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The European Union, in its beginning, had the objective of promoting economic cooperation, under the premise that commerce generates interdependence between countries, which reduces the possibilities of conflict. However, despite the intention of the UE to mitigate the conflicts, it could not avoid the dispute between Russia and Ukraine, a dispute that is rooted in a complex historical and cultural trajectory. The Russian invasion of Ukraine brought the Council of the European Union to impose sanctions on Russia. The object of study of the present project was to analyze the Council Regulation N°2022/345 of the European Union that establishes sanctions with mostly economic effects, but also has social consequences. The methodology applied was qualitative, using the bibliography review, and was sustained in analytic methods, by exegetic and historical logic. By all counts, it was reflected about if this type of regulations generated an important contribution for the conflict affected country that in this case was Ukraine or if was in fact a historic-cultural conflict disguise between the power allies of the regional bloc, and Russia. With the objective of isolation and limitation for geopolitical purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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El presente artículo científico tiene la finalidad de analizar la legitimación de las personas naturales y jurídicas como sujetos procesales frente a la Corte Centroamericana de Justicia y muy especialmente, al desarrollo jurisprudencial de la competencia “cuando de hecho no se respeten los fallos judiciales”. Se estudia el fundamento de derecho comunitario para la determinación de las competencias de la Corte Centroamericana de Justicia, el acceso de los particulares a la misma y la evolución en el período 1994 -2020 de la posición jurisprudencial de la Corte Centroamericana de Justicia en relación a la competencia contenida en el artículo f) parte final del Convenio de Estatuto. Se sistematiza el aporte de sus resoluciones a la construcción del derecho comunitario y los efectos de la inclusión de requisitos procesales de admisibilidad en relación al ejercicio de la referida competencia.

The following article examines the problem of conceptualizing the socio-normative order, which is not directly related to State activities and in most cases is referred to in legal science by the terms “legal customs” and “common law”. By analyzing the conventional theory of “common” law, the author seeks to contemplate this concept from a new perspective, identifying a series of theoretical and epistemological problems associated with it. This reveals that the most common definition of common law is quite contradictory, with the ambiguity of this concept and its unjustifiably wide application impoverishing the content. At the same time, it would be incorrect to deem that the laws of pre-state societies and state-organized societies that maintained legal institutions independent of the state “consist” mainly of customs, which would, in turn, be the result of “multiple repetitions” of certain (relatively random) actions. Using fundamentally different principles for the classification of law, the author does not base himself on formal classification criteria, but on the nature of those social forces that guarantee the fulfilment of legal norms. From this basis, he introduces and grounds the concept of community law. The article thus demonstrates that this concept is more relevant to a definition of law which is not based on the will of state power. The reach of this concept is entirely compatible with the set of manifestations that it designates, and its use helps to avoid the contradictions and dubious connotations that arise from the use of the term “common law”. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista de Derecho Comunitario Europeo is the property of Centro de Estudios Politicos y Constitucionales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Derecho de la Seguridad Social, Laborum is the property of Ediciones Laborum S.L. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With this paper we intend to elucidate whether cultural diplomacy and international relations continue to constitute one of the main resources of soft power of the European Union, as instruments capable not only of enhancing its influence and leadership as a global actor, but also of generating key strategies to confront the great challenges that the Union is facing today. To this end, we will propose a series of recommendations for the preparation and implementation of a new strategy for European cultural diplomacy and international cultural relations, adapted to the current legal, geopolitical, social and health circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Verba Iuris is the property of Universidad Libre Bogota, Centre de Investigaciones Socio Juridicas de la Facultad de Derecho and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El artículo 7.11.º LIVA declara no sujetas al impuesto las operaciones realizadas por las comunidades de regantes para la ordenación y aprovechamiento de las aguas. En el presente trabajo se realiza un análisis exhaustivo del referido precepto, así como de los efectos asociados a su aplicación práctica, desde una doble perspectiva: nacional y comunitaria. Los resultados alcanzados permiten concluir que el artículo 7.11.º es incoherente con el artículo 7.8.º del mismo texto legal, es contrario a la Directiva comunitaria en materia de IVA, atenta contra el principio de neutralidad fiscal e incide negativa-mente sobre el precio de los productos agrícolas.

