Search

Abstract The diversity of secondary metabolites is an important means for plants to cope with the complex and ever‐changing terrestrial environment. Plant biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) are crucial for the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. The domestication and evolution of BGCs and how they affect plant secondary metabolites biosynthesis and environmental adaptation are still not fully understood. Buckwheat exhibits strong resistance and abundant secondary metabolites, especially flavonoids, allowing it to thrive in harsh environments. A non‐canonical BGC named UFGT3 cluster is identified, which comprises a phosphorylase kinase (PAK), two transcription factors (MADS1/2), and a glycosyltransferase (UFGT3), forming a complete molecular regulatory module involved in flavonoid biosynthesis. This cluster is selected during Tartary buckwheat domestication and is widely present in species of the Fagopyrum genus. In wild relatives of cultivated buckwheat, a gene encoding anthocyanin glycosyltransferase (AGT), which glycosylates pelargonidin into pelargonidin‐3‐O‐glucoside, is found inserted into this cluster. The pelargonidin‐3‐O‐glucoside can help plants resist UV stress, endowing wild relatives with stronger high‐altitude adaptability. This study provides a new research paradigm for the evolutionary dynamics of plant BGCs, and offers new perspectives for exploring the mechanism of plant ecological adaptability driven by environmental stress through the synthesis of secondary metabolites.

Yellow rose (Rosa xanthina) is a common ornamental shrub species widely cultivated in China. However, canker disease symptoms were discovered during our investigations in Beijing and Xinjiang, China. The fungal isolates were obtained from diseased barks and identified using combined methods of morphology and phylogeny based on a partial region of ITS, LSU, rpb2, tef1, and tub2 sequences. As a result, a new species of Seimatosporium named S. chinense was proposed and described herein. The new species is distinguished from its phylogenetic sister species, S. gracile and S. nonappendiculatum, by conidial characters. The present study improves the species concept in Seimatosporium and provides fundamental data for the yellow rose canker disease control in the future.

Abstract CD47‐SIRPα axis is an immunotherapeutic target in tumor therapy. However, current monoclonal antibody targeting CD47‐SIRPα axis is associated with on‐target off‐tumor and antigen sink effects, which significantly limit its potential clinical application. Herein, a biomimetic nano‐degrader is developed to inhibit CD47‐SIRPα axis in a site‐specific manner through SIRPα degradation, and its efficacy in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is evaluated. The nano‐degrader is constructed by hybridizing liposome with red blood cell (RBC) membrane (RLP), which mimics the CD47 density of senescent RBCs and possesses a natural high‐affinity binding capability to SIRPα on macrophages without signaling capacity. RLP would bind with SIRPα and induce its lysosomal degradation through receptor‐mediated endocytosis. To enhance its tissue specificity, Ly6G antibody conjugation (aRLP) is applied, enabling its attachment to neutrophils and accumulation within inflammatory sites. In the myocardial infarction model, aRLP accumulated in the infarcted myocardium blocks CD47‐SIRPα axis and subsequently promoted the efferocytosis of apoptotic cardiomyocytes by macrophage, improved heart repair. This nano‐degrader efficiently degraded SIRPα in lysosomes, providing a new strategy for immunotherapy with great clinical transformation potential.

Résumé : Cet article examine une spécificité de l’anthroponymie mbɔsí, notamment la diversité des types et des formes d’anthroponymes mbɔsí. Notre objectif est de faire l’inventaire des types et des formes d’anthroponymes mbɔsí, et de déterminer leur rendement dans la société mbɔsí. Ainsi, notre recherche signale les types d’anthroponymes suivants : Les anthroponymes individuels et les anthroponymes collectifs, sans oublier les anthroponymes gémellaires et ceux se référant aux sexes. Les formes d’anthroponymes mbɔsí sont les suivantes : Les formes simples, les formes dupliquées et surtout les formes complexes. Celles-ci renferment les syntagmes nominaux ou verbaux, les phrases entières et les proverbes. Le rendement de la diversité des types et des formes d’anthroponymes mbɔsí est évalué comme suit : Les divers types d’anthroponymes permettent de nommer les différentes entités de la société mbɔsí. Alors que les diverses formes d’anthroponymes permettent de véhiculer à travers les noms de personnes, non seulement les faits sociaux et environnementaux, mais aussi les confidences et les valeurs morales et culturelles du peuple mbɔsí. D’où, le glissement de l’anthroponymie mbɔsí vers une autre forme d’expression culturelle, la littérature. Mots clés : diversité, types, formes, anthroponymes, mbɔsí.

