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Actinobacteria emerge as significant producers of bioactive compounds. These compounds exhibit diverse beneficial properties, such as antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, and antiviral attributes. Hot springs, with their high temperatures and unique geochemical conditions, serve as fascinating ecosystems harboring diverse microbial life. In these environments, actinomycetes thrive, utilizing the available organic matter and nutrients. The extreme conditions, characterized by high temperatures and pH levels, likely exert selective pressure, favoring the survival of resilient microorganisms like actinomycetes. This study specifically identified Actinomycetalesbacterium spp. (Genbank ID: OP863023), isolated from Rajgir hot spring, as a noteworthy producer of a brown pigment at 43 °C. This isolated strain is known to produce various metabolites identified through GC–MS analysis. Following ADME/T screening of all the metabolites, Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) stands out among those produced by the Actinomycetales bacterium species. The isolated strain demonstrated in vitro antibacterial activity, inhibiting Listeria monocytogenes MTCC1143 with a 10-mm zone of inhibition, while the reference Ampicillin disc showed a 15 mm inhibition zone. In the in silico analysis targeting the Internalin A protein of L. monocytogenes, the Actinomycetales-produced compound DEP displayed an inhibition potential of − 5.4 kcal/Mol, while the reference drug Ampicillin exhibited a higher inhibition potential of − 7.4 kcal/Mol. These findings suggest that the isolated actionobacteria holds promise for antibacterial applications, particularly against L. monocytogenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hair relaxers have been suggested as a source of exposure to parabens and phthalates. However, dermally absorbed doses of these chemicals resulting from consumer use of hair relaxers have yet to be quantified, and results from epidemiological studies have consistently demonstrated that there is no increased risk for hormone-sensitive, reproductive cancers associated with use of hair relaxers among Black women. Therefore, dermal absorption of parabens and phthalates associated with hair relaxer use for several commercially available hair relaxer kits was modeled using IH SkinPerm™. The chemicals detected in the hair relaxer kits included methylparaben (MP), ethylparaben (EP), butylparaben (BP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and the phthalate substitute bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA). The daily absorbed dose ranges (mg/kg/day), standardized over a year of product use, were as follows: 8.64 × 10−5-0.00116 MP, 2.30 × 10−8-3.07 × 10−6 EP, 3.24 × 10−8-4.33 × 10−6 BP, 8.65 × 10−9-1.15 × 10−6 DEP, and 8.94 × 10−7-0.000119 DEHP for Kit #1; 8.44 × 10−5-0.00113 MP and 7.91 × 10−5-0.00106 DEP for Kit #2; and 2.49 × 10−6-3.33 × 10−5 MP, 1.52 × 10−8-2.03 × 10−6 EP, 3.29 × 10−9-4.39 × 10−7 DEP, and 3.11 × 10−6-4.14 × 10−5 DEHA for Kit #3. These absorbed doses were well below applicable health-based guidance values, indicating consumer exposure from product use is not expected to pose a health risk. These results provide valuable information for health risk evaluations for hair relaxer use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the correlation and diagnostic value of serum phthalate ester chemicals (PAEs), carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125), and retinol binding protein-4 (RBP-4) with ovarian reserve function in patients with ovarian cysts. Methods: A total of 150 ovarian cyst patients admitted to our hospital from January 2020 to December 2022 were selected as the observation group, and another 150 healthy volunteers with physical examination in the same period were selected as the matched group. Compare the expression levels of serum PAEs (diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and 2-ethylhexyl phthalate (di(2-ethylhexyl)) (Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)}, CA125, RBP-4, and ovarian function related indicators between two groups of subjects. Use Pearson's test to analyze the expression levels of serum PAEs The correlation between CA125 and RBP-4 and ovarian reserve function in patients with ovarian cysts, and the establishment of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to analyze the diagnostic value of serum PAES, CA125, and RBP-4 for ovarian cysts. Result: The total levels of serum PAEs, CA125, DEP, DBP, DEHP, and PAEs in the observation group were higher than those in the matched group (P<0.05); The levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in the observation group were higher than those in the matched group, while the levels of estradiol (E2) were lower than those in the matched group(P<0.05); PAES, CA125, and RBP-4 were positively correlated with FSH and LH, and negatively correlated with E₂ (P<0.05); The area under the curve (AUC) from high to low is joint diagnosis (0.864), RBP-4 (0.721), CA125 (0.698), and PAEs (0.641). The combination of PAES, CA125, and RBP-4 has higher diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for ovarian cysts compared to a single diagnosis of the three. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between serum PAEs, CA125, and RBP-4 levels and ovarian reserve function in patients with ovarian cysts. The higher the levels of these three, the worse the ovarian reserve function in patients with ovarian cysts. In addition, the combination of PAES, CA125, and RBP-4 has high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for ovarian cysts, which can provide reliable basis for clinical diagnosis and disease judgment of ovarian cysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maternal exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in human pregnancy is widely considered as an important cause of adverse changes in male reproductive health due to impaired foetal androgen production/action. However, the epidemiological evidence supporting this view is equivocal, except for certain phthalates, notably diethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP). Maternal phthalate exposure levels associated with adverse reproductive changes in epidemiological studies are several thousand-fold lower than those needed to suppress foetal androgen production in rats, and direct studies using human foetal testis tissue show no effect of high phthalate exposure on androgen production. This conundrum is unexplained and raises fundamental questions. Human DEHP exposure is predominantly via food with highest exposure associated with consumption of a Western style (unhealthy) diet. This diet is also associated with increased exposure to the most common EDCs, whether persistent (chlorinated or fluorinated chemicals) or non-persistent (phthalates, bisphenols) compounds, which are found at highest levels in fatty and processed foods. Consequently, epidemiological studies associating EDC exposure and male reproductive health disorders are confounded by potential dietary effects, and vice versa. A Western diet/lifestyle in young adulthood is also associated with low sperm counts. Disentangling EDC and dietary effects in epidemiological studies is challenging. In pregnancy, a Western diet, EDC exposure, and maternal living in proximity to industrial sites are all associated with impaired foetal growth/development due to placental dysfunction, which predisposes to congenital male reproductive disorders (cryptorchidism, hypospadias). While the latter are considered to reflect impaired foetal androgen production, effects resulting from foetal growth impairment (FGI) are likely indirect. As FGI has numerous life-long health consequences, and is affected by maternal lifestyle, research into the origins of male reproductive disorders should take more account of this. Additionally, potential effects on foetal growth/foetal testis from the increasing use of medications in pregnancy deserves more research attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The complex composition of essential oils (EOs) derived from plants offers potential therapeutic approaches for treating various medical conditions, including neurological disorders and infectious diseases. This research aimed to comprehensively analyze the phytochemical composition of Iris haynei EO and evaluate its pharmacological properties, specifically its cytotoxicity, antimicrobial activity, and modulation of AMPA receptors. Results: The analysis of I. haynei EO, conducted using gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy, identified diethyl phthalate, α-terpineol, and benzyl acetate as the main components. Cytotoxicity experiments on several cancer cell lines revealed a dose-dependent impact. Electrophysiological recordings on HEK293T cells expressing AMPARs showed varying levels of inhibition across different subunits, with receptors encoding GluA2 exhibiting the most significant effects. The EO also demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as fungi. Conclusions: The findings of this study underscore the potential therapeutic benefits of I. haynei EO, particularly in treating neurological conditions associated with AMPA receptor dysfunction and exhibiting antimicrobial activity against infectious agents. The promising results