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Copyright of Jahrbuch für Germanistische Sprachgeschicht is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Artiklen præsenterer begrebet dekolonial dialektologi gennem først en teoretisk indramning i form af centrale postkoloniale og dekoloniale pointer, som dernæst illustreres med Grønland som case. Det vises hvordan kolonialisme både har haft betydning for den konkrete sproglige situation i Grønland i dag, samt det vi ved om den. Afslutningsvis præsenteres et netop påbegyndt forskningsprojekt om grønlandske dialekter hvor det forsøges at arbejde dekolonialt.

I denna artikel undersöks hur ungdomar på två olika yrkesförberedande gymnasieprogram på en gymnasieskola talar om och talar på dialekt i ett geografiskt område där dialekten länge har haft hög kulturell och social status. Två fokusgruppssamtal analyseras för att undersöka både vilka uppfattningar om – och attityder till – dialekter och dialektalt språkbruk som uttrycks samt vilka dialektala varianter som deltagarna själva använder när de samtalar med varandra. Med utgångspunkt i en innehållsanalys och en dialektal språklig analys visar resultaten att deltagarna uttrycker tämligen bestämda uppfattningar om och attityder till dialektalt språkbruk, att en majoritet av dem betraktar dialekten som sin egen och att de även är stolta över den. Resultaten visar även att ungdomarna tenderar att positionera sig själva genom att hänvisa till den egna dialekten och uppfattningar om vem som är typisk dialekttalare. Den språkliga analysen visar hur ungdomarna även använder ett stort antal dialektala varianter när de diskuterar dialekter med andra ungdomar.

Artiklen præsenterer resultaterne af en undersøgelse af underbevidste sprogholdninger til lokale, regionale og københavnske stemmeprøver i en mindre by og et lokalt center i Sønderjylland og Nordjylland. Resultaterne er vidt forskellige. I Nordjylland er der ikke store forskelle mellem vurderingerne i center og periferi, her er sprogbrugen ikke vigtig for vurderingerne, til gengæld vurderes drengestemmer konsekvent mere positivt end pigestemmer. I Sønderjylland vurderes de lokale, dialekttalende stemmer positivt i den mindre by, imens de københavnske stemmer opvurderes i det lokale center. Resultaterne tolkes inden for rammerne af sociolinguistic change (Coupland 2009) og ses som en afspejling af forskelligartede samfundsudviklinger, der har medført forskellige grundlag for sproglig opmærksomhed og for brugen af lokal sprogbrug. Resultaterne gør det muligt at fremsætte hypoteser om, at regionale nordjyske træk formentlig vil blive brugt også i fremtiden, hvorimod sønderjysk dialekt brugt som umarkeret hverdagssprog formentlig ikke har nogen fremtid.

Denne artikkelen byggjer på ei spørjegransking av i kva grad både studentar som skal bli lærarar, hovudsakleg i norsk, og elevar som går i vidaregåande skule er samde eller usamde i påstandar som går på korleis lærarar og skulen bør agera i høve til dialekt, tospråklegheit og aksentprega norsk. Påstandane som undersøkinga byggjer på, er arva frå Lars Anders Kulbrandstad, som gjorde ei liknande undersøking blant lærarstudentar i 2007. Språkhaldningar inngår som eit viktig kompetansemål i skulen og er såleis noko både lærarane og elevane i vidaregåande treng å ha medvit kring og meiningar om. Det empiriske materialet består av svar frå 308 respondentar, 170 elevar i vidaregåande skule og 138 studentar som skal bli lektorar i skulen. Resultata viser at begge gruppene jamt over er positive til alle desse tre hovudområda, men at komande lektorar er meir positive både til dialekt, opplæring i tospråklegheit og aksentprega norsk enn elevane er.