Lagerstroemia L. (Lythraceae) is a widely distributed genus of trees and shrubs native to tropical and subtropical environments from Southeast Asia to Australia, with numerous species highly valued as ornamentals. Although the plastomes of many species in this genus have been sequenced, the rates of functional gene evolution and their effect on phylogenetic analyses have not been thoroughly examined. We compared three plastome sequence matrices to elucidate how differences in these datasets affected phylogenetic analyses. Robust phylogenetic relationships for Lagerstroemia species were reconstructed based on different plastome sequence partitions and multiple phylogenetic methods. Identification of single-nucleotide variants within different genes also provides basic data on the patterns of functional gene evolution in Lagerstroemia and may provide insights into how those mutations affect protein structure and potentially drive divergence via cytonuclear incompatibility. These results as well as analyses of non-synonymous and synonymous mutations, indicate that heterotachic modes of evolution are present in functional plastome genes and should be accounted for in the analyses of molecular evolution. In addition, divergence events within the Lagerstroemia were dated for the first time. Several of the divergence estimates corresponded to well-known Earth history events, such as the reduction in global temperatures at the Eocene/Oligocene boundary. Our analyses conducted in Lagerstroemia here dissects the various patterns in the divergence of Lagerstroemia and may provide a useful guide to help plant breeders, as well as the necessity of using plastomic data and as possible as to combine evidence from morphological characteristics to investigate the complicated interspecies relationship and the evolutionary dynamics of species.

Penelitian ini membahas masalah tingkat keterampilan sepakbola siswa putra usia 10-12 tahun di SD Inpres Mangga Dua Kabupaten Merauke . Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui tingkat keterampilan sepakbola siswa putra usia 10-12 tahun di SD Inpres Mangga Dua Kabupaten MeraukePopulasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa putra usia 10-12 tahun SD Inpres Mangga Dua Kabupaten Merauke yang berjumlah 35 siswa. Instrumen yang digunakan yaitu tes keterampilan sepakbola usia 10-12 tahun dari Daral Fauzi R. Untuk mengetahui tingkat keterampilan sepakbola menggunakan enam butir tes, yaitu: 1) dribbling, 2) short pass, 3) throw in, 4) running with the ball, 5) heading, dan 6) shooting at the goal. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah menggunakan statistik deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat keterampilan sepakbola siswa putra usia 10-12 tahun di SD Inpres Mangga Dua Kabupaten Merauke, jumlah siswa dengan klasifikasi baik sekali = 7 orang (20 %), baik = 9 orang (25.71%), sedang = 11 orang (31.42 %), kurang 3 orang (8.57 %), dan kurang sekali 5 orang (14.28 %)

