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Background Common adverse reactions of terbutaline include skeletal muscle tremor, headache,tachycardia, palpitations, hypokalemia and so on.Bronchospasm caused by terbutaline is rarely reported. This article reports one case of severe bronchospasm caused by nebulized terbutaline sulfate inhalation therapy. Case presentation A 51-year-old female patient was admitted to hospital with acute bronchitis.The main complaints were cough, sputum and wheezing. She has no history of drug or food allergies. On the day of admission, terbutaline nebulization treatment immediately caused limb tremor and bronchospasm. After glucocorticoid, aminophylline, non-invasive respiratory support and other symptomatic treatments,the patient improved on the 4th day. Conclusion The mechanism of terbutaline leading to bronchospasm is still unclear. The tert-butylline on the chemical structure of terbutaline may bind to proteins to produce IgE-mediated bronchospasm, The excipient ededidine disodium and the osmotic pressure of the nebulized diluent may also lead to bronchospasm. During the clinical treatment, hypotonic nebulizing dilutions should be avoided, and close monitor should be taken in case ofpossible fatal bronchospasm.

Summary The abscisic acid (ABA) signalling pathway is involved in the plant response to osmotic stress caused by drought and/or salinity. Although the ABA signalling pathway has been elucidated in Arabidopsis, it remains elusive in woody poplars. In this study, genome‐wide analyses of U‐box genes in poplars revealed that a U‐box E3 ubiquitin ligase gene, PalPUB79, is significantly induced following drought, salinity and ABA signalling. PalPUB79 overexpression enhanced drought tolerance in transgenic poplars, while PalPUB79 RNAi lines were more sensitive to drought. PalPUB79 positively regulated ABA signalling pathway. Furthermore, PalPUB79 interacted with PalWRKY77, a negative transcriptional regulator of ABA signalling, and mediated its ubiquitination for degradation, therefore counteracting its inhibitory effect on PalRD26 transcription. However, the finding that PalWRKY77 negatively regulates PalPUB79 expression was indicative of a negative feedback loop between PalWRKY77 and PalPUB79 during ABA signalling in poplar. These findings provide novel insight into the mechanism through which PalPUB79 enhances the ABA‐mediated stress response in woody poplars.

Populus species have long been used as model organisms to study the adaptability of trees and the evolution of sex chromosomes. As a species belonging to the section Populus and limited to tropical areas, the P. qiongdaoensis genome contains important information for tropical poplar studies and protection. Here, we report a chromosome-level genome assembly and annotation of a female P. qiongdaoensis. Gene family clustering, positive selection detection and historical reconstruction of population dynamics revealed the tropical adaptation of P. qiongdaoensis, and showed convergent evolution with another tropical poplar, P. ilicifolia, at the molecular level, especially on some functional genes (e.g., PIF3 and PIL1). In addition, we also identified a ZW sex determination system on chromosome 19 of P. qiongdaoensis, and inferred that it seems to have a similar sex determination mechanism to other poplars, controlled by a type-A cytokinin response regulator (RR) gene. However, comparison and phylogenetic analysis of the sex determination regions confirmed a cryptic sex turnover event in the section Populus, which may be caused by the translocation and duplication of the RR gene driven by Helitron-like transposable elements. Our study provides new insights into the environmental adaptation and sex chromosome evolution of poplars, and emphasizes the importance of using long read sequencing in ecological and evolutionary inferences of plants.

Summary To adapt to the diverse array of biotic and abiotic cues, plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to sense changes in environmental conditions and modulate their growth. Growth‐promoting hormones and defence signalling fine tune plant development antagonistically. During host–pathogen interactions, this defence–growth trade‐off is mediated by the counteractive effects of the defence hormone salicylic acid (SA) and the growth hormone auxin.Here we revealed an underlying mechanism of SA regulating auxin signalling by constraining the plasma membrane dynamics of PIN2 auxin efflux transporter in Arabidopsis thaliana roots.The lateral diffusion of PIN2 proteins is constrained by SA signalling, during which PIN2 proteins are condensed into hyperclusters depending on REM1.2‐mediated nanodomain compartmentalisation. Furthermore, membrane nanodomain compartmentalisation by SA or Remorin (REM) assembly significantly suppressed clathrin‐mediated endocytosis. Consequently, SA‐induced heterogeneous surface condensation disrupted asymmetric auxin distribution and the resultant gravitropic response.Our results demonstrated a defence–growth trade‐off mechanism by which SA signalling crosstalked with auxin transport by concentrating membrane‐resident PIN2 into heterogeneous compartments.

