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Metallic biomaterials, though certified biocompatible, does not hold good for a long period given the ionic leaching. Biomaterial surface alterations are therefore crucial for addressing the complexity of the biological system and increasing bioimplant function. Cell proliferation and regeneration on implants have taken a leap with the advancement of biomaterials, tissue engineering and surface modification techniques. Further, materials surface functionalization hastens the development and design of next-generation biomaterials and medical devices. This article focuses on the cutting-edge methods for altering the surface of implants to improve their overall performance and longevity with an emphasis on two significant metallic biomaterials viz. cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) and duplex stainless steel (DSS). Different surface modification approaches employed to enhance the significant properties such as biocompatibility, corrosion resistance, and wear performances of Co-Cr and DSS alloys are reviewed. Furthermore, a futuristic surface modification technique is suggested that has the potential for investigating challenges like bioimplant manufacturing and precise sculpting is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cobalt-chromium alloy (F-90) and duplex stainless steel (DSS-2205) belong to the family of metallic biomaterials, which are frequently used for the manufacture of dental prosthetics, artificial implants including knee and hip joints. This article addresses the investigation highlights of electrical discharge machining (EDM) of Co-Cr alloy and duplex stainless steel using different electrode materials for the evaluation of optimum machining parameters. The samples with superior machining performance and surface integrity were analyzed by electrochemical corrosion testing and found that the EDM treated samples portrayed a notable improvement in the corrosion resistance compared to bare metal. Our results demonstrated that both the substrates i.e. Co-Cr alloy and DSS-2205 were dominantly affected by the intensity of the applied current, and participated in the material removal rate with a contribution of 93.81% (23.37 mm3/min., Co-Cr alloy) and 87.32% (39.76 mm3/min., DSS-2205) respectively. However, the surface roughness of the machined Co-Cr alloy (1.080 µm) was majorly influenced by the current (contribution: 67.24%) and electrode (contribution: 28.27%). Whereas, pulse-on (contribution: 58.37%) and electrode (contribution: 30.52%) were significant for the surface roughness (1.150 µm) of the machined DSS-2205. Moreover, the machined surface also demonstrates the porosity (∼3 to ∼5 µm) and formation of intermetallic oxides, carbon phases on the samples machined at a higher value of current i.e. 16 Ampere. Field emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometer were used to scrutinize the surface topography and compositional analysis of the machined substrates. The alternation of the substrate surface observed helpful in enhancing the corrosion resistance of Co-Cr alloy and duplex stainless steel by 80.88% (corrosion rate: 0.00029 mm/year) and 96% (corrosion rate: 0.00763 mm/year), comparative to their respective untreated samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]