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Dicrotendipes modestus (Say, 1823): Kaz Lake (Tokat) (Akyıldız & Duran 2012).

Dicrotendipes lobiger (Kieffer, 1921): Mersinbeleni Lake (Koçarlı, Aydın) (Akyıldız & Duran 2012).

Dicrotendipes notatus (Meigen, 1818): Büyük Akgöl Lake and Poyrazlar Lake (Sakarya), Kaz Lake (Tokat), Sarp Lake (Aksaray), Tatlıgöl Lake (Bafra, Samsun) (Akyıldız & Duran 2012).

Dicrotendipes pallidicornis (Goetghebuer, 1934) : Hazar Lake (Elazığ) (Aydın 2022).

Dicrotendipes tritomus (Thienemann & Kieffer, 1916): Very common in Turkey. Lake district (Taşdemir & Ustaoğlu 2005), Meriç and Ergene Rivers, Thrace region (Özkan 2006a; Özkan & Elipek 2006; Özkan 2010a), Çanakkale region (Özkan 2007), Gediz Delta (Taşdemir et al. 2009b), Süleymanlı Lake (Buldan, Denizli) (Duran & Akyıldız 2011), Kovada Lake (Arslan & Şahin 2006), TMI 12 Pond (Elazığ) (Arslan & Saler 2010), Musaözü Dam Lake (Eskişehir) (Arslan et al. 2007), Uluabat Lake (Bursa) (Arslan et al. 2010), Kırklareli province (Aydın & Güher 2017), north Aegean streams (Balık et al. 1999), Gala Lake (Edirne) (Çamur-Elipek et al. 2010), Hamam Lake (Çamur-Elipek et al. 2012), İkiz Lake (İzmir) (Taşdemir et al. 2004a), Gümüldür Stream (İzmir) (Ustaoğlu et al. 2005), Selçuk (İzmir) (Balık et al. 2006a), Küçük Menderes Coastal Wetland (Yıldız et al. 2010), Seyfe Lake (Ahıska & Karabatak 1994), Sarıkum Lake (Sinop) (Akbulut et al. 2002), Menderes Creek (Çanakkale) (Akbulut et al. 2009), Tunca River (Çamur-Elipek et al. 2006), Gökpınar Creek (Duran et al. 2007), Western Black Sea region (Taşdemir et al. 2008). = Limnochironomus tritomus (Kieffer).

Dicrotendipes fumidus (Johannsen, 1905) : Kızılırmak River (Fındık & Aras 2016). Note: Species inquirenda; distribution is Nearctic sensu Oliver et al. (1990).

Dicrotendipes septemmaculatus (Becker, 1908): The species has been reported to be common in Turkey (Spies & Saether 2004).

Resumen Introducción: Los arroyos asociados a bofedales se hallan en ambientes donde las condiciones son extremas con temperaturas muy variables, baja presión atmosférica e intensa radiación solar. Sin embargo, existen ensamblajes de macroinvertebrados asociados a estos ambientes, cuya información es escasa. A escala global y regional, las características de los macroinvertebrados cambian con el aumento de la latitud y altitud (disminución de la riqueza y variación de la composición). A nivel local, también se puede agregar el efecto de las aguas ácidas y de elevada conductividad proveniente de manantiales que se unen a los arroyos, que generan heterogeneidad en la calidad de agua y consecuentemente en las características de los macroinvertebrados. Objetivo: Comparar la diversidad, composición y abundancia de macroinvertebrados y las características fisicoquímicas del agua de arroyos asociados a dos bofedales altoandinos, ubicados en el departamento de Ayacucho, Perú. Metodología: Se estudiaron once estaciones ubicados en arroyos de dos bofedales: 7 en Guitarrachayocc (G) de 43 ha (n = 28) y 4 en Pichccahuasi (P) de 28 ha (n = 8). Se empleó una red de Surber (0.3 mm de malla, área de muestreo de 1 200 cm2), para realizar muestreos mensuales de octubre de 2016 a abril de 2017. Análisis de componentes principales (PCA) y análisis de varianza multivariante no paramétrico (NP-MANOVA) se aplicaron para comparar las características del agua. Además, se utilizó un análisis de coordenadas principales (PCoA) y NP-MANOVA para comparar el ensamblaje. La prueba no paramétrica de Kruskal-Wallis (α = 0.05) se utilizó para comparar las abundancias absolutas de los taxa principales. Resultados: Las características del agua fueron heterogéneas, con pH de 3.2 (± 0.4) a 7.6 (± 0.1), conductividad de 168.9 (± 91) µS/cm a 1 117 (± 159.3) µS/cm; diferencias que fueron significativas (p < 0.05) al comparar las estaciones de muestreo, donde el agua de G6 presenta los mínimos valores de pH y los máximos de conductividad, al igual que cloruros. Se recolectaron un total de 8 126 individuos, distribuidos en 26 taxa de 20 familias, 11 órdenes y cinco clases. Los insectos fueron el grupo más diverso y abundante. A pesar a la cercanía de los arroyos de los bofedales, presentaron diferencias: en G, se registró 25 taxa, con dominancia de Macrelmis sp., Dicrotendipes sp., Claudioperla sp., Meridialaris sp. y en P, 9, con dominancia de Pedrowygomya sp., Hyalella sp. y Dicrotendipes sp. La densidad fue de 475 ind./m2 y de 31 ind./m2 para el bofedal G y P respectivamente, estos valores fueron estadísticamente diferentes (p < 0.05). El PCoA y el PCA confirmados por NP-MANOVA mostraron que G6 es diferente (p < 0.05) dentro de G porque recibe el aporte de agua de un manantial. Conclusiones: La riqueza, composición y densidad de los macroinvertebrados son diferentes en los arroyos según el bofedal al cual se halla asociado. La contribución de los manantiales a los arroyos genera cambios drásticos en la calidad del agua y los macroinvertebrados, determinando la formación de ensamblajes con diferente riqueza y estructura. Abstract Introduction: Streams associated with high Andean wetlands are found in environments where conditions are extreme, highly variable temperature, low atmospheric pressure, intense solar radiation. The macroinvertebrate assemblages have been poorly studied compared to streams located at lower altitudes. On a global and regional scale, the characteristics of macroinvertebrates change with the increase in latitude and altitude (decreasing in richness and variation in composition). At the local level, the effect of acidic waters with high conductivity from springs that join streams generate heterogeneity in water quality and consequently in the characteristics of macroinvertebrate structure. Objective: To compare the diversity, composition and abundance of macroinvertebrates and the physicochemical characteristics of stream water in two high Andean wetlands in Peru. Methodology: Eleven stations located in streams of two high Andean wetlands were studied: 7 in Guitarrachayocc (G) of 43 ha (n = 28) and 4 in Pichccahuasi (P) of 28 ha (n = 8). A Surber sampler (0.3 mm mesh, sampling area of 1 200 cm2) was used to carry out monthly samplings from October 2016 to April 2017. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Non-Parametric-Multivariate-Analysis-Of-Variance (NP-MANOVA) were applied to compare water characteristics. The macroinvertebrate assemblages from the two streams were compared by using a Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), NP-MANOVA, and a non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test (α = 0.05). Results: The characteristics of the water were heterogeneous, with significant differences in pH which ranged from 3.2 (± 0.4) to 7.6 (± 0.1) and conductivity ranging from 168.9 (± 91.0) µS / cm to 1 117.0 (± 159.3) µS / cm. In particular, G6 presented the lowest pH values and the highest electrical conductivity, as well as chlorides. A total of 8 126 individuals were collected, distributed in 26 taxa from 20 families, 11 orders and five classes. Insects were the most diverse and abundant group. Differences were found between the streams of the highland wetlands, despite their proximity: in G, 25 taxa were registered, with a dominance of Macrelmis sp., Dicrotendipes sp., Claudioperla sp. and Meridialaris sp. and in P, 9, with a dominance of Pedrowygomya sp., Hyalella sp. and Dicrotendipes sp. The density was 475 ind./m2 and 31 ind./m2 for G and P respectively, these values were statistically different (p < 0.05). The PCoA and PCA confirmed by NP-MANOVA showed that G6 was different (p < 0.05) within G because it receives water contribution from a spring. Conclusions: The richness, composition and density of macroinvertebrates were different in streams depending on the bofedal with which it is associated. The contribution of the springs to the streams generates drastic changes in the quality of the water and the macroinvertebrates, determining the formation of assemblages with different richness and structure.

Dicrotendipes Kieffer (Figs 77���82) Head capsule yellow, occipital margin darkened. Frontal apotome separated from clypeus (except for a European species, Dicrotendipes lobiger (Kieffer, 1921)), and there is an antero-median fenestra (oval to round or linear) on the frontal apotome (Figs 77, 78); anterior margin of frontal apotome may be crenulated (Fig. 77). Antenna 5-segmented, segment 4 exceptionally long. Premandible with 3 teeth, second one and third broad and blunt. Mandible with pale dorsal tooth, 1���2 small surficial and 3 inner teeth. Median tooth of mentum robust, sometimes laterally notched, 6 pairs of lateral teeth. First and second pairs sometimes partially fused. Sixth lateral tooth sometimes reduced into a broad lobe, so only five laterals are clearly visible. Ventromental plates narrow, visibly fan-shaped, completely striated, about half width of mentum; anterior margin smooth or crenate. Remarks: Mentum of Dicrotendipes is especially similar to that of Glyptotendipes, Einfeldia and Kiefferulus (all having fenestra in frons or frontoclypeus), however ventromental plates of these genera are much longer, (equalling to or exceeding width of mentum), while distinctly short in Dicrotendipes. Subfossil remains were rare, found in lakes with higher trophy. Two morphotypes were distinguished following Brooks et al. (2007). Dicrotendipes nervosus - type (Figs 79, 80) Ventromental plates crenulated at anterior margin. Dicrotendipes notatus - type (Figs 81, 82) Ventromental plates with smooth anterior margin. Dicrotendipes nervosus - type (Figs 79, 80) Ventromental plates crenulated at anterior margin. Dicrotendipes notatus - type (Figs 81, 82) Ventromental plates with smooth anterior margin., Published as part of Chamutiov��, T��mea, Hamerl��k, Ladislav & Bitu����k, Peter, 2020, Subfossil chironomids (Diptera, Chironomidae) of lakes in the Tatra Mountains an illustrated guide, pp. 216-264 in Zootaxa 4819 (2) on pages 249-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4819.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4396828, {"references":["Brooks, S. J., Langdon, P. G. & Heiri, O. (2007) The Identification and Use of Palaearctic Chironomidae Larvae in Palaeoecology. QRA Technical Guide No. 10. QRA, London, 276 pp."]}