Copyright of Nordlyd is the property of Universitetet i Tromsoe and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Nordlyd is the property of Universitetet i Tromsoe and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Nordlyd is the property of Universitetet i Tromsoe and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal for Central European German Studies / Zeitschrift für Mitteleuropäische Germanistik is the property of Praesens Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeszyty Glottodydaktyczne is the property of Jagiellonian University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper presents a first approach to the complex topic of "exclusion by language" in dialect lexicography using the example of the Franconian Dictionary (WBF). Particular difficulties arise in the analysis, since the lexemes, as the result of indirect questionnaire surveys, often appear without a pragmatic context. It is shown how this problem can be partly compensated for by the context of the question and sometimes by comments of the respondents. Nevertheless, analysing the attitudes of dialect speakers requires a sensitive approach, as evaluations may differ depending on the variety and within a given time period. The fact that exclusion by language and negative stereotyping are documented in various forms in the WBF is shown by some analyses based on the lexemes Zigeuner ('gypsy'), Neger ('negro') and Gastarbeiter ('guest worker'). These differ in terms of their historical depth, which correlates with a differently pronounced discrimination potential of the lexemes in the dialect. Finally, the example of WBF is used to problematise how historically burdened lexemes can be documented lexicographically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract (Deutsch) In diesem Beitrag werden datengestützte Sprachprofile präsentiert, die in einem interdisziplinären Mehrmethodenansatz erarbeitet wurden. Zudem werden ein mehrstufiges Profilbildungsmodell und ein Sprachanalyseraster vorgeschlagen, die jeweils neu entwickelt wurden. Derart datengestützte Profile für das gesprochene Albanisch, die als Grundlage für die Entwicklung von niveaudifferenziertem Sprachmaterial dienen, fehlten bisher. Ohne einen Anspruch auf Vollständigkeit zu erheben, trägt der vorliegende Artikel mit seiner Profilbildung und der Entwicklung eines dazu passenden Modells und Rasters zur Schließung einer Forschungslücke bei. Die als Anfänger, Semifortgeschritten und Fortgeschritten bezeichneten Profile wurden mit Hilfe von Interview- und Fragebogendaten Albanischsprechender der dritten Generation (G3) in Deutschland und der Schweiz erarbeitet (n=40). Sie dienen als empirische Grundlage für die Entwicklung von Sprachmaterial in verschiedenen Kompetenzstufen. Beim Profil Anfänger sind die geringen lexikalischen und normabweichenden morphosyntaktischen Fähigkeiten charakteristisch. Im Unterschied dazu stellen der wenig komplexe Alltagswortschatz und die geringe Wortbildungsfähigkeit ein wichtiges Merkmal des Profils Semifortgeschritten dar. Typisch für dieses Profil sind zudem die Gedankensprünge und Wiederholungen beim Versuch, Gesprächsinhalte metasprachlich zu erläutern. Im Profil Fortgeschritten kennzeichnen sich die Sprechenden durch einen variierenden Wortschatz sowie ihre morphosyntaktische und pragmatische Kompetenz. Sie bilden komplexere parataktisch-hypotaktische Sätze und gebrauchen verschiedene Wortarten und Wortbildungsformen. Die weitgehend normgerechte Einsetzung von Verbflexion, Kasus, Genus, Tempus und Pronomina sticht ebenfalls hervor. Abstract (English) This paper presents data-based language profiles that have been developed in an interdisciplinary multi-method approach. It also proposes the use of a multilevel profiling model and a language analysis grid that have been newly developed. Such data-based profiles for spoken Albanian, which serve as a basis for the development of level-differentiated language material, have been lacking until now. Without claiming to be exhaustive, the present article contributes to filling a research gap with its profiling and the development of a matching model and grid. The profiles, described as beginner, semi-advanced and advanced, were developed with the help of interviews and questionnaire data from third-generation Albanian speakers (G3) in Germany and Switzerland (n=40). They serve as an empirical basis for the development of language material at different levels of proficiency. The beginner profile is characterised by low lexical and norm deviating morphosyntactic abilities. In contrast, the less complex everyday vocabulary and the low word formation development represent important features of the semi-advanced profile. Typical of this profile are also the mental leaps and repetitions by the speakers while attempting to explain conversational content in metalinguistic terms. In the profile advanced, the speakers are characterised by a varying vocabulary as well as their morphosyntactic and pragmatic competence. They form more complex paratactic-hypotactic sentences and use different types of words and forms of word formation. The largely standardised use of verb inflection, case, gender, tense and pronouns also stands out.

