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308 results on '"Department of Earth Sciences [Uppsala]"'

1. Variability in the Concentration of Lithium in the Indo‐Pacific Ocean

Author: Steiner, Zvi, Landing, William M., Bohlin, Madeleine S., Greaves, Mervyn, Prakash, Satya, Vinayachandran, P. N., Achterberg, Eric P., 2 Department of Earth, Ocean & Atmospheric Science Florida State University Tallahassee FL USA, 3 Department of Earth Sciences Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden, 4 Department of Earth Sciences University of Cambridge Cambridge UK, 5 Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services Hyderabad India, 6 Centre for Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore India, 1 GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel Kiel Germany, Steiner, Zvi [0000-0002-9584-4956], Landing, William M [0000-0002-7514-3247], Bohlin, Madeleine S [0000-0002-2101-9005], Greaves, Mervyn [0000-0001-8014-8627], Vinayachandran, PN [0000-0002-4915-5455], Achterberg, Eric P [0000-0002-3061-2767], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, CRYOSPHERE, Oceanografi, hydrologi och vattenresurser, Marine geochemistry, Li/Na, Oceanography, Hydrology and Water Resources, Environmental Chemistry, Na, 3708 Oceanography, North Pacific, GLOBAL CHANGE, PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, Indian Ocean, General Environmental Science, Global and Planetary Change, Li, OCEANOGRAPHY: BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL, ddc:551, fungi, 37 Earth Sciences, BIOGEOSCIENCES, Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling, Biogeochemistry, Nutrients and nutrient cycling, Marine organic chemistry, GEOTRACES, lithium, Marine inorganic chemistry, Biogeochemical kinetics and reaction modeling, dust, GEOCHEMISTRY, Research Article
Abstract: Lithium has limited biological activity and can readily replace aluminium, magnesium and iron ions in aluminosilicates, making it a proxy for the inorganic silicate cycle and its potential link to the carbon cycle. Data from the North Pacific Ocean, tropical Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean and Red Sea suggest that salinity normalized dissolved lithium concentrations vary by up to 2%–3% in the Indo‐Pacific Ocean. The highest lithium concentrations were measured in surface waters of remote North Pacific and Indian Ocean stations that receive relatively high fluxes of dust. The lowest dissolved lithium concentrations were measured just below the surface mixed layer of the stations with highest surface water concentrations, consistent with removal into freshly forming aluminium rich phases and manganese oxides. In the North Pacific, water from depths >2,000 m is slightly depleted in lithium compared to the initial composition of Antarctic Bottom Water, likely due to uptake of lithium by authigenically forming aluminosilicates. The results of this study suggest that the residence time of lithium in the ocean may be significantly shorter than calculated from riverine and hydrothermal fluxes., Key Points: Li/Na ratios vary by up to 2%–3% in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Authigenic formation of aluminosilicates slightly deplete deep‐water lithium concentrations in the North Pacific. The residence time of lithium in the ocean is 240,000 ± 70,000 years, based on removal from North Pacific deep‐water., Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659, MoES, Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004814, National Science Foundation USA, https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.941888
Published: 2022

2. Modeling of methane migration from gas wellbores into shallow groundwater at basin scale

Author: Taherdangkoo, Reza, Tatomir, Alexandru, Sauter, Martin, Department of Applied Geology, Geosciences Center, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany, and Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Subjects: 0208 environmental biotechnology, Methane leakage, Soil Science, Soil science, 02 engineering and technology, Unconventional gas development, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Methane, chemistry.chemical_compound, Hydraulic fracturing, Natural gas, ddc:551.49, Numerical modeling, Environmental Chemistry, Geosciences, Multidisciplinary, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, Global and Planetary Change, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, business.industry, Geology, Unconventional oil, Contamination, Sedimentary basin, Pollution, Multidisciplinär geovetenskap, 6. Clean water, 020801 environmental engineering, Overburden, chemistry, Groundwater monitoring, Environmental science, Geologi, business, Groundwater
Abstract: Methane contamination of drinking water resources is one of the major concerns associated with unconventional gas development. This study assesses the potential contamination of shallow groundwater via methane migration from a leaky natural gas well through overburden rocks, following hydraulic fracturing. A two-dimensional, two-phase, two-component numerical model is employed to simulate methane and brine upward migration toward shallow groundwater in a generic sedimentary basin. A sensitivity analysis is conducted to examine the influence of methane solubility, capillary pressure–saturation relationship parameters and residual water saturation of overburden rocks, gas leakage rate from the well, tilted formations, and low-permeability sediments (i.e., claystones) on the transport of fluids. Results show that the presence of lithological barriers is the most important factor controlling the temporal–spatial distribution of methane in the subsurface and the arrival time to shallow groundwater. A pulse of high leakage rate is required for early manifestation of methane in groundwater wells. Simulations reveal that the presence of tilted features could further explain fast-growing methane contamination and extensive lateral spreading reported in field studies., Horizon 2020 http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100007601, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (1018)
Published: 2020

3. Constraining the Oceanic Uptake and Fluxes of Greenhouse Gases by Building an Ocean Network of Certified Stations: The Ocean Component of the Integrated Carbon Observation System, ICOS-Oceans

Author: Steinhoff, Tobias, Gkritzalis, Thanos, Lauvset, Siv K., Jones, Stephen D., Schuster, Ute, Olsen, Are, Becker, Meike, Bozzano, Roberto, Brunetti, Fabio, Cantoni, Carolina, Cardin, Vanessa, Diverrès, Denis, Fiedler, Björn, Fransson, Agneta, Giani, Michele, Hartman, Sue, Hoppema, Mario, Jeansson, Emil, Johannessen, Truls, Kitidis, Vassilis, Körtzinger, Arne, Landa, Camilla S., Lefèvre, Nathalie, Luchetta, Anna, Naudts, Lieven, Nightingale, Philip, Omar, Abdirahman M., Pensieri, Sara, Pfeil, Benjamin, Castaño-Primo, Rocío, Rehder, Gregor, Rutgersson, Anna, Sanders, Richard, Schewe, Ingo, Siena, Giuseppe, Skjelvan, Ingunn, Soltwedel, Thomas, Van Heuven, Steven M. A. C., Watson, Andrew J., Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), Flanders Marine Institute, VLIZ, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), College of Life and Environmental Sciences [Exeter], University of Exeter, University of Leeds, Instrumentation, Moyens analytiques, Observatoires en Géophysique et Océanographie (IMAGO), Norwegian Polar Institute, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e di Oceanografia Sperimentale (OGS), Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba] (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Austral, Boréal et Carbone (ABC), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS), University of Bergen (UiB), Department of Earth Sciences [Uppsala], Uppsala University, Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Centre for Isotope Research [Groningen] (CIO), University of Groningen [Groningen], European Project: 654410,H2020,H2020-INFRAIA-2014-2015,JERICO-NEXT(2015), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), GEOMAR - Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), University of Bergen (UIB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Earth Sciences [ Uppsala], and NASA Ames Research Center (ARC)
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], autonomous surface vehicle, Climate Research, ATC, dissolved inorganic, carbon portal, ocean observation, network design, Oceanografi, hydrologi och vattenresurser, flux maps, Klimatforskning, Oceanography, Hydrology and Water Resources, CO2 fluxes, Atmospheric Thematic Centre, DIC, CP, carbon sink, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, ASV
Abstract: The European Research Infrastructure Consortium “Integrated Carbon Observation System” (ICOS) aims at delivering high quality greenhouse gas (GHG) observations and derived data products (e.g., regional GHG-flux maps) for constraining the GHG balance on a European level, on a sustained long-term basis. The marine domain (ICOS-Oceans) currently consists of 11 Ship of Opportunity lines (SOOP – Ship of Opportunity Program) and 10 Fixed Ocean Stations (FOSs) spread across European waters, including the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans and the Barents, North, Baltic, and Mediterranean Seas. The stations operate in a harmonized and standardized way based on community-proven protocols and methods for ocean GHG observations, improving operational conformity as well as quality control and assurance of the data. This enables the network to focus on long term research into the marine carbon cycle and the anthropogenic carbon sink, while preparing the network to include other GHG fluxes. ICOS data are processed on a near real-time basis and will be published on the ICOS Carbon Portal (CP), allowing monthly estimates of CO2 air-sea exchange to be quantified for European waters. ICOS establishes transparent operational data management routines following the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) guiding principles allowing amongst others reproducibility, interoperability, and traceability. The ICOS-Oceans network is actively integrating with the atmospheric (e.g., improved atmospheric measurements onboard SOOP lines) and ecosystem (e.g., oceanic direct gas flux measurements) domains of ICOS, and utilizes techniques developed by the ICOS Central Facilities and the CP. There is a strong interaction with the international ocean carbon cycle community to enhance interoperability and harmonize data flow. The future vision of ICOS-Oceans includes ship-based ocean survey sections to obtain a three-dimensional understanding of marine carbon cycle processes and optimize the existing network design. publishedVersion
Published: 2019

4. Sociohydrology: Scientific Challenges in Addressing the Sustainable Development Goals

Author: Di Baldassarre, Giuliano, Sivapalan, Murugesu, Rusca, Maria, Cudennec, Christophe, Garcia, Margaret, Kreibich, Heidi, Konar, Megan, Mondino, Elena, Mård, Johanna, Pande, Saket, Sanderson, Matthew R., Tian, Fuqiang, Viglione, Alberto, Wei, Jing, Wei, Yongping, Yu, David J., Srinivasan, Veena, Blöschl, Günter, Department of Earth Sciences [ Uppsala], Uppsala University, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], University of Illinois System, Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation (SAS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Arizona State University [Tempe] (ASU), German Research Centre for Geosciences - Helmholtz-Centre Potsdam (GFZ), Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), China University of Geosciences [Beijing], Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, Technical University of Vienna [Vienna] (TU WIEN), Department of Hydraulic Engineering [Tianjin] (DHE), Tianjin Agricultural University (TJAU), Queensland University of Technology [Brisbane] (QUT), Purdue University [West Lafayette], Dept Earth Sci, Center National Hazards and Disaster Science (CNDS), Center National Hazards and Disaster Science, Uppsala University Hospital, Fac Civil Engn & Geosci, Dept Water Management, Dept Hydraul Engn, Tsinghua University, Inst Hydraul Engn & Water Resources Management, Vienna University of Technology, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, University of Adelaide, Lyles Sch Civil Engn, Purdue University, Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Vienna Institute of Biotechnology (VIBT), Department of Earth Sciences [Uppsala], AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), and AGROCAMPUS OUEST-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
Subjects: coupled human, Water Management, coupled human, flood risk, socio-hydrology, water-resources, tarim river-basin, energy-food nexus, environmental-health, political ecology, natural disasters, systems-analysis, Environmental Sciences & Ecology, Marine & Freshwater Biology, Water, Resources, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Grand Challenges in the Earth and Space Sciences, Sustainable Development Goals, energy-food nexus, Environmental Sciences & Ecology, flood risk, Oceanografi, hydrologi och vattenresurser, Debris Flow and Landslides, systems-analysis, Oceanography, Hydrology and Water Resources, Regional Planning, environmental-health, Hydrological, Human Impacts, Marine & Freshwater Biology, socio-hydrology, political ecology, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, precautionary principle, Drought, Resilience, Feature Article, Water, Policy Sciences, Sustainable Development, tarim river-basin, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, Floods, Resources, Human Impact, water crises, natural disasters, Hydrology, sociohydrology, water-resources, Natural Hazards, legacy effects
Abstract: The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations Agenda 2030 represent an ambitious blueprint to reduce inequalities globally and achieve a sustainable future for all mankind. Meeting the SDGs for water requires an integrated approach to managing and allocating water resources, by involving all actors and stakeholders, and considering how water resources link different sectors of society. To date, water management practice is dominated by technocratic, scenario‐based approaches that may work well in the short term but can result in unintended consequences in the long term due to limited accounting of dynamic feedbacks between the natural, technical, and social dimensions of human‐water systems. The discipline of sociohydrology has an important role to play in informing policy by developing a generalizable understanding of phenomena that arise from interactions between water and human systems. To explain these phenomena, sociohydrology must address several scientific challenges to strengthen the field and broaden its scope. These include engagement with social scientists to accommodate social heterogeneity, power relations, trust, cultural beliefs, and cognitive biases, which strongly influence the way in which people alter, and adapt to, changing hydrological regimes. It also requires development of new methods to formulate and test alternative hypotheses for the explanation of emergent phenomena generated by feedbacks between water and society. Advancing sociohydrology in these ways therefore represents a major contribution toward meeting the targets set by the SDGs, the societal grand challenge of our time., Key Points The crises that humanity faces over access to a clean water supply are increasingly connected and are growing in complexitySociohydrology researchers must address several scientific challenges to strengthen basic knowledge and broaden the range of solvable problemsAdvances in sociohydrology research are progress toward meeting the targets defined by the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals
Published: 2019