Dicrotendipes notatus - type (Figs 81, 82) Ventromental plates with smooth anterior margin., Published as part of Chamutiov��, T��mea, Hamerl��k, Ladislav & Bitu����k, Peter, 2020, Subfossil chironomids (Diptera, Chironomidae) of lakes in the Tatra Mountains an illustrated guide, pp. 216-264 in Zootaxa 4819 (2) on page 250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4819.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4396828

Chironomidae larvae play an important role in the food chain of river ecosystems in Korea, where it is dominant. However, detailed information on the diet of Chironomidae larvae are still lacking. The purpose of this study was to identify the gut contents of 4th instar larvae of a Chironomidae inhabiting four large-scale weirs (Sejong Weir, Juksan Weir, Gangjeong-Goryeong Weir, and Dalseong Weir) using a DNA meta-barcoding approach. We found that dominant Operational Taxonomic Unit (OUT) was assigned to Paractinolaimus sp. (Nematoda), and the sub-dominant OTU was assigned to Dicrotendipes fumidus (Chironomidae). The most common OTUs among the individuals included phytoplankton, such as Tetrahymena sp., D. armatus, Pseudopediastrum sp., Tetradesmus dimorphus, Biddulphia tridens, and Desmodesmus spp. We calculated the selectivity index (E&rsquo, ) and provided scientific evidence that Chironomidae larvae have a significant preference (E&rsquo, &gt, 0.5) for Desmodesmus armatus, E. minima, and T. dimorphus, while it does not show preference for other species found in its gut. Differences in physico-chemical factors, such as water quality, nutrients, Chl-a, and carbon concentrations, resulting from anthropogenic impacts (i.e., construction of large-scale weirs) as well as the particle size of prey organisms (small-sized single cell) and effects of chemicals (chemokinesis) could affect the feeding behavior of Chironomidae larvae.

There is a sparsity of long, continuous palaeotemperature records for the last glacial period in central Europe, particularly for the interval corresponding to Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 4 and 3. Here we present a new, ca. 50-thousand year (ka)-long chironomid record from Füramoos, southern Germany, covering the interval from MIS 5a to MIS 3 that we use to examine lake development and then to quantitatively reconstruct mean July air temperatures. Chironomid assemblages with high abundances of taxa such as Polypedilum nubeculosum-type, Microtendipes pedellus-type, Cladopelma lateralis-type and Dicrotendipes nervosus-type imply a shallow-lake setting for the majority of the examined interval, which is corroborated by other aquatic remains such as oribatid mites, Sialidae and Ceratopogonidae. Assemblages from the interval ca. 99 to 80 ka (in the region corresponding to the Brörup Interstadial, Stadial B and early Odderade Interstadial) are dominated by taxa such as Tanytarsus glabrescens-type and Tanytarsus mendax-type and indicate relatively warm temperatures. Assemblages from the interval covering ca. 80 to 54 ka (corresponding to the late Odderade, Stadial C, Dürnten Interstadial and Stadial D) are dominated by taxa such as Sergentia coracina-type and Tanytarsus lugens-type and are typical for cooler conditions. Reconstructed July temperatures for the early Würmian (Brörup to early Odderade; ca. 99–80 ka) are 13–14 °C. Values decline to

High resolution analysis of subfossil chironomid remains preserved in well-dated lacustrine sediment cores was undertaken to identify whether marked shifts in chironomid assemblages have occurred in recent decades in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. This study will improve our understanding of site-specific aquatic ecosystem variability in the central Colorado Rockies during the 20th and early 21st centuries. An observed increase in chironomid taxa associated with warmer, more productive lakes, e.g. Dicrotendipes, is consistent with the movement of these lakes towards more productive aquatic systems in recent decades. The application of a chironomid-based inference model for mean July air temperature (MJAT) to the midge stratigraphies from these sites provide centennial length reconstructions of MJAT. The chironomid-inferred reconstructions of MJAT closely track gridded MJAT estimates for much of the 20th century; however, the response of the chironomid community is muted relative to the elevated temperatures that characterize this region during the last decade. Complementary analyses of sub-fossil chironomid records, previously developed from additional high elevation lakes located throughout the Intermountain West of the United States, indicate that the rate and magnitude of faunal turnover during the late 20th and early 21st centuries surpass the rate and magnitude of faunal turnover during any preceding interval in the last century. Direct gradient analyses reveal that the chironomid assemblages in the majority of sites became increasingly similar in composition to the assemblages associated with warmer, lower elevation sites between the early 20th and early 21st century.

The Neotropical region possesses a rich freshwater sponge fauna; however, knowledge about its taxonomy and the community inside the sponges remains fragmentary. Chironomidae (Insecta, Diptera) larvae associated with freshwater sponges have been largely reported in literature and some genera are recognized as containing species exclusively dependent on these organisms. In this study, we analyze the occurrence of chironomid larvae associated with freshwater sponges (Spongillidae) in northeastern Brazil. Samples were collected in two aquatic systems in Pernambuco, Brazil, in February 2011 and October 2012. In the Rio Sirinhaém, Corvoheteromeyenia australis (Bonetto & Ezcurra de Drago) was the only sponge collected, and Polypedilum Kieffer, Goeldichironomus Fittkau, Xenochironomus Kieffer and Cricotopus Van der Wulp were the chironomids found as its associated fauna. On the other hand, in a fishpond, Heteromeyenia cristalina Batista, Volkmer-Ribeiro & Melão, Radiospongilla inesi Nicacio & Pinheiro and Tubella variabilis Boneto & Ezcurra de Drago were the collected sponges, and Polypedilum, Chironomus Meigen, Dicrotendipes Kieffer and Goeldichironomus were the larvae associated with these species. Although only species of Xenochironomus are reported to have close interactions with freshwater sponges, herein we document other Chironomidae genera associated with these organisms. Nevertheless, further investigations are needed to better understand how chironomid larvae use sponges as shelter and/or to avoid predation in a facultative way. The objective of the present study was to analyze the occurrence of Chironomidae inhabitants of freshwater sponges in aquatic systems in the state of Pernambuco, in order to contribute to the knowledge of sponge-dwelling chironomids in northeastern Brazil. A região Neotropical possui uma rica fauna de esponjas de água doce, porém o conhecimento sobre sua taxonomia, bem como sobre as comunidades dentro delas permanece fragmentado. Larvas de Chironomidae (Insecta, Diptera) associadas a esponjas de água doce têm sido amplamente relatadas na literatura, com alguns gêneros que são reconhecidos como contendo espécies exclusivamente dependentes desses organismos. Neste estudo, analisamos a ocorrência de larvas de Chironomidae associadas a esponjas de água doce (Spongillidae) no nordeste do Brasil. As amostras foram coletadas em dois sistemas aquáticos em Pernambuco, no período de fevereiro de 2011 a outubro de 2012. No Rio Sirinhaém, Corvoheteromeyenia australis (Bonetto & Ezcurra de Drago) foi a única esponja coletada, sendo que Polypedilum Kieffer, Goeldichironomus Fittkau, Xenochironomus Kieffer e Cricotopus Van der Wulp foram os Chironomidae registrados como representantes dessa fauna associada. Por outro lado, no tanque de piscicultura, Heteromeyenia cristalina Batista, Volkmer-Ribeiro & Melão, Radiospongilla inesi Nicacio & Pinheiro e Tubella variabilis Boneto & Ezcurra de Drago foram as esponjas coletadas, e Polypedilum, Chironomus Meigen, Dicrotendipes Kieffer e Goeldichironomus foram as larvas associadas a essas espécies de esponjas. Embora apenas espécies pertencentes ao gênero Xenochironomus sejam relatadas em estreita interação com esponjas de água doce, aqui documentamos outros gêneros de Chironomidae também associados a esses organismos. No entanto, é necessária uma investigação mais aprofundada para entender melhor como as larvas de Chironomidae usam esponjas como abrigo e/ou prevenção de predação de forma facultativa. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a ocorrência de habitantes de Chironomidae de esponjas de água doce em sistemas aquáticos no estado de Pernambuco, a fim de incrementar o conhecimento de Chironomidae habitantes de esponjas no nordeste do Brasil.

Achieving sustainable freshwater resource management and conserving biodiversity require accurate and reliable pollution impact assessment. Biomonitoring is an integrative and holistic approach to assessing impact of pollution using biological indicators. In this study, we use the assemblage structure of the freshwater macroinvertebrate family Chironomidae to assess the impact of pollution in a South African river: the Swartkops River. Based on morphological deformities in the mentum of selected genera, we developed a new index, the extended toxic score index (ETSI), to assess the extent of deviation of ecological conditions at the impacted sites from that at the control site. Four sites i.e. Sites 1–4 characterised by different degrees of pollution were selected for chironomids and physico-chemical sampling over a period of three years (August 2009–September 2012). The ETSI was developed by taking into account the severity of deformities, and genera tolerances to pollution. The index was based on the deformities in the mentum of the five most dominant genera: Chironomus , Polypedilum , Tanytarsus , Dicrotendipes and Cricotopus . The values of nutrients, electrical conductivity and turbidity were elevated, and dissolved oxygen depleted at Sites 2, 3 and 4 compared with Site 1. Metal concentrations in the water column were relatively low (