Populus euphratica is well adapted to extreme desert environments and is an important model species for elucidating the mechanisms of abiotic stress resistance in trees. The current assembly of P. euphratica genome is highly fragmented with many gaps and errors, thereby impeding downstream applications. Here, we report an improved chromosome-level reference genome of P. euphratica (v2.0) using single-molecule sequencing and chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) technologies. Relative to the previous reference genome, our assembly represents a nearly 60-fold improvement in contiguity, with a scaffold N50 size of 28.59 Mb. Using this genome, we have found that extensive expansion of Gypsy elements in P. euphratica led to its rapid increase in genome size compared to any other Salicaceae species studied to date, and potentially contributed to adaptive divergence driven by insertions near genes involved in stress tolerance. We also detected a wide range of unique structural rearrangements in P. euphratica, including 2,549 translocations, 454 inversions, 121 tandem and 14 segmental duplications. Several key genes likely to be involved in tolerance to abiotic stress were identified within these regions. This high-quality genome represents a valuable resource for poplar breeding and genetic improvement in the future, as well as comparative genomic analysis with other Salicaceae species.

Phylogenetic analysis is complicated by interspecific gene flow and the presence of shared ancestral polymorphisms, particularly those maintained by balancing selection. In this study, we aimed to examine the prevalence of these factors during the diversification of Populus, a model tree genus in the Northern Hemisphere. We constructed phylogenetic trees of 29 Populus taxa using 80 individuals based on re-sequenced genomes. Our species tree analyses recovered four main clades in the genus based on consensus nuclear phylogenies, but in conflict with the plastome phylogeny. A few interspecific relationships remained unresolved within the multiple-species clade because of inconsistent gene trees. Our results indicated that gene flow has been widespread within each clade and also occurred among the four clades during their early divergence. We identified 45 candidate genes with ancient polymorphisms maintained by balancing selection. These genes were mainly associated with mating compatibility, growth and stress resistance. Both gene flow and selection-mediated ancient polymorphisms are prevalent in the genus Populus. These are potentially important contributors to adaptive variation. Our results provide a framework for the diversification of model tree genus that will facilitate future comparative studies.

Naive Bayesian classifier can be used to classify news and patients, but there are few studies on the classification of educational data. Based on Naive Bayesian algorithm. This paper studies the relationship between course achievement and employment salary. Quantitative method is adopted as research methodology. The sample data sets were collected from Personal Online Learning Networks, which consist of the Student Performance Management System and Student Employment Management System. The sample category labels were constructed and the Hold-Out method was used to divide data sets into training sets and testing sets. 15 courses’ performance as feature vector and employment wage as category, if the attribute condition was independent, a Naive Bayesian Classifier was established. The result indicating the higher the grade of DAWEB, ICT, INT and WNDW courses, the higher the employment wage. The conclusion is in accordance with the actual situation: Four courses mainly train students’ comprehensive practical ability. The students who have stronger practical abilities are highly demanded by employers, hence, the higher salary will be provided. At the end, regarding the class conditional probability of $$P(x_{i} = E|s = H)$$ (Performance = E, salary = H) as the weight of courses, build a topological structure diagram of courses.

Since the initial weight matrix between the last hidden layer of the network and the classification layer is usually generated randomly, the weight matrix does not have the discrimination ability to accurately classify the facial expression recognition, which results in that the features obtained by the weight matrix mapping cannot be guaranteed to be suitable for classification tasks. To solve this problem, a novel linear discriminant deep belief network is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the traditional linear discriminant analysis method is improved, and a new type of inter-class dispersion matrix is designed to solve the rank limitation problem in the traditional Linear Discriminant Analysis Method (LDA). Then, the weight matrix between the last hidden layer and the classification layer of the deep belief network is initialized by the improved linear discriminant analysis method, so that the network is more suitable for the classification task. In the experiments, our proposed deep network obtains respectively the recognition rates of 78.26% and 94.48% on the JAFFE database and the Extended Cohn-Kanade database. In addition, using our proposed algorithm for aggregating linear discriminant analysis into a deep belief network, we were able to produce an accuracy of 81.03% on the challenge test set.