5. Twenty-three unsolved problems in hydrology (UPH) – a community perspective

Author: Alena Gonzalez Bevacqua, Murugesu Sivapalan, Rui Tong, Ruud van der Ent, Holger Lange, Krzysztof Kochanek, Kate Heal, Moussa Sidibe, Ida Westerberg, Scott T. Allen, Pablo Borges de Amorim, Eric Lindquist, Georgia Destouni, Maria-Helena Ramos, Bruce Misstear, Andrew J. Wade, Keith Beven, Luca Brocca, Mike Kirkby, Sina Khatami, David K. Kreamer, Pieter R. van Oel, Zahra Kalantari, Shreedhar Maskey, Sergiy Vorogushyn, Shamshagul Mashtayeva, James W. Kirchner, Andis Kalvans, Hubert H. G. Savenije, Sebastian H. Mernild, Gerrit H. de Rooij, Santosh K. Aryal, Ennio Ferrari, Julien Malard, Alberto Montanari, Ladislav Holko, Sonu Khanal, Silvia Kohnová, Camyla Innocente, Mel Sandells, Josie Geris, Tom Gleeson, Felipe P. J. de Barros, Ben Jarihani, Anne Van Loon, Stefan Krause, Maria Mavrova-Guirguinova, Marlies Barendrecht, María José Polo, Flavia Tauro, Zongxue Xu, B. I. Gartsman, Elena Ridolfi, Charles Perrin, Miriam Glendell, Yuanfang Chen, Ilja van Meerveld, Theresa Blume, Harald Kunstmann, Gemma Carr, Alireza Nabizadeh, Ebru Eris, Christopher J. White, Heidi Kreibich, Hannes Müller-Thomy, Ashish Sharma, Laura Foglia, Josep Mas-Pla, Subhabrata Panda, Shervan Gharari, Renzo Rosso, J. E. Reynolds, Stefano Ferraris, Saket Pande, Markus Hrachowitz, Laurent Pfister, David E. Robertson, Thomas Skaugen, Roy C. Sidle, Rafael Pimentel, Ross Woods, Alena Bartosova, Erkan Istanbulluoglu, Grant Ferguson, Anam Amin, Chris Hopkinson, Korbinian Breinl, David A. Post, Mathew Herrnegger, Aldo Fiori, Ingelin Steinsland, Dawei Han, Lina Stein, Alberto Viglione, Akhilendra Bhushan Gupta, Bakhram Nurtaev, Maurizio Mazzoleni, Charles H. Luce, Martine van der Ploeg, Ronald van Nooijen, Jean-Philippe Vidal, Tirthankar Roy, Borbála Széles, Jens Kiesel, Cristina Prieto Sierra, Junguo Liu, Hafzullah Aksoy, Andreas Schumann, Pierluigi Claps, Berit Arheimer, Georgia Papacharalampous, Wouter Buytaert, Keirnan Fowler, Ulrich Strasser, David C. Finger, Elena Volpi, Matthew R. Hipsey, Paula Cunha David, Margarida L. R. Liberato, Alexander Gelfan, Barry Croke, V.O. Odongo, David M. Hannah, Günter Blöschl, Hristos Tyralis, Olga Makarieva, Nataliia Nesterova, Bettina Schaefli, Kamshat Tussupova, Guillaume Thirel, Kay Helfricht, Timothy E. Link, Earl Bardsley, Wouter J. M. Knoben, Vazken Andréassian, Ján Szolgay, Mojtaba Shafiei, Jose Luis Salinas, Jan Seibert, Benjamin Fersch, Doris Duethmann, Azhar Inam, Yongqiang Zhang, Giuliano Di Baldassarre, Simon Gascoin, Hugh Smith, Martyn P. Clark, Xiaohong Chen, Maik Renner, Tissa H. Illangasekare, Remko Uijlenhoet, Victor R. Baker, Ravindra Dwivedi, Eric Servat, Christophe Cudennec, Jeffrey J. McDonnell, Sabine M. Spiessl, Yangbo Chen, Thom Bogaard, Wouter R. Berghuijs, María P. González-Dugo, Gilles Boulet, Fernando Nardi, Eric Gaume, Jana von Freyberg, Gil Mahé, Peter Chifflard, Mitja Brilly, William H. Farmer, Monica Riva, James Feiccabrino, Claire Lupton, Anna Scolobig, João H.M. Sá, Przemysław Wachniew, Daniel P. Loucks, Jessica M. Driscoll, Bob Su, Elena Toth, Okke Batelaan, Eric F. Wood, Annette Dathe, David G. Tarboton, Attilio Castellarin, Alla Kolechkina, Björn Guse, Christopher M. U. Neale, Salvatore Grimaldi, Zhonghe Pang, Fuqiang Tian, Marc F. P. Bierkens, Christine Stumpp, Philip J. Ward, Stefan Haun, António Chambel, Riccardo Rigon, Andrea Castelletti, Michael E. Böttcher, Rens van Beek, Gianfausto Salvadori, Adrian A. Harpold, Adrian L. Collins, Hana Hlaváčiková, Clara Hohmann, Koray K. Yilmaz, Technical University of Vienna [Vienna] (TU WIEN), Utrecht University [Utrecht], University of Évora [Portugal], Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation (SAS), AGROCAMPUS OUEST-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Stockholm University, Roma Tre University, Institut Fédéral de Recherches sur la Forêt, la Neige et le Paysage (WSL), Institut Fédéral de Recherches [Suisse], University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] (U of S), Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering [Urbana], University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], University of Illinois System-University of Illinois System, Department of Civil Chemical Environmental and Materials Engineering [Bologna] (DICAM), University of Bologna, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Politecnico di Torino [Torino] (Polito), Istanbul Technical University, Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TeSAF), Universita degli Studi di Padova, Hydrosystèmes continentaux anthropisés : ressources, risques, restauration (UR HYCAR), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI), Water Resources Section, Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Imperial College London, Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Hohai University, Research Applications Laboratory [Boulder] (RAL), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Department of Earth Sciences [ Uppsala], Uppsala University, University of Reykjavik [Islande], Structure et fonctionnement des systèmes hydriques continentaux (SISYPHE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département Géotechnique, Eau et Risques (IFSTTAR/GER), Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM), Water Problems Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), The James Hutton Institute, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences [Birmingham], University of Birmingham [Birmingham], Center for Experimental Study of Subsurface Environmental Processes (CESEP), Colorado School of Mines, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Hydrology Section, German Research Centre for Geosciences - Helmholtz-Centre Potsdam (GFZ), South University of Science and Technology of China, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU)-Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Hydrosciences Montpellier (HSM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Water Science and Engineering, Institute for Water Education (UNESCO–IHE), Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Andalusian Institute of Earth Sciences (IACT), Spanish National Research Council [Madrid] (CSIC), University of Pennsylvania [Philadelphia], Dipartimento di Ingegneria Idraulica, Ambientale, Infrastrutture Viarie, Rilevamento, ICT Institute of Politecnico di Milano, University of Edinburgh, Boise State University, Coventry University, University of the Sunshine Coast (USC), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Utah State University (USU), Department of Hydraulic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University [Beijing], Wagenigen University, Utrecht Centre for Geosciences, Météo-France [Paris], Météo France, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Durham University, Princeton University, Ege Üniversitesi, Water and Climate Risk, Bloschl G., Bierkens M.F.P., Chambel A., Cudennec C., Destouni G., Fiori A., Kirchner J.W., McDonnell J.J., Savenije H.H.G., Sivapalan M., Stumpp C., Toth E., Volpi E., Carr G., Lupton C., Salinas J., Szeles B., Viglione A., Aksoy H., Allen S.T., Amin A., Andreassian V., Arheimer B., Aryal S.K., Baker V., Bardsley E., Barendrecht M.H., Bartosova A., Batelaan O., Berghuijs W.R., Beven K., Blume T., Bogaard T., Borges de Amorim P., Bottcher M.E., Boulet G., Breinl K., Brilly M., Brocca L., Buytaert W., Castellarin A., Castelletti A., Chen X., Chen Y., Chifflard P., Claps P., Clark M.P., Collins A.L., Croke B., Dathe A., David P.C., de Barros F.P.J., de Rooij G., Di Baldassarre G., Driscoll J.M., Duethmann D., Dwivedi R., Eris E., Farmer W.H., Feiccabrino J., Ferguson G., Ferrari E., Ferraris S., Fersch B., Finger D., Foglia L., Fowler K., Gartsman B., Gascoin S., Gaume E., Gelfan A., Geris J., Gharari S., Gleeson T., Glendell M., Gonzalez Bevacqua A., Gonzalez-Dugo M.P., Grimaldi S., Gupta A.B., Guse B., Han D., Hannah D., Harpold A., Haun S., Heal K., Helfricht K., Herrnegger M., Hipsey M., Hlavacikova H., Hohmann C., Holko L., Hopkinson C., Hrachowitz M., Illangasekare T.H., Inam A., Innocente C., Istanbulluoglu E., Jarihani B., Kalantari Z., Kalvans A., Khanal S., Khatami S., Kiesel J., Kirkby M., Knoben W., Kochanek K., Kohnova S., Kolechkina A., Krause S., Kreamer D., Kreibich H., Kunstmann H., Lange H., Liberato M.L.R., Lindquist E., Link T., Liu J., Loucks D.P., Luce C., Mahe G., Makarieva O., Malard J., Mashtayeva S., Maskey S., Mas-Pla J., Mavrova-Guirguinova M., Mazzoleni M., Mernild S., Misstear B.D., Montanari A., Muller-Thomy H., Nabizadeh A., Nardi F., Neale C., Nesterova N., Nurtaev B., Odongo V.O., Panda S., Pande S., Pang Z., Papacharalampous G., Perrin C., Pfister L., Pimentel R., Polo M.J., Post D., Prieto Sierra C., Ramos M.-H., Renner M., Reynolds J.E., Ridolfi E., Rigon R., Riva M., Robertson D.E., Rosso R., Roy T., Sa J.H.M., Salvadori G., Sandells M., Schaefli B., Schumann A., Scolobig A., Seibert J., Servat E., Shafiei M., Sharma A., Sidibe M., Sidle R.C., Skaugen T., Smith H., Spiessl S.M., Stein L., Steinsland I., Strasser U., Su B., Szolgay J., Tarboton D., Tauro F., Thirel G., Tian F., Tong R., Tussupova K., Tyralis H., Uijlenhoet R., van Beek R., van der Ent R.J., van der Ploeg M., Van Loon A.F., van Meerveld I., van Nooijen R., van Oel P.R., Vidal J.-P., von Freyberg J., Vorogushyn S., Wachniew P., Wade A.J., Ward P., Westerberg I.K., White C., Wood E.F., Woods R., Xu Z., Yilmaz K.K., Zhang Y., Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Politecnico di Torino = Polytechnic of Turin (Polito), Istanbul Technical University (ITÜ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), Department of Earth Sciences [Uppsala], Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Southern University of Science and Technology of China (SUSTech), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Tsinghua University [Beijing] (THU), Austrian Science Fund (FWF) : DK W1219-N28, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli Studi Roma Tre = Roma Tre University (ROMA TRE), University of Bologna/Università di Bologna, Università degli Studi di Padova = University of Padua (Unipd), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Mines Paris - PSL (École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris), Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), University of Pennsylvania, Météo-France, Castellarin, A, Tækni- og verkfræðideild (HR), School of Science and Engineering (RU), Háskólinn í Reykjavík, Reykjavik University, Department of Water Resources, UT-I-ITC-WCC, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Bloschl, G., Bierkens, M. F. P., Chambel, A., Cudennec, C., Destouni, G., Fiori, A., Kirchner, J. W., Mcdonnell, J. J., Savenije, H. H. G., Sivapalan, M., Stumpp, C., Toth, E., Volpi, E., Carr, G., Lupton, C., Salinas, J., Szeles, B., Viglione, A., Aksoy, H., Allen, S. T., Amin, A., Andreassian, V., Arheimer, B., Aryal, S. K., Baker, V., Bardsley, E., Barendrecht, M. H., Bartosova, A., Batelaan, O., Berghuijs, W. R., Beven, K., Blume, T., Bogaard, T., Borges de Amorim, P., Bottcher, M. E., Boulet, G., Breinl, K., Brilly, M., Brocca, L., Buytaert, W., Castellarin, A., Castelletti, A., Chen, X., Chen, Y., Chifflard, P., Claps, P., Clark, M. P., Collins, A. L., Croke, B., Dathe, A., David, P. C., de Barros, F. P. J., de Rooij, G., Di Baldassarre, G., Driscoll, J. M., Duethmann, D., Dwivedi, R., Eris, E., Farmer, W. H., Feiccabrino, J., Ferguson, G., Ferrari, E., Ferraris, S., Fersch, B., Finger, D., Foglia, L., Fowler, K., Gartsman, B., Gascoin, S., Gaume, E., Gelfan, A., Geris, J., Gharari, S., Gleeson, T., Glendell, M., Gonzalez Bevacqua, A., Gonzalez-Dugo, M. P., Grimaldi, S., Gupta, A. B., Guse, B., Han, D., Hannah, D., Harpold, A., Haun, S., Heal, K., Helfricht, K., Herrnegger, M., Hipsey, M., Hlavacikova, H., Hohmann, C., Holko, L., Hopkinson, C., Hrachowitz, M., Illangasekare, T. H., Inam, A., Innocente, C., Istanbulluoglu, E., Jarihani, B., Kalantari, Z., Kalvans, A., Khanal, S., Khatami, S., Kiesel, J., Kirkby, M., Knoben, W., Kochanek, K., Kohnova, S., Kolechkina, A., Krause, S., Kreamer, D., Kreibich, H., Kunstmann, H., Lange, H., Liberato, M. L. R., Lindquist, E., Link, T., Liu, J., Loucks, D. P., Luce, C., Mahe, G., Makarieva, O., Malard, J., Mashtayeva, S., Maskey, S., Mas-Pla, J., Mavrova-Guirguinova, M., Mazzoleni, M., Mernild, S., Misstear, B. D., Montanari, A., Muller-Thomy, H., Nabizadeh, A., Nardi, F., Neale, C., Nesterova, N., Nurtaev, B., Odongo, V. O., Panda, S., Pande, S., Pang, Z., Papacharalampous, G., Perrin, C., Pfister, L., Pimentel, R., Polo, M. J., Post, D., Prieto Sierra, C., Ramos, M. -H., Renner, M., Reynolds, J. E., Ridolfi, E., Rigon, R., Riva, M., Robertson, D. E., Rosso, R., Roy, T., Sa, J. H. M., Salvadori, G., Sandells, M., Schaefli, B., Schumann, A., Scolobig, A., Seibert, J., Servat, E., Shafiei, M., Sharma, A., Sidibe, M., Sidle, R. C., Skaugen, T., Smith, H., Spiessl, S. M., Stein, L., Steinsland, I., Strasser, U., Su, B., Szolgay, J., Tarboton, D., Tauro, F., Thirel, G., Tian, F., Tong, R., Tussupova, K., Tyralis, H., Uijlenhoet, R., van Beek, R., van der Ent, R. J., van der Ploeg, M., Van Loon, A. F., van Meerveld, I., van Nooijen, R., van Oel, P. R., Vidal, J. -P., von Freyberg, J., Vorogushyn, S., Wachniew, P., Wade, A. J., Ward, P., Westerberg, I. K., White, C., Wood, E. F., Woods, R., Xu, Z., Yilmaz, K. K., Zhang, Y., Hydrologie, and Landscape functioning, Geocomputation and Hydrology
Subjects: hydrology, science questions, research agenda, interdisciplinary, knowledge gaps, 0208 environmental biotechnology, UT-Hybrid-D, WASS, hydrology, 02 engineering and technology, Oceanografi, hydrologi och vattenresurser, Hydrology and Quantitative Water Management, Oceanography, Hydrology and Water Resources, QE, Þekking, 910 Geography & travel, VDP::Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400::Geofag: 450::Hydrologi: 454, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, media_common, Water Science and Technology, knowledge gap, [SHS.SOCIO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Sociology, VDP::Landbruks- og Fiskerifag: 900, Hydroglogy, 6. Clean water, Justice and Strong Institutions, TA, Spite, science questions, Discipline, Hydrologie en Kwantitatief Waterbeheer, research agenda, knowledge gaps, interdisciplinary, SDG 16 - Peace, Process (engineering), media_common.quotation_subject, Hidrologia, Vatnafræði, Context (language use), Digital media, ITC-HYBRID, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, Hydrology, WIMEK, business.industry, SDG 16 - Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions, Public consultation, Rannsóknir, 500 Science, Bodemfysica en Landbeheer, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, Water Resources Management, 020801 environmental engineering, Soil Physics and Land Management, Socio-hydrology, ITC-ISI-JOURNAL-ARTICLE, Aðferðafræði, business, Diversity (politics)
Abstract: Publisher's version (útgefin grein), This paper is the outcome of a community initiative to identify major unsolved scientific problems in hydrology motivated by a need for stronger harmonisation of research efforts. The procedure involved a public consultation through online media, followed by two workshops through which a large number of potential science questions were collated, prioritised, and synthesised. In spite of the diversity of the participants (230 scientists in total), the process revealed much about community priorities and the state of our science: a preference for continuity in research questions rather than radical departures or redirections from past and current work. Questions remain focused on the process-based understanding of hydrological variability and causality at all space and time scales. Increased attention to environmental change drives a new emphasis on understanding how change propagates across interfaces within the hydrological system and across disciplinary boundaries. In particular, the expansion of the human footprint raises a new set of questions related to human interactions with nature and water cycle feedbacks in the context of complex water management problems. We hope that this reflection and synthesis of the 23 unsolved problems in hydrology will help guide research efforts for some years to come., We would like to thank the members of the IAHS, EGU, AGU and IAH for supporting this initiative. The LinkedIn group and overall secretariat was hosted by the IAHS, the Splinter meeting by EGU and the Vienna Catchment Science Symposium by the Vienna Doctoral Programme on Water Resource Systems (DK W1219-N28) funded by the Austrian Science Funds (FWF)., "Peer Reviewed"
Published: 2019