Stunting merupakan masalah kekurangan gizi kronis dan mengakibatkan gangguan pertumbuhan balita, yang bersifat irreversibel. Salah satu penyebab stunting adalah faktor ibu yang terjadi pada masa kehamilan dan setelah anak lahir. Tujuan penelitian menganalisis hubungan faktor ibu yang mempengaruhi perilaku pencegahan stunting menggunakan Health Promotion Model. Metode penelitian menggunakan survei analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional, yang dilakukan di RW 4 Kelurahan Curug, Kota Depok. Jumlah sampel dalam penelitian 110 ibu, menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis jalur dengan STATA 17. Hasil analisis jalur menunjukkan terdapat hubungan langsung dan positif antara persepsi manfaat dengan perilaku pencegahan stunting (b= 1.45; p = 0.036). Terdapat hubungan langsung dan positif antara efikasi diri dengan perilaku pencegahan stunting (b= 1.83; p< 0.001). Terdapat hubungan tidak langsung dan positif antara perilaku sebelumnya dengan perilaku pencegahan stunting melalui variabel antara persepsi manfaat (b= 1.45; p= 0.003). Terdapat hubungan tidak langsung dan positif antara perilaku sebelumnya dengan perilaku pencegahan stunting melalui variabel antara efikasi diri (b= 1.78; p< 0.001). Terdapat hubungan tidak langsung dan positif antara psikologis personal dengan perilaku pencegahan stunting melalui variabel antara persepsi manfaat (b= 1.53; p= 0.001). Terdapat hubungan tidak langsung dan positif antara psikologis personal dengan perilaku pencegahan stunting melalui variabel antara efikasi diri (b= 1.54; p = 0.001). Faktor-faktor yang terdapat dalam Health Promotion Model memiliki hubungan signifikan dan positif terhadap perilaku pencegahan stunting.

Despite the threats and challenges confronting many economies, the Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) industry in the Philippines has grown 10% per year in the last decade, ensuring the country's economic stability. Quezon City is the Philippines' ICT capital and has the most BPO workers in the National Capital Region, comprising 135 BPO establishments and 75 tax-paying BPO firms. The city was awarded the most significant office development in 2019. This study fills a knowledge gap by evaluating the BPO industry's contribution to the Quezon City's local government to improve future efforts for the growth of the BPO industry in the city and its socioeconomic status. The case study method of qualitative research was used in the methodology. The essential data was gathered from the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), the Philippine Economic Zone Authority (PEZA), the City Government of Quezon City, and in-depth interviews with focal persons from government bodies and the BPO industry. Despite COVID-19, the Quezon City BPO industry remained resilient and flourished from 2019 to 2021. The local partnership program between the private and public sectors aided in the continuous operation of the BPO industry, job retention, and revenue generation. The Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) industry has generated significant revenue for the betterment of the local government unit of Quezon City and the country, Philippines.

The GATA family of transcription factors is zinc finger DNA binding proteins involved in a variety of biological processes, including plant growth and development and response to biotic/abiotic stresses, and thus play an essential role in plant response to environmental changes. However, the GATA gene family of Sorghum (SbGATA) has not been systematically analyzed and reported yet. Herein, we used a variety of bioinformatics methods and quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) to explore the evolution and function of the 33 SbGATA genes identified. These SbGATA genes, distributed on 10 chromosomes, are classified into four subfamilies (I-IV) containing one pair of tandem duplications and nine pairs of segment duplications, which are more closely related to the monocot Brachypodium distachyon and Oryza sativa GATA genes. The physicochemical properties of the SbGATAs are significantly different among the subfamilies, while the protein structure and conserved protein motifs are highly conserved in the subfamilies. In addition, the transcription of SbGATAs is tissue-specific during Sorghum growth and development, which allows for functional diversity in response to stress and hormones. Collectively, our study lays a theoretical foundation for an in-depth analysis of the functions, mechanisms and evolutionary relationships of SbGATA during plant growth and development.

Abstract Resolvin D1 (RvD1) has been shown to provide effective protection against ischemia–reperfusion injury in multiple vital organs such as the heart, brain, kidney. However, the clinical translational potential of systemic administration of RvD1 in the treatment of ischemia–reperfusion injury is greatly limited due to biological instability and lack of targeting ability. Combining the natural inflammatory response and reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction after reperfusion injury, we developed a platelet-bionic, ROS-responsive RvD1 delivery platform. The resulting formulation enables targeted delivery of RvD1 to the injury site by hijacking circulating chemotactic monocytes, while achieving locally controlled release. In a mouse model of myocardial ischemia repefusuin (MI/R) injury, intravenous injection of our formula resulted in the enrichment of RvD1 in the injured area, which in turn promotes clearance of dead cells, production of specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs), and angiogenesis during injury repair, effectively improving cardiac function. This delivery system integrates drug bio-protection, targeted delivery and controlled release, which endow it with great clinical translational value.