Isobaric vapour–liquid equilibrium (VLE) data for two binary systems of p-Cresol (PC) + diethanolamine (DEA) and m-Cresol (MC) + DEA were measured at 20.0 kPa. The Herington area method was used to check the binary VLE data, and the results showed good thermodynamic consistency. Meanwhile, the Wilson, NRTL, UNIQUAC models and the chemistry theory proposed by Dolezalek were used to correlate the VLE data. The binary energy interaction parameters for activity models, and reaction equilibrium constants for chemistry theory were obtained. With help of the parameters obtained in this work, the NRTL model was used to predict the VLE data of the two binary systems at the pressure of 8.33 kPa. The predictive results were compared with the literature’s data. At same time, the excess Gibbs free energy for the two binary systems, and infinite dilution activity coefficients for MC and PC in DEA were estimated. The calculated results showed that the DEA had slightly stronger interaction with PC than MC.

The application of existing datasets to construct a probabilistic network has always been the primary research focus for mobile Bayesian networks, particularly when the dataset size is large. In this study, we improve the K2 algorithm. First, we relax the K2 algorithm requirements for node order and generate the node order randomly to obtain the best result in multiple random node order. Second, a genetic incremental K2 learning method is used to learn the Bayesian network structure. The training dataset is divided into two groups, and the standard K2 algorithm is used to find the optimal value for the first set of training data; simultaneously, three similar suboptimal values are recorded. To avoid falling into the local optimum, these four optimal values are mutated into a new genetic optimal value. When the second set of training data is used, only the best Bayesian network structure within the five abovementioned optimal values is identified. The experimental results indicate that the genetic incremental K2 algorithm based on random attribute order achieves higher computational efficiency and accuracy than the standard algorithm. The new algorithm is especially suitable for building Bayesian network structures in cases where the dataset and number of nodes are large.

Dioecy, the presence of separate sexes on distinct individuals, has evolved repeatedly in multiple plant lineages. However, the specific mechanisms through which sex systems evolve and their commonalities among plant species remain poorly understood. With both XY and ZW sex systems, the family Salicaceae provides a system to uncover the evolutionary forces driving sex chromosome turnovers. In this study, we performed a genome-wide association study to characterize sex determination in two Populus species, P. euphratica and P. alba. Our results reveal an XY system of sex determination on chromosome 14 of P. euphratica, and a ZW system on chromosome 19 of P. alba. We further assembled the corresponding sex determination regions, and found that their sex chromosome turnovers may be driven by the repeated translocations of a Helitron-like transposon. During the translocation, this factor may have captured partial or intact sequences that are orthologous to a type-A cytokinin response regulator gene. Based on results from this and other recently published studies, we hypothesize that this gene may act as a master regulator of sex determination for the entire family. We propose a general model to explain how the XY and ZW sex systems in this family can be determined by the same RR gene. Our study provides new insights into the diversification of incipient sex chromosome in flowering plants by showing how transposition and rearrangement of a single gene can control sex in both XY and ZW systems.

On the basis of studying datasets of students' course scores, we constructed a Bayesian network and undertook probabilistic inference analysis. We selected six requisite courses in computer science as Bayesian network nodes. We determined the order of the nodes based on expert knowledge. Using 356 datasets, the K2 algorithm learned the Bayesian network structure. Then, we used maximum a posteriori probability estimation to learn the parameters. After constructing the Bayesian network, we used the message-passing algorithm to predict and infer the results. Finally, the results of dynamic knowledge inference were presented through a detailed inference process. In the absence of any evidence node information, the probability of passing other courses was calculated. A mathematics course (a basic professional course) was chosen as the evidence node to dynamically infer the probability of passing other courses. Over time, the probability of passing other courses greatly improved, and the inference results were consistent with the actual values and can thus be visualized and applied to an actual school management system.

In order to verify the correlation between infrared spectrum characteristics and storage stability of automotive gasoline, this experimental study was carried out. Using the method of 43 ℃ accelerating storage test, the gasoline was carried on the long-term storage test. By means of mid-infrared spectroscopy, quantitative analysis of the integral area of absorption interval on the stability index of gasoline was carried out. The results show that the quality decay model of gasoline established with the integral area of 648–628 cm−1 can better characterize the quality decay state of gasoline during storage.