warrant further investigation into the pharmacological effects of the EO, suggesting a novel approach for addressing cerebral ischemia and related neurological diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the levels of six PAEs [bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP)] were determined from four types of bottled water)non-carbonated, mineral, carbonated and carbonated flavoured) using MSPE method (magnetic solid phase extraction) and GC/MS technique (gas chromatography/mass spectrometry). The mean concentration of total PAEs was 6.11 ± 1.43 µg/L. The mean concentration of DEHP was 2.22 ± 0.76 µg/L and was lower than the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) standard level in drinking water (6 μg/L for DEHP). The highest mean level of total PAE was observed in carbonated water (7.43 ± 2.03 μg/L) and the lowest mean level of total PAE was observed in non-carbonated water (5.15 ± 0.41 μg/L). The Monte Carlo method was applied to calculate the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ), Chronic Daily Intake (CDI), and Incremental Life Cancer Risk (ILCR) indexes. In all samples, the rank order of the estimated THQ values based on the 95% percentile was DEHP (4.77E-4) > DBP (2.25E-5) > BBP (1.99E-5) > DEP (2.75E-6) and there would be unlikely non-carcinogenic risks for consumers (THQ<1). The incremental lifetime cancer risk assessment revealed that phthalate esters (DEHP) in evaluated bottled water samples did not pose a serious concern to humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Thermoplastic elastomer styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene block copolymer (SEBS) has excellent mechanical properties and aging resistance, so it has good application prospects in thermoplastic solid propellants. The selection of plasticizer is one of the keys to the formulation design of thermoplastic solid propellant. The compatibility of the plasticizer with the polymer determines the plasticizer's ability to plasticize the polymer's molecular chain segments. Herein, the compatibility of four plasticizers with SEBS was investigated, and the results declared that the order of compatibility between SEBS and the four plasticizers is SEBS/WO > SEBS/DOS > SEBS/DEP > SEBS/TA. Methods: Physical compatibility of SEBS binder with plasticizer triacetin (TA), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dioctyl sebacate (DOS), and 26# industrial white oil (WO) was simulated using molecular dynamics (MD) method via Materials Studio 8.0, and the simulation results were verified experimentally. The results showed that the compatibility of SEBS with these plasticizers can be comprehensively evaluated by analyzing solubility parameters, radial distribution functions, and blend miscibility simulations. The compatibility of SEBS with several plasticizers was comprehensively evaluated by analyzing solubility parameters, radial distribution functions, and blend simulations, and the simulation results were verified via experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Phthalates are additives used as plasticizers among other uses, classified as endocrine disruptors and may contribute to some metabolic disorders. The aim of this work was to determine the effect of the exposure of diethyl phthalate (DEP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) on cell viability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, as well as the regulation of sirloins in HepG2 cells. Methods HepG2 cells were exposed to DEP or DBP at 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 μg/mL, and after 48 or 72 h the gene and protein expression of sirtuins was quantified by qRT-PCR and Western-Blot, respectively. Results Results showed that even at a low concentration of 0.1 μg/mL DEP affected the expression of Sirt3 and Sirt4, whereas DBP at 0.1 μg/mL affected Sirt3 and Sirt5 gene expression. Protein analysis showed a reduction in Sirt1 levels at a DEP concentration of 1 μg/mL and higher, while DBP at higher dose (100 μg/mL) decreased Sirt3 protein levels. Cell viability decreased by 20% only at higher dose (100 μg/mL) and ROS production increased at 10 and 100 μg/mL for both phthalates. Conclusion These findings indicate that exposure to low concentrations (0.1 μg/mL) of DEP or DBP can negatively influence the expression of some sirtuins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a novel electrospun nanofiber (PAN/TpBD; 2,4,6‐triformylphloroglucinol [Tp] and benzidine [BD]; polyacrylonitrile [PAN]) was fabricated via a facile electrospinning method and utilized as adsorbent in thin film microextraction (TFME) of phthalate esters (PAEs) (dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, diallyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, and dioctyl phthalate) in biodegradable plastics. The prepared PAN/TpBD combines the strong stability of nanofibers with increased exposure sites for covalent organic frameworks and enhanced interactions with the target, thus improving the enrichment effect on the target. The extraction efficiency of PAN/TpBD reached above 80%. Based on PAN/TpBD, a TFME‐high‐performance liquid chromatography method was established, and the experimental parameters were optimized. Under the optimal extraction conditions, the PAEs of this method varied linearly in the range of 10–10 000 µg/L with low detection limits (0.69–2.72 µg/L). The intra‐day and inter‐day relative standard deviation values of the PAEs were less than 8.04% and 8.73%, respectively. The adsorbent can achieve more than 80% recovery of the five targets after six times reuse. The developed method was successfully applied for the determination of trace PAEs in biodegradable plastics with recoveries ranging from 80.1% to 113.4% and relative standard deviations were less than 9.45%. The as‐synthesized PAN/TpBD adsorbent exhibited great potential in PAE analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phthalate esters (PAEs), widely recognized as synthetic organic compounds with extensive production and utilization, are known to disrupt physiological processes in both animals and humans, even at low environmental concentrations. This study investigated the occurrence, distribution, and potential ecological risk of five representative PAEs (DMP, Dimethyl phthalate; DEP, Diethyl phthalate; DBP, Dibutyl phthalate; DiBP, Diisobutyl phthalate; DEHP, Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate) in a typical lake (Chaohu Lake, China). It was found that PAEs were detected in both the aqueous (1.09–6.402 µg/L) and solid phases (0.827–6.602 µg/g) of Chaohu Lake. Notably, DiBP and DBP were the predominant PAEs in the water, and DiBP and DEHP were the most prevalent in the sediments. The concentrations of PAEs exhibited significant seasonal variations in the aqueous phases, with total PAEs in summer being nearly twice those in winter. Toxicity assessments revealed that DEHP, DBP, and DiBP posed high risks to the survival of three indicator organisms (algae, Daphnia, and fish) in the aqueous phase. In the solid phase, the exceeding rate of DiBP was as high as 92.9%. On the other hand, DBP and DEHP generally presenting moderate risk, although some sites were identified as high-risk. This study's analysis of PAEs concentrations in Chaohu Lake reveals a discernible increasing trend when compared with historical data. These findings underscore the urgent need for interventions to mitigate the ecological threats posed by PAEs in Chaohu Lake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Population studies reveal widespread exposure to phthalates. Understanding their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion is vital to reduce exposure. However, data on skin absorption remain limited. We thus aim to characterize the skin permeation of three phthalates in a mixture, neat or in emulsion; di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (d4-DEHP), dibutyl phthalate (d4-DBP), and diethyl phthalate (d4-DEP), by comparing in vitro human skin (800 µm) permeation (24 hours) results using flow-through diffusion cells with urine results obtained from volunteers exposed to the same mixture applied to a forearm (40 cm2). Metabolites were analyzed in receptor fluids and urine. Phthalates crossed the skin barrier and metabolized into monoesters before elimination. Increased permeation was observed for phthalates in emulsion compared to neat substances, with polyethylene glycol (PEG) in the receptor fluid enhancing emulsion permeation, but not affecting neat substances. In vitro results mirrored in vivo findings: DEP showed rapid permeation (J: ∼2 ug/cm2/h) and urinary excretion peaking at six hours post-application, whereas DBP exhibited slower kinetics (J: ∼0.1 ug/cm2/h), with a urinary peak at 15–17 hours post-application. DEHP had minimal permeation (J: ∼0.0002 ug/cm2/h) with no observable urinary peak. These findings underscore the importance of comprehending phthalate skin absorption for effective exposure mitigation strategies. • In vitro human skin permeation results mirrored human volunteer urine data. • Water emulsion enhanced phthalate skin permeation in vitro. • DEP skin permeation was very rapid and urinary excretion peaked after six hours. • DBP permeated skin 20 times slower than DEP and a slow urinary elimination. • DEHP had minimal skin permeation with no observable urinary