The objective of the present study was to investigate the responses of the chironomid communities (Diptera: Chironomidae) to environmental variables in four moderately and highly disturbed rivers located in one of the most degraded watersheds in South America. Sampling campaigns were carried out during 2014–2016 in four sites of the Matanza-Riachuelo basin. The physical-chemical and hydrological variables were measured and, the ecological indices were calculated and evaluated by ANOVA. The responses of Chironomidae to the environmental variables were evaluated by redundancy analysis (RDA), and the sampling sites were grouped according to the populations of chironomids and the main environmental variables. Finally, the Spearman correlation was made to determine which of these variables were significant. In total, 13 chironomid taxa were found in 36 samples during the study period. The greatest density registered belongs to Rheotanytarsus and Cricotopus. The ANOVA detected the greatest Chironomidae density and taxonomic richness in the sites with agricultural-urban impact. The changes in the distribution of Rheotanytarsus, Thienemanniella, and Polypedilum were mainly explained by the increase in current velocity, organic matter, and hardness, and the decrease of NH3 and BOD. On the other hand, Goeldichironomus, Chironomus, Parachironomus, Dicrotendipes, and Cricotopus were explained by the increase in conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and temperature, and the decrease of the variables NO3, BOD, and Cu. In addition to this, the sites with urban-agricultural impact were clearly separated from sites with urban-industrial impact. The last one was more related to the increase in BOD, Cu, and NO3 that indicates moderate to poor water quality. In conclusion, we can infer that the physical and chemical variables are correlated with changes in the structure and distribution of the chironomid community and there are genera that respond differently at high and intermediate situations of disturbances. This knowledge contributes to the execution of strategies for the conservation and restoration of the lotic ecosystems. Fil: Cortese, Bianca. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Limnología "Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Instituto de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Zanotto Arpellino, Juan Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Limnología "Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Instituto de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Paggi, Analia Constancia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Limnología "Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Instituto de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Rodrigues Capitulo, Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Limnología "Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Instituto de Limnología; Argentina

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:36:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-03-01 Chironomidae stand out among aquatic insects associated with organic matter decomposition due to their abundance, cosmopolitan distribution, the varied forms in which they use detritus, as well as the feeding plasticity of their larvae. The objective of this study was to investigate the structure and composition of the Chironomidae community (Diptera) in the decomposition of Eichhornia azurea leaves in a marginal lake. The working hypothesis is that the taxonomic and functional density and richness of Chironomidae increase over time during the degradation of E. azurea leaves. Decomposition was analyzed in leaves kept in 2-mm mesh litter bags and collected at set successive sampling intervals. Significant differences were found in Chironomidae density and composition in the time scale. The density of individuals increased significantly during the experiment, in contrast to the taxonomic and functional richness. Subfamily Chironominae was the most representative in terms of density and taxonomic richness. The densities of taxa Labrundinia sp., Tanytarsus sp., Dicrotendipes sp., Endotribelos sp. Chironomus sp. and Ablabesmyia sp. were mainly responsible for intragroup similarity in the groups formed at each sampling time. In contrast, the taxonomic composition varied throughout the experiment with characteristic ecologic succession and dynamic stabilization of the colonizing community towards the end of the experiment. In conclusion, the Chironomidae community structure presented an increase in larva density during the experimental period associated with changes in taxon composition; however, the total taxonomic richness variation was low and functional richness did not vary. Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista “Julio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP) Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista “Julio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP)

Mitochondrial DNA sequences from cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) were used to provide a phylogeny of the Chironomidae (Diptera) from Turkey. Data were obtained from 70 species of Chironomidae belonging to the genera Ablabesmyia, Chironomus, Cladotanytarsus, Conchapelopia, Cricotopus, Cryptochironomus, Dicrotendipes, Endochironomus, Eukiefferiella, Kiefferulus, Macropelopia, Micropsectra, Microtendipes, Paracladopelma, Paracricotopus, Paratanytarsus, Paratendipes, Paratrichocladius, Polypedilum, Psectrocladius, Psectrotanypus, Rheocricotopus, Tanytarsus, Thienemannimyia, Virgatanytarsus and Zavrelimyia. Neighbour-joining (NJ) and maximum likelihood (ML) analyses were used to identify the relationships among species. We confirmed monophyly of all sampled subfamilies and also tribes Chironomini, Tanytarsini, Macropelopiini and Pentaneurini, with the exception of subfamily Tanypodinae in ML analysis. However, in Chironomini, genus Chironomus, Cryptochironomus, Endochironomus and Paratendipes were monophyletic, while Polypedilum was not. Likewise, in Tanytarsini, genus Paratanytarsus and Cladotanytarsus were monophyletic, while Tanytarsus and Micropsectra were not. Also, in Macropelopiini and Pentaneurini, genus Macropelopia and Zavrelimyia were monophyletic. However, Ablabesmyia, genus of Pentaneurini, formed monophyletic group only in NJ analysis. In this study, we determined an unexpected inclusion of a Tanytarsus brundini individual into Micropsectra group. According to our pairwise distance analyses, the mean interspesific divergence was 19.4% for all species studied. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Dicrotendipes - Fourteen specimens of an undescribed Dicrotendipes were collected. The species possesses an apically bifid inferior volsella. Although such a volsella is known from Afrotropical and Palaearctic species, as well as several Amazonian species (Epler 1988), this is the farthest north I have seen such a species in the Western Hemisphere., Published as part of Epler, John H., 2017, AN ANNOTATED PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE CHIRONOMIDAE (DIPTERA) OF ZURQUÍ, COSTA RICA Abstract Introduction, pp. 4-18 in CHIRONOMUS Journal of Chironomidae Research 30 (30) on page 9, DOI: 10.5324/cjcr.v0i30.2240, http://zenodo.org/record/7987298, {"references":["Epler. J. H. 1988. Biosystematics of the genus Dicrotendipes Kieffer, 1913 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Chironominae) of the World. - Memoirs of the American Entomological Society 36: 1 - 214."]}

The nucleotide sequences of the mtDNA cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene fragment 535 bp long (pos. 100 to 634) in 14 midge species (Diptera, Chironomidae): Dicrotendipes nervosus, Endochironomus albipennis, E. tendens, Glyptotendipes barbipes, G. glaucus, G. gripekoveni, G. imbecillis, G. mancunianus, Polypedilum sordens, Stenochironomus gibbus, Synendotendipes kaluginae, Xenochironomus xenolabus, Xenochironomus sp., Cricotopus glacialis, and those of the mtDNA COII gene fragment 561 bp long (pos. 22 to 583) in 3 midge species: Chironomus plumosus, Chironomus balatonicus, and Baeotendipes noctivaga were determined. The time of gene COI divergence in the phytophilous midges of various taxa was estimated. The wood-mining species Stenochironomus gibbus belongs to the most ancient midges which diverged together with the ancestor form of two subfamilies, Chironominae and Orthocladiinae, about 104 Mya. Phytophily evolved in the midge larvae at different times in different taxa: among Chironominae, about 47.2 Mya in P. sordens, not earlier than 20 Mya in Glyptotendipes, Kiefferulus, and Dicrotendipes, and not earlier than 13 Mya in Endochironomus albipennis; among Orthocladiinae, 19 Mya in Cricotopus. The divergence of the genera containing phytophilous and fouling species, both in Chironominae (Dicrotendipes, Glyptotendipes, Kiefferulus) and Orthocladiinae (Orthocladius and Cricotopus), occurred approximately 20 Mya, and coincided with the beginning of formation of the recent-type limnofaunas 23 Mya.

Chironomids (nonbiting midges) are used to develop centennial length temperature reconstructions for six subalpine and alpine lakes in the central Great Basin of the United States. Faunal turnover, assessed by detrended correspondence analysis (DCA), indicate that substantial compositional change in the midge communities has occurred during the past 100 years. Although the changes in composition are site-specific, increases in Dicrotendipes and decreases in Procladius characterize the late 20th century at a majority of the sites. Notable faunal turnover in midge community composition is observed at five of the six sites beginning at approximately A.D. 1970. Application of a chironomid-based mean July air temperature inference model (r 2 jack = 0.55, RMSEP = 0.9 °C) to the subfossil chironomid assemblages provides site-specific quantitative reconstructions of past temperature variability for the 20th and 21st centuries. Midge-inferred temperature estimates indicate that four of the six lakes were ...

The taxonomic position of the chironomid midge Dicrotendipes sp. afr. from the Republic of South Africa, earlier considered within the genus Glyptotendipes Kieffer (Petrova and Zhirov, 2010), is specified. The morphological characteristics of its larvae and features of its polytene chromosomes are analyzed in comparison with those of the known Dicrotendipes species. Data on inversion polymorphism are presented. In morphological characteristics, the species studied was found to be the closest to Dicrotendipes septemmaculatus Becker, 1908.

Genus Dicrotendipes Kieffer Dicrotendipes Kieffer, 1913: 23. Type species, Dicrotendipes pictipennis Kieffer (mon.). Refs.: See Epler, 1988: 6 for synonyms; Spies & Reiss, 1996: 70 (cat.)., Published as part of Mendes, Humberto Fonseca & Pinho, Luiz Carlos, 2016, FAMILY CHIRONOMIDAE, pp. 142-153 in Zootaxa 4122 (1) on page 146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.16, http://zenodo.org/record/263669, {"references":["Kieffer, J. J. (1913) Chironomidae et Cecidomyidae. Resultats Scientifiques. Voyage de Ch. Alluaud et R. Jeannel en Afrique Orientale (1911 - 1912) (Dipt.), I, 1 - 43.","Epler, J. H. (1988) Biosystematics of the genus Dicrotendipes Kieffer, 1913 (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the world. Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, 36, 1 - 214.","Spies, M. & Reiss, F. (1996) Catalog and bibliography of Neotropical and Mexican Chironomidae (Insecta, Diptera). Spixiana Supplement, 22, 61 - 119."]}

