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Dissertação de mestrado em Economia Industrial e da Empresa, Atualmente, o capital humano, em particular, o trabalho qualificado tem tido destaque na eficácia da implementação de uma nova tecnologia dentro de uma organização (Matt et al, 2020). De acordo com vários autores (por exemplo, Schulz, 1961; Alonso & Collado, 2002 e Barbosa & Faria, 2008), o trabalho qualificado é caracterizado como um indicador favorável à inovação, pois tem maiores competências intelectuais que permitem acompanhar o desenvolvimento tecnológico (Meschi et al., 2015; Ugur et al., 2018). A atividade logística é especialmente confrontada com uma forte concorrência no mercado e recorre à inovação e à mão-de-obra qualificada para fidelizar o cliente através da diferenciação e qualidade dos seus serviços (Cui et al., 2021). Esta dissertação tem como foco principal perceber qual a relação entre o trabalho qualificado e a adoção de tecnologias de logística. Os dados foram retirados do inquérito CIS 2016, onde permite detetar as características que aumentam a probabilidade de uma empresa em inovar em logística. Adicionalmente, a inovação em logística foi distinguida em três tecnologias diferentes: fluxo de compras, fluxo de vendas e fluxo de stock. Para além do trabalho qualificado, foram também analisados outros possíveis determinantes à inovação, nomeadamente, a dimensão da empresa, atividades em I&D, presença da empresa num grupo, volume de vendas, indústria a que pertence. Verificou-se, assim, que o trabalho qualificado é um fator que afeta positivamente a probabilidade de uma empresa introduzir inovação em logística. Em particular, verificou-se uma relação positiva e monotónica entre o trabalho qualificado e a inovação em logística até uma intensidade de trabalhadores qualificados de 50% numa empresa. Este resultado sugere que existe um limiar no efeito do trabalho qualificado na adoção das tecnologias de logística. Tal compreende-se, porque a implementação da logística no processo produtivo das empresas requer simultaneamente trabalho não qualificado. Os resultados encontrados demonstraram ainda um efeito positivo das atividades em I&D e do volume de vendas na inovação em logística em geral e que as empresas de menor dimensão e da indústria dos serviços apresentam maior probabilidade em adotar inovações em logística. Por fim, constatou-se também, que não existem diferenças relevantes nos determinantes entre diferentes tipos de inovações de logística., Nowadays, human capital, in particular qualified work has been highlighted in the effectiveness of implementing a new technology within an organization (Matt et al, 2020). According to several authors (for example, Schulz, 1961; Alonso & Collado, 2002 and Barbosa & Faria, 2008), qualified work is characterized as a favourable indicator for innovation, as it has greater intellectual skills that allow it to follow technological development (Meschi et al., 2015; Ugur et al., 2018). The logistics activity is especially faced with strong competition in the market and uses innovation and qualified labour to retain the customer through the differentiation and quality of its services (Cui et al., 2021).This dissertation has as main focus to understand the relationship between qualified work and the adoption of logistics technologies. Data were taken from the CIS 2016 survey, which allows detecting the characteristics that increase the probability of a company to innovate in logistics. Additionally, innovation in logistics was distinguished in three different technologies: purchase flow, sales flow and stock flow. In addition to qualified work, other possible determinants of innovation were also analysed, namely, company size, R&D activities, company presence in a group, sales volume, industry to which it belongs. Thus, it was confirmed that qualified work is a factor that positively affects the probability of a company to introduce innovation in logistics. In particular, there was a positive and monotonic relationship between qualified work and logistics innovation until 50% of qualified workers intensity in a company. This result suggests that there is a threshold in the effect of skilled labour in the adoption of logistics technologies. This is understandable because the implementation of logistics in the production process of companies simultaneously requires unskilled work. The results found also showed a positive effect of R&D activities and sales volume on innovation in logistics in general and that smaller companies and those in the service industry are more likely to adopt innovations in logistics than large companies and the manufacturing industry. Finally, it was also found that there are no relevant differences in the determinants between different types of logistics innovations.

CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior A proposta deste trabalho circunscreve-se ao tema inovação, levando-se em conta os determinantes de inovação no setor de cervejas especiais da região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte (RMBH). Discute-se o surgimento das inovações existentes em seis cervejarias especiais da RMBH. Justifica-se, uma vez que há o crescimento de inovações no setor de cervejas especiais, porém ainda é insipiente a investigação sobre como surgem as inovações em um setor novo, diversificado e criativo. Objetivou-se, de modo geral, identificar os fatores indutores das inovações nas cervejarias especiais da região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte. De modo específico, objetivou-se: compreender como os determinantes da inovação influenciam na geração de inovações nas cervejarias especiais da RMBH; identificar as características de inovação das cervejarias especiais da RMBH e identificar as estratégias de inovação das cervejarias especiais da RMBH. Do ponto de vista metodológico, foi realizada pesquisa básica de caráter qualitativo-descritivo. A coleta de dados deu-se por pesquisa bibliográfica seguida de revisão de literatura. Realizou-se, também, a aplicação de roteiro de entrevista semiestruturada para mestres cervejeiros e empresários de seis cervejarias da RMBH. Por fim, realizou-se observação não participante em evento que reuniu mestres cervejeiros, pesquisadores, empresários e entusiastas da bebida. Na sistematização dos dados, verificou-se que existem inovações incrementais em todas as cervejarias visitadas e que são induzidas pelos determinantes (demanda, apropriabilidade, learning by doing, oferta x demanda e cumulatividade). Verificou-se, também, que a inovação no setor se dá, muitas vezes, pela interação entre os atores sociais envolvidos por meio do compartilhamento de conhecimento tácito. Uma rede de colaboração informal de cervejeiros foi encontrada. Percebeu-se, também, que a cerveja especial é consumida como um produto de diferenciação social. Conclui-se que as cervejarias especiais presentes na RMBH apresentam diferentes fontes indutoras de inovação, sendo o modelo sistêmico de inovação o mais apropriado para exemplificar esse processo. This work proposal addresses the theme of innovation, taking into account the determinants of innovation in the specialty beer sector in the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte (RMBH). It is evaluated the rising of existing innovations in six specialty breweries in the RMBH. It is justified, since there is a growth of the specialty beer market in Brazil. In addition, there is a need to investigate how innovations arise in a new, diversified and creative sector. In general, the goal was to identify the factors that induce innovations in specialty breweries in the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte. Specifically, it aimed: to understand how the determinants of innovation influence into generating innovations in RMBH specialty breweries; to identify the innovation characteristics of the RMBH specialty breweries and to identify the innovation strategies of the RMBH specialty breweries. From a methodological point of view, it was carried out a basic qualitative and descriptive research. Data collection took place through bibliographic research followed by literature review. Moreover, master brewers and businesspeople from six RMBH breweries were interviewed with a semi-structured script. Finally, participant observation took place in an event that brought together master brewers, researchers, businessmen and beer enthusiasts. In systematizing the data, it was found that there are incremental innovations in all visited breweries and that they are induced by the determinants (demand, appropriability, learning by doing, supply x demand, and technological cumulativeness). It was also discovered that innovation in the sector is often due to the interaction between the social actors involved through the sharing of tacit knowledge. An informal collaboration network of brewers was found. It was also noticed that the specialty beer is consumed as a product of social differentiation. In conclusion, the current specialty breweries at the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte (RMBH) present different sources of innovation, with the systemic model of innovation being the most appropriate model to exemplify this process.