Copyright of Kwartalnik Neofilologiczny is the property of Polish Academy of Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Linguistische Treffen in Wrocław is the property of Oficyna Wydawnicza ATUT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Przedstawiony esej dotyczy pojęcia wspólnoty językowej. Pokazuje, że w niektórych dyskusjach politycznych, ale także naukowych, przyjmuje się je bez refleksji i naukowego namysłu. W takim rozumieniu jest wówczas podświadomie lub świadomie utożsamiane z pojęciem wspólnoty narodowej. Przywołane podejście wpisuje się w tradycję Leo Weisgerbera z jego koncepcjami, które dziś wydają się mgliste, takimi jak duch języka i światopogląd języka, które stanowią ideologiczne ramy dla odróżnienia jednych od drugich społeczności językowych i narodowych. W Europie XIX i XX wieku nie należy postrzegać tych koncepcji w zdecydowanie negatywnym świetle, wystarczy choć porównać różnorodność dzisiejszego europejskiego krajobrazu państwowego np. z sytuacją po Kongresie Wiedeńskim. Z drugiej strony, tego typu koncepcje mogą być również postrzegane jako przeszkoda w emancypacji językowej w odniesieniu do języków narodowych. Dialekty są początkowo jedynie konstruktami językowymi, którym przypisuje się dialektalność zgodnie z pewnymi cechami strukturalnymi. Czasami jednak użytkownicy różnych dialektów widzą siebie, swoją grupę jako coś większego, tj. jako wspólnotę językową lub etniczną, której podstawą są zwykle specyficzne wydarzenia o charakterze historycznym, społecznym i kulturowym. Na tym tle esej jest próbą konstruowania niewyłączającej koncepcji wspólnoty językowej, czyli takiej, w której duża wspólnota językowa akceptuje różne mniejsze i w której jednostki mogą należeć do więcej niż jednej, bez konfliktu lojalności.

This article discusses Boris Pahor's novel Vila ob jezeru in Italian and indirect French translation. After an introduction to Pahor's language and style and an overview of his works translated into Italian and French, we highlight the main differences between the two Slovenian editions of Vila ob jezeru (1955 and 1993) and the three Italian versions (2002, 2004 and 2012). The analysis focuses on the translation of proper nouns, footnotes and stylistically marked vocabulary, and reveals some significant deviations from the source text in both target languages, although not always in the same places, showing that the Italian manuscript submitted to the French translator must have been significantly modified later by the Italian publisher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Postscriptum Polonistyczne is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Slaskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Linguistische Treffen in Wrocław is the property of Oficyna Wydawnicza ATUT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Linguodidactica is the property of University of Bialystok and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Texas Czech, a highly endangered diasporic variety of the Czech language, has roots in the dialects of Moravian and Bohemian immigrants from Austria and later Austria-Hungary who began arriving in Texas in the 1850s. "Taking stock", the paper situates this variety's development in the context of literature on language contact and borrowing, heritage languages, and community language endangerment and loss in order to examine its main contact features. "Looking forward", the article (1) demonstrates the need for a corpus-based approach to this and other diasporic varieties of Czech to help us better understand the intersection of incomplete acquisition and attrition, typological characteristics of languages in contact, and internally vs. externally induced language change under different sociolinguistic constraints, and (2) references the Texas Czech Legacy Project, whose main objective is to build a searchable corpus of Texas Czech speech to serve the community and aid scholarly research on Czech varieties in the diaspora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses some contact-related phenomena in the phonetics, morphology and syntax of the Slovene dialect that is spoken in the Natisone Valley in Italy, a dialect belonging to the Littoral dialect group. The purpose of the study is to establish the origin of these phenomena and clarify the features of their functioning and areal distribution. The data for the analysis (oral speech of informants) was collected during field research in this region. The following phenomena are revealed: voicing of the voiceless dental alveolar s before sonorants; borrowing of prepositions and conjunctions; postposition of adjectives in noun groups; doubling of pronouns and nouns; temporal constructions are used to express dates. It is revealed that the analyzed constructions and items have a high degree of variability: they function along with their Slovenian counterparts. In some cases, we are dealing with contaminated forms (contaminated prepositions, temporal construction for expressing dates). The doubling of pronouns and nouns forms a broken area, and a similar phenomenon is found in the languages of the Balkan Sprachbund. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article is a phonetic and acoustic description of stressed oral vowels occurring in the Kurpie dialect, depending on the gender and age of respondents. The realizations of the examined vowels were compared with the standard Polish pronunciation. It can be concluded that the dialectal realizations are best preserved for the vowels [?] and [?], and also for [a] in the group of women. The research results confirmed the disappearance of sounds [e], [?] and [o]. In the analyzed material, the individual realizations were best maintained for [e] and then for [?]. An inclined [o] was present only in one person. Dialectal realizations of vowels are better preserved by women and people of the oldest and middle generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Linguistica Pragensia (Charles University Prague, Faculty of Arts) is the property of Charles University Prague, Faculty of Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Linguodidactica is the property of University of Bialystok and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Första / Sista are two related catalogue poems in Swedish where listening plays a role as a narrator. The poems aim to paint a picture of current events, places, local history, and self-observation in the urban transitions within the Arctic small towns of Gällivare, Malmberget, and Kiruna. They uncover a repressed sadness when facing the changes that are in motion and the consequences of these. Första is cautiously optimistic while Sista is of a darker, more negative character. The latter also reveals more about the author. The course of events in the poems is not strictly chronological; they are subject-matter scattered with an intention of creating a spontaneous and motley rhythm within the lines. Dialectal words and references to geographic places that carry different names in the local languages ​​Sámi, Meänkieli, and Swedish are key ingredients throughout the text.