6. Trees, forests and water: Cool insights for a hot world

Author: Yulia Sugandi, Meine van Noordwijk, Dominick V. Spracklen, Bruno Verbist, Daniel Murdiyarso, Bart Muys, Adriaan J. Teuling, David Sands, David L. A. Gaveau, Victoria Gutierrez, Aida Bargués Tobella, Douglas Sheil, David Ellison, Jan Pokorny, Bruno Locatelli, Caroline A Sullivan, Solomon Gebreyohannis Gebrehiwot, Cindy E. Morris, Jane Maslow Cohen, Irena F. Creed, Elaine Springgay, Ulrik Ilstedt, Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Ellison Consulting, Unité de Pathologie Végétale (PV), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Department Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology [Bozeman], Montana State University (MSU), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), University of Texas at Austin [Austin], Bogor Agricultural University - IPB (INDONESIA), WeForest, World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), University of Western Ontario (UWO), ENKI, o.p.s., University of Leeds, Department of Earth Sciences [Uppsala], Uppsala University, Addis Ababa University (AAU), Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [Rome, Italie] (FAO), Southern Cross University (SCU), CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (CRP-FTA), Australian Research Council fund LP130100498, ENKI and the Belgian Development Cooperation through VLIR-UOS, Station de Pathologie Végétale (AVI-PATHO), Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Texas law, University of North Texas (UNT), Department of Geophysics and Meteorology, ICRAF World Agroforestry Center, Plant Production Systems, Wageningen University and Research Center (WUR), Department of Biology, Western University, School of Earth and Environment, Hydrology and Quantitative Water Management Group, Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Department of Earth Sciences [ Uppsala], Division of Forest, Nature and Landscape, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences [Leuven] (EES), Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven)-Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), Department of Community Development and Communication Sciences, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, and Ellison, David
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Mitigation, Climate, Geography, Planning and Development, Ressource énergétique, Planification régionale, adaptation aux changements climatiques, forêt tropicale, adaptation, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Klimatforskning, forest, forêt, 11. Sustainability, K01 - Foresterie - Considérations générales, couverture du sol, Gouvernance, Milieux et Changements globaux, reforestation, Global and Planetary Change, Utilisation des terres, water, energy, climate, carbon, mitigation, sustainability, Energy, Ecology, Corporate governance, Environmental resource management, impact climatique, PE&RC, Call to action, séquestration du carbone, Plant Production Systems, Sustainability, réduction des émissions, P01 - Conservation de la nature et ressources foncières, Ressource en eau, P33 - Chimie et physique du sol, cycle du carbone, Climate Research, P40 - Météorologie et climatologie, cycle de l'eau, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Land cover, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Carbon cycle, carbon cycle, Couverture végétale, Forest, Adaptation, P10 - Ressources en eau et leur gestion, Arbre forestier, Reforestation, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Changement climatique, Land use, business.industry, Water, Water cool, Cycle hydrologique, politique agrienvironnementale, 15. Life on land, Carbon, Water resources, 13. Climate action, Plantaardige Productiesystemen, Politique foncière, Environmental science, Politique forestière, business
Abstract: © 2017 The Author(s) Forest-driven water and energy cycles are poorly integrated into regional, national, continental and global decision-making on climate change adaptation, mitigation, land use and water management. This constrains humanity's ability to protect our planet's climate and life-sustaining functions. The substantial body of research we review reveals that forest, water and energy interactions provide the foundations for carbon storage, for cooling terrestrial surfaces and for distributing water resources. Forests and trees must be recognized as prime regulators within the water, energy and carbon cycles. If these functions are ignored, planners will be unable to assess, adapt to or mitigate the impacts of changing land cover and climate. Our call to action targets a reversal of paradigms, from a carbon-centric model to one that treats the hydrologic and climate-cooling effects of trees and forests as the first order of priority. For reasons of sustainability, carbon storage must remain a secondary, though valuable, by-product. The effects of tree cover on climate at local, regional and continental scales offer benefits that demand wider recognition. The forest- and tree-centered research insights we review and analyze provide a knowledge-base for improving plans, policies and actions. Our understanding of how trees and forests influence water, energy and carbon cycles has important implications, both for the structure of planning, management and governance institutions, as well as for how trees and forests might be used to improve sustainability, adaptation and mitigation efforts. publisher: Elsevier articletitle: Trees, forests and water: Cool insights for a hot world journaltitle: Global Environmental Change articlelink: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.01.002 content_type: article copyright: © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. ispartof: Global Environmental Change vol:43 pages:51-61 status: published
Published: 2017

7. Transport and Adsorption of Nano-Colloids in Porous Media Observed by Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Author: Philippe Coussot, Stéphane Rodts, Eric Michel, Pamela Faure, Denis Courtier-Murias, Alizee P. Lehoux, Environnement Méditerranéen et Modélisation des Agro-Hydrosystèmes (EMMAH), Avignon Université (AU)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire Navier (navier umr 8205), Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Earth Sciences [Uppsala], Uppsala University, École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR), and Department of Earth Sciences [ Uppsala]
Subjects: imagerie par résonance magnétique, Solid-state chemistry, Materials science, General Chemical Engineering, suspended particle, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 0208 environmental biotechnology, Nanoparticle, Transport, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, nanoparticule, Catalysis, Suspension (chemistry), magnetic resonance, Colloid, Adsorption, Magnetic resonance imaging, Nano, colloïde, colloid, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, nanoparticle, 020801 environmental engineering, résonance magnétique, Chemical physics, particule en suspension, média poreux, Particle, Porous medium
Abstract: We use magnetic resonance imaging to follow the adsorption of colloids during their transport through a porous medium (grain packing). We injected successive pulses of a suspension of nanoparticles able to adsorb onto the grains. To get quantitative information we carry out 2D imaging and 1D measurements of the evolution in time of the distribution profile of all particles (suspended or adsorbed) in cross-sectional layers along the sample axis during the flow. For the first injections we observe the 1D profile amplitude progressively damping as particles advance through the sample, due to their adsorption. 2D imaging shows that successive injections finally result in a coverage of grains by adsorbed particles regularly progressing along the sample. The analysis of the results makes it possible to get a clear description of the adsorption process. In our specific case (particle charged oppositely to the adsorption sites) it appears that the particles rapidly explore the pores and adsorb as soon as they encounter available sites on grains, and the surplus of particles goes on advancing in the sample. A further analysis of the profiles makes it possible to distinguish the respective concentration distribution of suspended and adsorbed particles over time at each step of the process.
Published: 2017

8. Automatisation et expertise humaine dans la prévision opérationnelle de débits

Author: Pagano, T. C., Pappenberger, F., Wood, A. W., Ramos, M.-H., Persson, A., Anderson, B., Australian Bureau of Meteorology [Melbourne] (BoM), Australian Government, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Hydrosystèmes et bioprocédés (UR HBAN), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Department of Earth Sciences [ Uppsala], Uppsala University, Hydrosystèmes et Bioprocédés (UR HBAN), and Department of Earth Sciences [Uppsala]
Subjects: [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, PREVISION HYDROLOGIQUE, hydrological forecast, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, AUTOMATISATION, automation, [SPI.AUTO]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Automatic
Abstract: International audience; Increased automation and use of computer-aided decision support systems are attractive options for hydrologic forecasting agencies faced with growing product complexity and institutional resourcing pressures. Although the hydrologic literature has been nearly silent on the roles of expertise and automation in forecasting, other disciplines such as meteorology have had decades of open discussion on the topic. To address the lack of dialogue in hydrology on automation, this article seeks to contextualize relevant findings from similar disciplines, including meteorology, psychology, decision support systems, and interface design. We predict which aspects of operational hydrology have the greatest chance for successfully increasing automation in the near future. Some applications have employed higher levels of automation, notably flash flood forecasting which requires rapid response times, and extended prediction which requires heavy emphasis on uncertainty quantification. Short-range flood forecasting may be more challenging to automate and traditionally has been less automated than other types of forecasts, partly because of existing practices of interfacing with meteorologists and water system operators, and the difficulties in modeling human impacts on the water cycle. Overall, we suggest that the design of computer-aided decision support systems for forecasting systems should consider three factors: (1) processes change under automation and people may require new roles; (2) automation changes the way people behave, sometimes negatively; and (3) people may not have accurate perceptions of the quality of the automated guidance. Seven lessons learned from automation in meteorology are highlighted and translated into a hydrologic forecasting context, leading to a set of recommendations for how to make best use of expertise in increasingly automated systems.
Published: 2016

9. Using multi-tracer inference to move beyond single-catchment ecohydrology

Author: Paul Romeijn, Clara Mendoza-Lera, Stefan Krause, Anniet M. Laverman, Myrto Nikolakopoulou, Jean-Raynald de Dreuzy, José Leonardo de Moraes Gonçalves, Carolyn Oldham, Tamara Kolbe, Viktor Baranov, Mukundh N. Balasubramanian, Gilles Pinay, Thibault Datry, Benjamin W. Abbott, Timothy N. Vaessen, Astrid Harjung, Audrey Campeau, David M. Hannah, Francesco Ciocca, Marta Antonelli, Marcus B. Wallin, Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] (ECOBIO), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology & Inland Fisheries, Milieux aquatiques, écologie et pollutions (UR MALY), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Naturalea, University of Barcelona, Géosciences Rennes (GR), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Nutrition, Aquaculture et Génomique (NUAGE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Centre d'Estudis Avançats de Blanes (CEAB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Silixa Ltd., Department of Earth Sciences [ Uppsala], Uppsala University, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences [Birmingham], University of Birmingham [Birmingham], National Institute of Biology, Milieux Environnementaux, Transferts et Interactions dans les hydrosystèmes et les Sols (METIS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), EC2CO Grant 'charactérisation hydrologique et biogéochimique de la dénitrification dans les paysages', ONEMA Action 13 'Colmatage, échanges nappe-rivière et processus biogéochimiques', European Project: 607150,EC:FP7:PEOPLE,FP7-PEOPLE-2013-ITN,INTERFACES(2013), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), BioSistemika, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Department of Earth Sciences [Uppsala], National Institute of Biology [Ljubljana] (NIB), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), and Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 0208 environmental biotechnology, Exposure time, Drainage basin, Inference, Reactive transport, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, GW-SWinteractions, Hot spots, Temporal scales, Groundwater, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecohydrology, Environmental resource management, GW-SW interactions, Surface water, Miljövetenskap, Hydrological tracer, Water, Environmental hydrology, Flowpath, Residence time, Hot moments, Damkohler, Peclet, HotDam, Crossed proxies, Tracer, Aquatic ecology, 570 Biowissenschaften, Biologie, Biogeochemical cycle, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Earth and Planetary Sciences(all), Residence time (fluid dynamics), ddc:570, TRACER, Ecosystem, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Hydrology, geography, business.industry, Péclet, 15. Life on land, 020801 environmental engineering, Damköhler, 13. Climate action, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, business, Environmental Sciences
Abstract: 24 páginas, 9 figuras, 1 tabla., Protecting or restoring aquatic ecosystems in the face of growing anthropogenic pressures requires an understanding of hydrological and biogeochemical functioning across multiple spatial and temporal scales. Recent technological and methodological advances have vastly increased the number and diversity of hydrological, biogeochemical, and ecological tracers available, providing potentially powerful tools to improve understanding of fundamental problems in ecohydrology, notably: 1. Identifying spatially explicit flowpaths, 2. Quantifying water residence time, and 3. Quantifying and localizing biogeochemical transformation. In this review, we synthesize the history of hydrological and biogeochemical theory, summarize modern tracer methods, and discuss how improved understanding of flowpath, residence time, and biogeochemical transformation can help ecohydrology move beyond description of site-specific heterogeneity. We focus on using multiple tracers with contrasting characteristics (crossing proxies) to infer ecosystem functioning across multiple scales. Specifically, we present how crossed proxies could test recent ecohydrological theory, combining the concepts of hotspots and hot moments with the Damköhler number in what we call the HotDam framework., This project has been funded by the European Union's Seventh Framework Program for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no. 607150 (FP7-PEOPLE-2013-ITN – INTERFACES - Ecohydrological interfaces as critical hotspots for transformations of ecosystem exchange fluxes and biogeochemical cycling). B. Abbott and G. Pinay were also supported by the French EC2CO grant “Caractérisation hydrologique et biogéochimique de la dénitrification dans les paysages.” C. Mendoza-Lera and T. Datry were supported by the French National Agency for Water and Aquatic Environments (ONEMA, Action 13, “Colmatage, échanges nappe-rivière et processus biogéochimiques”).
Published: 2016

