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The present research work is basically devoted to construction of a fractional order differential equation with time delay. Initially, integral representation is given to solution of the underline problem. Afterwards, operator form of solution is studied under some auxiliary hypothesis. Since uniqueness of solution is required, therefore we also provide results for exploring the uniqueness of solution for the underlying model. Using Lebesgue dominated convergence theorem and some other results from analysis, this work provides results devoted to existence of at least one solution. Also, for investigating the nature of solution for the proposed model, we study different kind of stability analysis. These stability related results show, how the solution behave with time. At the end of the article, we illustrate the obtained results via some examples.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the danger of co-virus with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and patient’s syphilis. Inability to address this weakness can cause fatalities and death because of undetected and untreated contaminations. The procedure utilized by the specialists is a 42 nm (5 × 10 6 cm) DNA particle with a deficiently twofold stranded DNA genome containing an inward center protein (Hepatitis B focal antigen [HBcAg]) and an external coat (Hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg] It is a hepadnavirus and is a HCV disengaged chain RNA virus (hepacivirus). HCV vaccination protein immunoassay, recombinant immunoblot test, and quantitative HCV RNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are show tests used to recognize HCV disease. Antibodies against HIV were screened utilizing Determine and ImmunoComb tests. Basically useless conduct is most likely by all account not the only hazard factor and the danger of blood borne viral contamination is presumably identified with poor financial conditions, medication and liquor mishandle ethnic beginning, sex. For example, ancestorism, meningitis, uveitis, optic neuritis, general loss of motion, dorsal skin and skin and skeletal bears It is demonstrated that The aftereffects of various analysts are a piece of the sequelae related with tertiary syphilis. For fundamental and subjective wounds, limit visual field microscopy and direct fluorescence vaccination gear (DFA) are tests used to break down syphilis. Non-treponemal serological tests by Fast Plasma Recover (RPR) or (VRDL) are most generally utilized for screening. In fundamental syphilis, RPR and VDRL impact are 78% and 86%, separately. Both supplementary syphilis was 100%; in tertiary syphilis it was over 95%. HBV and HCV sickness (aOR 2.81, 95% CI 1.02 to 10.12; p = 0.036), HIV and HBV disease (adjusted proportion (aOR) 3.46, 95% CI 1.29 to 9.39, p = 0.014). (AOR 3.86, 95% CI 1.07-12.55; p = 0.039) and syphilis (aOR 2.81, 95% CI 1.05 (aOR 1.81, 95% CI 1.14-2.88; p = 0.013), especially polluted by HIV - 7. 46; p = 0.039). Run for ANC cases was that ladies who were pregnant from blue to go to ANC offices inside the time allotment of the examination the standard of Ob-Gyn OPD patients was another STD tolerant who went to Ob-Gyn OPD amid the investigation time frame and was a patient who went to the intercession focus with or without sign. Keywords: HBV, HCV, syphilis disease and blood borne infection

Art materials are used by individuals of all ages. Certain chemicals found in art materials have potential to cause health problems, especially if used over a long period of time. The risk can be greater for children, individuals with mental or physical challenges, and people with certain genetic diseases and/or unhealthy lifestyles. However, there are laws and regulations that serve to minimize the risks we take when using these materials. In a recent publication [1], we have proposed that the potential health risks associated with art materials can be further reduced, if the art material labels include the date when the last review of the ingredients was performed. The purpose of this article is to share our findings with younger audiences and raise awareness that: (1) we should make an effort to know the potential health risks associated with art materials we use, especially if we will use them for a long time; (2) we should use these risky materials in a responsible and careful way; and (3) we should always read labels and collect information about the ingredients in art materials and their possible effects on health.