Abstract Background Transcription factors (TFs) play important roles in plants. Among the major TFs, GATA plays a crucial role in plant development, growth, and stress responses. However, there have been few studies on the GATA gene family in foxtail millet (Setaria italica). The release of the foxtail millet reference genome presents an opportunity for the genome-wide characterization of these GATA genes. Results In this study, we identified 28 GATA genes in foxtail millet distributed on seven chromosomes. According to the classification method of GATA members in Arabidopsis, SiGATA was divided into four subfamilies, namely subfamilies I, II, III, and IV. Structural analysis of the SiGATA genes showed that subfamily III had more introns than other subfamilies, and a large number of cis-acting elements were abundant in the promoter region of the SiGATA genes. Three tandem duplications and five segmental duplications were found among SiGATA genes. Tissue-specific results showed that the SiGATA genes were mainly expressed in foxtail millet leaves, followed by peels and seeds. Many genes were significantly induced under the eight abiotic stresses, such as SiGATA10, SiGATA16, SiGATA18, and SiGATA25, which deserve further attention. Conclusions Collectively, these findings will be helpful for further in-depth studies of the biological function of SiGATA, and will provide a reference for the future molecular breeding of foxtail millet.

Abstract Background Among the major transcription factors, SPL plays a crucial role in plant growth, development, and stress response. Foxtail millet (Setaria italica), as a C4 crop, is rich in nutrients and is beneficial to human health. However, research on the foxtail millet SPL (SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING-LIKE) gene family is limited. Results In this study, a total of 18 SPL genes were identified for the comprehensive analysis of the whole genome of foxtail millet. These SiSPL genes were divided into seven subfamilies (I, II, III, V, VI, VII, and VIII) according to the classification of the Arabidopsis thaliana SPL gene family. Structural analysis of the SiSPL genes showed that the number of introns in subfamilies I and II were much larger than others, and the promoter regions of SiSPL genes were rich in different cis-acting elements. Among the 18 SiSPL genes, nine genes had putative binding sites with foxtail millet miR156. No tandem duplication events were found between the SiSPL genes, but four pairs of segmental duplications were detected. The SiSPL genes expression were detected in different tissues, which was generally highly expressed in seeds development process, especially SiSPL6 and SiSPL16, which deserve further study. The results of the expression levels of SiSPL genes under eight types of abiotic stresses showed that many stress responsive genes, especially SiSPL9, SiSPL10, and SiSPL16, were highly expressed under multiple stresses, which deserves further attention. Conclusions In this research, 18 SPL genes were identified in foxtail millet, and their phylogenetic relationships, gene structural features, duplication events, gene expression and potential roles in foxtail millet development were studied. The findings provide a new perspective for the mining of the excellent SiSPL gene and the molecular breeding of foxtail millet.

Abstract Acute myocardial infarction (MI) induces a sterile inflammatory response that may result in poor cardiac remodeling and dysfunction. Despite the progress in anti-cytokine biologics, anti-inflammation therapy of MI remains unsatisfactory, due largely to the lack of targeting and the complexity of cytokine interactions. Based on the nature of inflammatory chemotaxis and the cytokine-binding properties of neutrophils, we fabricated biomimetic nanoparticles for targeted and broad-spectrum anti-inflammation therapy of MI. By fusing neutrophil membranes with conventional liposomes, we fabricated biomimetic liposomes (Neu-LPs) that inherited the surface antigens of the source cells, making them ideal decoys of neutrophil-targeted biological molecules. Based on their abundant chemokine and cytokine membrane receptors, Neu-LPs targeted infarcted hearts, neutralized proinflammatory cytokines, and thus suppressed intense inflammation and regulated the immune microenvironment. Consequently, Neu-LPs showed significant therapeutic efficacy by providing cardiac protection and promoting angiogenesis in a mouse model of myocardial ischemia–reperfusion. Therefore, Neu-LPs have high clinical translation potential and could be developed as an anti-inflammatory agent to remove broad-spectrum inflammatory cytokines during MI and other neutrophil-involved diseases. Graphical Abstract