Denne artikkelen er ei kritisk gjennomgåing og drøfting av litteraturen om talemålsutviklinga i Oslo og regionen rundt. Oppfatningane spriker. Nøkkelnemninga «standard» blir brukt ulikt, og det er usemje både om kva som skjer, kva som er fleirtalsoppfatninga om kva som skjer, kva utvikling vi skal vente, kva varietet som har høgst prestisje, og om kva den ekspansive varieteten i området bør kallast. Samtidig er det viktige spørsmål som ikkje blir stilte, og ikkje sjeldan er det heilt ulike oppfatningar om den same empirien, tydelegvis pga. ulike teoretiske og ideologiske utgangspunkt. Eg prøver, på grunnlag av dei dataa litteraturen sjølv gjev, å klårgjera kva som skjer og å finne grunnar til at framstillingane spriker så mykje. Eg konkluderer (med Stjernholm), med at det som har slått gjennom i Oslo ikkje er ein modifisert variant av det eine eller andre, men eit kompromiss, og argumenterer (ut frå Sandøy) for at denne varieteten bør kallast «fellesaustlandsk», ikkje «standardaustlandsk» e.l., som har vist seg å forvirre. At det kan vera ulike oppfatningar om kva vi skal vente, meiner eg kjem av at ein ser utviklinga i land som Danmark og England dei siste tiåra som normalen, utan å ta med at talemålssentraliseringa i desse landa følgjer ein heilt annan kronologi enn den norske.

The paper examines new ways of employing dialect in public domains in Eastern Slovakia, both on the internet (in terms of digital diglossia) and in small businesses off-line. It challenges the opinion that globalisation and digitalization have a negative impact on the use of small languages and dialects and gives numerous examples of eastern Slovakia dialects used in less traditional discourse, calling into play the theory of long tail languages and the principles of localization. The author also points out the tendency of people to abandon dialect in everyday private communication in favour of Standard Slovak and the weakening of traditional diglossia in the area. Referring to the concepts of language shift, codeswitching, crossing and passing, it analyses the reasons as well as consequences of such language behaviour with dialect being often replaced by interdialect (koiné) or standard forms. It addresses the motivation behind using either dialect or koiné in such (con)texts, discussing whether it is the appeal to regional identity, both cultural and linguistic, or rather the means of adding higher expressivity and originality to the utterances. The author concludes that new public domains and written forms of usage might give dialect a fresh start and the hope that in Eastern Slovakia it will not disappear any time soon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of a advertising communicative-linguistic game with the local receiver based on contextual references to dialectal subcode peculiar to the values and cultural symbols of Upper Silesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Przeklady Literatur Slowianskich is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Slaskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Walloon is a Romance language, closely related to French. The two languages have existed in close proximity for centuries and have influenced one another. Especially since the beginning of the 20th century, Walloon has been oppressed by the more dominant language. That is one of the reasons why it is gradually dying out. This article describes Walloon and its evolution, characteristics of the language, its literature, and current activities promoting its survival. Research work undertaken in this area is also presented, with particular reference to investigations accomplished in 2011/2012 by means of the questionnaire method. The questionnaire focused on Walloon interlocutors, on the Walloon background, generational transmission, presence of the language in the respondents’ everyday life, on their attitude to the language and the mutual interference of Walloon and French. The findings of the research work confirm the following hypotheses. Walloon is spoken most frequently by older men living in the countryside. The language is not transmitted from generation to generation. These facts are common to the majority of regional languages.

