative stress indices. Clinical and laboratory examination of the diseased dogs was carried out. The clinical study was conducted on two groups of dogs. The first one includes seven dogs (7.77%) out of 90 diseased dogs of different ages. In the second group, 14 dogs were clinically healthy used as a control group. Animals were subjected to physical examination followed by a special dermatological examination. Skin scrapings were examined under the microscope for mite detection. Blood samples were taken for hematological examination and biochemical analysis. Hematological parameters of demodicosis-affected dogs showed a highly significant decrease in hemoglobin values. Regarding differential leukocytes, a significant increase in granulocytes absolute number was recorded. The biochemical findings of blood plasma obtained from dogs affected by demodicosis showed a significant increase in plasma SOD when compared with control ones and a highly significant increase in plasma MDA values. Correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation between plasma zinc and copper levels and antioxidant enzymes as SOD, GPx, and a negative correlation between plasma SOD and plasma MDA levels. The study revealed the importance of oxidative stress indicators variations in diagnosis and pathophysiology of demodicosis.

Purpose The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has increased anxiety among the general population. The purpose of this project was to investigate attitudes and anxiety among oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMS) residents during the early COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods This was a cross-sectional study. OMS residents were sent electronic invitations to answer a survey. The survey was sent in April and May 2020. Residents enrolled in OMS residency programs accredited by the Commission on Dental Accreditation were included. Predictor variable was attitudes of OMS residents toward the pandemic. The outcome variable was anxiety levels of OMS residents due to the pandemic according to the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-A. Other variables were demographic characteristics, general knowledge regarding the pandemic, and attitudes of OMS residents toward the pandemic. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher's exact test, Wilcoxon rank sum test, and univariate and multivariate logistic regression (P Results We received 275 responses. The majority of respondents were males (74.5%) aged 26 to 30 (52.7%). Residents reported different levels of anxiety (i.e., mild 58.2%, severe 41.8%). Based on multivariate analysis, moderate or severe anxiety was associated with being female (P = .048) and a senior resident (P = .049). Factors such as potential deployment to other services, availability of personal protective equipment, and unclear disease status of patients contributed to anxiety. Conclusion Our study found that during the early COVID-19 pandemic, all residents experienced some anxiety. Senior OMS residents and female OMS residents experience higher anxiety levels than other residents.

The COVID-19 pandemic has created a global decrease in access to routine healthcare. This public health crisis has led to limited access to healthcare during the COIVD-19 pandemic due to public perception of quarantine regulations, loss of jobs and health insurance, and fear of contracting the virus from visiting healthcare providers (Anderson et al, 2021). Thus, a delay in treatment occurs for a multitude of medical and dental problems, leading to a challenge to the medical community due to emergent situations. This includes an increase in the number of people developing more severe deep space infections of the head and neck. A 2018 systematic review found that of all deep neck space infections, there was a 36% incidence of a dental-related source (Pardal-Pelaez et al, 2018), placing the burden of management often on those in the oral and maxillofacial community. When a patient with these severe infections needs treatment, they utilize the already-strained resources of the hospital, including operating room time and ICU beds. Although several vaccines are now available to some populations, epidemiologists agree there is a long way from the end of the acute impact of COVID-19 on the healthcare system. The authors' service had perceived an increase of admissions for severe head and neck infections over the past year since the pandemic began. This retrospective study reviews the admissions and treatment of severe head and neck infections during the time period of January 2020 to January 2021 compared to the past 2 years to verify this increase and examine the specific causes of this potentially life-threatening problem. Data were gathered via general chart review of patient admitted for deep space infections from January 2018 to January 2021 at Emory University and Grady Memorial in Atlanta, GA. The surgical patient population was identified through the use of ICP and CPT codes. This study looks at variables including demographics and medical comorbidities, severity of infection, COVID-19 status, cultures, length of stay, and necessity for ICU care, as well as outcomes and complications and need for reoperation. Early analysis of this preliminary data shows an 8% increase in deep neck space infections treated from 2018 to 2019, and a 19.8% increase from 2019 to 2020. This clear upward trend of admissions for deep neck space infections over the past year indicate more needs to be done to try to keep patients out of the hospital and safe.

Purpose Measurements of orbital volume (OV) are important for reconstructive operations of orbits such as congenital deformities, trauma, and pathology. Successful orbital reconstruction relies on an accurate restoration of OV. The purpose of this study was to identify the OV in the African-American (AA) population. The specific aims were to compare OV of AAs to Caucasians and right-to-left OV in the same racial group. This is the first project in available literature that calculates these OVs. Materials and methods The authors implemented a retrospective observational study of successive subjects who received a maxillofacial computed tomography (CT) scan at Grady Memorial Hospital between 2017 and 2020. The primary predictor variable was race. The primary outcome was orbital volume. Two independent examiners calculated OV with an open access OsiriX MD software (version 10.0.5; Pixmeo, Switzerland). All CT scans were acquired using a departmental-based max-face CT scan protocol; 0.6mm slice thickness, 0.5mm slice increment, 100-120kV, 80-440mA, 200-220 FOV, 0.656 Pitch, and a 512 × 512 image matrix. All CT scan data sets were anonymized. The CT images was exported in the digital imaging and communication in medicine (DICOM) format file from Philips Intellispace PACS Enterprise 4.4 software to an external hard drive WD My Passport for Mac. Computer-assisted manual segmentation of OV was performed using an open-access OsiriX MD (software version 10.0.5 [Pixmeo, Switzerland]). The anterior and posterior boundary of the orbit was defined by posterior lacrimal crest and anterior aspect of the optic canal, respectively. Inter-rater reliability was calculated. Differences in means between races, genders, and sides were tested using an independent samples T-test. Results Sixty subjects (120 orbits) with an average age of 36.7 years (range 22 to 78) met the inclusion criteria. Male-to-female ratio was 1:1. Racial distribution represented 30 AA (50%) and 30 Caucasian patients (50%). Inter-examiner reliability was 0.973. The mean OV of AA and Caucasians was 22.375 cm3 and 23.225 cm3, respectively (P = .07). The mean OV in AA and Caucasian males was 23.919 cm3 and 24.168 cm3, respectively (P = .71). The mean OV in AA and Caucasian females was 20.832 cm3 and 22.282cm3, respectively (P = .013). Gender analysis revealed that AA males had a statistically significant larger OV than AA females (P = Conclusion In conclusion, this study showed that the mean OV for AAs was 22.38 cm3 (male 23.919 cm3; female 20.832 cm3). Caucasian males and females had a larger OV than AA males and females. Caucasian and AA males had a larger OV than Caucasian and AA females. The study findings provide normative values for race and gender between AA and Caucasians. Understanding the average value for OV based on race and gender will assist in preoperative surgical planning of orbital trauma repair and therefore will improve surgical outcome.