SUMMARY: Tartary buckwheat is known for its ability to adapt to intricate growth conditions and to possess robust stress‐resistant properties. Nevertheless, it remains vulnerable to drought stress, which can lead to reduced crop yield. To identify potential genes involved in drought resistance, a genome‐wide association study on drought tolerance in Tartary buckwheat germplasm was conducted. A gene encoding pectin methylesterase inhibitors protein (FtPMEI13) was identified, which is not only associated with drought tolerance but also showed induction during drought stress and abscisic acid (ABA) treatment. Further analysis revealed that overexpression of FtPMEI13 leads to improved drought tolerance by altering the activities of antioxidant enzymes and the levels of osmotically active metabolites. Additionally, FtPMEI13 interacts with pectin methylesterase (PME) and inhibits PME activity in response to drought stress. Our results suggest that FtPMEI13 may inhibit the activity of FtPME44/FtPME61, thereby affecting pectin methylesterification in the cell wall and modulating stomatal closure in response to drought stress. Yeast one‐hybrid, dual‐luciferase assays, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated that an ABA‐responsive transcription factor FtbZIP46, could bind to the FtPMEI13 promoter, enhancing FtPMEI13 expression. Further analysis indicated that Tartary buckwheat accessions with the genotype resulting in higher FtPMEI13 and FtbZIP46 expression exhibited higher drought tolerance compared to the others. This suggests that this genotype has potential for application in Tartary buckwheat breeding. Furthermore, the natural variation of FtPMEI13 was responsible for decreased drought tolerance during Tartary buckwheat domestication. Taken together, these results provide basic support for Tartary buckwheat breeding for drought tolerance. Significance Statement: Our study identifies the drought‐resistant gene FtPMEI13 in Tartary buckwheat through GWAS during the seed germination stage and demonstrates its significant role in enhancing drought tolerance. Our findings enhance the understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying drought resistance in Tartary buckwheat and provide valuable genetic resources and strategies for drought resistance breeding, and this information helps for the gene selection of Tartary buckwheat varieties for further use in Tartary buckwheat breeding program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yellow rose (Rosa xanthina) is a common ornamental shrub species widely cultivated in China. However, canker disease symptoms were discovered during our investigations in Beijing and Xinjiang, China. The fungal isolates were obtained from diseased barks and identified using combined methods of morphology and phylogeny based on a partial region of ITS, LSU, rpb2, tef1, and tub2 sequences. As a result, a new species of Seimatosporium named S. chinense was proposed and described herein. The new species is distinguished from its phylogenetic sister species, S. gracile and S. nonappendiculatum, by conidial characters. The present study improves the species concept in Seimatosporium and provides fundamental data for the yellow rose canker disease control in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diversity of secondary metabolites is an important means for plants to cope with the complex and ever‐changing terrestrial environment. Plant biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) are crucial for the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. The domestication and evolution of BGCs and how they affect plant secondary metabolites biosynthesis and environmental adaptation are still not fully understood. Buckwheat exhibits strong resistance and abundant secondary metabolites, especially flavonoids, allowing it to thrive in harsh environments. A non‐canonical BGC named UFGT3 cluster is identified, which comprises a phosphorylase kinase (PAK), two transcription factors (MADS1/2), and a glycosyltransferase (UFGT3), forming a complete molecular regulatory module involved in flavonoid biosynthesis. This cluster is selected during Tartary buckwheat domestication and is widely present in species of the Fagopyrum genus. In wild relatives of cultivated buckwheat, a gene encoding anthocyanin glycosyltransferase (AGT), which glycosylates pelargonidin into pelargonidin‐3‐O‐glucoside, is found inserted into this cluster. The pelargonidin‐3‐O‐glucoside can help plants resist UV stress, endowing wild relatives with stronger high‐altitude adaptability. This study provides a new research paradigm for the evolutionary dynamics of plant BGCs, and offers new perspectives for exploring the mechanism of plant ecological adaptability driven by environmental stress through the synthesis of secondary metabolites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Resection And Partial Liver Transplantation with Delayed total hepatectomy (RAPID) procedure involves left hepatectomy with orthotopic implantation of a left lobe and right portal vein ligation. This technique induces volumetric graft increase, allowing for a right completion hepatectomy within 15 days. Notably, there is a lack of data on the hemodynamics of small-for-size grafts exposed to portal overflow without triggering small-for-size syndrome. Methods: A prospective single-center protocol included 8 living donors and 8 RAPID noncirrhotic recipients. Comprehensive clinical and biological data were collected, accompanied by intraoperative arterial and portal flow and pressure measurements. Early kinetic growth rate (eKGR%) and graft function were assessed using computed tomography and 99Tc-mebrofenin scintigraphy on postoperative days 7 and 14. Findings were compared with retrospective data from 13 left living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) recipients. Results: The median Graft-body weight ratio was 0.41% (interquartile range: 0.34--0.49), markedly lower than in LDLT. However, there was no significant difference in eKGR between RAPID and LDLT grafts. Sequential analysis revealed variable eKGR per day: 10.6% (7.8--13.2) in the first week and 7.6% (6--9.1) in the second week posttransplantation. Indexed portal flow (indexed portal vein flow) was significantly higher in RAPID compared with left LDLT (P = 0.01). No hemodynamic parameters were found to correlate with regeneration speed. We modulated portal flow in 2 out of 8 cases. Conclusions: This study presents the first report of hemodynamic and volumetric data for the RAPID technique. Despite initial graft volumes falling below conventional LDLT recommendations, the study highlights acceptable clinical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Foxtail millet (Setaria italica) is rich in nutrients and extremely beneficial to human health. We identified and comprehensively analyzed 89 MADS-box genes in the foxtail millet genome. According to the classification of MADS-box genes in Arabidopsis thaliana and rice, the SiMADS-box genes were divided into M-type (37) and MIKC-type (52). During evolution, the differentiation of MIKC-type MADS-box genes occurred before that of monocotyledons and dicotyledons. The SiMADS-box gene structure has undergone much differentiation, and the number of introns in the MIKC-type subfamily is much greater than that in the M-type subfamily. Analysis of gene duplication events revealed that MIKC-type MADS-box gene segmental duplication accounted for the vast majority of gene duplication events, and MIKC-type MADS-box genes played a major role in the amplification of SiMADS-box genes. Collinearity analysis showed highest collinearity between foxtail millet and maize MADS-box genes. Analysis of tissue-specific expression showed that SiMADS-box genes are highly expressed throughout the grain-filling process. Expression analysis of SiMADS-box genes under eight different abiotic stresses revealed many stress-tolerant genes, with induced expression of SiMADS33 and SiMADS78 under various stresses warranting further attention. Further, some SiMADS-box proteins may interact under external stress. This study provides insights for MADS-box gene mining and molecular breeding of foxtail millet in the future.