A polyhydric polymer-functionalized probe with enhanced aqueous solubility was designed initially by coupling 1-pyrenecarboxyaldehyde (Pyr) onto poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) via the one-step condensation reaction. Polyhydric PVA polymer chains could facilitate the Pyr fluorophore with largely improved aqueous solubility and especially strong cyan fluorescence. Importantly, the fluorescence of the PVA-Pyr probes could thereby be quenched specifically by Fe3+ ions through the strong PVA-Fe3+ interaction triggering the polymeric probe aggregation. Furthermore, a test strips-based fluorimetric method was developed with the stable and uniform probe distribution by taking advantage of the unique film-forming ability and the depression capacity of "coffee-stain" effects of PVA matrix. The as-developed test strips could allow for the rapid and visual detections of Fe3+ ions simply by a dipping way, showing a linear concentration range of 5.00-300μM, with the detection limit of 0.73μM. Moreover, the proposed method was applied to the evaluation of Fe3+ ions in natural water samples, showing the analysis performances better or comparable to those of current detection techniques. This test strips-based fluorimetric strategy promises the extensive applications for the rapid on-site monitoring of Fe3+ ions in environmental water and the outdoor finding of the potential iron mines.

In this paper, a LD end-pumped passively Q-switched YAG/Nd:YAG/Cr 4+ :YAG pulse burst 1064 nm laser is demonstrated. The output performance of pulse burst laser is optimized by using different output couplers. A pulse burst with 11 pulses under the pump duration of 1 ms is obtained by using an output mirror with T = 30%. The minimum pulse width is shortened to be 1.7 ns with a pulse energy of 210 μJ. The highest peak power in YAG/Nd:YAG/Cr 4+ :YAG pulse burst laser is estimated to be ∼123.5 kW.

Oyama sinensis is a large deciduous shrub endemic to Sichuan Province, China. Here, we assembled and characterized the complete chloroplast genome of O. sinensis using Illumina sequencing data. Our...

The whole chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of Carrierea calycina has been characterized using Illumina pair-end sequencing. The complete cp genome was 158,085 bp in length, containing a large singl...

Bennettiodendron brevipes, which is only distributed in China, is a genus of the family Salicaceae. In this study, we assembled the complete chloroplast genome of B. brevipes using Illumina paired-...

The complete chloroplast genome of Olmediella betschleriana was reconstructed by reference-based assembly using Illumina paired-end data. The assembled plastome is 158,171 base pairs (bp) in length...

The chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of Azara serrata has been characterized from Illumina pair-end sequencing. The complete cp genome was 158,306 bp in length, containing a large single copy region (LSC) of 85,059 bp and a small single copy region (SSC) of 17,889 bp, which were separated by a pair of 27,679 bp inverted repeat regions (IRs). The genome contained 129 genes, including 85 protein-coding genes, 36 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. The overall GC content is 36.5%, while the corresponding values of the LSC, SSC, and IR regions are 34.3, 30.0, and 42.0%, respectively. Further, phylogenetic analysis suggested that the A. serrata is a sister of Flacourtia indica and is an outgroup to the remaining genera of Saliaceae.

A polyhydric polymer-functionalized probe with enhanced aqueous solubility was designed initially by coupling 1-pyrenecarboxyaldehyde (Pyr) onto poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) via the one-step condensation reaction. Polyhydric PVA polymer chains could facilitate the Pyr fluorophore with largely improved aqueous solubility and especially strong cyan fluorescence. Importantly, the fluorescence of the PVA-Pyr probes could thereby be quenched specifically by Fe

Many Salicaceae s.l. plants are recognized for their important role in the production of products such as wood, oils, and medicines, and as a model organism in life studies. However, the difference in plastid sequence, phylogenetic relationships, and lineage diversification of the family Salicaceae s.l. remain poorly understood. In this study, we compare 24 species representing 18 genera of the family. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are considered effective molecular markers for plant species identification and population genetics. Among them, a total of 1798 SSRs were identified, among which mononucleotide repeat was the most common with 1455 accounts representing 80.92% of the total. Most of the SSRs are located in the non-coding region. We also identified five other types of repeats, including 1750 tandems, 434 forward, 407 palindromic, 86 reverse, and 30 complementary repeats. The species in Salicaceae s.l. have a conserved plastid genome. Each plastome presented a typical quadripartite structure and varied in size due to the expansion and contraction of the inverted repeat (IR) boundary, lacking major structural variations, but we identified six divergence hotspot regions. We obtained phylogenetic relationships of 18 genera in Salicaceae s.l. and the 24 species formed a highly supported lineage. Casearia was identified as the basal clade. The divergence time between Salicaceae s.l. and the outgroup was estimated as ~93 Mya, Salix, and Populus diverged around 34 Mya, consistent with the previously reported time. Our research will contribute to a better understanding of the phylogenetic relationships among the members of the Salicaceae s.l.