10. On the Systematic Occurrence of Compound Cold Spells in North America and Wet or Windy Extremes in Europe

Author: Gabriele Messori, Davide Faranda, Department of Earth Sciences [Uppsala], Uppsala University, Department of Meteorology [Stockholm] (MISU), Stockholm University, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Extrèmes : Statistiques, Impacts et Régionalisation (ESTIMR), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), London Mathematical Laboratory, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), G. Messori acknowledges support from the European Union’s H2020 research and innovation programme under ERC Grant 948309 (CEN\AE). D. Faranda acknowledges support from the French National Research Agency under Grant ANR‐19‐ERC7‐0003 (BOREAS). Both authors acknowledge useful discussions with R. Leeding and J. Riboldi., and ANR-19-ERC7-0003,BOREAS,Dynamique et thermodynamique des tempêtes de neige en changement climatique(2019)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Geophysics, Climate Research, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, dynamical systems theory, precipitation, compound climate extremes, cold spells, windstorms, Klimatforskning
Abstract: International audience; The repeated co-occurrence of cold spells over Eastern North America and wet or windy extremes over Western Continental Europe during recent winters, has led to hypothesise a link between the two. Here, we analyse the interplay between the large-scale atmospheric circulation and co-occurring cold spells in North America and wet or windy extremes in Europe. We collectively term these occurrences compound cold–wet–windy extremes. We leverage a recent approach grounded in dynamical systems theory, which provides an analytically and computationally efficient analysis of spatially resolved, multivariate climate extremes. We find that there are specific, recurrent large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns systematically associated with both the individual extremes and co-occurring cold–wet–windy anomalies. Evidence for this is also found when focussing on compound cold–wet–windy extremes, although with a weaker signal. This motivates further analyses focussing specifically on the statistics and drivers of these compound extreme occurrences.
Published: 2023

11. A climate-change attribution retrospective of some impactful weather extremes of 2021

Author: Davide Faranda, Stella Bourdin, Mireia Ginesta, Meriem Krouma, Robin Noyelle, Flavio Pons, Pascal Yiou, Gabriele Messori, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), London Mathematical Laboratory, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Extrèmes : Statistiques, Impacts et Régionalisation (ESTIMR), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation du climat (CLIM), Department of Earth Sciences [Uppsala], Uppsala University, ANR-19-ERC7-0003,BOREAS,Dynamique et thermodynamique des tempêtes de neige en changement climatique(2019), European Project: 101003469,XAIDA, European Project: 956396,EDIPI, and European Project: 948309,CENAE - EXCELLENT SCIENCE - European Research Council (ERC)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, Meteorologi och atmosfärforskning
Abstract: The IPCC AR6 report outlines a general consensus that anthropogenic climate change is modifying the frequency and intensity of extreme events such as cold spells, heat waves, storms or floods. A pertinent question is then whether climate change may have affected the characteristics of a specific extreme event or whether such event would have even been possible in the absence of climate change. Here, we address this question by performing an attribution of some major extreme events that occurred in 2021 over Europe and North America: the Winter Storm Filomena, the French spring cold spell, the Westphalia floods, the Mediterranean summer heat wave, Hurricane Ida, the Po Valley tornado outbreak, Medicane Apollo and the late-autumn Scandinavian cold spell. We focus on the role of the atmospheric circulation associated with the events and its typicality in present (factual world) and past climate conditions (counterfactual world) – defined using the ERA5 dataset 1950 to present. We first identify the most similar sea-level pressure patterns to the extreme events of interest in the factual and counterfactual worlds – so-called analogues. We then compute significant shifts in the spatial characteristics, persistence, predictability, seasonality and other characteristics of these analogues. We also diagnose whether in the present climate the analogues of the studied events lead to warmer/cooler or dryer/wetter conditions than in the past. Finally we verify whether the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation may explain interdecadal changes in the analogues' characteristics. We find that most of the extreme events we investigate are significantly modified in the present climate with respect to the past, because of changes in the location, persistence and/or seasonality of cyclonic/anticyclonic patterns in the sea-level pressure analogues. One of the events, Medicane Apollo, appears to be a black swan of the atmospheric circulation, with poor-quality analogues. Our approach, complementary to the statistical extreme-event attribution methods in the literature, points to the potentially important role of the atmospheric circulation in attribution studies.
Published: 2022

12. The counter-intuitive link between European heatwaves and atmospheric persistence

Author: Emma Holmberg, Gabriele Messori, Rodrigo Caballero, Davide Faranda, Department of Earth Sciences [Uppsala], Uppsala University, Department of Meteorology [Stockholm] (MISU), Stockholm University, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), London Mathematical Laboratory, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Extrèmes : Statistiques, Impacts et Régionalisation (ESTIMR), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and European Project: 956396,EDIPI
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, European heatwaves, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, atmospheric persistence, dynamical systems
Abstract: Warm temperature extremes can lead to devastating societal impacts, thus, the ability to understand and predict these events is vital to minimising their potential impact on society. We investigate the link between warm temperature extremes in Europe and anomalously persistent atmospheric circulation patterns for both winter and summer, along with some possible driving mechanisms. We assess atmospheric persistence leveraging concepts from dynamical systems theory, with this more mathematical approach being reconciled with the conventional meteorological view of persistence. We find that wintertime warm spells are typically associated with persistent zonal advection. Contrary to intuition, we find neither evidence of a link to anomalously persistent circulation patterns, nor a strong signal for warm temperature advection for summertime heatwaves. We thus argue that atmospheric persistence is not a necessary requirement for summertime heatwaves, and that local effects could play a much more important role than large-scale warm temperature advection for these events.
Published: 2022

13. Sensitivity of basal conditions in an inverse model: Vestfonna ice cap, Nordaustlandet/Svalbard

Author: John C. Moore, Rickard Pettersson, Poul Christoffersen, Tazio Strozzi, Veijo A. Pohjola, Fabien Gillet-Chaulet, Martina Schäfer, Kati Laakso, Thomas Zwinger, Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, Scientific Computing Ltd (CSC), College of Global Change and Earth System Science (GCESS), Beijing Normal University, Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences [Edmonton], University of Alberta, Department of Earth Sciences [ Uppsala], Uppsala University, Gamma Remote Sensing and Consulting AG, Gamma Remote Sensing Research and Consulting AG, Beijing Normal University (BNU), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Earth Sciences [Uppsala], and Department of Geosciences and Geography
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Ice stream, sliding, three-dimensional flow, 01 natural sciences, ice flow, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Svalbard, Arctic, sensitivity analysis, Cryosphere, uncertainty analysis, Uncertainty analysis, lcsh:Environmental sciences, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, Water Science and Technology, lcsh:GE1-350, geography.geographical_feature_category, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Vestfonna, Mechanics, cryosphere, parameterization, Finite element method, velocity structure, inverse analysis, Earth and Related Environmental Sciences, Geology, 1171 Geosciences, education, Flow (psychology), finite element method, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Svalbard and Jan Mayen, Physics::Geophysics, 0103 physical sciences, Sensitivity (control systems), Nordaustlandet, ice cap, Geomorphology, forward modeling, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, geography, Geovetenskap och miljövetenskap, Glacier, lcsh:Geology, 13. Climate action, numerical model, Parametrization, mass balance
Abstract: The dynamics of Vestfonna ice cap (Svalbard) are dominated by fast-flowing outlet glaciers. Its mass balance is poorly known and affected dynamically by these fast-flowing outlet glaciers. Hence, it is a challenging target for ice flow modeling. Precise knowledge of the basal conditions and implementation of a good sliding law are crucial for the modeling of this ice cap. Here we use the full-Stokes finite element code Elmer/Ice to model the 3-D flow over the whole ice cap. We use a Robin inverse method to infer the basal friction from the surface velocities observed in 1995. Our results illustrate the importance of the basal friction parameter in reproducing observed velocity fields. We also show the importance of having variable basal friction as given by the inverse method to reproduce the velocity fields of each outlet glacier – a simple parametrization of basal friction cannot give realistic velocities in a forward model. We study the robustness and sensitivity of this method with respect to different parameters (mesh characteristics, ice temperature, errors in topographic and velocity data). The uncertainty in the observational parameters and input data proved to be sufficiently small as not to adversely affect the fidelity of the model.
Published: 2013

14. ENHANCED WARM H 2 EMISSION IN THE COMPACT GROUP MID-INFRARED 'GREEN VALLEY'

Author: Pierre Guillard, M. S. Yun, C. K. Xu, J. Juul Rasmussen, Eiichi Egami, Theodoros Bitsakis, Patrick Ogle, Robert Antonucci, Lourdes Verdes-Montenegro, P. N. Appleton, F. Boulanger, Ute Lisenfeld, M. E. Cluver, Thomas H. Jarrett, Vassilis Charmandaris, Infrared Processing and Analysis Center (IPAC), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Medcom [Odense], Departamento Física Teórica y del Cosmos, Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC)-Universidad de Granada (UGR), Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Department of Pediatrics and Clinical Medicine-Section of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University of Cagliari, NASA Herschel Science Center, NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Department of Earth Sciences [ Uppsala], Uppsala University, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Universidad de Granada (UGR), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), and Department of Earth Sciences [Uppsala]
Subjects: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Evolution, High velocity, Interactions, Mid infrared, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, 0103 physical sciences, Galaxy formation and evolution, Spectroscopy, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, ISM, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Intergalactic medium, Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Star formation, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Galaxies, Galaxy, Compact group, Space and Planetary Science, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Excitation, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: We present results from a Spitzer mid-infrared spectroscopy study of a sample of 74 galaxies located in 23 Hickson Compact Groups (HCGs), chosen to be at a dynamically active stage of Hi depletion. We find evidence for enhanced warm H-2 emission (i.e., above that associated with UV excitation in star-forming regions) in 14 galaxies (similar to 20%), with 8 galaxies having extreme values of L(H2 S(0)-S(3))/L(7.7 mu m polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon), in excess of 0.07. Such emission has been seen previously in the compact group HCG 92 (Stephan's Quintet), and was shown to be associated with the dissipation of mechanical energy associated with a large-scale shock caused when one group member collided, at high velocity, with tidal debris in the intragroup medium. Similarly, shock excitation or turbulent heating is likely responsible for the enhanced H-2 emission in the compact group galaxies, since other sources of heating (UV or X-ray excitation from star formation or active galactic nuclei) are insufficient to account for the observed emission. The group galaxies fall predominantly in a region of mid-infrared color-color space identified by previous studies as being connected to rapid transformations in HCG galaxy evolution. Furthermore, the majority of H-2-enhanced galaxies lie in the optical "green valley" between the blue cloud and red sequence, and are primarily early-type disk systems. We suggest that H-2-enhanced systems may represent a specific phase in the evolution of galaxies in dense environments and provide new insight into mechanisms which transform galaxies onto the optical red sequence., MEC acknowledges support from the Australian Research Council (FS110200023). Support for this work was provided by NASA through an award issued by JPL/Caltech. UL acknowledges support by the research projects AYA2007- 67625-C02-02 and AYA2011-24728 from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia y Educación and the Junta de Andalucía (Spain) grant FQM108. LVM is funded by Grant AYA2008-06181-C02 and AYA2011-30491-C02-01, co-ﬁnanced by MICINN and FEDER funds, and the Junta de Andalucía (Spain) grants 08-FQM-4205 and TIC-114.
Published: 2013

15. 'Panta Rhei-Everything Flows': Change in hydrology and society-The IAHS Scientific Decade 2013-2022

Author: Alberto Montanari, Günter Blöschl, Bettina Schaefli, Ciaran J. Harman, Zhonghe Pang, Keith Beven, Bofu Yu, Sally E. Thompson, David A. Post, Hubert H. G. Savenije, Andreas Schumann, Elena Toth, Lei Ren, Salvatore Grimaldi, Magdalena Rogger, Y. Huang, Hilary McMillan, Veena Srinivasan, G. Young, Alberto Viglione, Thorsten Wagener, Berit Arheimer, Gregory W. Characklis, G. Di Baldassarre, Pierre Hubert, Denis A. Hughes, Hoshin V. Gupta, V. Belyaev, Matthew R. Hipsey, Stanislaus J. Schymanski, Eva Boegh, Murugesu Sivapalan, Christophe Cudennec, Demetris Koutsoyiannis, Montanari A, Young G, Savenije H.H.G, Hughes D, Wagener T, Ren L.L, Koutsoyiannis D, Cudennec C, Toth E, Grimaldi S, Blöschl G, Sivapalan M, Beven K, Gupta H, Hipsey M, Schaefli B, Arheimer B, Boegh E, Schymanski S.J, Di Baldassarre G, Yu B, Hubert P, Huang Y, Schumann A, Post D.A, Srinivasan V, Harman C, Thompson S, Rogger M, Viglione A, McMillan H, Characklis G, Pang Z. & Belyaev V., Department DICAM (Civil, Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna (UNIBO), Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Wilfrid Laurier University (WLU), Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Institute for Water Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, Department of Civil Engineering [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], State Key Laboratory of Hydrology / Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, National Technical University of Athens [Athens] (NTUA), Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation (SAS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Department DIBAF (Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems), Università degli studi della Tuscia [Viterbo], Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Department of Geography and Geographic Information Science and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], University of Illinois System-University of Illinois System, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Department of Earth Sciences [Uppsala], Uppsala University, Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences [University of Arizona], University of Arizona, School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western Australia (UWA), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Laboratory of Ecohydrology (ECHO), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI), Department Environmental Social and Spatial Change, University of Roskilde, Department of Environmental Systems Science [ETH Zürich] (D-USYS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Department of Integrated Water Systems and Governance, Institute for Water Education (UNESCO–IHE), School of Engineering, Griffith University [Brisbane], Structure et fonctionnement des systèmes hydriques continentaux (SISYPHE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Mines Paris - PSL (École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Bureau of Hydrology, Changjiang Water Resources Commission, Ruhr University Bochum (RUB), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Johns Hopkins University (JHU), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California (UC), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Wellington] (NIWA), Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina [Chapel Hill] (UNC), University of North Carolina System (UNC)-University of North Carolina System (UNC), Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Key Laboratory of Engineering Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Faculty of Geography, The Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Fluvial Processes, Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), Rhodes University, AGROCAMPUS OUEST-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Tuscia University, Technical University of Vienna [Vienna] (TU WIEN), Department of Biological Sciences-Lancaster University, Department of Earth Sciences [ Uppsala], Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of California, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Human systems engineering, socio hydrology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 0207 environmental engineering, hydrology, 02 engineering and technology, Plan (drawing), Environment, 01 natural sciences, 12. Responsible consumption, Blueprint, Political science, 11. Sustainability, IAHS Decade, change, socio-hydrology, 020701 environmental engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, Hydrology, Interpretation (philosophy), environment, IAHS decade, Water resources, Water security, Socio-hydrology, 13. Climate action, Sustainability
Abstract: The new Scientific Decade 2013-2022 of IAHS, entitled "Panta Rhei-Everything Flows", is dedicated to research activities on change in hydrology and society. The purpose of Panta Rhei is to reach an improved interpretation of the processes governing the water cycle by focusing on their changing dynamics in connection with rapidly changing human systems. The practical aim is to improve our capability to make predictions of water resources dynamics to support sustainable societal development in a changing environment. The concept implies a focus on hydrological systems as a changing interface between environment and society, whose dynamics are essential to determine water security, human safety and development, and to set priorities for environmental management. The Scientific Decade 2013-2022 will devise innovative theoretical blueprints for the representation of processes including change and will focus on advanced monitoring and data analysis techniques. Interdisciplinarity will be sought by increased efforts to connect with the socio-economic sciences and geosciences in general. This paper presents a summary of the Science Plan of Panta Rhei, its targets, research questions and expected outcomes.; La décennie scientifique 2013–2022 de l’AISH est intitulée “Panta Rhei-Tout s’écoule” et est dédiée à des activités de recherche concernant la question du changement hydrologique et sociétal. La vocation de “Panta Rhei” est d’atteindre une meilleure compréhension des processus régissant le cycle de l’eau en se concentrant sur leur dynamique de changement, en lien avec les systèmes anthropiques qui changent eux–mêmes rapidement. L’objectif opérationnel est d’améliorer notre capacité à prévoir la dynamique des ressources en eau au service d’un développement sociétal durable dans un environnement changeant. Le concept implique une focalisation sur les systèmes hydrologiques vus comme une interface changeante entre environnement et société, dont les dynamiques sont essentielles à la sécurité hydrique, au développement humain, et au choix de priorités dans la gestion de l’environnement. La décennie scientifique 2013–2022 vise la conception de schémas théoriques innovants pour représenter les processus et leur évolution, et insistera sur les techniques avancées d’observation et d’analyse de données. On recherchera l’interdisciplinarité avec les sciences socio-économiques et les géosciences en général. Cet article présente une synthèse du programme scientifique “Panta Rhei”, ses objectifs, ses questions de recherche et les résultats que l’on en attend.
Published: 2013