Abstract Background GRAS transcription factors perform indispensable functions in various biological processes, such as plant growth, fruit development, and biotic and abiotic stress responses. The development of whole-genome sequencing has allowed the GRAS gene family to be identified and characterized in many species. However, thorough in-depth identification or systematic analysis of GRAS family genes in foxtail millet has not been conducted. Results In this study, 57 GRAS genes of foxtail millet (SiGRASs) were identified and renamed according to the chromosomal distribution of the SiGRAS genes. Based on the number of conserved domains and gene structure, the SiGRAS genes were divided into 13 subfamilies via phylogenetic tree analysis. The GRAS genes were unevenly distributed on nine chromosomes, and members of the same subfamily had similar gene structures and motif compositions. Genetic structure analysis showed that most SiGRAS genes lacked introns. Some SiGRAS genes were derived from gene duplication events, and segmental duplications may have contributed more to GRAS gene family expansion than tandem duplications. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed significant differences in the expression of SiGRAS genes in different tissues and stages of fruits development, which indicated the complexity of the physiological functions of SiGRAS. In addition, exogenous paclobutrazol treatment significantly altered the transcription levels of DELLA subfamily members, downregulated the gibberellin content, and decreased the plant height of foxtail millet, while it increased the fruit weight. In addition, SiGRAS13 and SiGRAS25 may have the potential for genetic improvement and functional gene research in foxtail millet. Conclusions Collectively, this study will be helpful for further analysing the biological function of SiGRAS. Our results may contribute to improving the genetic breeding of foxtail millet.

