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Human activities impact greenhouse gas emissions through changes in land cover, land use, and land management. Conservation, restoration, and improved land use and land management are increasingly recognized as mitigation solutions. Policy instruments are crucial for addressing environmental challenges and supporting governance actors in enhancing carbon sequestration and reducing emissions in the land sector. The aim of this study was to evaluate the existing spatial decision support systems (SDSSs) for assessing land-based mitigation options and to help policymakers choose the best way to use and manage land. In order to search for tools, a systematic literature review was conducted, where 187 articles suitable for the specified criteria were found, from which 68 tools were selected. Additionally, following the application of the exclusion criteria, 18 tools were chosen for the final analysis. The tools were classified and analyzed based on various features such as type of land-use management, land use, country of application, information on carbon pools, and the number of published articles associated with each tool. Five SDSSs were found to be most suitable for policymakers seeking to implement the most effective land use and land management in order to enhance carbon sequestration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Land-Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry sector (LULUCF) role is of critical importance in contributing to the ambitious targets set by the European Union (EU) to reduce by 55% net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2030, compared to 1990 levels, and to become carbon neutral by 2050. The EU LULUCF regulation, approved in 2023, sets out binding targets for each individual Member State to be achieved by 2030, totaling 310 MtCO2e of net removals for the whole EU. However, it remains poorly understood to what extent the EU LULUCF climate target matches with the Member States' strategies. The alignment between the EU governance and its Member States' visions for the long-term will determine the achievement of the climate targets. The objective of this study is to understand the LULUCF expected contribution to the EU's 2030 and 2050 climate goals. In doing so, we explored the European and country-level visions of LULUCF with respect to climate change mitigation and adaptation, as expressed in their Long-Term Strategies (LTSs) and national projections; we evaluated whether national level projections for LULUCF are aligned with the EU short and long term targets. We found that most countries' LTSs envisage policies and measures in the LULUCF sector, however they are, often general and not comprehensive. Furthermore, the majority of countries' quantitative future projections of GHG emissions and removals from LULUCF differ from the pathway set in EU targets; thus, countries may need to either update existing policies or conceive and plan new policies and actions. European Union (EU) Member States are required to design and carefully implement LULUCF policies to comply with the ambitious EU targets. EU countries describe in their Long-Term Strategies LULUCF policies and measures that are potentially effective, but not comprehensive, transparent and accurate. Ideally Long-Term Strategies for LULUCF are aligned with other policy instruments, e.g. Nationally Determined Contributions and National Energy and Climate Plans. Many EU countries may grapple with the adoption and fulfilment of the currently proposed European Union targets on LULUCF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]