A study was carried out to determine the chemical constituents of wood extractives from Ashoka, Saraca asoca (Roxb) and Magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora L.) (Southern Magnolia) against Odontotermes Obesus (Rambur) under laboratory conditions in Forman Christian College University (Lahore, Pakistan) in June 2016. Extraction was done by soxhlet apparatus. The analysis of these compounds was performed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry of wood extractives of Saraca asoca detected 4-[(1E)-3-Hydroxy-1-propenyl]-2-methoxyphenol; Hexdecanoic acid, methyl ester; n-Hexadecanoic acid; 5,6-Dimethoxy phthalaldehydic acid; 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester, (E,E)-; 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-; Oleic acid; Octadecanoic acid; 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester. Compounds in wood extractives of Magnolia grandiflora were Cyclopentane carboxylic acid, 2-methyl-4-(phenylmethylene)-, methyl ester; 4-((1E)-3-Hydroxy-1-propenyl)-2- methoxyphenol; n -Hexadecanoic acid; 5,6-Dimethoxy phthalaldehydic acid; 7-(1,3-Dimethylbuta-1,3- dienyl)-1,6,6-trimethyl-3, 8-dioxatricyclo[5.1.0.0(2,4)]; 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester, (E,E)-; Oleic acid; 16-Methyloxacyclohexadeca-3,5-dien-2-one; Germacra-1(10), 4,11(13)-trein-12-oic acid, 6.alpha.- hydroxy-gamma-lactone, (E,E);5,6-Azulenedicarboxaldehyde,1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydro-2,2,8-trimethyl-, (3a.alpha.,8.alpha.,8a.alpha)-(-)-; Aromadendrene oxide-(2); Cedran-diol, 8S, 14-; Cis-Z-.alpha.-Bisabolene epoxide; 2-Dodecen-1-yl(-)succinic anhydride; 3-Buen-2-ol, 2-methyl-4(1,3,3-trimethyl-7- oxabicyclo[4.1.0]hept-2-yl)-.Based on the feeding activity, wood extracts were arranged in descending order of preference; Ashoka > Magnolia. So these could prove useful in developing a soil barrier to block termite activity and serve as a replacement to synthetic chemicals.