Dicrotendipes hulberti Epler, sp. n. Dicrotendipes sp. A Epler 1992: 7.43, 7.47; 1995: 7.43, 7.47; 2001: 8.60, 8.64 (larva in key) Adult male (n=10). Coloration. In life pale green to light brown; in alcohol stramineous/light brown, sometimes with light brown anal point and base; some species with abdomen almost completely pale brown, others with light brown band on posterior margin of tergites I���IV; others with abdomen entirely stramineous; thoracic vittae light brown/orange, preepisternum light brown, postnotum brown. Wings unmarked, with pale veins. General dimensions. Thorax 857���925, 770 (8); abdomen 1.97���2.84, 2.36 mm (9); total 2.52���3.73, 3.08 mm (7); wing 1.22���1.48, 1.32 mm long (5), 360���440, 406 wide (5). Head. Temporal setae 13���22, 18 (4); clypeal setae 9���12, 11 (6); cibarial sensilla 3���12, 10 (6). AR 1.87���2.18, 2.06 (5). Frontal tubercles L 2.5���15, 10 (4); W 2.5���10, 6.3 (4). Maxillary palp with 5 palpomeres; lengths of palpomeres (3): 27���30; 28���30; 63���70; 80���92; 90���128. Thorax. Setae: acrostichals 8���11, 9 (5); dorsocentrals 5���10, 7; scutellars 1���9, 5(8); prealars 2���5, 4 (8); 1 specimen with a single supraalar seta. Wing. Wing length 1.22���1.48, 1.32 mm (5), width 360���440, 406 (5). Wing setae: squama 2���7, 4 (9); R 12���16 (3), R 1 6���10 (3), R4+ 5 2���13, 7 (5). VR 1.12���1.11, 1.18 (5). Legs. Lengths and ratios in Table 1. Fore tarsi without beard. Metatarsus of middle leg with 4���12, 8 (6) palmate sensilla chaetica. Abdomen. S VI with (0?)1���5, 1 (6) ventral accessory setae. Hypopygium (Fig. 1). Phallapodeme length 63���98, 83. Gonostylus normal (not inflated), moderately curved, with 6���8, 7 larger setae apicomedially, apical seta about �� length of preceding setae; setae sometimes with bifid or fimbriate apex. Superior volsella pediform (Fig. 2); length 40���63, 54 (7); width 35���45, 39 (7); with 6���8, 7 (9) large ventral setae, volsella mostly covered with microtrichia, with small bare area posteriorly. Inferior volsella with apex of club slightly expanded, slightly indented apically; club dorsally with 2���3 longitudinal rows of 2���11, 6 large setae, setae sometimes with bifid/fimbriate apex. Anal point bare, pyriform, moderately deflexed apically; with 3��� 9, 5 (7) dorsal basal setae. Adult female (n =2). Only pharate material available; most counts/measurements not possible. Coloration. Apparently as in male. Thorax. Setae: dorsocentrals 10���12; scutellars 5���9; prealars 4. Wing. Squama with 5���7 setae. Genitalia. Typical for Nearctic members of the genus, as figured in Epler (1988: Figs. 4A, 4B), apodeme lobe weakly sclerotized (Fig. 3). Each side of S VIII with 11���17 setae; T IX with 34���48 setae; T X with 2���3 setae. Cercus 88���98 long. Pupa (n = 9). Typical Dicrotendipes pupa, very similar to D. modestus. Coloration. Exuviae light brown. General dimensions. Cephalothorax 1.14���1.24 mm (2); abdomen 2.27���3.02, 2.79 mm (8); total length 3.90��� 4.26 mm (2). Cephalothorax. With weak to moderate dorsal pebbling. Cephalic tubercles conical, 48���63, 56 (5) long; frontal setae 28���48 (3) long. With typical 4 dorsocentral setae; Dc1 33���45, 38 (5); Dc2 not measurable; Dc3 48 (1); Dc4 33���35 (2). Scutal tubercle absent. Abdomen. T II with posterior transverse row of 55���70, 65 hooklets. T I without shagreen; T II���IV with median subquadrate shagreen area, shagreen points small, subequal; T V and VI with narrower median subquadrate shagreen area, shagreen points larger, especially in center of patch. T VII with pair of weak ovoid shagreen areas anteriorly, points small; T VIII with pair of weak longitudinal shagreen areas, points small. Most sternites without shagreen, sometimes with small oval/circular areas of fine points anteriorly; S I with posterior transverse row of 30���72, 60 (7) fine, clear spinules>5 ��m long. S II with anterior transverse row of 39���132, 84 (8) fine, clear spinules>5 ��m long; with posterior transverse row of 39���97, 64 (8) fine, clear spinules>5 ��m long. S III without anterior or posterior transverse rows of clear spinules>5 ��m long. Each side of T VIII with single caudolateral spur, thorn���like to mostly straight to slightly curved (Figs. 4, 5). Anal lobe with uniserial fringe of 31���38, 35 taeniae. Disc ratio 1.94���2.69, 2.40. Fourth instar larva (n = 8). Coloration. Head capsule light brown. General dimensions. Medium sized larvae, total length about 6 mm. Head. Frons with anterior margin mostly smooth, with 2���4 crenations on each anterolateral projection, with uvula-like medial frontal pit (Fig. 7); clypeal sclerite smooth posterodorsally. Postmentum length 198���235, 214. Antenna (Fig. 8) with 5 antennomeres, lengths (1���5):53���60, 58; 18���20, 19; 10���13, 11; 10���15, 13; 5. AR 1.03���1.33, 1.17. Antennal blade 45���58, 50, extending to middle or apex of 4th antennomere. Premandible 95���108, 100 long, with 2 apical teeth. Mandible (Fig. 9) 145���170, 155 (5) long; outer margin mostly smooth to crenulate/furrowed; with pale dorsal tooth, dark apical tooth and 3 dark inner teeth; proximal inner tooth directed medially to slightly posteriorly; seta subdentalis length 20���24, 22 (6); pecten mandibularis with 9���11, 10 setae. Mentum (Fig. 6) 113��� 130, 124 (6) long; with 13 teeth, 2nd lateral tooth fused/appressed to 1st, 6th lateral tooth rounded and fused/ appressed to 5th. Ventromental plates with finely crenulate anterior margin, 88���98, 91 wide, 38���48, 44 long; with 24���30, 26 full-length strial ridges; interplate distance 48���50, 49 (6). Body. Ventral and lateral tubules absent. Procerci 15���25, 18 long; longest anal seta 700���840, 759 long; supraanal seta 250���288 (2) long. Posterior parapods with simple claws. Type material. Holotype, male with associated pupal and larval exuviae, U.S.A.: FLORIDA: Palm Beach County; Lake Okeechobee nr Kramer Island; 3-ix-1991; leg. J.H. Epler, L.M. Epler. Slide mounted in Canada balsam. Holotype in FSCA. Paratypes: 1 male / Pex / Lex, 1 pharate male pupa/ Lex; same data as holotype; [JHE]; 3 pharate male pupae/ Lex, 2 pharate female pupae/ Lex, FL: Palm Beach County; Lake Okeechobee nr Winnie���s Cove; 4-ix-1991; leg. J.H. Epler, L.M. Epler, D. Strom [FSCA, JHE]; 54 males (4 slide mounted), FL: Marion Co., Buck Pond near Moss Bluff, 4-viii-2003, UV, leg. D.R. Denson [JHE]. Slide mounted in Canada balsam or Euparal. Other, non-type, material examined: 1 male, FL: Levy Co, Manatee Springs State Park, 3-v-1989, leg. C.A. Bennett, ex ���adult emerge in jars with Najas guadalupensis ���; 1 male, same locality, xi-xii-1990, Gainesville DPI quarantine, ex Hydrellia rearing jars with Hydrilla verticillata [JHE]; 1 male, FL: Osceola Co., Kissimmee, Lake Tohopekaliga, 28.24136N, 81.40636W, 17-ix-2010, leg. K. Stratman [JHE]; 1 male, PANAMA: Canal Zone, Gamboa, Rio Agua Salud, July 1967, W.W. Wirth, light trap [USNM]. I���ve also seen larvae from the following locations in Florida: Alachua Co., Santa Fe River at Hwy 21 nr Worthington Springs, 4-vi-2004; Gilchrist Co., Santa Fe River at US 129, 13-iii-1996; Gilchrist Co., Suwannee River at SR 340 nr Rock Bluff, 14-vi-1995; Washington Co., Cypress Spring spring run, 25-vii-2007. Distribution. Known from the Panhandle of Florida south to Lake Okeechobee; I���ve seen a single male assignable to this species from Panama. Etymology. I am honored to name this species for my friend and colleague Jim Hulbert, formerly a biologist with the Florida Department of Environmental Protection. Jim���s foresight and knowledge of the state bureaucracy made the first of my larval midge identification manuals (Epler 1992) possible. This began the series of identification manuals for Florida���s aquatic macroinvertebrates that today covers the majority of freshwater and some inshore marine taxa. Comments. Adults are extremely similar to D. modestus; genitalia of the two species are indistinguishable from each other. Adult males will key to D. modestus in Epler (1988) but may be separated by the lower counts of dorsocentral and squamal setae in D. hulberti, which has 5���10, mean of 7, dorsocentrals and 2���7, mean of 4, squamal setae. In D. modestus these numbers are 12���44, mean of 26, dorsocentrals; and 7���21, mean of 13, squamal setae (Epler 1987a: 70). In alcohol D. hulberti may usually be separated from D. modestus by their slightly more delicate habitus and the more restricted pigmentation of the anal point; at higher power it is possible to count the reduced setae of the squama and thorax. PLATE 1. Fig. 1. Dicrotendipes hulberti male, genitalia. Fig. 2. Dicrotendipes hulberti male, superior volsella, ventral. Fig. 3. Dicrotendipes hulberti female, apodeme lobe. Figs. 4, 5. Dicrotendipes hulberti pupa, variation of caudolateral spur on tergite VIII. PLATE 2. Fig. 6. Dicrotendipes hulberti larva, mentum and ventromental plate. Fig. 7. Dicrotendipes hulberti larva, frons, anterior margin. Fig. 8. Dicrotendipes hulberti larva, antenna. fig. 9. Dicrotendipes hulberti larva, mandible (setae of pecten mandibularis not shown). On two males, R4+5 had only 2 setae, near the apex of the wing. Pupae may be impossible to separate from those of some D. tritomus (Kieffer) with a single T VIII caudolateral spur. Pupae are also similar to those of D. modestus and D. neomodestus (Malloch), but those species usually possess a sinuate caudolateral spur on T VIII; that of D. hulberti is mostly straight. Larvae are keyed as Dicrotendipes sp. A in Epler (1992, 1995, 2001). They are distinguished by having the second lateral teeth of the mentum closely appressed/fused to the first lateral teeth and the 6th lateral teeth are reduced or fused to the 5th lateral teeth. In addition, the proximal inner mandibular tooth is directed mediad, rather than slanting forward as the other inner teeth do. I have found larvae of D. hulberti and D. modestus in the same sample. Little is known of the biology of this new species. Larvae have been associated with aquatic plants such as Najas guadalupensis (Spreng.) Magnus (family Najadaceae) and Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royale (family Hydrocharitaceae); they���ve been collected from lakes, rivers and spring runs. Dicrotendipes hulberti is a member of a group of species (the ��� Dicrotendipes modestus group���) that share similar morphology in the adult, pupal and larval stages. As adult males D. hulberti, D. modestus, D. neomodestus, and ��� D. pulsus (Walker) ��� are the most similar, but in the Nearctic the group also includes D. adnilus Epler, D. californicus (Johannsen), D. crypticus Epler and D. thanatogratus Epler based on genitalia similarities (all have a pediform superior volsella). Pupae of all of these species share the character of one to two horizontal bands of fine, clear spinules on sternites I���II, and sometimes III. Note that this pupal character is also found in at least two other species, D. tritomus and D. lobiger (Kieffer); D. tritomus is closely related but lacks the pediform superior volsella; D. lobiger belongs to a different clade within the genus (see Epler 1988). Dicrotendipes pulsus, as D. modestus, was last described in the adult male, pupa and larva stages by Contreras- Lichtenberg (1986); she used information from Epler (1983) and placed D. pulsus as a junior synonym of D. modestus. However, Epler (1983) is an unpublished Master���s thesis; this information was eventually published as Epler (1987a), thus the date of synonymy of the two species is 1986. Langton & Visser (2003) used the name D. objectans (Walker) instead of D. modestus for this taxon in their key for West Palaearctic pupal exuviae, with no explanation of synonymy. In his previous key, upon which the key in Langton & Visser (2003) is based, Langton (1991) used ��� D. modestus ��� in a similar couplet. Note that later Spies & Saether (2004) pointed out that the name ��� objectans ��� was incorrect and that ��� pulsus ��� should be used. Apparently Langton & Visser (2003) based their synonymy on a couplet in an unpublished manuscript key for Nearctic pupal exuviae by ���Langton, Coffman & Oliver��� that has been available in one form or another for many years. There is a note on the front page that states ���Publication expected in 1996���, but this key has yet to be published. In the manuscript���s Chironominae chapter, under couplet 81 it was stated: ��� D. pulsus has been synonymized with modestus by Epler, but the pupae are consistently different in the size of the cephalic tubercle, which is over twice the size in pulsus. D. pulsus is also a much less variable taxon. The median point patches usually nearly reach D2 on IV and V, whereas in modestus they never (?) extend that far. The specimens recorded below accord well with Palaearctic pulsus. Lake. May. [WPC M48.97, M51.55] ��� The last numbers refer to specimens in Coffman���s collection; material was from Somerset and Warren Counties in Pennsylvania (Carlos de la Rosa, pers. comm. 5-x-2016). Thus, the authors considered both D. modestus and D. pulsus to occur in the Nearctic. Epler (1987a) did not include measurements for pupal cephalic tubercles. I have re-examined some of the material used in the revision, from Colorado, Florida and Pennsylvania in the USA and Manitoba, Canada, plus additional more recent material. Utilizing only associated male/Pex/Lex material (n=6), I found a range of 63���193, mean 115 ��m for D. modestus cephalic tubercle length. Contreras-Lichtenberg (1986) gave measurements of 157��� 223 ��m for pupal cephalic tubercles in D. modestus (= ��� pulsus ���). The extent of the ���median point patches��� on IV and V was also investigated. The majority of specimens had the median point patches extending to the level of D2, even as far as D1; the patches also often contained the D2 seta within the area of the point patch. Epler (1987a) had examined ��� pulsus ��� material from Great Britain (the holotype of pulsus), West Germany and Italy, which included some associated material. I also re-examined 3 males of ��� D. pulsus ��� from Germany���s Bodensee; they do not differ from D. modestus as defined by Epler (1987a) (i.e., they had numerous thoracic dorsocentral setae and squamal setae). Note that Contreras-Lichtenberg (1996) did not include adult thoracic setal counts or squamal setal counts. Epler (1987a) recognized significant variation in D. modestus, based on the study of over 80 associated specimens from much of the United States and Canada, in addition to hundreds of adults. Thus, if D. modestus is as variable as Epler (1987a) stated, the characters given in the Langton, Coffman & Oliver manuscript key do not separate D. modestus from D. pulsus. With no published criteria to justify splitting the species, especially with no inclusion of characters from other life stages, I consider the synonymy proposed by Epler (1987a) to remain valid. No doubt more cryptic species may occur within the D. modestus group. In over 35 years of studying Dicrotendipes, I have found that pupae offer the most ambiguous characters for species discrimination within the genus���here is just too much overlap of counts, measurements and shagreen patterns between some species, especially in the D. modestus group. This paper demonstrates that by using at least two life stages, in the instance of Dicrotendipes the adult and larva, it may be possible to delimit new species within the group. An in-depth study of these taxa throughout the Holarctic would be necessary, a project beyond the scope of this paper., Published as part of Epler, J. H., 2016, A new species of Dicrotendipes (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Florida, pp. 77-83 in Zootaxa 4208 (1) on pages 78-83, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.202022, {"references":["Epler, J. H. (1992) Identification Manual for the Larval Chironomidae (Diptera) of Florida. Florida Department of Environmental Regulation, Orlando, Florida, 302 pp.","Epler, J. H. (1988) Biosystematics of the genus Dicrotendipes Kieffer, 1913 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Chironominae) of the World. Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, 36, 1 - 214.","Epler, J. H. (1987 a) Revision of the Nearctic Dicrotendipes Kieffer, 1913 (Diptera: Chironomidae). Evolutionary Monographs 9, 102 pp. + 37 plates.","Epler, J. H. (1995) Identification Manual for the Larval Chironomidae (Diptera) of Florida. Revised edition. Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Tallahassee, Florida. 317 pp.","Epler, J. H. (2001) Identification Manual for the larval Chironomidae (Diptera) of North and South Carolina. A guide to the taxonomy of the midges of the southeastern United States, including Florida. Special Publication SJ 2001 - SP 13. North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh, North Carolina, and St. Johns River Water Management District, Palatka, Florida, 526 pp.","Contreras-Lichtenberg, R. (1986) Revision der in der Westpalaarktis verbreiteten Arten des Genus Dicrotendipes Kieffer, 1913 (Diptera, Nematocera, Chironomidae). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 88 / 89, 663 - 726.","Epler, J. H. (1983) Taxonomic revision of the Nearctic Dicrotendipes Kieffer, 1913 (Diptera: Chironomidae). M. Sc. thesis, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 283 pp.","Langton, P. H. & Visser, H. (2003) Chironomidae exuviae - a key to pupal exuviae of the West Palaearctic Region. CD - ROM, Expert Center for Taxonomic Information, Amsterdam.","Langton, P. H. (1991) A key to pupal exuviae of West Palaearctic Chironomidae. Huntingdon (privately published), 386 pp.","Spies, M. & Saether, O. A. (2004) Notes and recommendations on taxonomy and nomenclature of Chironomidae (Diptera). Zootaxa, 752, 1 - 90."]}