peak after 24 hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (HDP) are the most prevalent diseases during pregnancy. In addition to the already identified risk factors, exposure to environmental contaminants has been also considered a new one. Phthalates, which are classified as priority environmental pollutants due to their ubiquitousness and endocrine disrupting properties, have been implicated in HDP in some epidemiological studies. Nevertheless, phthalates' vascular impacts still need to be clarified. Thus, we aimed to understand the connection between phthalates exposure and the occurrence of gestational hypertension, as well as the pathway involved in the pathological vascular effects. We investigated diethyl phthalate's (DEP) effect on the vascular reactivity of the human umbilical arteries (HUAs) from normotensive and hypertensive pregnant women. Both DEP's nongenomic (within minutes effect) and genomic (24 h exposure to DEP) actions were evaluated, as well as the contribution of cyclic guanosine monophosphate and Ca2+ channel pathways. The results show that short-term exposure to DEP interferes with serotonin and histamine receptors, while after prolonged exposure, DEP seems to share the same vasorelaxant mechanism as estrogens, through the NO/sGC/cGMP/PKG signaling pathway, and to interfere with the L-type Ca2+ channels. Thus, the vascular effect induced by DEP is similar to that observed in HUA from hypertensive pregnancies, demonstrating that the development of HDP may be a consequence of DEP exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe a new experimental system for direct measurements of the absolute saturation vapor pressures of liquid or solid samples. The setup allows the isolation of the sample under steady conditions in an ultra-high vacuum chamber, where the measurement of the sample's vapor pressure as a function of its temperature can be performed in a range around room temperature and in a pressure range defined only by the applied absolute pressure sensor. We characterize the setup and illustrate its capability to measure saturation vapor pressures as well as enthalpies of evaporation around room temperature with explicit measurements on four liquid compounds (diethyl phthalate, 1-decanol, 1-heptanol, and 1-hexanol) for which accurate vapor pressures have previously been reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotics play a crucial role in preserving and improving public health, saving millions of lives every year. However, their effectiveness is currently under threat due to the ability of bacteria to adapt and develop resistance to these treatments. Therefore, this study was carried out on two soil samples collected in two areas of Arba Aounate, Sidi Bennour province, Morocco, to identify natural antibiotic-producing Actinobacteria capable of combating multi-drug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. A primary screening revealed that of the 50 isolates, 16 exhibited antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27,853, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25,923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25,922, and Candida albicans ATTC 60193. A secondary screening showed that of the 16 isolates, only EIZ1 and EIZ2 isolates displayed outstanding antimicrobial and antifungal activity against 6 MDR bacteria, including Escherichia coli 19L2418, Listeria monocytogenes, Proteus sp. 19K1313, Klebsiella pneumoniae 19K 929, Proteus vulgaris 16C1737, and Klebsiella pneumoniae 20B1572. These two isolates were also characterized culturally, morphologically, physiologically, and biochemically. Afterward, the amplification of 16S rRNA revealed that isolate EIZ2 was 99.06% strongly related to the genus Streptomyces. Furthermore, this extract exhibits strong antioxidant activity against DPPH and ABTS free radicals and elevated ferric-reducing antioxidant power. A significant (p < 0.0001) positive correlation was observed between antioxidant activities and total phenolic and flavonoid contents. A GC–MS analysis of the ethyl acetate extract revealed the presence of 10 compounds, mainly diethyl phthalate (97%) and benzeneacetic acid (94%). This research demonstrates that Streptomyces sp. strain EIZ2 represents a potential source of antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds. These compounds could offer considerable potential as therapeutic agents, paving the way for future developments in medical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, wastewater treatment plants and collection systems from Nagpur, Central India were studied for frequently occurring endocrine disrupting chemicals. All the EDCs, such as bisphenol A, butylparaben, and diethyl phthalate were present in all the collected samples with a detection frequency of 100%. Laboratory analysis revealed high bisphenol A, butylparaben, and diethyl phthalate levels, with mean concentrations of 79.10, 4.12, and 2.25 μg/L, respectively, in influent samples and 33.20, 1.62, and 0.77 μg/L, respectively, in the effluent wastewater. The distribution of the emergent pollutants among the sampling locations was found to be consistent with the physicochemical characteristics of wastewater, according to the component analysis, and the sites with the highest levels of contamination were also identified. Finally, an ecological risk assessment was carried out for aquatic biota in terms of risk quotients. The risk quotients for the target chemicals in effluent wastewater suggested a minimal impact, except for the target insect Chrironomus riparius, which had a risk quotient value of 33.20 for bisphenol A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (HDP) are the most prevalent diseases during pregnancy. In addition to the already identified risk factors, exposure to environmental contaminants has been also considered a new one. Phthalates, which are classified as priority environmental pollutants due to their ubiquitousness and endocrine disrupting properties, have been implicated in HDP in some epidemiological studies. Nevertheless, phthalates’ vascular impacts still need to be clarified. Thus, we aimed to understand the connection between phthalates exposure and the occurrence of gestational hypertension, as well as the pathway involved in the pathological vascular effects. We investigated diethyl phthalate’s (DEP) effect on the vascular reactivity of the human umbilical arteries (HUAs) from normotensive and hypertensive pregnant women. Both DEP’s nongenomic (within minutes effect) and genomic (24 h exposure to DEP) actions were evaluated, as well as the contribution of cyclic guanosine monophosphate and Ca2+ channel pathways. The results show that short-term exposure to DEP interferes with serotonin and histamine receptors, while after prolonged exposure, DEP seems to share the same vasorelaxant mechanism as estrogens, through the NO/sGC/cGMP/PKG signaling pathway, and to interfere with the L-type Ca2+ channels. Thus, the vascular effect induced by DEP is similar to that observed in HUA from hypertensive pregnancies, demonstrating that the development of HDP may be a consequence of DEP exposure.

Background. The antioxidant system is one of the protective cell systems. Changes in its functioning, after the introduction of xenobiotics into the body, will determine the further course of the intensity of free radical processes. Among xenobiotics, a prominent place belongs to phthalates, in particular diethyl phthalate (DEP) – the most common group of synthetic substances that are widely used as plasticizers in various industries. Materials and Methods. For a series of experiments, white outbred rats were used, and cytosolic and microsomal fractions were isolated from the liver cells. The activity of such antioxidant enzymes as superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px, EC 1.11.1.9), glutathione S-transferase (GST, EC 2.5.1.18), and the concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH) were determined in the cytosolic fraction. GST activity was also studied in the microsomal fraction. Results and Discussion. The administration of different doses of DEP for 14 days promoted the activation of antioxidant enzymes, regardless of the dose of xenobiotic administration. The use of DEP for 21 days led to a multidirectional effect of the xenobiotic on the enzymes of the antioxidant system in liver cells. The inactivation of the studied enzymes and depletion of the GSH pool were observed when DEP was administered at a dose of 5.4 mg/kg of body weight. The activity of antioxidant enzymes in liver subcellular fractions remained at a high level compared to the control when DEP was administered at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg of body weight. It was established that the same trend of changes in GST enzyme activity was found in both the microsomal and cytosolic fractions of rat liver. The activity of the enzyme increased under the influence of both studied doses under the administration of DEP for 14 days. Administration of the xenobiotic for 21 days led to a decrease in GST activity when a high dose of DEP was administered. Conclusion. The activation of antioxidant system enzymes occurs in response to a short-term intake of DEP. With an increase in the dose and duration of administration of the studied xenobiotic, inactivation of antioxidant enzymes was detected.