RESUMO O artigo buscou avaliar o impacto de fatores gerenciais sobre a capacidade inovativa de micro e pequenas empresas (MPEs). Analisaram-se 315 MPEs em Pernambuco, no período 2015-2016. Foram considerados como fatores internos: liderança; gerenciamento de pessoas; informações e conhecimentos; relacionamento com clientes e sociedade; resultados; idade; tamanho. A capacidade inovativa foi mensurada pelo grau de inovação setorial. As relações foram analisadas por meio de regressão linear múltipla e análise envoltória de dados, cujos resultados demonstraram que a liderança, informações e conhecimentos, relacionamento com clientes e a sociedade influenciam positivamente a capacidade inovativa e sua eficiência. RESUMEN El artículo tiene como objetivo evaluar el impacto de los factores gerenciales sobre la capacidad innovadora de micro y pequeñas empresas (MYPE). Se analizaron 315 MYPE en Pernambuco, en el período 2015-2016. Se consideraron como factores internos: liderazgo; gestión de personas; información y conocimiento; relaciones con los clientes y la sociedad; resultados; edad; y tamaño. La capacidad innovadora se midió por el grado de innovación sectorial. Las relaciones se analizaron mediante regresión lineal múltiple y análisis envolvente de datos, los resultados mostraron que el liderazgo, la información y conocimiento, y las relaciones con los clientes y la sociedad influyen positivamente en la capacidad innovadora y su eficiencia. ABSTRACT The article sought to evaluate the impact of management factors on the innovation capability of micro and small enterprises (SMEs). A total of 315 SMEs were analyzed in Pernambuco in the period 2015-2016. The following internal factors were considered: leadership, people management, information and knowledge, customer relationship, business-society relationship, results, age, and size. The innovation capability was measured by the degree of sectoral innovation. The relationships were analyzed by means of multiple linear regression and data envelopment analysis. The results demonstrated that leadership, information and knowledge, customer relationships, and society positively influence innovation capability and its efficiency.

06.03.2018 tarih ve 30352 sayılı Resmi gazetede yayımlanan “Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun” ile 18.06.2018 tarihli “Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge” gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır. Türkiye mobilya sektörü sağladığı istihdam, üretim olanakları ve yarattığı katma değer açısından ülke ekonomisine büyük katkısı olan en önemli sektörlerden biridir. Teknolojinin hızla gelişmesi ile birlikte son yıllarda tüm dünyada büyük değişimler yaşanmaya başlanmıştır. Her sektörde gelişmelerin yaşandığı bu koşulların mobilya sektörü üzerinde de etkileri olmuştur. Artık tüm dünyada mobilya algısı değişmiş ve mobilya denilince yüksek teknolojili tasarımlar akla gelmeye başlamıştır. Bu gelişmeler piyasalarda daha çok rekabetçi bir ortam oluşmasına yol açmış ve yaşanan bu teknolojik dönüşüm, işletmelerde inovasyonun önemini ve gerekliliğini ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu nedenle işletmelerin inovasyon hedeflerinin ve yöntemlerinin belirlenmesi, üzerinde durulması gereken önemli bir konudur.Bu tez çalışması Türkiye mobilya sektöründe yer alan orta ve büyük ölçekli mobilya işletmelerinin inovasyon yeteneklerinin ortaya konulması amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma evrenini Marmara, Ege ve İç Anadolu Bölgesinde mobilya sektöründe faaliyet gösteren orta ve büyük ölçekli 60 mobilya işletmesi, örneklemini ise 42 mobilya işletmesi oluşturmuştur. Veriler anket yöntemi ile elde edilmiştir. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde tanımlayıcı istatistiksel metotlar, nicel değişkenlerin iki grup karşılaştırmalarında MannWhitney U testi, nitel verilerin karşılaştırılmasında Pearson ki-kare test ve Fisher's exact test kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada ayrıca veri madenciliği yöntemlerinden biri olan karar ağaçları tekniği uygulanmıştır. Karar ağaçları modellemesi ve gerçekleştirilen senaryolar aracılığı ile inovasyon faaliyetleri üzerinde öne çıkan faktörler analiz edilmiştir.Elde edilen sonuçlarda işletmelerin tamamına yakınının iyileştirilmiş ürün/hizmet inovasyonunu gerçekleştirdiği anlaşılmıştır. Yeni ya da önemli ölçüde iyileştirilmiş sunum/satış ve dağıtım yöntemlerin uygulanmasının kuruluş yılı daha genç olan işletmeler ile ilişkisi olduğu tespit edilmiştir. İnovasyon faaliyetleri için başka kuruluşlar ile işbirliği içinde bulunulduğu ancak bu kuruluşlar içerisinde üniversiteler, yükseköğretim kuruluşları ile kamu ve özel araştırma merkezleri ile yapılan işbirliğinin oldukça düşük olduğu görülmüştür. İşletmelerin inovasyon faaliyetlerini gerçekleştirmek için çeşitli kuruluşlardan destek aldıkları ve bu desteğin organizasyonel ve pazarlama inovasyonuna pozitif etkisi olduğu belirlenmiştir. Firmaların güçlü yönlerinin inovasyon faaliyetlerini gerçekleştirmelerini pozitif yönde etkilediği görülmüştür. Çalışma sonucunda gerçekleştirilen inovasyon çalışmalarının işletmelerin diğer faaliyetlerine de olumlu katkıları olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Turkish furniture industry