californicus (Johannsen, 1905: 217) (Chironomus). Type locality: [U.S.A.] “Pasadena, California”. HT M (CUIC). Distr.: U.S.A., Mexico, Costa Rica, Panamá, Colombia, Peru, Chile: Refs.: Epler, 1987: 22 (redesc.); Epler, 1988: 61 (distr.); Spies & Reiss, 1996: 70 (cat.)., Published as part of Mendes, Humberto Fonseca & Pinho, Luiz Carlos, 2016, FAMILY CHIRONOMIDAE, pp. 142-153 in Zootaxa 4122 (1) on page 146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.16, http://zenodo.org/record/263669, {"references":["Johannsen, O. A. (1905) Aquatic nematocerous Diptera II. In: Needham, J. G., Morton, K. J. & Johannsen, O. A. (Eds.), Mayflies and midges of New York. New York State Museum Bulletins, 86, pp. 76 - 327.","Epler, J. H. (1987) Notes on the Dicrotendipes (Diptera: Chironomidae) of Mexico, with descriptions of two new species. Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement, 29, 147 - 154.","Epler, J. H. (1988) Biosystematics of the genus Dicrotendipes Kieffer, 1913 (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the world. Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, 36, 1 - 214.","Spies, M. & Reiss, F. (1996) Catalog and bibliography of Neotropical and Mexican Chironomidae (Insecta, Diptera). Spixiana Supplement, 22, 61 - 119."]}

A new species of Dicrotendipes is described in all life stages from Florida. Adults of this new species are nearly identical to D. modestus (Say); pupae are similar to D. modestus, D. neomodestus (Malloch) and D. tritomus (Kieffer); while the larvae are unique and were keyed by Epler (1992, 1995, 2001) as Dicrotendipes sp. A. The taxonomic status of D. modestus and D. pulsus (Walker) is discussed.

Chironomid communities were studied in a sediment core collected from Lake Moreno Oeste, located in Nahuel Huapi National Park. A major change in midge assemblages occurred at ∼AD 1760, which was characterized by a decrease of “cold taxa” including Polypedilum sp.2 and Dicrotendipes, and an increase of “warm taxa” including Apsectrotanypus and Polypedilum sp.1. These taxa are likely related to climatic conditions concurrent with the end of a cold period at ∼AD 1500–1700 and the beginning of a drying climate at ∼AD 1740–1900 in northern Patagonia. Coarse tephra layers had low midge diversity; however they did not disrupt the climatic trend as the community recovered rapidly after the event. Since AD 1910, after the increase in suburban housing, fish introduction, and the construction of a road, there was an increase in the relative abundances of taxa typically associated with the littoral zone, such as Parapsectrocladius, Riethia, Apsectrotanypus, and some Tanytarsini morphotypes. The main change in the chironomid community appears to be associated with long-term climate change. At the beginning of the 20th century, other site-specific environmental factors (catchment change and fish introduction) altered the chironomid assemblages, making it more difficult to understand the relative importance of each driver of assemblage change. Fil: Williams Velázquez, Natalia Noemi. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Unidad de Actividad de Ingeniería Nuclear. Laboratorio de Análisis por Activación Neutrónica; Argentina Fil: Rieradevall, Maria. Universidad de Barcelona; España Fil: Añón Suárez, Diego Alejandro. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina Fil: Rizzo, Andrea Paula. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Unidad de Actividad de Ingeniería Nuclear. Laboratorio de Análisis por Activación Neutrónica; Argentina Fil: Daga, Romina Betiana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Unidad de Actividad de Ingeniería Nuclear. Laboratorio de Análisis por Activación Neutrónica; Argentina Fil: Ribeiro Guevara, Sergio. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Unidad de Actividad de Ingeniería Nuclear. Laboratorio de Análisis por Activación Neutrónica; Argentina Fil: Arribere, Maria Angelica. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Unidad de Actividad de Ingeniería Nuclear. Laboratorio de Análisis por Activación Neutrónica; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Instituto Balseiro; Argentina

A survey of the aquatic weed Hydrilla verticillata was conducted in selected Kenyan and Ugandan lakes, and emerging chironomid adults were collected from samples of Hydrilla and seven other aquatic macrophytes. Hydrilla was absent from Lake Victoria, in sites where it previously occurred. Hydrilla was found in four of nine lakes examined in Uganda, i.e. Bisina, Kyoga, Bunyonyi and Mutanda. From 7424 collected chironomid adults, 43 species were identified, 21 (49%) representing new Ugandan records. Thirty-nine (91%) of the species were found on Hydrilla. Three species represent probable undescribed taxa. At our primary site, Lake Bisina, the genera Tanytarsus and Dicrotendipes dominated the chironomid community, comprising 76% of emerged adults. A species accumulation curve for chironomid species associated with Lake Bisina macrophytes suggested that further plant sampling would uncover additional species. Polypedilum wittei, formerly considered for possible biological control of Hydrilla, was not...