Art materials are used by individuals of all ages, ranging from kindergarten children to adults studying the arts at a university level, as well as the general public, senior citizens, and mentally compromised individuals. Art materials have the potential of containing toxic materials, including carcinogens (such as nickel, chromium, cadmium, and lead) and reproductive toxins in their formulations. These toxic chemicals can be present as a result of intentional addition or contaminants. Such occurrences are expected to be higher in products manufactured in countries where product safety laws are less strict or not properly enforced. Exposure to carcinogenic chemicals causes DNA damage leading to mutations that can activate oncogenes or inactivate antioncogenes, thus, predisposing cells to oncogenesis. Importantly, the heavy metals, such as nickel, can also dysregulate homologous DNA recombination (HR) (1). Although HR in normal cells is the most precise DNA repair mechanism and plays a vital role in the maintenance of genomic integrity, its dysregulation can induce genomic instability (2, 3), which is associated with progression in cancer (2). Data from our laboratory also show that exposure to nickel is associated with induction of a panel of HR genes, including (RAD51, RAD51 paralogs, RAD50, and RAD23) as well as leads to increased HR activity, genomic instability, and development of drug resistance in cancer (myeloma) cells (2). Toxic metals (such as nickel, copper, mercury, and lead) also induce breaks in DNA. Exposure to such chemicals even at low doses can be risky because their genotoxic effect can potentially be increased by their interactions with each other and/or with other environmental or genetic factors. It has been demonstrated that simultaneous exposure to more than one heavy metals is associated with increased toxicity, relative to that observed following exposure to single metal (4). Toxicity of these compounds can also be increased in the presence of X-rays. A model proposed by Hengstler et al. (5) suggests that simultaneous exposure to multiple metals can lead to several fold increase in the toxicity relative to that induced by single compound. We, therefore, believe that constant exposure to material containing such chemicals can potentially increase cancer risk, especially in the individuals with genetic and/or other susceptibilities, including those related to certain lifestyles (6). Consistently, the reports suggest that there is an increased incidence of death due to cancers of various organs in artists (7, 8). Art Materials that do contain toxic materials can have serious adverse health effects among users, especially small children and those with mental health issues. To minimize such effects, the US Government has enacted certain product safety laws and regulations. One of those regulations is the Federal Hazardous Substances Act (FHSA), which is being implemented by the US Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC). One of the components of the FHSA is “Labeling of Hazardous Art Materials Act (LHAMA).” This section deals with toxicological reviews of Art Material formulations for chronic toxicity and proper labeling. Labeling of Hazardous Art Materials Act requires that all art materials offered for sale to consumers of all ages in the US must undergo a toxicological review by a qualified toxicologist such as Diplomate American Board of Toxicology (DABT) of the complete formulation of each product to determine the product’s potential for producing adverse chronic health effects; in addition, the art materials be properly labeled for acute and chronic hazards, as required by the LHAMA (9) and the FHSA (10), respectively. An “art material” or “art material product” means any substance marketed or represented by the producer or repackager as suitable for use in any phase of the creation of any work of visual or graphic art of any medium and packaged in sizes intended for individual users of any age or those participating in a small group (11). After toxicological reviews have been conducted for chronic hazards on art material formulations, the qualified toxicologists then recommend appropriate statements for art materials and also recommend a conformance statement. The conformance statement can read: “Conforms to ASTM Practice D-4236”; “Conforms to ASTM D-4236”; or “Conforms to the health requirements of ASTM D-4236.” According to the regulation at 16 C.F.R. § 1500.14(b) (8) (i) (C) (6), these toxicological reviews are valid for the period of 5 years only. The regulation states: “[T]he producer or repackager shall have a toxicologist review as necessary, but at least every 5 years, art material product formulation(s) and associated label(s) based upon the then-current, generally accepted, well-established scientific knowledge.” Based on our long-term experience in the field, we have come to realize that it is impossible for the consumers to fully benefit from the 5-year re-review requirement; this is because either most consumers are unaware of 5-year re-reviewing requirement or they have no practical means to verify that the 5-year expiry period has already expired. Verification is only possible when the expiry date of the toxicological review or the date of toxicological review is marked on the Art Material label. This practice is also expected to help CPSC inspector assure compliance to 5-year re-review requirement. In the absence of expiry dates of the toxicological reviews, it is impossible for consumers to know if the art materials they buy and use are still in compliance with the Federal regulation and are in fact safe based on the current generally accepted, well-established scientific knowledge. Therefore, we suggest that the CPSC amends the LHAMA and incorporates the requirement of adding the dates toxicological reviews are conducted or the dates toxicological reviews will expire. This amendment will be in line with Section 103 of the CPSIA entitled “Tracking Labels for Children’s Products” (12) and Tracking Label Requirement for Children’s Products (12) that mandate, in pertinent part, “distinguishing marks” on all children’s products and their packaging to enable the manufacturer and the ultimate purchaser to “ascertain” certain source and production information. These markings are to enable the manufacturer, retailers, and the ultimate consumer to ascertain the manufacturer or private labeler, location and date of production of the product, and cohort information (batch, run number, or other identifying characteristic). These new requirements become effective on August 14, 2009. We believe that this practice will not only remove hundreds of non-compliant Art Materials out of the US market especially those imported from other countries, but will also protect US consumers, especially children, mentally compromised individuals, and the elderly from unchecked chronically toxic chemicals, including carcinogens and reproductive toxins.