La crisis global de la pandemia ha generado una valiosa oportunidad para impulsar, a nivel de los bloques de integración regional, políticas de recuperación verde que estén estrechamente alineadas a las políticas climáticas, incluyendo la fijación de precios al carbono. El Pacto Verde de la Unión Europea (UE) es un ejemplo en este sentido. Este artículo propone que la Comunidad Andina (CAN) siga ese ejemplo, estableciendo políticas de precios al carbono dentro del marco normativo comunitario, adaptándolas a su nivel de integración regional y a las necesidades de sus países miembros. Planteamos cinco ideas de políticas de precios al carbono que los países andinos podrían adoptar en el marco de la CAN: eliminar progresivamente los subsidios a los combustibles fósiles, regular ajustes fiscales al carbono en frontera, crear un impuesto regional al carbono, definir un precio social al carbono de referencia y establecer un mercado regional de carbono. Para concretarlas, la CAN puede optar entre establecer legislación comunitaria de uniformización o de armonización. Consideramos que la armonización es el mejor camino porque permitiría fijar una meta realista y viable, dejando en libertad a los Estados para decidir cómo alcanzarla.

The global pandemic crisis has created a valuable opportunity to promote green recovery policies at the level of regional integration blocks that are tightly aligned to climate policies, including carbon pricing. The European Union's Green Deal is an example. We propose that the Andean Community (CAN, by its acronym in Spanish) follows that example by establishing carbon pricing policies in its community law framework, adapting it to its level of regional integration and to the needs of its member countries. We suggest five ideas of carbon pricing policies that Andean countries could adopt within the CAN: phasing out of fossil fuel subsidies, regulating a border-adjustment carbon tax, creating a regional carbon tax, defining a reference social carbon price, and establishing a regional carbon market. To achieve them, the Andean Community can choose between establishing community legislation of uniformization or harmonization. We argue that harmonization is the best option because it would allow for setting a realistic and viable goal, freeing each member country to decide how to attain it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of IUSTA is the property of Universidad Santo Tomas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Los procesos de integración regional contemplan el establecimiento de instituciones comunes necesarias para el funcionamiento de los mismos. Si bien Mercosur y Unión Europea presentan diferencias en cuestiones como su organización institucional o materias establecidas para ser reguladas de manera conjunta - entre otras -, son los mecanismos de producción normativa de cada uno de ellos los que serán objeto de análisis en el presente artículo. La firma en julio de 2019 del Acuerdo de Asociación Estratégica entre ambos esquemas invita a poner nuevamente en discusión, al interior del bloque sudamericano, la importancia de reparar en no sólo aspectos económicos involucrados con dicha negociación, sino que los mecanismos de producción de derecho concertados en Mercosur sean capaces de garantizar que la generación normativa no dependa de voluntades políticas del gobierno de turno de cada uno de sus países miembros. Palavras-chave: Producción Normativa; Derecho Autónomo; Integración. ABSTRACT The regional integration processes contemplate the establishment of common institutions necessary for their functioning. Although Mercosur and the European Union present differences in issues such as their institutional organization or matters established to be regulated jointly - among others -, it is each other´s mechanisms of normative production that will be analyzed in this article. The signing in July 2019 of the Strategic Partnership Agreement between the two schemes invites us once again to discuss within the South American block, the importance of repairing not only economic aspects involved with such negotiation, but also in the mechanisms of law production established in Mercosur that may be able to guarantee that normative generation does not depend on the political wills of the government of each of its member countries. Keywords: Normative Production; Autonomous Law; Integration. Recebido em: 12 ago. 2019 | Aceito em: 02 dez. 2019.

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El trabajo de las clínicas jurídicas toma cada vez más relevancia en el contexto latinoamericano. A pesar de esto, la reflexión académica no logra ir a la par con los avances mostrados en las Facultades de Derecho. En este texto se describe un proyecto de investigación e intervención jurídico-social realizado por nuestra clínica en una comunidad que enfrenta serios problemas de contaminación de sus quebradas. Y se analiza dicha experiencia en su contexto cultural, desde una perspectiva crítica; haciendo énfasis en los retos a la sostenibilidad de este tipo de trabajos.

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Uno de los mayores retos en la normativa preventiva es la inclusión de trabajadores que, debido a circunstancias subjetivas, presentan una especial sensibilidad a los riesgos laborales, fundamentalmente por los problemas de identificación que plantea, por lo que es necesaria su delimitación conceptual. Para ello se hace indispensable un estudio del derecho comunitario europeo y español y su posible transposición al derecho comunitario para poner de relieve la importancia de este tema dentro de las políticas de prevención de riesgos laborales. One of biggest challenges in the legal regulations on prevention of occupational hazards is the identification of particularly sensitive workers for their subjective circumstances. Therefore, it is essential define the legal concept from the European Community and Spanish law and the posible transposition into Ecuadorian Law to highlight the importance of this issue within the policies of prevention of occupational hazards.