Background: Winged bean [Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) D.C.], is unique legume which has numerous phytochemical with distinct properties. So, this research work was performed to explore and quantify the bioactive compound from different extracts of winged bean seeds through GC-MS and to assess the bio-efficacy on cowpea seed to protect them against deterioration and bruchid. Methods: The bioactive compounds of winged bean seed extracts (from different solvents, viz., water, ethanol and hexane) were analysed by GC-MS and the bio-efficacy of identified superlative extract on maintaining the quality of cowpea seed var. VBN 3 was done using accelerated ageing method. Result: The GC-MS results showed the attendance of 30 different compounds in different extracts of the winged bean seeds. Of the different compounds eluted from extract, the ethanolic seed extract revealed the existence of distinct phytocompounds such as dmannitol, 1,4-anhydro-(1.59%), diethyl phthalate (27.21%), n-hexadecanoic acid (4.54%), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- (9.71%), oleic acid (14.16%), octadecanoic acid (4.89%), 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid and 2-phenyl-1,3-dioxan-5-yl ester (1.05%) which possess significant antioxidant and insecticidal properties. Among the different concentration of ethanolic extract, cowpea seeds treated with 2.5% of ethanolic seed extract of winged bean showed the highest germination (94%) and vigour index I (4436) compared to other treatments while the control recorded lowest germination (88%) and vigour index (3572) at initial day. As ageing progresses, seed germination percent and vigour index of 2.5% ethanolic extract treated seeds dropped to 63% and 1845 while, it is 42% and 953 in case of untreated seeds. The bio-efficacy study of ethanolic extract against bruchid revealed the LD90 value (2.5%) of winged bean seed extract. This study clearly shows that ethanolic extract of winged bean seeds have many bioactive compounds with distinct properties that maintain the seed quality under storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The determination of phthalate ester concentrations in stored packaged water brands produced in Enugu State was carried out and the health risks evaluated. Packaged water samples were obtained in four batches from six sachet water and six bottled water factories, and stored outdoor for 1 month before analysis, while control samples were obtained and analysed immediately after purchase. Solvent extraction was carried out using dichloromethane, and phthalates concentrations were determined using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. The range of limit of detection, recovery analysis and limit of quantitation were 0.001-0.002 mg/L, 81.26–91.47% and 0.003-0.006 mg/L respectively. The concentrations (µg/L) of DMP, BBP, MEHP, DBP and PADHE were<0.002–0.13, 0.41–1.84, <0.002–19.66, 0.76–4.22 and <0.002–0.81 in the bottled water and 0.11–0.36, <0.002–0.43, 0.21–5.75, 0.87–3.28 and <0.002–0.57 in the sachet water. Dimethyl phthalate (DMP) concentrations in the exposed and stored sachet water were significantly higher (P˂0.05) than that obtained from bottled water. There were also significantly higher (P<0.05) concentrations of Diethyl phthalate (DEP), Butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), Di-butyl phthalate (DBP) and phthalic acid decyl hept-2-yl ester (PADHE), and pH in exposed sachet water than the control. Non-carcinogenic hazard quotient for phthalate esters in the packaged water samples was ˂1, which indicates no carcinogenic health risk. The contribution of individual phthalates to drinking water for Mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate in both adults and toddlers exceeded the 0.5% TDI in some of the packaged water brands. Results suggest that increased concentrations of phthalate esters in the exposed packaged water samples were as a result of storage temperature, while the presence of phthalate esters in few of the control samples was probably from the packaging process. Although the levels of phthalates were low, regular consumption of packaged water could be detrimental to health of the general populace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catalysts for the efficient catalytic decomposition of ozone to generate reactive free radicals to oxidize pollutants are needed. The graphite-supported CeO2 catalyst was optimally prepared, and its activity in ozonation was evaluated using the degradation of diethyl phthalate (DEP) as an index. The stability of CeO2/graphite catalyst and the influence of operating conditions on its catalytic activity were investigated, and the mechanism of CeO2/graphite catalytic ozonation was analyzed. CeO2/graphite had the highest catalytic activity at a Ce load of 3.5% and a pyrolysis temperature of 400 °C with the DEP degradation efficiency of 75.0% and the total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiency of 48.3%. No dissolution of active components was found during the repeated use of CeO2/graphite catalyst. The ozone dosage, catalyst dosage, initial pH, and reaction temperature have positive effects on the DEP degradation by CeO2/graphite catalytic ozonation. The presence of tert-butanol significantly inhibits the degradation of DEP at an initial pH of 3.0, 5.8, or 9.0, and the experimental results of the •OH probe compound pCBA indicate that the CeO2/graphite catalyst can efficiently convert ozone into •OH in solution. The DEP degradation in the CeO2/graphite catalytic ozonation mainly depends on the •OH in the bulk solution formed by ozone decomposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are dialkyl or alkyl/aryl ester derivatives of phthalic acid. PAEs are colorless, odorless, and flavorless oily liquids. PAEs are the main plasticizers used in industry and households. DEHP (di-(2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate) is the main plasticizer used in the polymer industry, whereas DMP (dimethyl phthalate) and DEP (diethyl phthalate) are used mainly as solvents or fixatives in cosmetics and personal care products. PAEs are synthetic organic compounds poorly soluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Into the environment, they are introduced during the production, use and degradation, packaging, and transportation of plastic products. In the environment, PAEs are degraded in three ways: by hydrolysis, photodegradation, and microbial degradation, whereas the biodegradation and hydrolysis of PAEs in the environment are very slow. PAEs are pollutants of soil, water, groundwater, river water, marine water, air, sediments, vegetables, and biota. Due to the great interest in the subject of environmental pollution by PAEs and the emergence of new information in this area, it is extremely important to systematically review the current knowledge. In the presented paper, the occurrence of PAEs in different environmental matrices was reviewed. The toxicity to plants, animals, and humans was also described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a series of tertiary solvent mixtures comprising propyl acetate (PA), butyronitrile (BN) and diethyl phthalate (DEP), spanning a wide range of dielectric constants (5.90 < εs < 23.4) while maintaining both refractive index and viscosity constant, rate constants of photoinduced electron transfer (PET) reactions between excited pyrene and indole were measured and compared with those obtained in single neat organic solvents. Quenching rate constants were studied using the Stern–Volmer method and dynamic quenching was confirmed by time-correlated fluorescence lifetime measurements. In a previous study using different pure organic solvents and varying all solvent parameters (Previtali et al.), the solvent dependence of the pyrene/indole pair was described based on the semi-classical theory of adiabatic and non-adiabatic electron transfer reactions. Here the pure rate dependence on the dielectric constant is reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seaweed based pesticides exhibit mosquitocidal properties and are found to be effective, biodegradable and non-toxic to non-target organisms. Sargassum wightii Greville butanol and ethanol extracts were tested for its toxicity against the second and third instar larvae of Anopheles stephensi Liston in the present study. One hundred percent larval mortality was observed in the second instar of An. stephensi by the ethanol extract at the highest concentration of 500 mg/l after 24 hours of exposure. The LC50 values of S. wightii butanol and ethanol extracts were 107.03 and 89.67 mg/l, against the second instar of An. stephensi; and 132.56 and 92.00 mg/l against the third instar of An. stephensi respectively. Phytochemical analysis of S. wightii extracts revealed presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, fatty acids, flavonoids, phenols, proteins, tannins and terpenes. Larval mortality of second and third instars of An. stephensi can be attributed to the major compounds present in S. wightii revealed by GC-MS analysis, viz., ethyl salicylate, methyl salicylate, ethyl palmitate, palmitic acid, oleic acid, phytolin and diethyl phthalate. The present study accentuates S. wightii butanol and ethanol extracts to cause lethal effects to the second and third instar larvae of An. stephensi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The toxicity of three phthalates (PAEs) - butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) - was tested on the Mediterranean sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. Fertilized eggs were exposed to environmental and high PAE concentrations for 72 h. The potential toxic effects on larval development and any morphological anomalies were then assessed to estimate PAEs impact. Environmental concentrations never affected development, while high concentrations induced toxic effects in larvae exposed to BBP (EC50: 2.9 ×103 µg/L) and DEHP (EC50: 3.72 ×103 µg/L). High concentrations caused skeletal anomalies, with a slight to moderate impact for DEP/DEHP and BBP, respectively. PAE toxicity was: BBP>DEHP>DEP. In conclusion, the three PAEs at environmental concentrations do not pose a risk to sea urchins. However, PAE concentrations should be further monitored in order not to constitute a concern to marine species, especially at their early developmental stages.