The genus Dicrotendipes Kieffer from China, including 8 species, is reviewed. Two new species, D. nudus sp.n. and D. saetanumerosus sp.n. are described and the male imagines are illustrated; the record of D. fusconotatus (Kieffer) is the first for China. A key to the males of Dicrotendipes in China is given.

To search for potential biological control agents of the aquatic weed, Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle, emerging chironomid adults were collected from aquatic macrophytes sampled between 2007 and 2009 from near shore sites in Lake Tanganyika, Burundi. Initial surveys identified H. verticillata populations at all sampled locations between Bujumbura and Nyanza Lac. Twenty-six (26) species of Chironomidae emerged from collections of four plant species; Hydrilla, Ceratophyllum demersum variety apiculatum (Cham.) Asch., Potamogeton schweinfurthii A.Benn., and Vallisneria spiralis f. aethiopica (Fenzl) T.Durand and Schinz. Twenty-four of the chironomid species were new country records, but none of them represented undescribed species. Dicrotendipes fusconotatus (Kieffer) dominated the chironomid community, comprising 82% of 32,090 reared adults. The six most common species contributed over 96% of the total midge fauna. Most species were uncommon or rare; nine species were represented by 10 or fewer specimens. A species accumulation curve for the 25 chironomid species reared from Hydrilla suggested that our sampling completely describes the community associated with this plant in northern Lake Tanganyika. Quantitative β-diversity values indicated that chironomid communities of the two Hydrocharitaceae species, Hydrilla and Vallisneria, were most similar to each other, even though they have very different growth forms. Chironomids also emerged in greater numbers from the two Hydrocharitaceae than from the other plants. No chironomid species, including Polypedilum wittei Freeman and Polypedilum dewulfi Goetghebuer, two species formerly considered for possible biological control of Hydrilla, were specific to that plant. Polypedilum species emerged from all sampled aquatic macrophytes. No chironomid-caused damage was seen on Hydrilla. African Chironomidae do not appear to be suitable candidates for biological control of Hydrilla.

We collected 589 larvae distributed among a control treatment and seven pesticide treatments (Only®, Imazethapyr, Imazapic, Clomazone, Quinclorac, Carbofuran and Fipronil). The most abundant genera were Kiefferulus spp., Chironomus spp. and Dicrotendipes spp. ANOVA showed a significant difference (p

In the present study the initial succession of the aquatic macroinvertebrate communities of a newly created shallow lake in a wetland area was monitored during 15 months. Three different types of macroinvertebrate samples (multihabitat, associated to the Phragmites australis stands and associated to the sediment) were collected monthly from May 2004 to July 2005. Additional samples were collected in the reed stand in 2007, when the reed belt had become much taller and thicker. Colonization of the lake was fast, and the colonization sequence was mainly related to the dispersal abilities of the taxa. Habitat-specific changes in the assemblage's structure and composition were registered. The communities associated to the sediment showed a decrease in overall biomass, density and species richness along time. The density of the gastropod Physella acuta and the chironomid species Dicrotendipes pallidicornis, Polypedilum nubifer and Tanytarsus horni decreased significantly, after Chara stands declined; while the chironomid Chironomus riparius became dominant. The epiphytic macroinvertebrate communities associated with the reed stands followed a seasonal pattern, with a warm-period community dominated by the chironomid species Ablabesmyia monilis and Psectrocladius sordidellus-group, and a cold-period community dominated by the chironomid species Cricotopus ornatus and D. pallidicornis.

Salinity of inland waters is affected by a range of human activities and is regarded as a major environmental contaminant in many parts of the world. Changes in salinity are well known to be associated with changes in macroinvertebrate communities of flowing waters. However, as many environmental factors co-vary with salinity, it is not known whether, and if so how, salinity causes communities to change. Being able to measure the osmoregulatory stress that individual stream macroinvertebrates are experiencing would be useful to understand if and how salinity affects their populations and thus communities. Additionally, inferring salinity stress in individual invertebrates could provide a valuable biomonitoring tool to detect the initial effects of salinity before major ecological changes have occurred. Osmoregulation in larval Chironomidae (Diptera) takes place in the anal papillae and their size is believed to be associated with osmoregulatory stress. In two laboratory experiments and a field survey in southern Victoria, Australia, we determine if the size of the anal papillae of larva chironomids is a useful biomarker of salinity stress. Experiments with Chironomus oppositus showed that the surface area of the anal papillae was similar in larva hatched across 5 egg masses collected from 3 sites but were affected by salinity treatments. Furthermore, the (transformed) ratio of this surface area to the body length of the larva was independent of the size of C. oppositus. However, for Chironomus cloacalis, this surface area differed between larva hatched from egg masses collected from the same site. The expected trend in surface area of the anal papillae relative to the size of larva (Chironomu alternans, C. cloacalis, Dicrotendipes sp., Criptochironomus sp. and Tanypodinae) was not duplicated in the field survey. It would appear that unknown factors, other than salinity, are affecting the size of the anal papillae of chironomids in southern Victoria.

The influence of physical and chemical parameters on the abundance and diversity of chironomids was studied in six rivers with moderate to highly polluted water in the Juru River Basin. The rivers: Ceruk Tok Kun (CTKR) as reference site, and polluted rivers of Pasir (PR), Juru (JR), Permatang Rawa (PRR), Ara (AR) and Kilang Ubi (KUR) were sampled over a period of five months (November 2007-March 2008). Nine chirnomid species: Chironimus kiiensis, C. javanus, Polypedilum trigonus, Microchironomus sp., Dicrotendipes sp., Tanytarsus formosanus, Clinotanypus sp., Tanypus punctipennis and Fittkauimyia sp. were identified. Assessment of their relationships with several environmental parameters was performed using the canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). Tanytarsus formosanus was the most dominant in the relatively clean CTKR and moderately polluted JR with mean densities of 19.66 and 25.32 m(-2), respectively while C. kiiensis was abundant in more polluted rivers. Tanytarsus formosanus, Dicrotendipes sp. and Microchironomus sp. were grouped under moderate to high water temperature, total organic matter (TOM), total suspended solids (TSS), velocity, pH, phosphates and sulphates. However, Tanypus punctipennis, Fittkauimyia sp., and Clinotanypus sp. were associated with high contents of river sediment such as TOM, Zn and Mn and water ammonium-N and nitrate-N and they were associated with higher dissolved oxygen (DO) content in the water. Chironomus kiiensis, C. javanus and P. trigonus showed positive relationships with TOM, ammonium-N and nitrate-N as well as trace metals of Zn, Cu and Mn. These three species could be considered as tolerant species since they have the ability to survive in extreme environmental conditions with low DO and high concentrations of pollutants. Based on the water parameter scores in all rivers, the highest diversity of chironomid larvae was reported in CTKR. With higher concentrations of organic and/or inorganic pollutants as reported in PPR, KUR and AR, the chironomid larval diversity decreased, and the abundance of tolerant species, mainly Chironomus spp., increased.

The colonization patterns of benthic macroinvertebrates were compared on artificial substrates between a best available strcarn reference site and an urban stream site, and then the colonized artificial substrates from the reference site were transferred to the urban site. Statistical comparisons for non-transferred samplers indicated a significant difference (p < 0.05) in taxa abundance of colonized benthic samplers between the reference and urban sites. Significantly (p < 0.05) higher numbers of Nais spp., Ablabesmyia spp., Tanytarsus spp., Parakiefferiella spp., and Ceratopogonidae occurred at the reference site. At the urban site, colonization was characterized by significantly (p < 0.01) higher numbers of Aphanonerua spp., Dero spp., Ancylidae, Larsia spp., Chironomus spp., Dicrotendipes spp., and Polypedilum spp. Caenis spp. were common to both sites. Identification of chironomids to the subfamily level had enough statistical power (except for Tanypodinae) to detect differences between site...

The Canary Island Chironomidae collections of BECKER (1908) and SANTOS ABREU (1918) have been reexamined. Nomenclature changes are as follows: Subfamily Tanypodinae PeritaphreuusaBECKER, 1908. ZavrelimyiaFITTKAU, 1962. Syn. nov. [Replacement not recommended pending ICZN ruling]. Zavrelimyia nubila (MEIGEN, 1830). flavicollisBECKER, 1908 (Peritaphreuusa). Syn. nov. Subfamily Orthocladiinae Bryophaenocladius filipes (SANTOS ABREU, 1918). Comb. nov. Halocladius millenarius (SANTOS ABREU, 1918). Comb. nov. pulchrigasterSANTOS ABREU, 1918 (Paratrichocladius). Syn. nov. sororiansSANTOS ABREU, 1918 (Paratrichocladius). Syn. nov. formosusSANTOS ABREU, 1918 (Paratrichocladius). Syn. nov. stagnorumGOETGHEBUER, 1937 (Trichocladius) Syn. nov. Limnophyes palmensis (SANTOS ABREU, 1918). Comb. nov. Subfamily Chironominae Dicrotendipes septemmaculatus (BECKER, 1908). Comb. nov. pilosimanusKIEFER, 1914 (Dicrotendipes). Syn. nov. sexnotatusGOETGHEBUER, 1930 (Stictochironomus). Syn. nov. Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) tritum (WALKER, 1856) unicusBECKER, 1908 (Tanytarsus). Syn. nov. praeornatusSANTOS ABREU, 1918 (Tanytarsus). Syn. nov. Polypedilum (Polypedilum) leneBECKER, 1908. Comb. nov. noctivagusSANTOS ABREU, 1918 (Tendipes). Syn. nov. Virgatanytarsus albisutus (SANTOS ABREU, 1918). Comb. nov. maroccanus (KUGLER & REISS, 1973) (Tanytarsus). Syn. nov. In addition, a lectotype is designated for Scopelodromus canariensisSANTOS ABREU, 1918 and its synonymy with Thalassomya frauenfeldiSCHINER, 1856 is confirmed.