Los procesos de integración replantean el paradigma tradicional de Estado y generan efectos jurídicos que inciden en su modelo constitucional, relativizando su supremacía y ubicando al derecho comunitario originario y derivado sobre la Constitución. Por ello, el control constitucional de los tratados constitutivos de integración es un mecanismo necesario para garantizar que se derive el ejercicio de las competencias a la estructura comunitaria, protegiendo derechos y garantías. En Ecuador, la Corte Constitucional debe ejecutar un control jurídico automático y vinculante de los tratados constitutivos de procesos de integración previo a su aprobación por la Asamblea Nacional. Sin embargo, la Constitución no señala explícitamente la posibilidad de implementar un control constitucional del derecho comunitario derivado, así como el control concentrado de constitucionalidad ahora vigente en el país no permite su inaplicación como sucede en países como Colombia. Finalmente, el artículo evidencia la necesidad de fortalecer un control democrático de dicho proceso. Integration processes overhaul the traditional paradigm of the State and they generate legal effects on its constitutional model, because they make constitutional supremacy relative and place the primary and secondary Community Law above the Constitution. Therefore, monitoring of integration founding treaties is a required mechanism to ensure the derivation of the exercise of competences to the Community structure, by protecting rights and guarantees. In Ecuador, the Constitutional Court must execute an automatic and binding constitutional control of the integration processes and their founding treaties before their approval by the National Assembly. Nonetheless, the Ecuadorian Constitution does not establish the constitutional control of secondary Community Law, as well as it does not allow its inapplicability, as happens in Colombia. Finally, this paper shows the need to improve a democratic control of this process.

El presente trabajo tiene por objeto analizar la Interpretación Prejudicial emitida por el Tribunal de Justicia de la Comunidad Andina dentro del Proceso 242-IP- 2015, la cual fue solicitada por la directora de Signos Distintivos de la Superintendencia de Industria y Comercio de la República de Colombia, en el marco de un trámite administrativo de solicitud de registro de la marca táctil TEXTURA SUPERFICIE “OLD PARR”. Al efecto, se estudiará el mecanismo de Interpretación Prejudicial como garantía de la aplicación uniforme del ordenamiento jurídico comunitario en el territorio de los Países Miembros de la Comunidad Andina, así como la legitimidad activa de la directora de Signos Distintivos de la Superintendencia de Industria y Comercio de la República de Colombia para solicitar dicha Interpretación y, por último, se analizarán los criterios interpretativos del Tribunal en relación con el registro de una marca táctil o de textura en la Comunidad Andina. The present document seeks to analyze the preliminary ruling issued by the Andean Court of Justice in Case 242-IP-2015, which was required by the Director of Distinctive Signs of the Superintendence of Industry and Commerce of Colombia as part of an administrative procedure of an application for registration of a tactile mark, SURFACE TEXTURE “OLD PARR”. For this purpose, the preliminary ruling as a guarantee of a uniform application of the community’s legal system within the territories of the Member States, and the locus standi of the Management of Distinctive Signs of the Superintendence of Industry and Commerce of Colombia to request this preliminary ruling, will be studied in this work. Finally, the interpretive criteria of the Andean Court of Justice related to the registration of a tactile mark or texture mark in the Andean Community, will be analyzed.

Este ensayo tiene por objeto determinar si la interpretación prejudicial que realiza el Tribunal de Justicia de la Comunidad Andina de las normas del régimen común de propiedad industrial restringe el ejercicio de la potestad jurisdiccional de los jueces nacionales de los Estados parte de dicha comunidad. El presente trabajo tiene tres partes: la primera contextualiza y determina la problemática en cuestión, la segunda caracteriza el mecanismo de la interpretación prejudicial en la Comunidad Andina, y la tercera establece las facultades que emanan de la jurisdicción y los límites de su ejercicio que podrían verse restringidos por la interpretación prejudicial que ejecuta el tribunal comunitario. The purpose of this essay is to establish if the preliminary rulings of industrial property regulations done by the Andean Court of Justice, restricts the exercise of the jurisdictional power of the Member State Judges. Therefore, this work is divided into three parts: the first part contextualizes and determines the problem; the second one characterizes the preliminary ruling mechanism of the Andean Community; the last section establishes the arisen power of the jurisdiction and the limits of its exercise that may look restricted by the preliminary rulings of the Andean Court of Justice.