Diethyl phthalate (DEF) is a synthetic chemical widely used as plasticizer and additive in personal care and pharmaceutical products. Low-dose exposure to this xenobiotic over a long period contributes to its intake into the human body in a high doses. To date, studies of DEF influence on free radical processes in liver cells, in which it is not only metabolized but can also have a prooxidant effect, remain limited. The aim of our research was to determine ROS formation, the intensity of oxidative modification of proteins (OMP) and proteolytic activity in the mitochondrial fraction of liver tissue of rats exposed to diethyl phtalate. The experimental white outbred rats were divided into three groups: I – intact animals (control), II and III – rats administered DEF orally for three weeks at a doses that reflect the dose levels received by humans, namely 2.5 and 5.4 mg/kg b.w. respectively. The animals were euthanized on the 14th and 21st day after xenobiotic administration. The mitochondrial fraction from the rat liver was isolated and the level of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals, protein carbonyl derivatives, SH-groups and Schiff bases was determined. Proteolytic activity was assessed in the test of hemoglobin cleavage. It was shown that administration of DEF in a dose of 2.5 mg/kg initiated ROS generation and OMP intensification in the rat liver mitochondria only with prolonged administration for 21 days, whereas its administration in a dose of 5.4 mg/kg led to intensification of these processes already on day 14th followed by further amplification on day 21st. The activity of proteolytic enzymes in the mitochondrial fraction was found to be depended on the degree of DEF–induced OMP and was increased with minor OMP intensification but decreased with significant intensification of proteins free radical oxidation.

The human body emits a multitude of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) via tissues and various bodily fluids or exhaled breath. These compounds collectively create a distinctive chemical profile, which can potentially be employed to identify changes in human metabolism associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) and, consequently, facilitate the diagnosis of this disease. The main goal of this study was to investigate and characterize the VOCs' chemical patterns associated with the breath of CRC patients and controls and identify potential expiratory markers of this disease. For this purpose, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was applied. Collectively, 1656 distinct compounds were identified in the breath samples provided by 152 subjects. Twenty-two statistically significant VOCs (p-xylene; hexanal; 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane; 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate; hexadecane; nonane; ethylbenzene; cyclohexanone; diethyl phthalate; 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one; tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-one; 2-butanone; benzaldehyde; dodecanal; benzothiazole; tetradecane; 1-dodecanol; 1-benzene; 3-methylcyclopentyl acetate; 1-nonene; toluene) were observed at higher concentrations in the exhaled breath of the CRC group. The elevated levels of these VOCs in CRC patients' breath suggest the potential for these compounds to serve as biomarkers for CRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research work aimed at the formulation of film-coated microspheres incorporating glibenclamide drug and their evaluation for the management of diabetes mellitus (DM). Microspheres were prepared by solvent evaporation methodology by the usage of ethyl cellulose as polymer, ethanol and dichloromethane as solvents and Tween 80® as a non-ionic surfactant. The film-coated membrane was prepared by pan coating method, incorporating ethyl cellulose, isopropyl alcohol, diethyl phthalate and sodium lauryl sulfate. This film membrane was coated on microspheres with the help of a spray gun. The efficiency of entrapment of the film coated microspheres of F5* batch, among different formulations, is highest and comes out to be in the range of 76.65±0.58. The percentage yield was observed to be 73.32±0.14. Morphological studies conducted by scanning electron microscope show spherical microspheres of uniform size. In vitro drug release study conducted of the coated microspheres of glibenclamide shows the highest amount of release of 97.44% in the F5*batch. The best-fit model was determined by the highest R2 value. Further, the developed formulation helps in reduction in dose dumping, with better patient compliance, and also masks the bitter taste of the drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the J Lake system, which receives recycled water, was selected as the research object. The ecological risk assessment of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in both the water and sediment phases of the lake was conducted based on the multi-media regression model. The results showed that the hazard quotients (HQs) of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and diethyl phthalate (DEP) in both water and sediment phases were less than 0.1, indicating a negligible risk to aquatic life in the lake. The ecological risks of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in the lake revealed significant spatial heterogeneity in the water phase the low-risk area of DBP accounted for 42.7%, while the medium-risk and low-risk areas of DEHP accounted for 93.5% and 5.6%, respectively, and in lake sediment phase the medium and low risk areas of DBP accounted for 0.5% and 69.2%, respectively, while the medium and low risk areas of DEHP accounted for 0. 9% and 68. 3%, respectively. Moreover, the ecological risks of DEP, DBP, and DEHP in the water phase varied greatly in different seasons, and the ecological risks of PAEs in sediment phase are similar to those in water. It is suggested that reducing the concentrations of DBP and DEHP in reclaimed water and controlling the production and use of DEHP at source can effectively reduce the risk level of DBP and DEHP in the receiving J Lake system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemicals known as phthalate acid esters, which are present in many products we use every day, were identified as priority pollutants that have negative effects on living things. A source of phthalate acid esters discharged into receiving waterways and the environment is wastewater treatment plant effluent. This study measured the content of phthalate acid esters in wastewater's liquid portion and microplastics throughout the wastewater treatment process, as well as evaluating the ecological risk of phthalate acid esters. The highest removal efficiency in wastewater, as well as microplastics of wastewater during the treatment process, was found for diethyl phthalate with 82.35% and 94% efficiency, respectively. The obtained data suggest that di-n-butyl phthalate and benzyl butyl phthalate in wastewater effluent have a high environmental risk at all three trophic levels (fish, invertebrates, and algae/cyanobacteria); the risk quotient value of di-n-butyl phthalate for algae/cyanobacteria was over 1000. Consequently, the health of fish and other aquatic life, as well as the local population, may be threatened by wastewater effluent discharged into receiving river (the Karun River). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phthalates are the synthetic chemical plasticizers with the most varied uses and are a source of concern due to their toxicity and ubiquity, so much so that even plasticizer-free polymers can contain them as non-intentionally added substances (NIAS). Food packaging is among the materials with the greatest impact. In this study, a simple protocol is proposed for the location and identification of dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, dipropyl phthalate, and dibutyl phthalate which is applicable to compliance studies of food packaging materials and for the associated risk assessment. Solid phase microextraction gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to evaluate the migration of four NIAS from food packaging to release media simulating food substrates. Three plasticizer-free polymers were used: two that were lab-made and based on sodium alginate and a commercial polyethylene film. Linearity ranged from the LOQ to 10 µg/mL; within-day and between-day precision values were between 12.3–25.7% and 21.9–35.8%, respectively; the LOD and LOQ were in the range 0.029–0.073 µg/mL and 0.122–0.970 µg/mL. Migration tests were conducted for different periods of time at room temperature and at 8 °C. Exposure to microwaves (MW) was also evaluated. All packaging materials tested had global migration limits lower than 10 mg/dm2 of material surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incidence of metabolic diseases is increasing alarmingly in recent times. Parallel to nutritional excess and sedentary lifestyle, the random usage of several endocrine disrupting chemicals including plasticizers is reported to be closely associated with metabolic diseases. Diethyl phthalate (DEP) is a widely used plasticizer in a host of consumer and daily care products. Adipose tissue plays a central role in energy storage and whole‐body metabolism. The impairment of adipose function is critically implicated in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, diabetes, and related metabolic diseases. Recently, exposure to certain phthalate esters has been linked to the development of obesity and diabetes, although there are contradictions and the mechanisms are not clearly understood. In an effort to ascertain the metabolic consequences of chronic phthalate