Background Pulmonary function testing is an integral part of evaluating patients who are being considered for cardiac transplantation. The accurate measurement of diffusing capacity (D lco ) and alveolar volume (VA) is dependent on a 10-s breath-holding maneuver that may be difficult for patients with congestive heart failure to perform. The intrabreath (IB) technique is not dependent on a breath-holding maneuver and may provide more accurate pulmonary function testing results in chronically debilitated patients. Methods Seventy-five patients performed maneuvers with IB and single-breath (SB) techniques during evaluation for heart transplantation and at 3 and 12 months following transplantation. The D lco , VA, and total lung capacity (TLC) were compared using Pearson correlation coefficients, a Student t test, and intercorrelation coefficients. Results The D lco and VA, when determined with the IB technique, had excellent correlations to the SB technique over all ranges of D lco values. VA values that were determined by the IB technique were greater than those determined by the SB technique and more closely approximated the TLC values. The satisfactory correlation between the two techniques was maintained when D lco was corrected for VA. However, due to the lower values for VA as determined by the SB method, the corrected measurements were consistently higher for the SB technique. Conclusion Pulmonary function can be measured accurately in a population of patients with long-standing congestive heart failure, both before and after cardiac transplantation, using the IB technique. Furthermore, the IB technique may provide a more accurate measurement of VA.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the changes in the cardiopulmonary response to exercise in the first year after cardiac transplantation in patients enrolled in a rehabilitation program in the first three months post-transplantation.METHODS: A graded cycle exercise test with mixed expired gas analysis was performed on patients with end-stage cardiac failure before and serially after cardiac transplantation at one, three and 12 months.RESULTS: Before cardiac transplantation, seven patients were fit enough to be tested. They had a low peak oxygen uptake (VO2 max) and a blunted heart rate and blood pressure response to exercise. They also displayed a restrictive pattern of ventilation during exercise. At three months following transplantation, patients (n=19) had a significantly higher VO2 max(19.9±5.3 versus 9.8±1.4 mL/kg/min, P2 maxmeasured at 12 months post-transplant was similar to the three month value and was on average equal to 59% of the predicted value.CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that there is a rapid and marked improvement in exercise capacity in patients following cardiac transplantation. These changes are associated with significant respiratory and cardiovascular adaptations. However, despite the marked improvement in exercise capacity, the VO2 maxof cardiac transplant recipients enrolled in an early rehabilitation program did not return to normal at 12 months after surgery.

Objective The purpose of this study was to assess sleep and breathing in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) with bulbar muscle involvement. Design Prospective, controlled study of sleep and breathing measured during polysomnography. Setting University teaching hospital and referral center. Patients Patients with definite ALS and healthy age-matched control subjects. Interventions Eighteen ALS patients and 10 age-matched control subjects underwent one night of polysomnography. Thirteen patients with ALS were studied for a second night. Results The ALS patients had more arousals per hour (p=0.008), more stage 1 sleep (p=0.01), and a shorter total sleep time (TST) (279±69 vs 331.4±55.9 min, mean±SD, p=0.04) than the control subjects. The ALS patients had mild sleep-disordered breathing with a greater apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) than the control subjects (p=0.005). On the second night of polysomnography, there was an increase in TST (p=0.003) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (p=0.009), an improvement in sleep efficiency (p=0.02), and less stage 1 sleep (p=0.04). Eight ALS patients had sleep-disordered breathing consisting of periods of hypoventilation, predominantly during REM sleep. Conclusions Sleep-disordered breathing occurs in patients with ALS and is similar to patients without ALS with respiratory muscle weakness. No obstructive sleep apnea was observed. One potential reason for its absence might be the inability of patients with respiratory muscle weakness to generate an inspiratory pressure greater than the upper airway closing pressure. This hypothesis should be addressed in future studies.

The results of heart-lung transplantation are improving with increasing experience in postoperative management, but obliterative bronchiolitis may still develop late postoperatively. We have performed 19 heart-lung transplants, with 1-month, 1-year, and 2-year actuarial survival rates of 95% ± 5%, 84% ±8%, and 69% ± 16%, respectively. Three early recipients died of bronchiolitis, and four patients who were operated on more than 2 years ago are currently being followed up with bronchiolitis. Since August 1988, 13 surviving recipients have undergone serial postoperative bronchoscopies and transbronchial biopsies with topical analgesia. Diffuse bronchomalacia, involving the main bronchi down to the fifth-order bronchi bilaterally, has developed in four patients with bronchiolitis 9 + 2 months after the diagnosis of bronchiolitis was confirmed. Pulmonary function tests have revealed a lower ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 second to forced vital capacity, lower specific airway conductance, and higher airway resistance in heart-lung recipients with bronchomalacia than in patients with bronchiolitis alone. We conclude that diffuse bronchomalacia occurs frequently in heart-lung transplant recipients who have obliterative bronchiolitis. Bronchomalacia worsens the functional airflow obstruction caused by bronchiolitis and may play an important role clinically in the declining respiratory status of heart-lung transplant recipients.