16. Analysis of seasonal variations in mass balance and meltwater discharge of the tropical Zongo Glacier by application of a distributed energy balance model

Author: Edson Ramirez, Regine Hock, Jean Emmanuel Sicart, Maxime Litt, Pierre Ribstein, Hydrosciences Montpellier (HSM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Geophysical Institute [Fairbanks], University of Alaska [Fairbanks] (UAF), Department of Earth Sciences [Uppsala], Uppsala University, Structure et fonctionnement des systèmes hydriques continentaux (SISYPHE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Mines Paris - PSL (École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IHH, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA), ORE network Glacioclim, CHYC, Laboratoire d'étude des transferts en hydrologie et environnement (LTHE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Department of Earth Sciences [ Uppsala], Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMSA, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris
Subjects: Wet season, Atmospheric Science, glacier, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 0207 environmental engineering, Energy balance, Soil Science, Andes, 02 engineering and technology, Aquatic Science, snow, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, tropics, Atmosphere, Geochemistry and Petrology, Dry season, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), [SDU.STU.GM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geomorphology, 020701 environmental engineering, Meltwater, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, Paleontology, Forestry, Glacier, Albedo, Snow, energy balance, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Climatology, Environmental science, melt modeling
Abstract: International audience; A distributed energy balance model was applied to Zongo Glacier, Bolivia (16°S, 6000-4900 m above sea level, 2.4 km2), to investigate atmospheric forcing that controls seasonal variations in the mass balance and in meltwater discharge of glaciers in the outer tropics. Surface energy fluxes and melt rates were simulated for each 20 × 20 m2 grid cell at an hourly resolution, for the hydrological year 1999-2000, using meteorological measurements in the ablation area. Model outputs were compared to measurements of meltwater discharge, snow cover extent, and albedo at two weather stations set up on the glacier. Changes in melt rate in three distinct seasons were related to snowfall and cloud radiative properties. During the dry season (May to August), the low melt rate was mainly caused by low long-wave emission of the cloudless thin atmosphere found at these high altitudes. From September to December, meltwater discharge increased to its annual maximum caused by an increase in solar radiation, which was close to its summer peak, as well as a decrease in glacier albedo. From January on, melt was reduced by snowfalls in the core wet season via the albedo effect but was maintained thanks to high long-wave emission from convective clouds. The frequent changes in snow cover throughout the long ablation season lead to large vertical mass balance gradients. Annual mass balance depends on the timing and length of the wet season, which interrupts the period of highest melt rates caused by solar radiation.
Published: 2011

17. A methodology for attributing extratropical cyclones to climate change: the case study of storm Alex 2020

Author: Ginesta, Mireia, Yiou, Pascal, Messori, Gabriele, Faranda, Davide, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Extrèmes : Statistiques, Impacts et Régionalisation (ESTIMR), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Department of Earth Sciences [Uppsala], Uppsala University, Center for Natural Hazards Research, Department of Earth Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Department of Meteorology [Stockholm] (MISU), Stockholm University, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), London Mathematical Laboratory, European Project: 956396,EDIPI, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Analogues, Climate Change, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Extratropical cyclones, Extreme Event Attribution
Abstract: International audience Extreme event attribution aims at evaluating the impact of climate change on extreme events. In this work, we adapt an attribution methodology applicable to extratropical cyclones, and test it on storm Alex: an explosive extratropical cyclone that affected Southern France and Northern Italy at the beginning of October 2020. The methodology specifically combines atmospheric analogues, dynamical systems theory and extreme value theory. We first divide 6-hourly ERA5 data into two periods: a counterfactual period with a weak climate change signal (1950-1985) and a factual period with a strong climate change signal (1985-2021). We then identify the 30 cyclones in each period whose sea-level pressure maps were most similar to Alex's map. We term these analogues of Alex. We find that analogues in the factual period are more persistent than in the counterfactual period, which may favour severe impacts resulting from persistent strong winds and heavy precipitation, as was the case for Alex. This effect is compounded by the doubling in accumulated daily precipitation detected in Northern Italy between the counterfactual and factual analogues. In the factual period, the analogues also display deeper cyclones with poleward-shifted backward trajectories. Furthermore, we identify a seasonal shift of the analogues, from spring to autumn. Finally, the analogues in the factual world are closer to Alex than in the counterfactual. These changes collectively point to high-impact storms like Alex becoming more common in a changing climate.
Published: 2022

18. Climate effects on volcanism: influence on magmatic systems of loading and unloading from ice mass variations, with examples from Iceland

Author: Freysteinn Sigmundsson, Erik Sturkell, Halldór Geirsson, Virginie Pinel, Björn Lund, Carolina Pagli, Fabien Albino, Nordic Volcanological Center, Institute of Earth Sciences, Institute of Earth Sciences [University of Iceland], University of Iceland [Reykjavik]-University of Iceland [Reykjavik], Laboratoire de Géophysique Interne et Tectonophysique (LGIT), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (LCPC)-Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTerre), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-PRES Université de Grenoble-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-PRES Université de Grenoble-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR), Department of Earth Sciences [ Uppsala], Uppsala University, Institute of Geophysics and Tectonics, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Icelandic Meteorological Office, celandic Meteorological Office, Department of Earth Sciences [Gothenburg], University of Gothenburg (GU), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (LCPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Department of Earth Sciences [Uppsala]
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, General Mathematics, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, General Physics and Astronomy, Poison control, Magma chamber, volcanoes, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, global warming, 01 natural sciences, ice retreat, glacial rebound, pressure, Glacial period, Meltwater, Petrology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, magma, Lead (sea ice), General Engineering, Post-glacial rebound, Volcano, 13. Climate action, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, Magma, Geology
Abstract: Pressure influences both magma production and the failure of magma chambers. Changes in pressure interact with the local tectonic settings and can affect magmatic activity. Present-day reduction in ice load on subglacial volcanoes due to global warming is modifying pressure conditions in magmatic systems. The large pulse in volcanic production at the end of the last glaciation in Iceland suggests a link between unloading and volcanism, and models of that process can help to evaluate future scenarios. A viscoelastic model of glacio-isostatic adjustment that considers melt generation demonstrates how surface unloading may lead to a pulse in magmatic activity. Iceland’s ice caps have been thinning since 1890 and glacial rebound at rates exceeding 20 mm yr−1is ongoing. Modelling predicts a significant amount of ‘additional’ magma generation under Iceland due to ice retreat. The unloading also influences stress conditions in shallow magma chambers, modifying their failure conditions in a manner that depends critically on ice retreat, the shape and depth of magma chambers as well as the compressibility of the magma. An annual cycle of land elevation in Iceland, due to seasonal variation of ice mass, indicates an annual modulation of failure conditions in subglacial magma chambers.
Published: 2010

19. Glacier melt, air temperature, and energy balance in different climates: The Bolivian Tropics, the French Alps, and northern Sweden

Author: Jean Emmanuel Sicart, Delphine Six, Regine Hock, Glaciers et ressources en eau d'altitude - Indicateurs climatiques et environnementaux (GREATICE), Geophysical Institute [Fairbanks], University of Alaska [Fairbanks] (UAF), Department of Earth Sciences [ Uppsala], Uppsala University, Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-05-JCJC-0135,TAG,Relation climat-glacier : flux turbulents et processus d'interactions dynamiques entre l'atmopshère et le climat(2005), Department of Earth Sciences [Uppsala], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), and Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, glacier, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 0207 environmental engineering, Energy balance, Soil Science, 02 engineering and technology, Aquatic Science, Sensible heat, snow, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, tropics, Degree day, Geochemistry and Petrology, Latent heat, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), [SDU.STU.GL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Glaciology, 020701 environmental engineering, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, Advection, Paleontology, temperature, Forestry, Glacier, Snow, energy balance, degree-day, Warm front, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Climatology, Environmental science
Abstract: This study investigates the physical basis of temperature-index models for three glaciers in contrasting climates: Zongo ( 16 degrees S, 5050 m, Bolivian Tropics), St Sorlin ( 45 degrees N, 2760 m, French Alps), and Storglaciaren ( 67 degrees N, 1370 m, northern Sweden). The daily energy fluxes were computed during melt seasons and correlated with each other and with air temperature on and outside the glacier. The relative contribution of each flux to the correlations between temperature and melt energy was assessed. At Zongo, net short-wave radiation controls the variability of the energy balance and is poorly correlated to temperature. On tropical glaciers, temperature remains low and varies little, melt energy is poorly correlated to temperature, and degree-day models are not appropriate to simulate daily melting. At the yearly scale, the temperature is better correlated to the mass balance because it integrates the ablation and the accumulation processes over a long time period. At Sorlin, the turbulent sensible heat flux is greater because of higher temperatures, but melt variability is still controlled by short-wave radiation. Temperature correlates well with melt energy mainly through short-wave radiation, probably because of diurnal advection of warm air from the valley. At Storglaciaren, high correlations between temperature and melt energy result from substantial variability of the sensible and latent heat fluxes ( which both supply energy to the glacier), and their good correlations with temperature. In the three climates, long-wave irradiance is the main source of energy, but its variability is small and poorly correlated to the temperature mainly because cloud emissions dominate its variability.
Published: 2008

20. Study of partial melting at high-pressure using in situ X-ray diffraction

Author: Ken-ichi Funakoshi, Hiroshi Fukui, Denis Andrault, Nathalie Bolfan-Casanova, Mohamed Mezouar, Peter Lazor, Guillaume Morard, Osamu Ohtaka, Nicolas Guignot, H. Arima, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans (LMV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement et la société-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Institut de minéralogie, de physique des matériaux et de cosmochimie (IMPMC), Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR206-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-IPG PARIS-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Earth and Space Science, Institute for Study of the Earth's Interior, Department of Earth Sciences [ Uppsala], Uppsala University, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Institute, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de minéralogie et de physique des milieux condensés (IMPMC), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-IPG PARIS-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Earth and Space Science [Toyonaka-shi], Osaka University, Okayama University, Department of Earth Sciences [Uppsala], Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute [Hyogo] (JASRI), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), and Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Diffraction, Materials science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Analytical chemistry, [SDU.STU.PE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Petrography, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Solidus, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Diamond anvil cell, law.invention, Diamond anvil cel l, law, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Eutectic system, Multi-anvil press, Synchrotron radiation, Scattering, Melting, Condensed Matter Physics, Paris-Edinburg press, Synchrotron, Crystallography, Beamline, X-ray crystallography, [SDU.STU.MI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Mineralogy
Abstract: International audience; The high-pressure melting behavior of different iron alloys was investigated using the classical synchrotron-based in situ X-ray diffraction techniques. As they offer specific advantages and disadvantages, both energy-dispersive (EDX) and angle-dispersive (ADX) X-ray diffraction methods were performed at the BL04B1 beamline of SPring8 (Japan) and at the ID27-30 beamline of the ESRF (France), respectively. High-pressure vessels and pressure ranges investigated include the Paris- Edinburgh press from 2 to 17GPa, the SPEED-1500 multi-anvil press from 10 to 27 GPa, and the laser-heated diamond anvil cell from 15 to 60 GPa. The onset of melting (at the solidus or eutectic temperature) can be easily detected using EDX because the grains start to rotate relative to the X-ray beam, which provokes rapid and drastic changes with time of the peak growth rate. Then, the degree of melting can be determined, using both EDX and ADX, from the intensity of diffuse X-ray scattering characteristic of the liquid phase. This diffuse contribution can be easily differentiated from the Compton diffusion of the pressure medium because they have different shapes in the diffraction patterns. Information about the composition and/or about the structure of the liquid phase can then be extracted from the shape of the diffuse X-ray scattering.
Published: 2006

21. A proxy modelling approach to assess the potential of extracting ENSO signal from tropical Pacific planktonic foraminifera

Author: Didier M. Roche, Brett Metcalfe, Bryan C Lougheed, Claire Waelbroeck, Earth and Climate, Earth Sciences, Cluster Earth and Climate [Amsterdam], Department of Earth Sciences [Amsterdam], VU University Amsterdam-VU University Amsterdam, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Department of Earth Sciences [Uppsala], Uppsala University, Paléocéanographie (PALEOCEAN), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ANR-10-LABX-0018,L-IPSL,LabEx Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL): Understand climate and anticipate future changes(2010), European Project: 339108,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2013-ADG,ACCLIMATE(2014), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU)-Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Vrije universiteit = Free university of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU)-Vrije universiteit = Free university of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU)
Subjects: 010506 paleontology, Climate Research, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, lcsh:Environmental protection, Stratigraphy, Population, 01 natural sciences, Proxy (climate), Klimatforskning, Foraminifera, lcsh:Environmental pollution, lcsh:TD169-171.8, 14. Life underwater, SDG 14 - Life Below Water, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, education, lcsh:Environmental sciences, Globigerinoides, Seabed, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, lcsh:GE1-350, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Global and Planetary Change, education.field_of_study, biology, Paleontology, Plankton, biology.organism_classification, El Niño Southern Oscillation, Oceanography, 13. Climate action, lcsh:TD172-193.5, Environmental science, Climate model
Abstract: A complete understanding of past El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) fluctuations is important for the future predictions of regional climate using climate models. One approach to reconstructing past ENSO dynamics uses planktonic foraminifera as recorders of past climate to assess past spatio-temporal changes in upper ocean conditions. In this paper, we utilise a model of planktonic foraminifera populations, Foraminifera as Modelled Entities (FAME), to forward model the potential monthly average δ18Oc and temperature signal proxy values for Globigerinoides ruber, Globigerinoides sacculifer, and Neogloboquadrina dutertrei from input variables covering the period of the instrumental record. We test whether the modelled foraminifera population δ18Oc and Tc associated with El Niño events statistically differ from the values associated with other climate states. Provided the assumptions of the model are correct, our results indicate that the values of El Niño events can be differentiated from other climate states using these species. Our model computes the proxy values of foraminifera in the water, suggesting that, in theory, water locations for a large portion of the tropical Pacific should be suitable for differentiating El Niño events from other climate states. However, in practice it may not be possible to differentiate climate states in the sediment record. Specifically, comparison of our model results with the sedimentological features of the Pacific Ocean shows that a large portion of the hydrographically/ecologically suitable water regions coincide with low sediment accumulation rate at the sea floor and/or of sea floor that lie below threshold water depths for calcite preservation.
Published: 2020