exposure and the underlying mechanism, the present study was designed to examine the effects of long‐term dietary consumption of DEP in adipocytes. DEP‐treated mice were hyperglycemic but nonobese; their body weight initially increased which subsequently was reduced compared to control. DEP exposure at lower levels impaired adipogenesis by downregulating the key transcription factor, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ and its downstream insulin‐sensitizing adipokine, adiponectin, thereby severely compromising adipocyte function. The activation of master regulator nuclear factor κB led to rise in proinflammatory cytokines. We found that DEP triggered intrinsic apoptotic pathways through activated cytochrome c‐Apaf1‐caspase 9‐caspase 3 axis in adipocytes. Taken together, our data revealed that chronic administration of dietary DEP could unleash adverse metabolic outcomes by initiating oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in the adipocytes, thus leading to adipose tissue dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phthalates are ubiquitous contaminants occurring in all environmental compartments worldwide. In soils, it occurs at higher levels compared to other organic contaminants. Consequently, humans are exposed to phthalates constantly via air, dust, food and water. This paper reviews phthalates occurrence in soils of agricultural, industrial and urban areas. Diethyl hexyl phthalate and di-n-butyl phthalate are frequently detected in these areas, and their combined concentrations contribute about 60–80% to total phthalate concentrations. Microbial degradation is the primary process determining the fate of phthalates in soil. Gas, and liquid chromatographic techniques coupled to mass spectrometry techniques are generally used for phthalates determination. Reliable quantitation warrants stringent quality control measures as phthalates are present in laboratory air, solvents, and other labwares. Suggestions to minimise background contamination are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a wide variety of substances that are considered as emerging pollutants because their presence in waterbodies causes serious problems. Their presence in stormwater is also of great importance, but it is less studied. From the variety of emerging pollutants, we have selected to study nine substances in stormwater, six phthalate esters: dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate, benzyl butyl phthalate, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, di-n-octyl phthalate and three pharmaceuticals: acetaminophen, caffeine and phenacetin. The reasons for the selection were the frequency in use, and the lack of data about their detection in stormwater in Greece and also in other countries. For this purpose, the samples were preconcentrated by solid-phase extraction. The analytes were identified and quantitatively determined by reversed-phase liquid-phase chromatography connected to a diode array detector. The detection limits were in the range from 0.20 to 2.09 μg/L while the recoveries were between 42% and 113%. The results showed that the most abundant pharmaceutical was phenacetin with concentrations from nd to 7.82 μg/L and the most abundant phthalate was dimethyl phthalate with concentrations from nd to 7.9 μg/L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, a poly (ionic liquid) functionalised silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles were synthesised for the first time and utilised as a novel adsorbent for the simultaneous extraction of six phthalic acid esters from polyethylene terephthalate bottled drinking water samples. The adsorbent was prepared by grafting poly (1-benzyl-3-vinyl-1 H-imidazol-3-ium chloride) onto silica-coated Fe3O4nanoparticles via Cu(0)-mediated reversible-deactivation radical polymerisation method. Various techniques were used to characterise the synthesised nanomaterials. A qualitative analysis was performed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography triple–quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. Response surface methodology based on central composite design was used to optimise the extraction procedure and the optimised condition for each factor was; pH of3.9, 22 mg of adsorbent, 3.5 min extraction time, 3 min desorption time, 340 µL of elution solvent (methanol).The results of the validation of the method indicated its acceptable accuracy (88.6-100.1%), good linearity (r > 0.995), satisfactory repeatabilities (RSDs ≤ 6% for intra- and inter–day precisions) and high enrichment factors (535–572). The limits of detection and limits of quantification of the proposed method achieved were 1.1-4.6 ngL–1and 3.6-15.3 ngL–1, respectively. In this study, six common PAEs, including dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, benzyl butyl phthalate, bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and di-n–octyl phthalate, were found in PET bottled water within the range of 0.21-0.94 μgL–1, under different storage conditions. Nevertheless, only a negligible risk is caused by the PAEs in PET bottled water for consumers following the recommendations, such as storing at a common place (25°C), in a short period away from the sun. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humans can be exposed to endocrine disruptors (EDs) in numerous ways. EDs can interfere with endogenous hormones at different levels, resulting in numerous adverse human health outcomes, including immunotoxicity. In this regard, this study aimed to investigate in vitro the possible effects of EDs on immune cells and possible gender differences. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy humans, both males and females, were exposed to 6 different EDs, namely atrazine (herbicide), cypermethrin (insecticide), diethyl phthalate (plasticizer), 17α-ethynylestradiol (contraceptive drug), perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (persistent organic pollutant), and vinclozolin (fungicide). We evaluated the effect of EDs on RACK1 (receptor for activated C kinase 1) expression, considering it as a bridge between the endocrine and the immune system, and putatively used as screening tool of immunotoxic effects of EDs. The exposure to EDs resulted at different extent in alteration in RACK1 expression, pro-inflammatory activity, natural killer lytic ability, and lymphocyte differentiation, with sex-related differences. In particular, diethyl phthalate and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid resulted the most active EDs tested, with gender differences in terms of effects and magnitude. The results from our study evidenced the ability of EDs to directly affect immune cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water quality implications of transferring stormwater through pipes composed of concrete (new and used), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), galvanized corrugated steel (GCS), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and pipes subjected to cured in place pipe (CIPP) and spray in place pipe (SIPP) trenchless repair technologies on stormwater quality are reviewed. Studies involve either the use of flowing water or an immersion experimental design, with data showing contact with pipe materials can affect stormwater quality parameters including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and concentrations of minerals, metals, and organic constituents, e.g. styrene. 'In-transport' changes in pH (1–3 units), EC (2–3-fold), bicarbonate (3–44-fold), and calcium (2–17-fold) in stormwaters were reported following exposure to concrete pipes. Differences between the use of synthetic and field-collected stormwater were identified, e.g. turbidity levels in field-collected stormwater reduced on passage through all pipe types, compared to synthetic water where levels of turbidity on exposure to concrete and cement-based SIPP increased slightly. Transfer through PVC and HDPE pipes had minimal effects on physicochemical parameters, whereas exposure to galvanized corrugated steel pipes led to increases in EC, Zn, and Pb. Though limited data was available, the use of CIPP repairs and associated waste condensate generated during thermal curing and/or incomplete curing of resins was identified to release organic contaminants of concerns (e.g. styrene, vinylic monomers, dibutyl phthalate (DBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), and benzaldehyde). The implications of findings for both future research and stakeholders with responsibility for reducing diffuse pollution loads to receiving waters are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work was the detection and traceability of the occurrence of diethyl phthalate (DEP) migrating from flexible packaging to food. Brazil is one of the largest producers of flexible plastics widely used in food. The evaluation of migrations of contaminants for food, mainly fatty foods, elucidates the possible transmission of diseases through the daily consumption of migrant contaminants from packaging. Throughout an accurate and highly specific methodology, with no use of simulants or organic solvents during sample preparation, the proposal of this study obtained a direct DEP ranking through migration traceability via headspace: HS-GC-MS. Of the 9 samples of flexible packaging and packaged foods analyzed, DEP was identified in 100%, thus confirming its occurrence in foods. Despite the storage conditions: temperature, shelf life, fat content of the products and the manufacturer’s assessment of use. It is urgent to review official standards to promote intense restrictions on the occurrence of DEP in food and encourage the benefits of reflecting daily consumption habits.