To reduce perioperative hemorrhage following heart-lung transplantation, several technical modifications were introduced in June 1988 to secure better posterior mediastinal hemostasis. The intraoperative and postoperative use of blood and blood products, as well as the chest tube drainage in the first 24 hours postoperatively, were compared in the seven patients operated on since June 1988 with the nine patients operated on before that date. Significant (p

Background Serial measurements of pulmonary function to indicate decreasing respiratory muscle strength in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is well documented. Quantitative outcome measures include declining FVC, FEV1, maximal inspired pressure, maximal expired pressure, and maximal voluntary ventilation. Increasing peak expiratory flow time (PEFT) may represent a further sensitive measure of declining respiratory muscle strength in ALS. Methods Fifty-five patients with ALS performed flow-volume loops serially after presentation. The percentage change from baseline values for FVC, peak expiratory flow (PEFR), and PEFT were compared using Spearman correlation coefficients. The prolongation of PEFT with serial tests was analyzed using a Kruskal-Wallis with a Dunn multiple comparison test. Bulbar-onset and limb-onset PEFT was compared using the Mann-Whitney test. Results PEFT was significantly increased from baseline values at all follow-up tests. However, PEFTs measured at the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth visits, although higher, were not significantly different. Significant negative correlations existed between the increase in PEFT and the decrease in PEFR and FVC. Significant positive correlations existed between the increase in PEFT and days from diagnosis and the decrease in PEFR and decrease in FVC. Conclusion PEFT increases significantly and linearly with time in patients with ALS and may begin to plateau with bulbar symptoms. PEFT increases at a faster rate than the rate of decline in both FVC and PEFR. PEFT is a quantitative measure of decreasing pulmonary function in ALS that is easily measured.

Preoperative steroid use has been considered a contraindication to heart-lung as well as lung transplantation. Moreover, most centers delay prednisone administration until 2 to 3 weeks postoperatively until airway healing is secure. We have performed 19 heart-lung transplantations and four single-lung transplantations since 1983. Five recipients (4 heart-lung, 1 single lung) had received prednisone, 5 to 40 mg daily, for 2 to 10 years preoperatively. All recipients were administered prednisone, 0.5 mg/kg daily, starting on postoperative day 1, with a taper to 0.2 mg/kg daily by 4 weeks. Minnesota antilymphocyte globulin (for 10 days), cyclosporine, and azathioprine were also employed. Bronchoscopy, lavage, and transbronchial biopsies were performed every 2 weeks for 3 months postoperatively. No patient had a serious airway complication; 2 heart-lung recipients, not on prednisone preoperatively, had a minor tracheal slough detected on bronchoscopy that resolved spontaneously. Actuarial survival after heart-lung transplantation is 84% +/- 8% and 69% +/- 16% at 1 year and 2 years, respectively. We conclude that prednisone commencing at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg daily from the first postoperative day is a safe practice after heart-lung transplantation. The long-term use of low-dose prednisone before heart-lung transplantation does not preclude normal tracheal healing. The safety of prednisone before and immediately after single-lung transplantation awaits confirmation by further experience.

An intractable contralateral air leak developed in a 46-year-old woman after right single-lung transplantation for emphysema. A left pneumonectomy was performed on postoperative day 17, leaving the patient with only one transplanted lung. Fifteen months postoperatively the patient is well and has satisfactory pulmonary function. Survival with a good quality of life is possible after single-lung transplantation and bilateral sequential pneumonectomies.

The effects on standing heart rate and respiratory function of two relatively selective beta 1-adrenoceptor antagonists, metoprolol and bevantolol, were compared in a double-blind, randomized, crossover study of 16 patients with asthma. After control observations on 2 separate days, the patients received approximately equivalent cardiac beta-adrenoceptor antagonist doses of metoprolol, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 mg, and bevantolol, 18.75, 37.5, 75 and 150 mg, at intervals of 2 hours. Dosing was stopped if symptoms warranted or if there was a fall of greater than or equal to 20% in the forced expiratory volume in 1 second. In general, the cumulative dosing regimen proved a safe and effective means of assessing bronchial responsiveness to these beta-blockers in asthma, but one patient had to be dropped from the study because of severe bronchoconstriction after the first dose. Of the 15 patients studied who were taking both drugs, seven patients were withdrawn prematurely. In these seven patients, the average maximum tolerated cumulative doses were 45.5 mg bevantolol and 26.8 mg metoprolol, doses that are much lower than those usually required for therapeutic activity. The respiratory response to either drug could not be predicted.