is among the most significant industries since it generates employment, production capacity in terms of added value created with large contributions. With the rapid development of technology, major changes have started to take place all over the world in recent years. These conditions, in which developments are experienced in every sector, have had an impact on the furniture sector as well. Now the perception of furniture has changed all over the world and high-tech designs started to come to mind when we talk about furniture. These developments have led to a more competitive environment in the markets and this technological transformation has revealed the importance and necessity of innovation in enterprises. For this reason, determination of innovation targets and methods of enterprises is an important issue to be emphasized.This thesis has been carried out in order to put forwad the innovation abilities of medium and large scaled furniture enterprises in Turkish furniture sector. The research population is formed by 60 medium and large scaled furniture enterprises operating in Marmara, Ege and İç Anadolu, and the sample is formed by 42 furniture enterprises. The data were obtained by survey method. In analysing the data descriptive statistic methods, Mann-Whitney U test for comparison of two groups of quantitative variables, Pearson Chi-Square test and Fisher's exact test for the comparison of qualitative data were used in the research.In the study, the decision trees technique, which is one of data mining methods, was applied. The prominent factors on the innovation activities were analyzed through decision trees modeling and the realized scenarios.Based on the results, it was understood that almost all of the enterprises performed the improved product/service innovation. Younger enterprises were found to be associated with application of new or significantly improved presentation/sales and distribution methods. Collaboration was made with other institutions for innovation activities; however, collaboration with universities, higher education institutions, and public and private research centers among these institutions was quite low. It was determined that enterprises received support from various organizations in order to actualize their innovation activities, and this support had a positive effect on organizational and marketing innovation. The strengths of the firms in turn were observed to positively affect their innovation activities. In conclusion, it was understood that the innovation activities contributed positively to other activities of the enterprises, as well.

Background: SMEs performance and their innovativeness are associated to their participation in innovation networks. Thus, SMEs tend to join clusters aiming to accelerate their process of innovation, catch up with the dynamics of the industry and increase their probability to access external knowledge and resources. Consequently, promoting a collaborative atmosphere by boosting the synergies between cluster managers and SMEs will foment aculture of innovation. Moreover, the inclusion of new technologies, and especially the advent of industry 4.0, is facilitating collaboration, while at the same time accelerating the development of innovation outcomes and setting new challenges for SMEs. This contribution identifies discrepancies between offer (clusters) and demand (SMEs), hindering the creation of a culture of innovation and highlights critical points, where both SMEs and Clusters, may gain from aproper interaction. Methods: 120 empirical studies analyzing innovation determinants have been evaluated. Based on these determinants and stressing the importance of SMEs participating in collaborative-networked innovation actions, a concept for supporting the creation of a culture of innovation is proposed. This concept is enhanced by exploring potential benefits of industry 4.0 technologies supporting the acquisition, assimilation and transformation of knowledge into innovation. Additionally, in order to gain an insight about the interrelation between clusters and SMEs towards the creation of an innovation culture, an empirical study has been conducted. Results: The descriptive analysis shows that communication problems and discrepancies between cluster organizations and SMEs are evident. Moreover, the understanding of SMEs on the requirements for building an innovation culture is rather low. Although cluster organizations tend to generate services supporting their members’ innovation processes, agap between offer and demand is observable among all phases defined in the concept. Conclusions: we suggest that cluster managers could play a more preponderant role as orchestrators of innovation by adjusting their services to the requirements of each innovation process phase. Moreover, this work highlights inconsistencies between offer (clusters) and demand (SMEs) constraining the creation of a culture of innovation, particularly stressing communication problems. Hence, the integration of innovative communication channels, having the potential to increase the effectiveness of communication strategies between cluster managers and SMEs, are key for facilitating a culture of innovation in organizations, especially in SMEs. In this case, we suggest exploring different elements around the industry 4.0 in order to define the characteristics of such communication channels, particularly those supporting the acquisition, assimilation and transformation of internal and external knowledge into innovation. A part of this study was presented as oral presentation at the "24th International Conference on Production Research (ICPR 2017)" in Poznan, Poland from July 30 to August 3, 20017. &nbsp