22. The tensile strength of volcanic rocks: Experiments and models

Author: Michael J. Heap, Fabian B. Wadsworth, Frances M. Deegan, Andrea Aguilar Velasco, Luke Griffiths, Marie Vistour, Emma Vairé, Thierry Reuschlé, Valentin R. Troll, Chunan Tang, Tao Xu, Zhen Heng, Institut Terre Environnement Strasbourg (ITES), École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg (ENGEES)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Durham University, Department of Earth Sciences, Science Labs, Durham, Northeastern University [Shenyang], Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Department of Earth Sciences [Uppsala], Uppsala University, Dalian University of Technology, and China University of Geosciences [Wuhan] (CUG)
Subjects: geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Aspect ratio, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Magma chamber, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Volcanic rock, Geophysics, Volcano, Geochemistry and Petrology, Damage mechanics, Magma, Ultimate tensile strength, Composite material, Porosity, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: The tensile strength of volcanic rock exerts control over several key volcanic processes, including fragmentation and magma chamber rupture. Despite its importance, there is a paucity of laboratory data for the tensile strength of volcanic rocks, leading to an incomplete understanding of the influence of microstructural parameters, such as pore size and shape (factors that vary widely for volcanic rocks), on their tensile strength. To circumvent problems associated with the variability of natural samples, we provide here a systematic study in which we use elastic damage mechanics code “Rock Failure Process Analysis” to perform numerical experiments to better understand the influence of porosity, pore diameter, pore aspect ratio, and pore orientation on the tensile strength of volcanic rocks. We find that porosity and pore diameter exert a first-order control on the tensile strength of volcanic rocks, and that pore aspect ratio and orientation also influence tensile strength. Tensile strength is reduced by up to a factor of two as porosity is increased from 0.05 to 0.35 or as pore diameter is increased from 1 to 2 mm. Small, but systematic, reductions in tensile strength are observed as the angle between the loading direction and the major axis of an elliptical pore is increased from 0 to 90°. The influence of pore aspect ratio (the ratio of the minor to major axis of an ellipse) depends on the pore angle: when the pore angle is 0°, a decrease in pore aspect ratio, from 1 (a circle) to 0.2, increases the tensile strength, whereas the same decrease in pore aspect ratio does not substantially change the tensile strength when the pore angle is 90°. These latter numerical experiments show that the tensile strength of volcanic rocks can be anisotropic. Our numerical data are in broad agreement with new and compiled experimental data for the tensile strength of volcanic rocks. One of the goals of this contribution is to provide better constrained constitutive models for the tensile strength of volcanic rocks for use in volcano modelling. To this end, we present a series of theoretical and semi-empirical constitutive models that can be used to determine the tensile strength of volcanic rocks, and highlight how tensile strength estimations can influence predictions of magma overpressures and assessments of the volume and radius of a magma chamber.
Published: 2021

23. Human domination of the global water cycle absent from depictions and perceptions

Author: David Ellison, Tamara Kolbe, Stefan Krause, Madeline Buhman, Benjamin W. Abbott, Sayedeh Sara Sayedi, Jean Marçais, Lafe Conner, Amanda Huebner, David M. Hannah, Camille Minaudo, Rebecca J. Frei, Stephen Plont, Kathryn D. Henderson, Gilles Pinay, Sen Gu, F. S. Chapin, Ovidiu Ursache, Sarah E. Godsey, Melissa C. Chapin, Jay P. Zarnetske, Tyler Hampton, Kevin Bishop, Brigham Young University (BYU), Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala University, GéoHydrosystèmes COntinentaux (GéHCO EA6293), Université de Tours, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences [Birmingham], University of Birmingham [Birmingham], Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University [Blacksburg], Géosciences Rennes (GR), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Department of Earth Sciences - Palaeobiology [Uppsala], Université de Tours (UT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-IPG PARIS-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Water resources, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Natural resource economics, river, 0207 environmental engineering, Climate change, security, 02 engineering and technology, insights, decline, 01 natural sciences, Water scarcity, Hydrology (agriculture), framework, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, Water cycle, 020701 environmental engineering, science, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Ecology, Moisture recycling, footprint, 15. Life on land, protection, 6. Clean water, Environmental sciences, Water security, quality, 13. Climate action, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Hydrology, Climate sciences, Water use
Abstract: [Departement_IRSTEA]Eaux [ADD1_IRSTEA]Systèmes aquatiques soumis à des pressions multiples; International audience; Human water use, climate change and land conversion have created a water crisis for billions of individuals and many ecosystems worldwide. Global water stocks and fluxes are estimated empirically and with computer models, but this information is conveyed to policymakers and researchers through water cycle diagrams. Here we compiled a synthesis of the global water cycle, which we compared with 464 water cycle diagrams from around the world. Although human freshwater appropriation now equals half of global river discharge, only 15% of the water cycle diagrams depicted human interaction with water. Only 2% of the diagrams showed climate change or water pollution—two of the central causes of the global water crisis—which effectively conveys a false sense of water security. A single catchment was depicted in 95% of the diagrams, which precludes the representation of teleconnections such as ocean–land interactions and continental moisture recycling. These inaccuracies correspond with specific dimensions of water mismanagement, which suggest that flaws in water diagrams reflect and reinforce the misunderstanding of global hydrology by policymakers, researchers and the public. Correct depictions of the water cycle will not solve the global water crisis, but reconceiving this symbol is an important step towards equitable water governance, sustainable development and planetary thinking in the Anthropocene.
Published: 2019

24. Water temperature control on CO 2 flux and evaporation over a subtropical seagrass meadow revealed by atmospheric eddy covariance

Author: James W. Fourqurean, René M. Price, Christian Lopes, Bryce Van Dam, Pierre Polsenaere, Anna Rutgersson, Lopes, Christian C., 2 Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Coastal Oceans Research Florida International University Miami Florida USA, Polsenaere, Pierre, 3 IFREMER, Laboratoire Environmement Ressources des Pertuis Charentais (LER‐PC) La Tremblade France, Price, René M., 4 Department of Earth and Environment and Southeast Environmental Research Center Florida International University Miami Florida USA, Rutgersson, Anna, 5 Department of Earth Sciences Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden, and Fourqurean, James W.
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, biometeorological measurements, Eddy covariance, Evaporation, Forcing (mathematics), air–water CO2 exchanges, Oceanografi, hydrologi och vattenresurser, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Carbon cycle, Atmosphere, Oceanography, Hydrology and Water Resources, 14. Life underwater, Precipitation, seagrass meadows, 551.5, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Bob Allen Keys, biology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Waves and shallow water, Seagrass, 13. Climate action, Florida, Environmental science
Abstract: Subtropical seagrass meadows play a major role in the coastal carbon cycle, but the nature of air–water CO2 exchanges over these ecosystems is still poorly understood. The complex physical forcing of air–water exchange in coastal waters challenges our ability to quantify bulk exchanges of CO2 and water (evaporation), emphasizing the need for direct measurements. We describe the first direct measurements of evaporation and CO2 flux over a calcifying seagrass meadow near Bob Allen Keys, Florida. Over the 78‐d study, CO2 emissions were 36% greater during the day than at night, and the site was a net CO2 source to the atmosphere of 0.27 ± 0.17 μmol m−2 s−1 (x̅ ± standard deviation). A quarter (23%) of the diurnal variability in CO2 flux was caused by the effect of changing water temperature on gas solubility. Furthermore, evaporation rates were ~ 10 times greater than precipitation, causing a 14% increase in salinity, a potential precursor of seagrass die‐offs. Evaporation rates were not correlated with solar radiation, but instead with air–water temperature gradient and wind shear. We also confirm the role of convective forcing on night‐time enhancement and day‐time suppression of gas transfer. At this site, temperature trends are regulated by solar heating, combined with shallow water depth and relatively consistent air temperature. Our findings indicate that evaporation and air–water CO2 exchange over shallow, tropical, and subtropical seagrass ecosystems may be fundamentally different than in submerged vegetated environments elsewhere, in part due to the complex physical forcing of coastal air–sea gas transfer., Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001655, National Science Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000001
Published: 2021

25. Decrypting Magnetic Fabrics (AMS, AARM, AIRM) Through the Analysis of Mineral Shape Fabrics and Distribution Anisotropy

Author: J. Octavio Palma, Øyvind Hammer, Tobias Mattsson, Bjarne Almqvist, Olivier Galland, Steffi Burchardt, Benoît Petri, William McCarthy, University of St Andrews. School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of St Andrews. St Andrews Isotope Geochemistry, Department of Geological Sciences [Stockholm], Stockholm University, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences [University St Andrews], University of St Andrews [Scotland], Department of Earth Sciences [Uppsala], Uppsala University, Institut Terre Environnement Strasbourg (ITES), École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg (ENGEES)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo [La Plata] (FCNyM), Universidad Nacional de la Plata [Argentine] (UNLP), Natural History Museum [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO), Physics of Geological Processes [Oslo] (PGP), Department of Physics [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Department of Geosciences [Oslo], and University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], [SDU.STU.PE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Petrography, Geochemistry, 01 natural sciences, AARM, Geochemistry and Petrology, [SDU.STU.VO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Volcanology, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), AMS, Anisotropy, Planète et Univers [physics]/Sciences de la Terre, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.STU.TE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Tectonics, Distribution Anisotropy, GE, Mineral, Geofysik, DAS, MicroXCT, Geophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Research council, Geology, GE Environmental Sciences
Abstract: The fieldwork was supported by the DIPS project (grant no. 240467) and the MIMES project (grant no. 244155) funded by the Norwegian Research Council awarded to O.G. O.P.'s position was funded from Y-TEC. Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) and anisotropy of magnetic remanence (AARM and AIRM) are efficient and versatile techniques to indirectly determine rock fabrics. Yet, deciphering the source of a magnetic fabric remains a crucial and challenging step, notably in the presence of ferrimagnetic phases. Here we use X-ray micro-computed tomography to directly compare mineral shape-preferred orientation and spatial distribution fabrics to AMS, AARM and AIRM fabrics from five hypabyssal trachyandesite samples. Magnetite grains in the trachyandesite are euhedral with a mean aspect ratio of 1.44 (0.24 s.d., long/short axis), and > 50% of the magnetite grains occur in clusters, and they are therefore prone to interact magnetically. Amphibole grains are prolate with magnetite in breakdown rims. We identified three components of the petrofabric that influence the AMS of the analyzed samples: the magnetite and the amphibole shape fabrics and the magnetite spatial distribution. Depending on their relative strength, orientation and shape, these three components interfere either constructively or destructively to produce the AMS fabric. If the three components are coaxial, the result is a relatively strongly anisotropic AMS fabric (P’ = 1.079). If shape fabrics and/or magnetite distribution are non-coaxial, the resulting AMS is weakly anisotropic (P’ = 1.012). This study thus reports quantitative petrofabric data that show the effect of magnetite distribution anisotropy on magnetic fabrics in igneous rocks, which has so far only been predicted by experimental and theoretical models. Our results have first-order implications for the interpretation of petrofabrics using magnetic methods. Publisher PDF
Published: 2021