The clinical, pathological, and neurochemical characteristics of a newly recognized inherited neurological disorder are reported. Lethargy and mental depression are early symptoms, followed by mild parkinsonism and progressive weight loss. Failure of automatic respiratory control develops and may result in sudden death. Advanced degeneration of the substantia nigra, cell loss and gliosis of the basal ganglia, and focal gliosis in the medulla are seen on pathological study. Degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system is evidenced by low levels of tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine, homovanillic acid, and L-dopa decarboxylase in postmortem brain samples. Taurine concentrations in fasting plasma and CSF are somewhat depressed; brain contents of taurine are within normal limits.

The inheritance of BHC-resistance in the Indian housefly, Musca domestica nebulo was studied by making reciprocal crosses between individual as well as groups of flies of a BHC-resistant and a susceptible strain of the subspecies. The F1 generation was less resistant than the resistant parents but far more resistant than the normal ones and there was no segregation in the F2 generation. The F1 hybrids were also back crossed with susceptible parents but no evidence for a monofactorial origin of resistance could be found.The validity of the results when checked by the formula of Castle (1921a, 1921b) led to the conclusion that BHC in M. d. nebulo is polygenic in origin.

Cell surface-marker analysis and immunohistochemical tests were performed on lymph node cells from a patient with a malignant lymphoma that developed six years after the onset of lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (LIP). These studies revealed a monoclonal (IgM-κ) B-cell neoplasm. However, immunohistochemical examination of the pulmonary lesion revealed a polyclonal B-cell proliferation. This case study suggests that LIP may be a polyclonal lymphocytic disorder even in patients who subsequently develop a monoclonal B cell neoplasm.

The effects of the beta-adrenoceptor blockers atenolol, metoprolol, pindolol, and propranolol on the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide rebreathing have been determined in a double-blind randomized manner. Eight healthy, male, nonsmoking subjects received cumulative doses of each drug over a 10-hr period. The effects of each drug on heart rate and carbon dioxide sensitivity were determined at intervals of 2 hr and were related to plasma concentrations of each drug. Maximum reduction of exercise heart rate was achieved with all four beta blockers and plasma concentrations were in the usual therapeutic range for these drugs. There was considerable intersubject and within-subject variability in ventilatory responsiveness to inhaled carbon dioxide, but we were not able to discern any alteration in central sensitivity to increasing carbon dioxide concentrations. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1982) 32, 289–294; doi:10.1038/clpt.1982.162

In a patient with a rapidly growing malignant teratoma in the anterior mediastinum, the only biochemical abnormality detected at first was an abnormally high serum lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) activity, almost 50% of the activity being present in lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme-1 (LD1). At the time of death, the total lactate dehydrogenase activity had increased still further, 77% of it being in the LD1 fraction. Both the tumor and its hepatic metastases were shown to have a supranormally active LD1 fraction. These patterns appear to be attributable to an increased synthesis of the "H" subunit by the tumor.

Many interactions have been described between rifampicin and other drugs. They include increased metabolism of warfarin, glucocorticoids and oral contraceptives, presumably by enzyme induction (Zilly et al. 1977). We report the first documented case of an interaction between rifampicin and quinidine.

In a group of 26 young healthy adults, with no history of chest disease or atopy, post-exercise airways narrowing was demonstrated in both smokers and non-smokers. Inhalation of disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) on 5 occasions over 24 hours significantly reduced the post-exercise airways narrowing. The reduction was greater in the non-smokers, to the extent that post-exercise ventilatory tests showed no decline in DSCG-treated non-smokers. Sixteen subjects exhibited post-exercise rhonchi. After DSCG inhalation, post-exercise rhonchi were heard in only 8 subjects. The maximum mid-expiratory flow rate (MMEF) appeared to be a more sensitive measure of post-exercise change than either the forced expiratory volume 1st second (FEV 1 ) or the specific airways conductance (SG aw ).