Feeding habits of Chironomidae larvae (Insecta: Diptera) in Vargem Limpa stream, Bauru, SP, Brazil. The present study analyzed the feeding habits and structure of the Chironomidae fauna in Vargem Limpa stream, in December 2004. The main food item ingested by most of the analyzed genera (Beardius, Caladomyia, Chironomus, Clinotanypus, Corynoneura, Cricotopus, Cryptochironomus, Dicrotendipes, Endotribelos, Harnischia, Fissimentum, Lopescladius, Polypedilum, Tanypus and Tanytarsus) was identifi ed as detritus, except for the Cladopelma whose main food item was algae. Ablabesmyia was the only genus that exhibited items of animal origin in the diet. The diets of 17 genera were investigated, and the majority of the individuals were classifi ed as collectors. O presente estudo analisou os hábitos alimentares e a estrutura da fauna de Chironomidae do córrego Vargem Limpa, em dezembro de 2004. O prin- cipal item alimentar ingerido pela maioria dos gêneros analisados (Beardius, Caladomyia, Chironomus, Clinotanypus, Corynoneura, Cricotopus, Crypto- chironomus, Dicrotendipes, Endotribelos, Harnischia, Fissimentum, Lopes- cladius, Polypedilum, Tanypus e Tanytarsus) foi identifi cado como detrito, sendo que apenas Cladopelma apresentou algas como principal item alime- ntar. Ablabesmyia foi o único gênero que exibiu componentes de origem ani mal em sua dieta. Neste estudo foi observada a dieta de 17 gêneros, sendo a maioria dos indivíduos classifi cada como coletores.

Little information exists on macroinvertebrate community composition in small, micro-tidal, Ruppia maritima (widgeon grass)-dominated Maine estuaries. Qualitative and quantitative assessments of the macroinvertebrate fauna of widgeon grass beds in Northeast Creek estuary (Acadia National Park, ME) are presented here. The community was dominated by euryhaline freshwater invertebrates including midge larvae (Chironomidae: Dicrotendipes, Cricotopus, Chironomus), oligochaetes, damselfly larvae (Coenagrionidae: Enallagma), amphipods (Gammaridae: Gammarus), gastropods (Hydrobiidae: Hydrobia), ostracods (Cytheridae: Cyprideis), and water boatmen (Corixidae: Trichocorixa). Macroinvertebrate abundances at the sampled sites were 35,100 individuals/m2 in both August and September, and 22,200 individuals/m2 in October. This study provides baseline faunal-community data that can be used in future monitoring studies.

The results of a study of littoral chironomid communities from 89 lakes in the Alps are presented. The lakes are located on the northern and southern sides of the Alps from the western Bernese to the eastern Julian Alps. Due to the different origins of the data set here considered, different sampling years and sampling methodologies were adopted. All of the lakes were sampled during the ice-free season, but 79/89 lakes were sampled mainly in autumn 2000, while for a few of them the sample dated back to 1996 or the early 90s. Samples were taken by kicking the different substrata or a stretch of lakeshore (10–30 m) for at least 2–5 min with a standard net and were then preserved in alcohol. Larvae and pupal exuviae were sampled by skimming the lake surface with the same net, to extend identification to species level. Notwithstanding the large altitudinal gradient, almost all of the lakes are situated above the timberline, and show a wide range of morphological (depth, watershed and lake area) and chemical characteristics. Chironomids were the most abundant insects represented in these lakes, with highest abundances at pH between 6.0 and 7.5. In particular, Orthocladiinae and Chironominae were the two subfamilies with the widest distribution. Altitude and temperature played an important role in determining their distribution, the higher altitudes were dominated by the former, whereas the latter were more numerous in lower lakes. The prevalence of Orthocladiinae and Tanytarsini at high altitudes was regarded as a general pattern of taxonomic composition in harsh climatic areas. A reverse condition occurred only in the Julian Alps, where Tanytarsini dominate, followed by Tanypodinae and rare Orthocladiinae. Although our results demonstrated that the composition of chironomid assemblages was also determined by pH, the pattern was unbalanced. Due to the fact that no cases of strong water acidification were present, taxa restricted to very low pH were poorly represented (only three taxa—Limnophyes, Endochironomus and Orthocladius (O.) spp.) compared with circumneutral (8) and alkaline (14) taxa, which occurred in slightly acid and non-acidified soft water lakes. As regard conductivity and altitude, we found that almost all the taxa present at higher pH were contemporary present at conductivity higher than 100 μeq l−1 and altitude lower than 2100 m a.s.l. At species level, Pseudodiamesa branickii, Corynoneura arctica, Heterotrissocladius marcidus and Paratanytarsus austriacus resulted to be the most ubiquitous and abundant species in the Alps. When the west to east distribution of taxa was taken into account, Chironomini (particularly the genera Chironomus and Dicrotendipes) and Tanypodinae (Larsia and Paramerina) were more typical of the eastern lakes (JA). They may be better indicators of more alkaline waters. Assembling all the existing data and presenting a comprehensive panorama of lake-littoral chironomid taxa of the Alps was one of the aims of this paper. Further monitoring, but also harmonization of the sampling methodologies and taxonomical identification including inter-calibration exercises among laboratories are recommended, to provide reliable basis and more knowledge for future studies of comparative biogeography, and to preserve these environments where global climatic changes may cause abrupt shifts in the faunal assemblages with a loss of taxa typical of these mountainous areas.

The Ibirite watershed is subject to several forms of environmental degradation such as the presence of a petroleum refinery industry, urbanization of its surrounding landscape, and non treated domestic sewage from over 135,000 inhabitants. Benthic macroinvertebrates represent a useful tool in the evaluation of environmental quality through studies of the structure of communities and their relationship to anthropic activities within the watersheds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the environmental impact to the Ibirite reservoir caused by the petroleum refinery industry, urbanization, and sulphatation. Degradation of the watershed was measured by using the richness, diversity, evenness, and density of benthic macroinvertebrates. Twelve sampling stations were established as follows: five stations on Pintados and Ibirite streams (upstream from the reservoir), six in the reservoir and one station downstream from the reservoir. From 2002 to 2003, during both the dry and rainy seasons (in the tributaries) and the stratified and non-stratified periods (in the reservoir) were evaluated. A total of 289,777 organisms were collected and the most abundant organisms found in the streams were Oligochaeta (60%), Chironomidae (Chironomus, Goeldichironomus, Dicrotendipes, Cryptochironomus, Polypedilum, Parachironomus, Tanytarsus, Tribelos, Tanypus, Ablabesmyia, Cricotopus, Oliveriella) (38%) and Gastropoda (Biomphalaria straminea, Physa sp., Melanoides tuberculatus, Pomacea haustrum) (2%). In the reservoir, the most abundant specimens were Chaoboridae (46%) and Chironomidae larvae (Chironomus, Goeldichironomus, Tanypus, Coleotanypus, Labrundinia) (17%), in addition to Oligochaeta (24%) and Gastropoda (Melanoides tuberculatus) (13%). Evaluation of the structure and distribution of benthic communities showed a rapid environmental degradation process within the studied aquatic systems, in which low values of richness and diversity and high densities of tolerant organisms were observed. This environmental degradation is a result of the intense discharge of domestic sewage into the streams, reducing water quality and contributing to rapid artificial eutrophication.

Fourteen species of Chironomidae (Diptera) are recorded for the first time from the Hovsgol Nuur region, Mongolia, increasing the total number of chironomid species from this country to 166 (Table 1). Two major studies have contributed the most data on distribution of Chironomidae in Mongolia. The first study, summarized by Kozhova et al. (1994) and Erbaeva and Safronov (in press), was based on 20 years of research on Hovsgol Nuur, an ancient lake in Northern Mongolia. The second study, by Sasa and Suzuki (1997), described many new species and listed many species of Chironomidae from Central and Southwestern Mongolia. In addition, Reiss (1971) described and listed species of Chironomidae collected from sites throughout the country and Hayford and Ferrington (in press) studied the distribution of chironomids in Hovsgol Nuur. The current valid name-author-date and biogeographic region distribution for Mongolian Chironomidae were obtained from Ashe and Cranston (1990) and are listed with the Mongolian distribution for each species in Table 1. Of the 118 species of Chironomidae listed from the Hovsgol Nuur Region, fourteen are new records for Mongolia (Table 1). Collections were made during June and July of 1995-1997 as part of a joint United States, Mongolian, and Russian expedition to the Hovsgol Nuur Region. Adults were collected using malaise traps and sweep nets and pupal exuviae were collected using methods modified from Ferrington (1987). Eight of the fourteen newly recorded species, Ablabesmyia nr. cinctipes (Johannsen), Cricotopus (Cricotopus) cylindraceus (Kieffer), Heterotrissocla dius subpilosus (Kieffer), Parakiefferiella nr. smolandica (Brundin), Psectrocladius (Psectrocladius) schlienzi Wiilker, Psectrocladius (Psectrocladius) sordidellus (Zetterstedt), Dicrotendipes lobiger (Kieffer), and Dicrotendipes septimacullipennis (Goetghebuer) were collected from the shore of Modon Hui, an island in Hovsgol Nuur. Six species, Krenosmittia camptophleps (Edwards), Parametriocnemus boreoalpinus Gouin, Rheosmittia spinicornis (Brundin), Saetheria reissi Jackson, Cladotanytarsus vanderwalei (Edwards), and Corynocera ambigua (Zetterstedt) were collected from sandy bottom streams flowing into Hovsgol Nuur. Most of the Chironomidae in Mongolia have a cosmopolitan distribution (Table 1). Forty-seven species have a Holarctic distribution, with some additionally found in the Oriental and Neotropical regions. Seventy-nine species have a Palaearctic distribution, with some of these additionally found in the Oriental, Afrotropical and Australasian regions. Species with a Palaearctic distribution tended to have a West Palaearctic distribution, with very few species having an East Palaearctic distribution. This distribution is similar to that of caddisflies reported by Morse et al. (in press), with the exception that most caddisflies were also found in the nearby East Palaearctic region. Nearly 20% of the species of Chironomidae found in Mongolia are endemic, with most described by Sasa and Suzuki (1997). However, note that specific type localities are not clear. Thus, it is uncertain where some species were originally collected. Distribution records for species within Mongolia come primarily from the Hovsgol Nuur region or from sites close to Ulaanbaatar. Currently, two studies are underway to collect Chironomidae in central (Selenge River basin) and western (saline lake district) Mongolia, which should vastly increase the known species of Chironomidae from this country.