26. Global Trends in Air-Water CO2 Exchange Over Seagrass Meadows Revealed by Atmospheric Eddy Covariance

Author: Tomohiro Kuwae, Bryce Van Dam, Aylin Barreras-Apodaca, Helmuth Thomas, James W. Fourqurean, Christian Lopes, Tatsuki Tokoro, Zulia Mayari Sanchez-Mejia, Anna Rutgersson, Lucia Gutiérrez Loza, Pierre Polsenaere, Polsenaere, Pierre, 2 Ifremer Laboratoire Environnement et Ressources des Pertuis Charentais (LER‐PC), BP133 La Tremblade France, Barreras‐Apodaca, Aylin, 3 Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora Ciudad Obregón México, Lopes, Christian, 4 Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Coastal Oceans Research Florida International University Miami FL USA, Sanchez‐Mejia, Zulia, Tokoro, Tatsuki, 5 Coastal and Estuarine Environment Research Group Port and Airport Research Institute Yokosuka Japan, Kuwae, Tomohiro, 6 National Institute for Environmental Studies Center for Global Environmental Research (CGER) Office for Atmospheric and Oceanic Monitoring Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan, Loza, Lucia Gutiérrez, 7 Department of Earth Sciences Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden, Rutgersson, Anna, Fourqurean, James, Thomas, Helmuth, and 1 Institute of Carbon Cycles Helmholtz‐Zentrum Hereon Geesthacht Germany
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Eddy covariance, Oceanografi, hydrologi och vattenresurser, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, CO2 Flux, Carbon cycle, Carbon Cycle, Blue carbon, Oceanography, Hydrology and Water Resources, Air&#8208, Environmental Chemistry, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, 577.144, Co2 exchange, sea interaction, Seagrass, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Global and Planetary Change, Air-sea interaction, biology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Blue Carbon, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Oceanography, Habitat, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, Air water, Environmental science, Eddy Covariance, Air‐sea interaction
Abstract: Coastal vegetated habitats like seagrass meadows can mitigate anthropogenic carbon emissions by sequestering CO2 as “blue carbon” (BC). Already, some coastal ecosystems are actively managed to enhance BC storage, with associated BC stocks included in national greenhouse gas inventories. However, the extent to which BC burial fluxes are enhanced or counteracted by other carbon fluxes, especially air‐water CO2 flux (FCO2) remains poorly understood. In this study, we synthesized all available direct FCO2 measurements over seagrass meadows made using atmospheric Eddy Covariance, across a globally representative range of ecotypes. Of the four sites with seasonal data coverage, two were net CO2 sources, with average FCO2 equivalent to 44%–115% of the global average BC burial rate. At the remaining sites, net CO2 uptake was 101%–888% of average BC burial. A wavelet coherence analysis demonstrated that FCO2 was most strongly related to physical factors like temperature, wind, and tides. In particular, tidal forcing was a key driver of global‐scale patterns in FCO2, likely due to a combination of lateral carbon exchange, bottom‐driven turbulence, and pore‐water pumping. Lastly, sea‐surface drag coefficients were always greater than the prediction for the open ocean, supporting a universal enhancement of gas‐transfer in shallow coastal waters. Our study points to the need for a more comprehensive approach to BC assessments, considering not only organic carbon storage, but also air‐water CO2 exchange, and its complex biogeochemical and physical drivers., Plain Language Summary: Carbon storage is a valuable ecosystem service of seagrass meadows, serving as a possible pathway to draw down atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels. However, this approach may be unsuccessful if carbon storage in sediments is exceeded by the release of CO2 from the water. To better understand the scope of this problem, we compiled all available measurements of air‐water CO2 exchange over seagrass meadows. We found that rates of CO2 release or uptake were indeed large, even when compared with potential rates of carbon storage in seagrass soils. However, these large air‐water exchanges of CO2 did not occur for the same reason everywhere. While light availability was sometimes a strong predictor of air‐water CO2 exchange, tidal mixing and temperature were also very important, revealing a much more complex network of drivers than previously thought. Despite these diverse conditions, we found one key similarity across all sites, in that rates of air‐water gas transfer appear to always be greater than would be expected for the open ocean. Taken together, the results of our study show that assessments of carbon storage in coastal seagrass ecosystems will be incomplete if they do not consider exchanges of CO2 between the water and air., Key Points: Direct measurements show that air‐water CO2 exchange over seagrass meadows is of similar magnitude to carbon burial rates. Key drivers are tides, temperature, light, and wind, which off in importance over hourly seasonal time scales. Surface drag coefficients were greater than open water prediction, suggesting a near‐universal gas transfer enhancement across all sites., Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347, Florida Coastal Everglades LTER, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003141, MEXT, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001691, Ethicon Endo‐Surgery http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100005566, Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001655, National Science Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000001, Vetenskapsrådet http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004359, Uppsala Universitet http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100007051, Agence Nationale de la Recherche http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001665, Université de Bordeaux http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100006251, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100006488
Published: 2021

27. Recovery from multi-millennial natural coastal hypoxia in the Stockholm Archipelago, Baltic Sea, terminated by modern human activity

Author: van Helmond, Niels A.G.M., Lougheed, Bryan C., Vollebregt, Annika, Peterse, Francien, Fontorbe, Guillaume, Conley, Daniel J., Slomp, Caroline P., Geochemistry, Organic geochemistry, General geochemistry, Faculty of Geosciences [Utrecht], Utrecht University [Utrecht], Department of Geology [Lund], Lund University [Lund], Department of Earth Sciences [Uppsala], Uppsala University, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Geochemistry, Organic geochemistry, and General geochemistry
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Climate Research, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Article, Klimatforskning, Bottom water, Nutrient, 14. Life underwater, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Global warming, Hypoxia (environmental), TEX86, Articles, 13. Climate action, Archipelago, Environmental science, Sedimentary rock, Eutrophication, geographic locations
Abstract: International audience; Enhanced nutrient input and warming have led to the development of low oxygen (hypoxia) in coastal waters globally. For many coastal areas, insight into redox conditions prior to human impact is lacking. Here, we reconstructed bottom water redox conditions and sea surface temperatures (SSTs) for the coastal Stockholm Archipelago over the past 3000 yr. Elevated sedimentary concentrations of molybdenum indicate (seasonal) hypoxia between 1000 B.C.E. and 1500 C.E. Biomarker-based (TEX 86) SST reconstructions indicate that the recovery from hypoxia after 1500 C.E. coincided with a period of significant cooling (2 C), while human activity in the study area, deduced from trends in sedimentary lead and existing paleobotanical and archeological records, had significantly increased. A strong increase in sedimentary lead and zinc, related to more intense human activity in the 18 th and 19 th century, and the onset of modern warming precede the return of hypoxia in the Stockholm Archipelago. We conclude that climatic cooling played an important role in the recovery from natural hypoxia after 1500 C.E., but that eutrophication and warming, related to modern human activity, led to the return of hypoxia in the 20 th century. Our findings imply that ongoing global warming may exacerbate hypoxia in the coastal zone of the Baltic Sea.
Published: 2020

28. New gravity data and 3-D density model constraints on the Ivrea Geophysical Body (Western Alps)

Author: György Hetényi, Paola Manzotti, Théo Berthet, Mattia Pistone, Ludovic Baron, Matteo Scarponi, Othmar Müntener, Benoît Petri, Institut des sciences de la terre [Lausanne] (ISTE), Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Department of Earth Sciences [Uppsala], Uppsala University, Department of Geological Sciences [Stockholm], Stockholm University, Géologie - océans - lithosphère - sédiments (IPGS) (IPGS-GEOLS), Institut de physique du globe de Strasbourg (IPGS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and University of Georgia [USA]
Subjects: Peridotite, Regional geology, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Metamorphic rock, Geophysics, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Mantle (geology), Gravity anomaly, Tectonics, Geochemistry and Petrology, Lithosphere, Density contrast, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: SUMMARY We provide a high-resolution image of the Ivrea Geophysical Body (IGB) in the Western Alps with new gravity data and 3-D density modelling, integrated with surface geological observations and laboratory analyses of rock properties. The IGB is a sliver of Adriatic lower lithosphere that is located at shallow depths along the inner arc of the Western Alps, and associated with dense rocks that are exposed in the Ivrea-Verbano Zone (IVZ). The IGB is known for its high seismic velocity anomaly at shallow crustal depths and a pronounced positive gravity anomaly. Here, we investigate the IGB at a finer spatial scale, merging geophysical and geological observations. We compile existing gravity data and we add 207 new relative gravity measurements, approaching an optimal spatial coverage of 1 data point per 4–9 km2 across the IVZ. A compilation of tectonic maps and rock laboratory analyses together with a mineral properties database is used to produce a novel surface rock-density map of the IVZ. The density map is incorporated into the gravity anomaly computation routine, from which we defined the Niggli gravity anomaly. This accounts for Bouguer Plate and terrain correction, both considering the in situ surface rock densities, deviating from the 2670 kg m–3 value commonly used in such computations. We then develop a 3-D single-interface crustal density model, which represents the density distribution of the IGB, including the above Niggli-correction. We retrieve an optimal fit to the observations by using a 400 kg m–3 density contrast across the model interface, which reaches as shallow as 1 km depth below sea level. The model sensitivity tests suggest that the ∼300–500 kg m–3 density contrast range is still plausible, and consequently locates the shallowest parts of the interface at 0 km and at 2 km depth below sea level, for the lowest and the highest density contrast, respectively. The former model requires a sharp density discontinuity, the latter may feature a vertical transition of densities on the order of few kilometres. Compared with previous studies, the model geometry reaches shallower depths and suggests that the width of the anomaly is larger, ∼20 km in west–east direction and steeply E–SE dipping. Regarding the possible rock types composing the IGB, both regional geology and standard background crustal structure considerations are taken into account. These exclude both felsic rocks and high-pressure metamorphic rocks as suitable candidates, and point towards ultramafic or mantle peridotite type rocks composing the bulk of the IGB.
Published: 2020

29. Technical Note: Characterising and comparing different palaeoclimates with dynamical systems theory

Author: Gabriele Messori, Davide Faranda, Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Department of Earth Sciences [Uppsala], Uppsala University, Department of Meteorology [Stockholm] (MISU), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), London Mathematical Laboratory, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Extrèmes : Statistiques, Impacts et Régionalisation (ESTIMR), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Gabriele Messori has been partly supported by the Swedish Research Council Vetenskapsrådet (grantno. 2016-03724) and the Swedish Research Council for SustainableDevelopment FORMAS (grant no. 2018-00968). Davide Farandawas supported by a CNRS/INSU LEFE/MANU grant (DINCLICproject) and by an ANR-TERC grant (BOREAS project). The article processing charges for this open-accesspublication were covered by Stockholm University., ANR-19-ERC7-0003,BOREAS,Dynamique et thermodynamique des tempêtes de neige en changement climatique(2019), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)
Subjects: Climate Research, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, 13. Climate action, WEST-AFRICAN MONSOON, CLIMATE, VEGETATION, EXTREMES, SAHARA, MODEL, MIDHOLOCENE, CIRCULATION, ATMOSPHERE, FEEDBACKS, Klimatforskning
Abstract: International audience; Numerical climate simulations produce vast amounts of high-resolution data. This poses new challenges to the palaeoclimate community – and indeed to the broader climate community – in how to efficiently process and interpret model output. The palaeoclimate community also faces the additional challenge of having to characterise and compare a much broader range of climates than encountered in other subfields of climate science. Here we propose an analysis framework, grounded in dynamical systems theory, which may contribute to overcoming these challenges. The framework enables the characterisation of the dynamics of a given climate through a small number of metrics. These may be applied to individual climate variables or to several variables at once, and they can diagnose properties such as persistence, active number of degrees of freedom and coupling. Crucially, the metrics provide information on instantaneous states of the chosen variable(s). To illustrate the framework's applicability, we analyse three numerical simulations of mid-Holocene climates over North Africa under different boundary conditions. We find that the three simulations produce climate systems with different dynamical properties, such as persistence of the spatial precipitation patterns and coupling between precipitation and large-scale sea level pressure patterns, which are reflected in the dynamical systems metrics. We conclude that the dynamical systems framework holds significant potential for analysing palaeoclimate simulations. At the same time, an appraisal of the framework's limitations suggests that it should be viewed as a complement to more conventional analyses, rather than as a wholesale substitute.
Published: 2020

30. Perceiving and managing the 2018 & 2019 droughts in Europe: is there a need for macro-governance in Europe?

Author: Claudia Teutschbein, Marijke Huysmans, Veit Blauhut, Michelle T. H. van Vliet, David C. Finger, Kiril Manevski, Ksenija Cindrić Kalin, Michael Stoelzle, Kerstin Stahl, Mathias Neumann Andersen, Manuela I. Brunner, Jürgen Vogt, Renata J. Romanowicz, Niko Wanders, Anne Van Loon, Patrick Williams, Marzena Osuch, Carmelo Cammalleri, Jean-Philippe Vidal, University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Department of Earth Sciences [Uppsala], Uppsala University, Aarhus University [Aarhus], National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service (DHMZ), Reykjavík University, Vrije Universiteit Brussel [Bruxelles] (VUB), Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences [Birmingham], University of Birmingham [Birmingham], Utrecht University [Utrecht], Riverly (Riverly), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven)
Subjects: 2. Zero hunger, 13. Climate action, Corporate governance, Development economics, Business, 15. Life on land, Macro, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, 6. Clean water
Abstract: In recent years, the adverse effects of drought have been experienced and perceived more severely and frequently all over Europe. These impacts are a result of the drought hazard and the socio-economic and ecological vulnerability. Due to the heterogeneity of Europe’s hydro-climatology and its cultural, political, social and economic diversity , the socio-economic and ecological impacts vary not only with respect to the extent, duration and severity of the drought, but also with the characteristics of affected societies, economic sectors and ecosystems. The lack of understanding the spatio-temporal differences in the drivers of drought risk hinders the successful mitigation of future impacts, and the design of suitable reactive and proactive drought action plans. Therefore, this study describes the European drought events of 2018 and 2019 beyond the hazard. The hypothesis to be proven is that similar hazard conditions result in different impacts due to national and sub-national differences in drought vulnerability, perception and drought-risk management. Based on research in 35 European countries, comparable national datasets on drought management and perception are established. For each of these countries, a uniform questionnaire was distributed to water management-related stakeholders at different administrative levels. A major focus of the questions was the perception and impacts of the recent droughts and current management strategies on a national and sub-national scale. The results of the questionnaires are also compared to country-scale profiles of past drought events for different drought types, i.e. meteorological, soil moisture, hydrological and vegetation drought, which were established based on information derived from the European Drought Observatory indicator system.The results highlight a large diversity in the national perception of drought as a natural hazard and its impacts; but also a different spatial extent of 2018/2019 drought events At the same time, existing drought management strategies are shown to increase national and sub-national resilience. The study, therefore, calls for international exchange and mutual learning to improve national and international drought governance and management.
Published: 2020

31. 3D rock fabric analysis using micro-tomography: An introduction to the open-source TomoFab MATLAB code

Author: Mattia Pistone, Benoît Petri, Bjarne Almqvist, Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Géologie - océans - lithosphère - sédiments (IPGS) (IPGS-GEOLS), Institut de physique du globe de Strasbourg (IPGS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Earth Sciences [Uppsala], Uppsala University, and University of Georgia [USA]
Subjects: 0208 environmental biotechnology, [SDU.STU.PE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Petrography, Geometry, 02 engineering and technology, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Stress (mechanics), [SDU.STU.VO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Volcanology, Symmetric tensor, Tensor, Computers in Earth Sciences, Geosciences, Multidisciplinary, Anisotropy, Eigenvalues and eigenvectors, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Tensor analysis, X-ray computed tomography, [SDU.STU.TE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Tectonics, Orientation (computer vision), Computer Sciences, Ellipsoid, Multidisciplinär geovetenskap, 020801 environmental engineering, Micro-tomography, Orientation tensor, Datavetenskap (datalogi), Microfabric analysis, MATLAB GUI, Geology, Information Systems
Abstract: International audience; The study of rock fabric properties (orientation, planar, linear, anisotropy) is key to unravelling the geological processes that generated them. With advancements in data acquisition and treatment, X-ray micro-computed tomography (μXCT) represents a powerful method to analyse the shape preferred orientation (SPO) of rock-forming elements, including minerals, aggregates, and pores, in the three-dimensional space. After reconstruction and segmentation of μXCT images, we developed a novel protocol to construct and analyse the fabric tensor, a second-rank symmetric tensor constructed using the orientation and the length of the three characteristic axes of each grain (simplified to a best fit ellipsoid). The analysis of the fabric tensor permits calculation of mean principal directions and associated confidence ellipses, and quantifies the degree of anisotropy (P 0) and the shape (T) of the fabric ellipsoid by eigenvalue and eigenvector analysis. We implement this method in the TomoFab open-source MATLAB package. The code integrates a graphical user interface (GUI) that allows the visualisation of the full set of ellipsoid orientation, shape, and size. Density plots and contouring can be utilised to identify fabrics graphically, and a full set of fabric parameters can be calculated based on the analysis of the fabric tensor and/or the analysis of each principal direction orientation tensor. We demonstrate the versatility of TomoFab with synthetic datasets and a field-and laboratory-based investigation of a sample presenting a magmatic foliation and lineation, collected in the Mafic Complex within the lower crustal section of the Ivrea-Verbano Zone (North Italy). In the light of these developments, we stress that μXCT represents a pertinent tool for rock fabric analysis to characterise the SPO of rock components. This approach can be performed parallel or complementary to other rock fabric quantification methods (e.g., AMS, EBSD) and applied to various rock types. TomoFab is freely available for download at https://github. com/benpetri/tomofab.
Published: 2020