This article aims to describe the sociolinguistic situation of two Italian-speaking communities in Santa Catarina. It presents a sociolinguistic panorama of Nova Trento and Nova Veneza from the 19th century, emphasizing the most important aspects of the history of Italian immigrants in Brazil, as well as the main factors that affected the use of Italian language varieties, and residents’ views and attitudes regarding the languages spoken in this part of southern Brazil. From the beginning of Italian immigration to Brazil the immigrants experienced different historical circumstances that have led to the current state of their dialects, mainly the dictatorship of Getúlio Vargas. But after almost one hundred and fifty years the dialects are still spoken and they have become part of the Brazilian cultural heritage.

Wincenty Pol was a writer and a learned geographer. His linguistic interests encompassed the origin of the Polish language linked with the history of Slavs, onomastics, the dialects of Polish and the need to legally protect writing. Pol was convinced that language needs to be studied in relation to nature, culture and human work.

Artikkelen presenterer en analyse av tre norskverk for småtrinnet med særlig henblikk på ett kompetansemål som ble føyd til læreplanen i revisjonen i 2013, som sier at elevene skal kunne “samtale om begrepene dialekt, bokmål og nynorsk”. Ved å ta utgangspunkt i hvordan det konkrete læreplantillegget har blitt omsatt i pedagogiske tekster, forsøker studien å vise hvordan læreverk reproduserer visse forestillinger om språk, her kalt kulturelle modeller, og dermed potensielt presenterer leseren for hva som skal anses som språklige normaliteter, og indirekte også hva som faller utafor normaliteten. Analysene får fram at læreverka gjennomgående legger stor vekt på sambandet mellom språk og sted, og at den monolingvale (eller monolektale) språkbrukeren står i forgrunnen. De fleste andre former for språklig variasjon – både intra- og inter­individuell – blir derimot sterkt underkommunisert i de pedagogiske tekstene på dette punktet. I artikkelen blir det drøfta hvordan lærebok­forfatterne på denne måten påvirker det utsynet elevene får til sine språklige omgivelser, og hvilket klassifikasjonssystem for språklig variasjon elevene sitter igjen med. Et hovedmotiv er at de tre læreverka langt på veg viderefører historia om “Dialektlandet Norge” – uten hensyn til at den språklige virkeligheten har endra seg betraktelig de siste tiåra.

Copyright of Media Research / Zeszyty Prasoznawcze is the property of Jagiellonian University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A Fala is a language spoken in three villages on the border of Spain and Portugal. The three villages respectively attest the three varieties of the language: Valverdeñu in Valverde del Fresno, Lagarteiru in Eljas, and Mañegu in San Martín de Trevejo. This article describes the legal status of the language, its exclusion from the public education system, and the sociolinguistic situation in the three villages. The main objective is to discuss issues regarding the orthographic standardization of A Fala. The subtopics include the scope of the standard, the authority to create the standard, and two approaches to standardization: the standard as a model and the standard as general usage. Since there is no prestigious variety of A Fala which could serve as a model, the latter approach to standardization seems to be more feasible than the former. Endeavours to standardize the language should also take into account that A Fala is an independent language and not a dialect of one of the Romance languages.

Copyright of Sociolinguistica is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)