Organic films act as passive air samplers and can be employed to assess the concentration of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), such as phthalates, in the gas phase over a defined period using the kinetic adsorption model. Consequently, indoor organic films have been identified as effective media for evaluating human exposure to SVOCs. This study proposed an organic film-based method for assessing SVOC exposure in the indoor environment. Exposure assessments of various phthalate pathways were conducted on children and adults. Organic films were collected for analysis from 110 residential dwellings in metropolitan areas over a two-month period. The exposure assessments were categorized into inhalation, oral, and dermal exposure pathways. Diethyl phthalate was highest in inhalation exposure, dibutyl phthalate represented the highest dermal exposure, and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate was identified as the highest contributor to oral exposure. For children, the primary exposure pathways included dermal absorption of DBP, DEP, diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP), and di-n-hexyl phthalate (DNHP); dust ingestion of DEHP and di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP); and inhalation of dimethyl phthalate (DMP). The ECR and HQ for inhalation, dermal, and ingestion did not exceed the threshold in children and adults at all pollutants, suggesting no potential health impact. In contrast, the primary routes of exposure for adults were dermal absorption of DBP, DMP, DEP, DiBP, BBP, and DNHP, along with dust ingestion of DEHP and DNOP. The findings of this study provide valuable baseline data for future research in health risk and SVOC exposure assessments utilizing indoor organic films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of six phthalate acid esters (PAE) and associated health risks in butter and cheese samples, using the magnetic solid‐phase extraction with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (MSPE‐GC/MS) technique. In this study, the limit of detection (LODs), limit of quantifications (LOQs) and the recovery percentages were 0.26–1.02, 0.78–3.06 μg/kg and 98.6–102%. The results showed that in all samples, the mean total PAEs was 9.76 ± 2.39 μg/kg (in the range of 6.33–14.49 μg/kg) and the average of Bis (2‐ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) was 2.9 ± 0.88 μg/kg (in the range of 1.84–4.24 μg/kg), which is lower than the standard level (EFSA set PAE standard levels between 0 and 50 μg/kg in food and US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) set 6 μg/L for DEHP in drinking water). Moreover, the average total PAEs in all butter samples were 11.52 ± 2.03 μg/kg (in the range of 7.82–14.49 μg/kg) and the average of DEHP was 3.53 ± 0.73 μg/kg (in the range of 2.05–4.24 μg/kg) and the average total PAEs in all cheese samples were 8.00 ± 1.02 μg/kg (in the range of 6.33–9.91 μg/kg) and the average of DEHP was 2.26 ± 0.43 μg/kg (in the range of 1.84–3.04 μg/kg). The rank order of the estimated THQ (target hazard quotient) values based on the 95% percentile (in all samples) was DEHP > DBP (dibutyl phthalate) > BBP (butylbenzyl phthalate) > DEP (diethyl phthalate). The ILCR (Incremental Life Cancer Risk) assessment found that phthalates (DEHP) in dairy product samples are not of concern to humans. Finally, since the amount of these pollutants was less than the existing standards, it can be concluded that it does not pose any danger to Iranian consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study is to identify and separate the Ziziphus Trinervia Fruit's secondary metabolites using GC-MS methods. The GC-MS results revealed that 3,6,9,12-Tetraoxatetradecan-1-ol (1), Methyl salicylate (2), Diethyl Phthalate (3) and 1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7,9,9,11,11-dodecamethyl hexasiloxane (4) are the most abundant secondary metabolites in the ethanolic extract. The identified compounds (1-4) were screened for drug-likeness using SWISSADME and their pharmacokinetics properties were evaluated by pkCSM. The target protein, Human pancreatic alphaamylase (4W93), is docked with the identified compounds (1-4) using MOE software. The docking results indicate that compound 4 exhibits a comparable binding affinity for the target protein as standard a-amylase inhibitors. This suggests that it has the potential to interact effectively with the target enzyme. The in-silico study reports that compound 4 could be a promising drug candidate against inhibiting the function of human pancreatic a-amylase. These findings could contribute to the development of new therapeutic options for managing diabetes. Researchers and healthcare professionals will likely be interested in exploring this potential avenue for treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There are many therapeutic effects of medicinal plants that are used in treating and preventing a variety of diseases. Recently medicinal plants contain many bioactive compounds which are playing an important role in the health sector. The use of herbal medicine is based on the fact that herbal medicines are safe without any ill effects on human health and are easily accessible at minimum cost. However, there is an urgent need to assure the quality and efficacy of the product. Objectives: The main objective of current study directed to characterize possible the phytochemical compounds and mineral elements present in the methanolic leaves extract of the Thalictrum foliolosum plant by using GC-MS, FTIR, and ICP-MS analysis to ensure quality of this medicinally important herb and for a better understanding of its pharmacological claim. Materials and Methods: Thalictrum foliolosum was collected in July and August from the Hatu peak at an elevation of 3400 m in the Shimla district of Himachal Pradesh, India. The fine powder of the plant leaf was extracted with methanol at room temperature for 8 hr. The chemical analysis of bioactive compounds of Thalictrum foliolosum has been evaluated using GC-MS, FTIR and ICP-MS. Results: GC-MS analysis disclosed the presence of 48 compounds which shows various medicinal activities. The major phytoconstituents were Octacosanol (22.37%), Diethyl Phthalate (22.32%), Hexanoic acid, 2-ethyl-, ethyl ester (6.14%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (4.11%) and many more which exhibited antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. The compounds found in the extract were compared with mass spectra from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The crude extract was analyzed in a spectrometer Perkin Elmer Spectrum 400 and characteristic peaks were recorded indicating various functional groups such as phenol, alkanes, alcohol, amides, and amines are present. The ICP-MS technique was simultaneously used to trace the mineral element and the result revealed the presence of important micronutrients including manganese (1,770.517 ppb), ferrous (22,604.753ppb), zinc (4,322.423 ppb), chromium (491.231), copper (7,048.321ppb) and potassium (450,067.837ppb). These mineral element acts as cofactors for more than 3000 enzymes that regulate various metabolic pathways in the living system. Hence our study provides a huge platform to screen out these bioactive compounds and mineral elements which are used to treat various lethal and lifestyle diseases. Conclusion: The current study reveals that the methanolic leaves extract of Thalictrum foliolosum contains various phytoconstituents which were responsible for various biological activities. The relative concentration of bioactive compounds and mineral elements is reasonable and can be considered for medical purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens creates public health challenges, prompting a continuous search for effective novel antimicrobials. This study aimed to isolate marine actinomycetes from South Africa, evaluate their in vitro antimicrobial activity against Listeria monocytogenes and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, and characterize their mechanisms of action. Marine actinomycetes were isolated and identified by 16S rRNA sequencing. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was used to identify the chemical constituents of bioactive actinomycetes' secondary metabolites. Antibacterial activity of the secondary metabolites was assessed by the broth microdilution method, and their mode of actions were predicted using computational docking. While five strains showed antibacterial activity during primary screening, only Nocardiopsis dassonvillei strain SOD(B)ST2SA2 exhibited activity during secondary screening for antibacterial activity. GC–MS identified five major bioactive compounds: 1-octadecene, diethyl phthalate, pentadecanoic acid, 6-octadecenoic acid, and trifluoroacetoxy hexadecane. SOD(B)ST2SA2′s extract demonstrated minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration, ranging from 0.78–25 mg/mL and 3.13 to > 25 mg/mL, respectively. Diethyl phthalate displayed the lowest bacterial protein-binding energies (kcal/mol): −7.2, dihydrofolate reductase; −6.0, DNA gyrase B; and −5.8, D-alanine:D-alanine ligase. Thus, marine N. dassonvillei SOD(B)ST2SA2 is a potentially good source of antibacterial compounds that can be used to control STEC and Listeria monocytogenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Most studies have focused on the degradation of endocrine‐disrupting chemicals using persulfate activation processes. Therefore, the current study compares various sulfate radical activation processes in an aqueous solution of a mixture of diethyl phthalate, butylparaben and bisphenol A that are present in water and wastewater. The effects of initial persulfate dose and pH variation, the effect of concentration of target endocrine‐disrupting chemicals and degradation efficiency under various processes were studied. Additionally, the toxicity and cost estimation of the systems were also examined. RESULTS: The results showed pseudo‐first‐order kinetics with maximum degradation efficiency of 99% for 1 mg L−1 at pH 7, 2.5 mmol L−1 persulfate dose, 450 W power in 60 min for UV‐activated persulfate oxidation process. A quenching experiment highlights the dominance of both sulfate and hydroxyl radicals in the degradation of mixtures of diethyl phthalate, butylparaben and bisphenol A in an aqueous solution. The transformative products identified using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry were monohydroxylated structures that decompose to form organic acids, indicating efficient degradation capacity with minimal toxicity. Further, the sono‐activated persulfate oxidation process was found to be cost‐effective at 1 mg L−1 with 95% degradation efficiency. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that an increase in the concentration of target compounds decreases the efficiency of degradation under various activation processes. pH 3 and pH 7 favor thermal and sono‐activated and UV‐activated processes, respectively. Toxicity evaluation shows minimal harm to non‐target species Daphnia magna for all activation processes. These findings can be useful for on‐field application for the degradation of chemicals in mixtures. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phthalic acid esters (PAEs), which are widespread environmental contaminants, can be efficiently biodegraded, mediated by enzymes such as hydrolases. Despite great advances in the characterization of PAE hydrolases, which are the most important enzymes in the process of PAE degradation, their molecular catalytic mechanism has rarely been systematically investigated. Acinetobacter sp. LUNF3, which was isolated from contaminated soil in this study, demonstrated excellent PAE degradation at 30 °C and pH 5.0–11.0. After sequencing and annotating the complete genome, the gene dphAN1, encoding a novel putative PAE hydrolase, was identified with the conserved motifs catalytic triad (Ser201-Asp295-His325) and oxyanion hole (H127GGG130). DphAN1 can hydrolyze DEP (diethyl phthalate), DBP (dibutyl phthalate) and BBP (benzyl butyl phthalate). The high activity of DphAN1 was observed under a wide range of temperature (10–40 °C) and pH (6.0–9.0). Moreover, the metal ions (Fe2+, Mn2+, Cr2+ and Fe3+) and surfactant TritonX-100 significantly activated DphAN1, indicating a high adaptability and tolerance of DphAN1 to these chemicals. Molecular docking revealed the catalytic triad, oxyanion hole and other residues involved in binding DBP. The mutation of these residues reduced the activity of DphAN1, confirming their interaction with DBP. These results shed light on the catalytic mechanism of DphAN1 and may contribute to protein structural modification to improve catalytic efficiency in environment remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extensive use of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) as plasticizer causes diffusion into the environment, which posed a great threat to mankind. It was reported that Comamonas sp. was a potentially robust aromatic biodegrader. Although the biodegradation of several PAEs by Comamonas sp. was studies, the comprehensive genomic analysis of Comamonas sp. was few reported. In the present study, one promising bacterial strain for biodegrading diethyl phthalate (DEP) was successfully isolated from activated sludge and characterized as Comamonas sp. USTBZA1 based on the 16S rRNA sequence analysis. The results showed that pH 7.5, 30 °C and inoculum volume ratio of 6% were optimal for biodegradation. Initial DEP of 50 mg/L could be completely biodegrade by strain USTBZA1 within 24 h which conformed to the Gompertz model. Based on the Q-TOF LC/MS analysis, monoethyl phthalate (MEP) and phthalic acid (PA) were identified as the metabolic products of DEP biodegradation by USTBZA1. Furthermore, the whole genome of Comamonas sp. USTBZA1 was analyzed to clarify the molecular mechanism for PAEs biodegradation by USTBZA1. There were 3 and 41 genes encoding esterase/arylesterase and hydrolase, respectively, and two genes regions (pht34512 and pht4253) were responsible for the conversion of PA to protocatechuate (PCA), and two genes regions (ligCBAIKJ) were involved in PCA metabolism in USTBZA1. These results substantiated that Comamonas sp. USTBZA1 has potential application in the DEP bioremediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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• The concentration of phthalates in the Yellow River is higher. • DMP, DEP, and DiBP were the most frequently encountered components. • Control of construction land release and lake pollution sources is critical. • DNOP and DiBP demonstrate low to moderate risk concentrations. Phthalate esters (PAEs), recognized as endocrine disruptors, are released into the environment during usage, thereby exerting adverse ecological effects. This study investigates the occurrence, sources, and risk assessment of PAEs in surface water obtained from 36 sampling points within the Yellow River and Yangtze River basins. The total concentration of PAEs in the Yellow River spans from 124.5 to 836.5 ng/L, with Dimethyl phthalate (DMP) (75.4 ± 102.7 ng/L) and Diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP) (263.4 ± 103.1 ng/L) emerging as the predominant types. Concentrations exhibit a pattern of upstream (512.9 ± 202.1 ng/L) > midstream (344.5 ± 135.3 ng/L) > downstream (177.8 ± 46.7 ng/L). In the Yangtze River, the total concentration ranges from 81.9 to 441.6 ng/L, with DMP (46.1 ± 23.4 ng/L), Diethyl phthalate (DEP) (93.3 ± 45.2 ng/L), and DiBP (174.2 ± 67.6 ng/L) as the primary components. Concentration levels follow a midstream (324.8 ± 107.3 ng/L) > upstream (200.8 ± 51.8 ng/L) > downstream (165.8 ± 71.6 ng/L) pattern. Attention should be directed towards the moderate ecological risks of DiBP in the upstream of HH, and both the upstream and midstream of CJ need consideration for the moderate ecological risks associated with Di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP). Conversely, in other regions, the associated risk with PAEs is either low or negligible. The main source of PAEs in Yellow River is attributed to the release of construction land, while in the Yangtze River Basin, it stems from the accumulation of pollutants in lakes and forests discharged into the river. These findings are instrumental for pinpointing sources of PAEs pollution and formulating control strategies in the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers, providing valuable insights for global PAEs research in other major rivers. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The emergence of new chemical industries has caused the release of a large amount of organic compounds including industrial by-products, insecticides and other chemicals in nature. Endocrine disrupting compounds are a known group of hazardous and complex pollutants that occurs in wastewater and water sources worldwide, either naturally or as a result of human activities. In this study, an attempt is made to remove diethyl phthalate from water environments by the advanced oxidation process of ozonation in the presence of activated carbon produced from the Skanbil tree. methods and Materials: This experimental study was done in a reactor with a volume of 100 mL. In each experiment, diethyl phthalate solution was poured into the pilot in the desired concentration and ozone with 0.8 mg/min dose was injected into the reaction solution. Process parameters included pH (2-8), reaction times (2 to 30 min), pollutant concentration (5-25 mg/L) and catalyst dose (0.025-0.1 gram). In the end of each experiment, the sample was withdrawn from the pilot and analyzed using HPLC to determine the residual diethyl phthalate. Results: The results showed that under optimal conditions of pH = 6.8, ozone dose = 0.8 mg/min and contact time = 30 minutes, ozonation could only remove 60% of diethyl phthalate, and under the same conditions, catalytic ozonation with 0.075 g of carbon obtained from the skanbil tree could remove 94% of diethyl phthalate. Conclusion: The results of this research showed that catalytic ozonation with carbon obtained from the wood waste of shanbil tree can be used as an advanced treatment method.

Catalysts for the efficient catalytic decomposition of ozone to generate reactive free radicals to oxidize pollutants are needed. The graphite-supported CeO2 catalyst was optimally prepared, and its activity in ozonation was evaluated using the degradation of diethyl phthalate (DEP) as an index. The stability of CeO2/graphite catalyst and the influence of operating conditions on its catalytic activity were investigated, and the mechanism of CeO2/graphite catalytic ozonation was analyzed. CeO2/graphite had the highest catalytic activity at a Ce load of 3.5% and a pyrolysis temperature of 400 °C with the DEP degradation efficiency of 75.0% and the total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiency of 48.3%. No dissolution of active components was found during the repeated use of CeO2/graphite catalyst. The ozone dosage, catalyst dosage, initial pH, and reaction temperature have positive effects on the DEP degradation by CeO2/graphite catalytic ozonation. The presence of tert-butanol significantly inhibits the degradation of DEP at an initial pH of 3.0, 5.8, or 9.0, and the experimental results of the •OH probe compound pCBA indicate that the CeO2/graphite catalyst can efficiently convert ozone into •OH in solution. The DEP degradation in the CeO2/graphite catalytic ozonation mainly depends on the •OH in the bulk solution formed by ozone decomposition.