El asunto a estudiar, dejando de lado todas las circunstancias de hecho que hanocurrido y continuarán ocurriendo, puede reducirse y concretarse a la determinación de si en el Derecho Internacional en general, y en particular en el Derecho Internacional de la Integración y en el Derecho Comunitario, -y específicamente en el Mercosur-, una parte, ante el grave, y previo incumplimiento, en su perjuicio, de las obligaciones impuestas convencionalmente a otra parte, u otras partes, puede exceptuarse, a su vez, de cumplir las obligaciones convencionales propias que tiene, respecto de la parte agraviante, planteando el asunto ante el Tribunal internacionalmente competente para estar a lo que éste decida.

Los comentarios que se desarrollan en este arÚculo, tienen por finalidad el planteo y análisis de la falta de certeza que existe en materia de vigencia de la normativa del Mercado Común del Sur (MERCOSUR), como consecuencia, esencialmente, de la mala praxis de los Estados en cumplir con las disposiciones en materia de incorporación de la normativa MERCOSUR. Esta circunstancia, que por cierto no beneficia al proceso de integración en su conjunto, se traduce en la posibilidad cierta de conflictos entre Estados o particulares, por lo que creemos de interés el estudio del tema.Aclaramos que no constituye objeto de este trabajo ahondar en el hecho comprobado de la omisión de los Estados Parte de proceder a la incorporación de las normas y en la necesidad de que activen sus procedimientos internos,a estos efectos, sino el analizar las consecuencias jurídicas de las eventuales desviaciones, por parte de éstos, en la aplicación de las disposiciones vinculadas al procedimiento de incorporación de las normas MERCOSUR. A este último aspecto únicamente es al que nos referimos entonces con la expresión "mala praxis".

Social Protection as regards European Community’s affairs, has been traditionally characterised by the need to overcome the difficulties that may arise owing to workers’ mobility within the European common market, it falling short of individuals being subject to more than one Social Security System (which, notwithstanding the possibility of having similar structures, are the natural consequence of existing economic, political and social backgrounds, in each country and society), and a lack of coordination existing, amongst the Social Security Systems in dispute. All of which, has made the European Community need to try and find a solution to this problem, or, more appropriately, to lessen its consequences. Whereas article 51 of the founding treaty of the EEC, established that the Council, backed by a proposal from the Commission, was to adopt all necessary measures needed, as regards Social Security, to enable the envisaged free movement of workers, as of today, neither the Founding Treaties, or Regulations 1408/71 and its extensions, establish a homogeneous Social Security System, directly applicable to its Member States. Instead, a policy aimed, and limited to, the removal of the barriers affecting the free movement of workers, has been sought through the coordination of internal legislation, and the application of specific principles (equal treatment, non discrimination from other EU Member State nationals’, and free movement). In the future, given the degree of interdependence reached amongst the economies of the European Member States, everything seems to point in the direction of social protection evolving towards an ever growing area of common interest, where these Member States must seek the manner of reaching and agreeing on a common position, over what was until now, a de facto relegated issue, since all of them will be facing similar problems such as aging of its population, and the common need for more adequate levels of protection.

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La conformación de un derecho supranacional comunitario y de un derecho común supletorio para nuestro continente es una asignatura pendiente de la que puede ocuparse la ciencia jurídica. En el presente artículo, tras ofrecer un marco teórico conceptual sobre el Derecho comunitario y presentar el estado actual de los diversos esquemas y procesos regionales y subregionales de integración en nuestro hemisferio, se proponen una serie de perspectivas (interdisciplinarias) y de temas (políticos, jurídicos y económicos) sobre lo que tendría que reflexionar la ciencia jurídica –academia y foro– americana, para adelantar los contenidos de este nuevo ordenamiento jurídico. The creation of a supranational community law and a supplementary regional law for our continent is a pending issue to be handled by the legal science. This article provides a conceptual theoretical framework for Community Law by examining the current status of the various regional and sub-regional integration processes in our hemisphere. Later, it proposes a series of interdisciplinary perspectives on political, legal and economic issues that must be reflected in the legal thought –academia and forum– of the Americas, in order to advance towards a new legal system.