A stable pulse-burst GdVO4/Nd:GdVO4 laser oscillator with repetition rate up to 500kHz is demonstrated by use of a pulsed diode-laser of Stabilized Wavelength 879nm as the pump source. While the pulsed 879nm LD was operated at the repetition rate of 100Hz and the pump duration was 1ms, the different output characteristics of pulse-burst GdVO 4 /Nd:GdVO 4 laser were obtained by adjusting the repetition rate of A-O Q-switch. When the total pump energy was 120mJ, the pulse number of 100, 200 and 500, the burst energy of 25mJ, 35mJ and 40mJ, the pulse width of 8.5ns, 12ns and 27ns were achieved at repetition rate of 100kHz, 200kHz and 500kHz, respectively. The relative single pulse energies were reached to 250μJ at 100kHz, 175μJ at 200kHz and 80μJ at 500kHz. The peak powers were reached to 29.4kW at 100kHz, 14.6kW at 200kHz and 3.0kW at 500kHz. The M 2 factor was measure to 1.4.

In situ fabrication of graphene scaffold-ZrO2 nanofilms is achieved by thermal annealing of Zr-based metal-organic oligomers on SiO2 substrates. The structural similarities of the aromatic moieties in the ligand (phenyl-, naphthyl-, anthryl-, and pyrenyl-) compared to graphene play a major role in the ordering of the graphene scaffolds obtained. The depth profiling analysis reveals ultrathin carbon-pure or carbon-rich surfaces of the graphene scaffold-ZrO2 nanofilms. The graphene scaffolds with ∼96.0% transmittance in the visible region and 4.8 nm in thickness can be grown with this non-chemical vapor deposition method. Furthermore, the heterogeneous graphene scaffold-ZrO2 nanofilms show a low sheet resistance of 17.0 kΩ per square, corresponding to electrical conductivity of 3197 S m(-1). The strategy provides a facile method to fabricate graphene scaffolds directly on high-k dielectrics without transferring process, paving the way for its application in fabricating electronic devices.

A microcantilever sensor was developed to detect lysozyme in a pharmaceutical formulation based on the principle of atomic force microscopy. By measuring the cantilever bending and deflection using the optical reflection technique, the lysozyme adsorption on a dodecanethiol-modified cantilever surface was detected. Under optimal conditions, a good linear relationship between the deflection of the microcantilever and the logarithm of the lysozyme concentration in the range from 10 ng L−1 to 0.1 mg L−1, with a correlation coefficient of 0.998, was established. The limit of detection was 5.0 ng L−1. The lysozyme in the pharmaceutical formulation sample was determined with the desirable results by using the present method.

We have identified a synergistic roughening mechanism of 193 nm photoresist, where simultaneous ion bombardment, vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation, and moderate substrate heating in a well-characterized beam system results in a similar level of surface roughness observed during conditions typical of plasma etching. VUV radiation (147 nm) results in bulk modification of the photoresist polymer, witnessed by the loss of carbon-oxygen bonds through transmission FTIR. Ion bombardment (150 eV) results in the formation of a densified surface layer on the order of a few nanometers in depth. We have shown that elevated levels of roughness are observed only during simultaneous exposure and that sequential exposure is not sufficient to produce surface roughness. In addition, through the use of transmission FTIR we have shown that an etching synergy does not exist and that etch rates are nearly independent of temperature. We propose that the observed roughness could be due to the drastically different mechanical properties of the ion-modified near-surface region and VUV-modified bulk photoresist, where the difference is exaggerated at elevated temperatures. A more complete understanding of plasma-induced surface roughness will require further study, resulting in the improvement of existing pattern transfer technologies and possibly novel new technologies as well.

Water-soluble supramolecular inclusion complexes of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-cyclodextrin-bicapped C60 (CD/C60) have been investigated for their photoinduced DNA cleavage activities, with the aim to assess the potential health risks of this class of compounds and to understand the effect of host cyclodextrins having different cavity dimensions. Factors such as incubation temperature, irradiation time, and concentration of NADH or CDs/ C60 supramolecular inclusion complexes have been examined. The results show that alpha-, beta-, and gamma-CDs/C60 are all able to cleave double-stranded DNA under visible light irradiation in the presence of NADH. However, a difference in the photoinduced DNA cleavage efficiency is observed, where the cleavage efficiency increases in the order of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-CD/C60. The difference is attributed to the different aggregation behavior of the inclusion complexes in aqueous solution, which is correlated to the cavity dimension of the host cyclodextrin molecules.