Abstract Background Members of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor family perform indispensable functions in various biological processes, such as plant growth, seed maturation, and abiotic stress responses. However, the bHLH family in foxtail millet (Setaria italica), an important food and feed crop, has not been thoroughly studied. Results In this study, 187 bHLH genes of foxtail millet (SibHLHs) were identified and renamed according to the chromosomal distribution of the SibHLH genes. Based on the number of conserved domains and gene structure, the SibHLH genes were divided into 21 subfamilies and two orphan genes via phylogenetic tree analysis. According to the phylogenetic tree, the subfamilies 15 and 18 may have experienced stronger expansion in the process of evolution. Then, the motif compositions, gene structures, chromosomal spread, and gene duplication events were discussed in detail. A total of sixteen tandem repeat events and thirty-eight pairs of segment duplications were identified in bHLH family of foxtail millet. To further investigate the evolutionary relationship in the SibHLH family, we constructed the comparative syntenic maps of foxtail millet associated with representative monocotyledons and dicotyledons species. Finally, the gene expression response characteristics of 15 typical SibHLH genes in different tissues and fruit development stages, and eight different abiotic stresses were analysed. The results showed that there were significant differences in the transcription levels of some SibHLH members in different tissues and fruit development stages, and different abiotic stresses, implying that SibHLH members might have different physiological functions. Conclusions In this study, we identified 187 SibHLH genes in foxtail millet and further analysed the evolution and expression patterns of the encoded proteins. The findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the bHLH family in foxtail millet, which will inform further studies on the functional characteristics of SibHLH genes.

Penelitian ini membahas tentang penyelesaian masalah transportasi dengan pendekatan Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) menggunakan algoritma Kruskal dan algoritma Prim untuk mencari solusi optimal. Algoritma Kruskal dan algoritma Prim merupakan algoritma dalam teori graf untuk mencari Minimum Spanning Tree (MST). Langkah algoritma Kruskal yaitu mengurutkan biaya dari yang terkecil hingga terbesar. Selanjutnya, pilih biaya yang paling terkecil. Kemudian, lakukan perhitungan dengan melihat sumber persediaan dan permintaan di setiap tujuan sampai semuanya terpenuhi, sehingga terlihat bentuk Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) dari algoritma Kruskal. Sedangkan langkah algoritma Prim yaitu dengan memilih sembarang titik atau sumber. Selanjutnya, pilih active edge dengan biaya terkecil. Kemudian, lakukan perhitungan dengan melihat sumber persediaan dan permintaan di setiap tujuan sampai semuanya terpenuhi, sehingga terlihat bentuk Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) dari algoritma Prim. Bentuk dari Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) menghasilkan solusi yang optimal. Dari hasil penelitian ini, pendekatan Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) dengan algoritma Prim yang lebih unggul.