Dissertação de mestrado em Economia Industrial e da Empresa, A inovação é vista como um objetivo para muitas empresas, por diversas razões, como a criação de um novo mercado, a diferenciação do produto, o posicionamento no mercado e o crescimento da empresa. Alguns determinantes aumentam a probabilidade de uma empresa inovar, tais como o capital humano, a cooperação com outras empresas, o investimento em atividade de I&D e a sua dimensão. Para inovar, a empresa pode seguir duas estratégias de inovação, uma inovação radical, criando um produto novo para a empresa e para o mercado, ou uma inovação incremental, melhorando um produto já existente de forma a o diferenciar (Filson e Gretz, 2004). Contudo é importante ter em conta o ciclo de vida da indústria à qual determinada empresa pertence. Existe uma vasta literatura que estuda a relação entre inovação e o ciclo de vida da indústria (Scherer, 1965; Hall, 2006; Andersson e Lööf, 2009; Barbosa e Faria, 2011; Barbosa et al., 2013; Bos et al., 2013; Coad et. al., 2015 e Tavassoli, 2015). O presente estudo tem por objetivo entender qual a relação existente entre o ciclo de vida da indústria na propensão à inovação das empresas portuguesas. Assim como as diferenças dos determinantes da propensão à inovação das empresas portuguesas nas diferentes fases do ciclo de vida da indústria. Para tal foram utilizados dados do CIS 2014 e do Instituto Nacional de Estatística. Baseado no estudo de Tavassoli (2015), o ciclo de vida da indústria foi classificado em indústrias crescentes, indústrias maduras e indústrias em declínio. Para estimar a relação existente entre a inovação e os determinantes de inovação e o ciclo de vida da indústria foi realizado uma regressão probit. No caso das empresas portuguesas, verificou-se que as que pertencem a indústrias em fase de crescimento possuem maior probabilidade de inovarem aumentando o seu capital humano e investindo em atividades de I&D. Nas indústrias em fase de maturidade, quanto menor a dimensão das empresas maior a probabilidade de inovarem. Quanto às indústrias em fase de declínio a realização de cooperação com outras empresas aumenta a probabilidade de uma determinada empresa inovar. O mesmo acontece se as empresas seguirem uma estratégia de inovação radical. Uma estratégia de inovação incremental é mais provável ocorrer em empresas presentes em indústrias maduras, apostando no investimento em I&D ou em indústrias em crescimento ou declínio realizando cooperação com outras empresas., Innovation is seen as a goal for many companies for several reasons, such as the creation of a new market, the product differentiation, the positioning in the market, and the company growth. Some determinants increase the probability of a company to innovate, such as human capital, cooperation with other companies, investment in R&D activity and its dimension. To innovate, the company may follow two innovation strategies: a radical innovation, creating a new product for the company and for the market, or an incremental innovation, improving an existing product to differentiate it (Filson and Gretz, 2004). However, it is important to consider the life cycle of the industry to which a particular company belongs. There is a vast literature that studies the relationship between innovation and industry life cycle (Scherer, 1965; Hall, 2006; Andersson and Lööf, 2009; Barbosa and Faria, 2011; Barbosa et al, 2013; Bos et al, 2013, Coad et al., 2015 and Tavassoli, 2015). The present study aims to understand the relationship between the life cycle of industry in the propensity to the innovation of Portuguese companies. As well as the differences in the determinants of the propensity to the innovation of Portuguese companies in the different phases of the industry life cycle. For that, data from CIS 2014 and the National Statistics Institute were used. The industry life cycle was ranked in rising industries, mature industries, and declining industries. To estimate the relationship between innovation and the determinants of innovation and the industry life cycle, a probit regression was performed. In the case of Portuguese companies, it has been found that those belonging to growing industries are more likely to innovate by increasing their human capital and by investing in R&D activities. In mature industries, the smaller the size of companies, the greater the probability of innovating. As for the declining industries, the cooperation with other companies increases the probability for a particular company to innovate. The same happens if companies follow a radical innovation strategy. An incremental innovation strategy is more likely to occur in companies in mature industries, investing in R&D or investing in growing or declining industries by cooperating with other companies.