We measured the ability to regulate oxygen uptake of 16 chironomid taxa from lakes in low-arctic West Greenland by means of oxygen microelectrodes in custom-made respiration chambers. The respiration patterns were modeled using piecewise linear regression with break-point and simple hyperbolic functions. The mathematical constants obtained from the controlled laboratory experiments were good ecophysiological indicators of species-specific ‘‘oxyregulatory capacity.’’ The oxy-regulatory capacity of different chironomid communities was calculated for subfossil assemblages collected from 52 lakes in West Greenland. The overall assemblage structure was expressed using detrended correspondence analysis (DCA). The oxy-regulatory capacity was as strongly correlated to DCA axis 1 (r 5 0.72‐0.86, p , 0.001), as were surface water temperature (r 5 0.82, p , 0.001) and nutrients (r 5 0.47‐ 0.86, p , 0.001). Warm-water chironomid assemblages characterized by taxa such as Chironomus, Dicrotendipes, Ablabesmyia, and Procladius had a high oxy-regulatory capacity. Cold-water assemblages were dominated by oxyconformers such as Heterotrissocladius, Micropsectra, Hydrobaenus,and Diamesa. An expression of the oxyregulatory capacity of a given chironomid assemblage can be directly inferred from a simple model using weighted averaging of the ecophysiological mathematical constants. The autecological information from controlled experiments provides important additional information for interpretations in chironomid paleolimnology. The results can also be used to identify secondary changes or mismatches in multiproxy down-core paleoclimate studies. The immature stages of most chironomids (nonbiting midges) develop in freshwater, and the species composition closely reflects the freshwater environment in which they live (Lindegaard 1995). Because their larval head capsules preserve well as subfossils in lake sediments, nonbiting midges are also excellent paleoindicators of past environmental conditions, and quantitative inference models have been developed for morphometric (depth), physical (temperature and climate), chemical (salinity, total phosphorus, and oxygen), and biological (chlorophyll and macrophytes) variables (Walker 2001). These quantitative transfer functions are all based on the ‘‘surface-sediment calibration’’ or ‘‘training set’’ approach (Birks 1995), where assemblages of subfossil biota from surface sediments are correlated to the corresponding contemporary environmental variables from a wide range of lakes. The effects of these environmental variables, however, are often difficult to separate using the traditional training set methods because of strong intercorrelations among variables (Brodersen and Anderson 2002). Subfossil chironomids have been recognized among the best late-glacial temperature/climate proxies (e.g., Walker et al. 1991). In mature systems, however, changes in water temperature caused by altered climate conditions can cause cas1

To investigate postglacial environmental changes in both the coastal and interior wet belts of British Columbia, fossil midges were analysed from two subalpine lakes, one adjacent to the lower Fraser canyon (Frozen Lake), and the other in Mount Revelstoke National Park (Eagle Lake). The midge stratigraphy for Frozen Lake revealed an abundance of rheophilous chironomid taxa and Simuliidae larvae, refecting the presence of an inflowing stream. An abundance of Chaoborus mandibles and Microtendipes during the early Holocene (c. 10100–770014C years BP, c. 11500–8500 cal. years BP) suggests warmer temperatures. A subsequent decline in the warm indicators and relative increases in cold stenotherms (Heterotrissocladius and Diamesa) indicate cooling until present day. This climate reconstruction is consistent with other quantitative and qualitative evidence for past climatic change in southern British Columbia. At Eagle Lake the warm indicators, Dicrotendipes and Polypedilum, are seen in the early Holocene (c. 8500–673014C years BP, c. 9600–7600 cal. years BP), but are absent during the mid-Holocene when cooler temperatures probably prevailed. In the late Holocene (c. 380014C years BP to present, c. 4200 cal. years BP to present) there is a resurgence of warm indicators, which contrasts with the evidence of continued cooling typically seen in reconstructions of southern British Columbia summer temperatures. The Eagle Lake record therefore appears to be anomalous. Multiproxy and multisite investigations are needed to reconstruct Holocene climatic changes more reliably.

Studying aquatic benthic macroinvertebrates (BMIs) in the field requires accurate taxonomic identification, which can be difficult and time consuming. Conventionally, head capsule morphology has been used to identify wild larvae of Chironomidae. However, due to the number of species and possible damage and/or deformity of their head capsules, another supporting approach for identification is needed. Here, we provide hemoglobin (Hb) protein in hemolymph of chironomids as a new biomarker that may help resolve some of the ambiguities and difficulties encountered during taxonomic identification. Chironomids collected from two locations in Maine and New Jersey, USA were identified to the genus level and in some cases to the species-level using head capsule and body morphologies. The head capsule for a particular individual was then associated with a corresponding Hb protein profile generated from sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE). Distinct Hb profiles were observed from one group (Thienemannimyia) and four genera (Chironomus, Cricotopus, Dicrotendipes, and Glyptotendipes) of chironomids. Several species were polymorphic, having more than one Hb profile and/or having bands of the same size as those of other species. However, major bands and the combination of bands could distinguish individuals at the genus and sometimes species-level. Overall, this study showed that Hb profiles can be used in combination with head capsule morphology to identify wild chironomids.

The colonization of deciduous leaf litter by aquatic invertebrates was studied at Scott Lake in Algonquin Park, Ontario, Canada. Deciduous leaf packs were colonized after only 2 days submergence. The invertebrate community was dominated by chironomids (25–94% depending on sampling period), and to a lesser extent by oligochaetes, turbellarians, and mayflies. Collectors, such as the chironomids Dicrotendipes, Pseudochironomus, Paratanytarsus and Parakiefferiella were the dominant functional-feeding group suggesting that leaf litter is being used as habitat rather than a direct food source. Deciduous leaf litter lost a substantial amount of weight, due to leaching, after only 48 h submergence. Fall-shed beech (Fagus grandifolia) leaves decomposed more rapidly than fall-shed sugar maple (Acer saccharum) leaves with daily processing coefficients (k), determined using an exponential decay model, of 0.0058 and 0.0039, respectively. Conversely, conditioned maple leaves, defined as leaves remaining on the ground over winter, were processed faster than conditioned beech leaves, with coefficients of 0.0042 and 0.0014, respectively. It is speculated that inhibitory compounds have been leached from the maple leaves, allowing for faster leaf processing.

1. The macroinvertebrate fauna living on stones in the exposed stony littorals of thirty-nine Danish lakes were examined by multivariate numerical methods. The data were derived from 125 semi-quantitative samples and a species list of 126 taxa. The mean number of individuals per sample was 960, and among the most common taxa were Asellus aquaticus, Gammarus, Oulimnius, Tinodes, Cricotopus and Dicrotendipes. 2. The total number of species and fourteen individual taxa were positively correlated to mean depth of the lakes and eleven taxa were correlated to the total phosphorus concentration. The Shannon diversity was negatively correlated to the chlorophyll a concentration ([Chl a]). 3. Community patterns were examined by detrended correspondence analysis (DCA), and the relationship between species data and selected environmental variables was analysed by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). Mean lake depth was found to be the strongest environmental variable in explaining the species data. The [Chl a] and Secchi depth also explained significant variation in the distribution of the stony littoral invertebrates. Wind fetch and relative exposure did not explain any variation in the faunal composition among sites. 4. The abilities of the macroinvertebrates to predict the lake trophic state, expressed as log ([Chl a]), were explored by means of weighted averaging (WA) regression and calibration. Two tolerance-weighted WA models using inverse and classical regression for deshrinking are presented. The models were assessed by the root mean square error (RMSE) of prediction, using bootstrapping as cross validation, and by the correlation between observed and inferred log ([Chl a]). The model using inverse deshrinking had a RMSEboot = 0.41 and r2 = 0.63. By using classical regression, the predictability in the ends of the gradient was improved but the RMSE increased: RMSEboot = 0.46. 5. Although the factors determining faunal distribution patterns in the Danish lowland lakes were highly multivariate and difficult to disentangle, it seems reasonable to use the WA estimated species optima and tolerances to [Chl a] in a bio-assessment model.

A pond mesocosm study was conducted in a central Minnesota wetland to evaluate the potential toxicity of the microbially-derived insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (B.t.i.) to chironomids. B.t.i. was applied as VectoBac® G to mesocosms on two occasions (21 d apart) at five rates (0.3X, 1X, 2.5X, 5X, 10X) with three replicate mesocosms per rate. The 1X rate (9 kg/ha) was that operationally used by the Minneapolis-St. Paul Metropolitan Mosquito Control District for early summer mosquito control. Chironomid abundances following B.t.i. treatment were compared to abundances in untreated control mesocosms. The abundance of Chironomidae larvae was significantly reduced at the 10X treatment 4 d after the first B.t.i. application. Chironomid abundance was also reduced after the second application with 10X, but showed strong signs of recovery within 32 d. Chironominae, the numerically dominant subfamily within the Chironomidae, showed a similar response. The abundance of Orthocladiinae larvae was significantly reduced at both the 10X and 5X treatments, whereas the Tanypodinae appeared unaffected by all B.t.i. treatments. Of the two tribes comprising the Chironominae, the Chironomini displayed a response very similar to that of its parent subfamily, although reductions in abundance were not statistically significant. The tribe was dominated by Dicrotendipes, Einfeldia, and Endochironomus, none of which were significantly reduced following either 10X application. The second tribe, the Tanytarsini, were slightly more susceptible to B.t.i. than the Chironomini, displaying significant reductions in abundance after both 10X applications. The Tanytarsini were dominated by Paratanytarsus, which were reduced by 91% 4 d after both 10X B.t.i. applications. Tanytarsini and Chironomini were also reduced in abundance (by 83 and 75%, respectively) at the 5X treatment, but reductions were not statistically significant. Regressions of larval chironomid abundance versus B.t.i. treatment rate indicated that the B.t.i. rates required to reduce chironomid abundance by 25, 50, and 75% were 1.5–2.0X, 2.1–3.3X, and 3.5–11.0X, respectively. Emergence of adult Chironomidae was significantly reduced at the 10X B.t.i. treatment, but not at 5X. The same trend was observed for the Chironominae, which comprised 82% of the family, but not for Orthocladiinae and Tanypodinae. Emergence of Ceratopogonidae and Chaoboridae was unaffected by all B.t.i. treatments.