This paper analyzes how the influence of firm-level innovation determinants varies over the industry life cycle. Two sets of determinants are distinguished: (1) determinants of a firm’s innovation propensity, i.e. the likelihood of being innovative and (2) determinants of its innovation intensity, i.e. innovation sales. By combining the literature emphasizing firms’ internal resources (micro level) with the research strand on the role of the industry context (meso-level), the paper develops hypotheses about the relative importance of firm-level innovation determinants over the industry life cycle. Estimation of a firm-level model of innovation in Sweden, while acknowledging the stage of the life cycle of the industry a firms belongs to, shows that the importance of the determinants of innovation propensity and intensity are not equal over the stages of an industry’s life cycle.

This paper analyses the determinants of different innovation types. Beside a wide range of firm characteristics also the effects of regional factors are estimated using three-level random effect logit models which account for the clustered and longitudinal structure of the data. The analyses contain three regional variables: the unemployment rate, the assessment of the region with reference to proximity to research and technology centres and universities and the rate of graduates in mathematics, informatics, natural sciences and technological sciences (MINT-graduates). The empirical basis is the IAB-Establishment Panel Survey 2006 to 2010. Process and radical innovations are significant affected by the unemployment rate and the share of MINT-graduates. The unemployment rate has also for some of the innovation combos a significant effect. The proportion of MINT-graduates is relevant for the probability of all 4 innovation types simultaneously.

Recent empirical contributions emphasize the importance of (potential) market size for the development of new pharmaceuticals. At the same time, many scholars point out the importance of scientific advances for the industry’s R&D activities. Against this background I analyze the relationship between (potential) market size, technological opportunities, and the number of new pharmaceuticals in the United States. Technological opportunities are operationalized as growth rates of the relevant knowledge stock, as proposed by Andersen (Struct Chang Econ Dyn 9(1):5–34 1998, J Evol Econ 9(4):487–526 1999). I analyze a unique dataset by using an “entry stock” Poisson quasi-maximum likelihood estimator. The results reveal a rather robust and significantly positive response of the number of new pharmaceuticals, i.e., new molecular entities or new drug approvals, to market size and technological opportunities.

Las empresas de los sectores tradicionales como el de la cerámica artística han estado normalmente al margen de la literatura sobre innovación, a pesar del peso económico que tienen en su entorno económico-territorial. Pero en estas industrias se encuentran también empresas innovadoras que pueden convertirse en dinamizadores de sus propios sectores y entornos. El análisis de las características de la innovación realizada en siete empresas del sector de cerámica artística -con distintas especializaciones y localizaciones- y de los factores que la impulsan es el objetivo del trabajo que se sintetiza en este artículo. Las principales conclusiones son que, en este sector, la innovación se hace en colaboración con otros agentes para la transmisión de conocimiento tácito y se destaca que la actitud del propio artesano resulta fundamental en la absorción de nuevas habilidades. De ahí que sea recomendable la actuación pública de fomento de la interacción entre agentes., Firms of traditional sectors as artistic ceramic have occupied a marginal position in the literature about innovation, despite its relevance in the production and employment in the sectors and places where are located. But even in these industries it is possible to find innovative firms that can be a driver of their sectors and local environments. To analyze the characteristics of the innovations generated in seven selected firms of artistic ceramic sector –with different specializations and locations- and the drivers of their innovation process is the aim of the research that it is summarized in this article. The main conclusions are that, in this sector, the innovation is a result of the interaction among different actors in search of the tacit knowledge transmission and is underlined that the handcrafter attitude is determinant in the new skills absorption. Therefore, it is recommended a public action for fostering the actors’ interaction.