32. On the validity of foraminifera-based ENSO reconstructions

Author: Didier M. Roche, Claire Waelbroeck, Bryan C Lougheed, Brett Metcalfe, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Earth Sciences [Amsterdam], VU University Amsterdam, Department of Earth Sciences [Uppsala], and Uppsala University
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 010506 paleontology, biology, Plankton, biology.organism_classification, 01 natural sciences, Isotopes of oxygen, Foraminifera, chemistry.chemical_compound, El Niño Southern Oscillation, Oceanography, chemistry, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, Period (geology), Carbonate, Climate model, Geology, Carbonate compensation depth, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: A complete understanding of past El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) fluctuations is important for the future predictions of regional climate using climate models. Reconstructions of past ENSO dynamics use carbonate oxygen isotope ratios (δ18Oc) and trace metal geochemistry (Mg / Ca) recorded by planktonic foraminifera to reconstruct past spatiotemporal changes in upper ocean conditions. We investigate whether planktonic foraminifera-based proxies offer sufficient spatiotemporal continuity with which to reconstruct past ENSO dynamics. Concentrating upon the period of the instrumental record, we use the Foraminifera as Modelled Entities model to statistically test whether or not δ18Oc and the Temperature signal (Tc) in planktonic foraminifera directly records the ENSO cycle. Our results show that it is possible to use δ18Oc from foraminifera to disentangle the ENSO signal only in certain parts of the Pacific Ocean. Furthermore, a large proportion of these areas coincide with sea-floor regions exhibiting a low sedimentation rate and/or water depth below the carbonate compensation depth, thus precluding the extraction of a temporally valid palaeoclimate signal using long-standing palaeoceanographic methods.
Published: 2019

33. Modeling Immiscible Two‐Phase Flow in Rough Fractures From Capillary to Viscous Fingering

Author: Yi-Feng Chen, Insa Neuweiler, Zhibing Yang, Yves Méheust, Auli Niemi, Ran Hu, State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University [China], Géosciences Rennes (GR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Environmental Physics in Civil, Engineering, Leibniz Universität Hannover=Leibniz University Hannover, Department of Earth Sciences [Uppsala], Uppsala University, 51779188, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Leibniz Universität Hannover [Hannover] (LUH), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), and Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Computer simulation, Capillary action, 0208 environmental biotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, Mechanics, 01 natural sciences, 020801 environmental engineering, Viscous fingering, Physics::Fluid Dynamics, Fracture (geology), Two-phase flow, Wetting, [PHYS.MECA.MEFL]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Fluid mechanics [physics.class-ph], [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, Porous medium, Displacement (fluid), Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology
Abstract: International audience; We develop an efficient computational model for simulating fluid invasion patterns emerging in variable aperture fractures. This two-dimensional model takes into account the effect of capillary force on the fluid-fluid interfaces and viscous pressure drop in both fluid phases. The pressure distribution is solved at each time step based on mass balance and local cubic law, considering an imposed pressure jump condition at the fluid-fluid interface. This pressure jump corresponds to the Laplace pressure which includes both terms related to the out-of-plane (aperture-spanning) curvature and to the in-plane curvature. Simulating a configuration that emulates viscous fingering in two-dimensional random porous media confirms that the model accounts properly for the role of viscous forces. Furthermore, direct comparison with previously obtained experimental results shows that the model reproduces the observed drainage patterns in a rough fracture reasonably well. The evolutions of tip location, the inlet pressures, and the invading phase fractal dimensions are analyzed to characterize the transition from capillary fingering to viscous fingering regimes. A radial injection scenario of immiscible invasion is also studied with varying modified capillary number and viscosity ratio, showing displacement patterns ranging from capillary fingering to viscous fingering to stable displacement. Such simulations using two contact angles show that the invading phase becomes more compact when the wetting condition changes from strong to weak drainage, as already observed in 2-D porous media. The model can be used to bridge the gap in spatial scales of two-phase flow between pore-scale modeling approaches and the continuum Darcy-scale models.
Published: 2019

34. Effect of aperture variability and wettability on immiscible displacement in variable aperture fractures

Author: Yang, Zhibing, Méheust, Yves, Neuweiler, Insa, Hu, R, Chen, Y.F., Niemi, Auli, Géosciences Rennes (GR), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Earth Sciences [Uppsala], Uppsala University, Dubigeon, Isabelle, Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), and Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-FLU-DYN]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Fluid Dynamics [physics.flu-dyn], [SDU.STU.HY] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-FLU-DYN] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Fluid Dynamics [physics.flu-dyn], [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2018

35. Atmospheric boundary layers in storms: advanced theory and modelling applications

Author: Alexander Baklanov, Igor Esau, Sergej Zilitinkevich, Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center [Bergen] (NERSC), Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), Department of Physical Sciences [Helsinki], University of Helsinki, Department of Earth Sciences [Uppsala], Uppsala University, Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI), Department of Physics, and EGU, Publication
Subjects: Convection, Physics, Momentum (technical analysis), 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Turbulence, Planetary boundary layer, Baroclinity, education, 0207 environmental engineering, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, 02 engineering and technology, General Medicine, Mechanics, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, 114 Physical sciences, Atmosphere, Barotropic fluid, [SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Potential temperature, 020701 environmental engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Turbulent planetary boundary layers (PBLs) control the exchange processes between the atmosphere and the ocean/land. The key problems of PBL physics are to determine the PBL height, the momentum, energy and matter fluxes at the surface and the mean wind and scalar profiles throughout the layer in a range of regimes from stable and neutral to convective. Until present, the PBLs typical of stormy weather were always considered as neutrally stratified. Recent works have disclosed that such PBLs are in fact very strongly affected by the static stability of the free atmosphere and must be treated as factually stable (we call this type of the PBL "conventionally neutral" in contract to the "truly neutral" PBLs developed against the neutrally stratified free flow). It is common knowledge that basic features of PBLs exhibit a noticeable dependence on the free-flow static stability and baroclinicity. However, the concern of the traditional theory of neural and stable PBLs was almost without exception the barotropic nocturnal PBL, which develops at mid latitudes during a few hours in the night, on the background of a neutral or slightly stable residual layer. The latter separates this type of the PBL from the free atmosphere. It is not surprising that the nature of turbulence in such regimes is basically local and does not depend on the properties of the free atmosphere. Alternatively, long-lived neutral (in fact only conditionally neutral) or stable PBLs, which have much more time to grow up, are placed immediately below the stably stratified free flow. Under these conditions, the turbulent transports of momentum and scalars even in the surface layer - far away from the PBL outer boundary - depend on the free-flow Brunt-Väisälä frequency, N. Furthermore, integral measures of the long-lived PBLs (their depths and the resistance law functions) depend on N and also on the baroclinic shear, S. In the traditional PBL models both non-local parameters N and S were overlooked. One of possible mechanisms responsible for non-local features of the long-lived PBLs could be the radiation of internal gravity waves (IGW) from the PBL upper boundary to the free atmosphere and the IGW-induced transport of the squared fluctuations of velocity and potential temperature. The free-flow stability plays an especially important role in is the conventionally neutral PBLs (those with the zero potential-temperature flux at the surface: Fθ=0 at z=0, developed against non-zero static stability in the free atmosphere: N>0). The above reasoning obviously calls for a comprehensive revision of the traditional theory. In a series of papers (quoted below in References) an advanced theory has been proposed. It includes the following developments.
Published: 2018

36. Stabilization of immiscible displacement in fractures by controlling aperture variability and wettability

Author: Yang, Zhibing, Méheust, Yves, Neuweiler, Insa, Niemi, Auli, Dubigeon, Isabelle, State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University [China], Géosciences Rennes (GR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Environmental Physics in Civil, Engineering, Leibniz Universität Hannover=Leibniz University Hannover, Department of Earth Sciences [Uppsala], Uppsala University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Leibniz Universität Hannover [Hannover] (LUH), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), and Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDU.STU.HY] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, [PHYS.MECA.MEFL] Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Fluid mechanics [physics.class-ph], [PHYS.MECA.MEFL]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Fluid mechanics [physics.class-ph], [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2018

37. Optimal achieved blood pressure in acute intracerebral hemorrhage: INTERACT2

Author: Craig Anderson, Raf Brouns, Joseph Kwan, David Werring, John Chalmers, Emma Heeley, Angel Chamorro, Graeme Hankey, Pablo Lavados, Dominique Hervé, Serge Timsit, Qiang Li, Richard Lindley, Francesco Corea, Tiago Gregorio, Daniel Strbian, Filip Scheperjans, Emmanuel Touzé, Sylvie De Raedt, Mark Woodward, Andrea Zini, Thomas W Leung, Xia Wang, Sami Curtze, David Blacker, Ann De Smedt, C.J.M. Klijn, María del Mar Castellanos, Charlotte Cordonnier, Thompson Robinson, Markku Kaste, Danilo Toni, Laurent Billot, Candice Delcourt, Christian Stapf, Tissa Wijeratne, Victoria Haunton, Supporting clinical sciences, UZB Other, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Clinical sciences, Neuroprotection & Neuromodulation, Neurology, Vriendenkring VUB, Department of Earth Sciences [Uppsala], Uppsala University, Laboratoire de Glaciologie, Département des Sciences de la Terre et de l'Environnement, CAN-FOR, National Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, Génétique, génomique fonctionnelle et biotechnologies (UMR 1078) (GGB), Institut Brestois Santé Agro Matière (IBSAM), Université de Brest (UBO)-Université de Brest (UBO)-EFS-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), CIC Brest, and Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Hôpital de la Cavale Blanche
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Internationality, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Treatment outcome, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Physical function, law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Blood Pressure Determination/methods, Randomized controlled trial, law, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Single-Blind Method, In patient, cardiovascular diseases, Stroke, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Aged, Intracerebral hemorrhage, Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic use, business.industry, blood pressure, Middle Aged, Cerebral Hemorrhage/diagnosis, Disorders of movement Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 3], medicine.disease, Surgery, Clinical neurology, Treatment Outcome, Blood pressure, Acute Disease, Hypertension/diagnosis, Antihypertensive Agents, Blood Pressure Determination, Cerebral Hemorrhage, Female, Hypertension, Blood Pressure, Neurology (clinical), Medicine (all), Cardiology, business, [SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: Item does not contain fulltext OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of intensive blood pressure (BP) lowering according to baseline BP levels and optimal achieved BP levels in patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). METHODS: INTERACT2 was an open, blinded endpoint, randomized controlled trial in 2,839 patients with ICH within 6 hours of onset and elevated systolic BP (SBP) (150-220 mm Hg) who were allocated to receive intensive (target SBP /=190 mm Hg (p homogeneity = 0.790). Analyses of achieved BP showed linear increases in the risk of physical dysfunction for achieved SBP above 130 mm Hg for both hyperacute (1-24 hours) and acute (2-7 days) phases while modest increases were also observed for achieved SBP below 130 mm Hg. CONCLUSIONS: Intensive BP lowering appears beneficial across a wide range of baseline SBP levels, and target SBP level of 130-139 mm Hg is likely to provide maximum benefit in acute ICH. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class I evidence that the effect of intensive BP lowering on physical function is not influenced by baseline BP.
Published: 2014

38. Catchment virtual observatory for sharing flow and transport modelsoutputs: using residence time distribution to compare contrastingcatchments

Author: Thomas, Zahra, Rousseau-Gueutin, Pauline, Kolbe, Tamara, Abbott, Benjamin W., Marçais, Jean, Peiffer, Stefan, Frei, Sven, Bishop, Kevin, Le Henaff, Genevieve, Squividant, Hervé, Pichelin, Pascal, Pinay, Gilles, Dreuzy, Jean-Raynald de, Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation (SAS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP), Géosciences Rennes (GR), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] (ECOBIO), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala University, Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), European Geosciences Union, Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Department of Earth Sciences - Palaeobiology [Uppsala], Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1)
Subjects: Residence time distribution, Models outputs, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, Inter-catchment comparison, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, Catchment hydrology
Abstract: International audience; The distribution of groundwater residence time in a catchment provides synoptic information about catchmentfunctioning (e.g. nutrient retention and removal, hydrograph flashiness). In contrast with interpreted modelresults, which are often not directly comparable between studies, residence time distribution is a general outputthat could be used to compare catchment behaviors and test hypotheses about landscape controls on catchmentfunctioning. In this goal, we created a virtual observatory platform called Catchment Virtual Observatory forSharing Flow and Transport Model Outputs (COnSOrT). The main goal of COnSOrT is to collect outputs fromcalibrated groundwater models from a wide range of environments. By comparing a wide variety of catch-ments from different climatic, topographic and hydrogeological contexts, we expect to enhance understandingof catchment connectivity, resilience to anthropogenic disturbance, and overall functioning. The web-basedobservatory will also provide software tools to analyze model outputs. The observatory will enable modelersto test their models in a wide range of catchment environments to evaluate the generality of their findings androbustness of their post-processing methods. Researchers with calibrated numerical models can benefit fromobservatory by using the post-processing methods to implement a new approach to analyzing their data. Fieldscientists interested in contributing data could invite modelers associated with the observatory to test their modelsagainst observed catchment behavior. COnSOrT will allow meta-analyses with community contributions to gener-ate new understanding and identify promising pathways forward to moving beyond single catchment ecohydrology.
Published: 2017

39. Effects of aperture variability and wettability on immiscible displacement in fractures

Author: Yang, Zhibing, Méheust, Yves, Neuweiler, Insa, Dubigeon, Isabelle, Department of Earth Sciences [Uppsala], Uppsala University, Géosciences Rennes (GR), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Environmental Physics in Civil, Engineering, Leibniz Universität Hannover [Hannover] (LUH), European Geosciences Union, Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Leibniz Universität Hannover=Leibniz University Hannover, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), and Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)
Subjects: Physics::Fluid Dynamics, [SDU.STU.HY] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, Physics::Geophysics
Abstract: International audience; Fluid-fluid displacement in porous and fractured media is an important process. Understanding and controllingthis process is key to many practical applications, such as hydrocarbon recovery, geological storage of CO2,groundwater remediation, etc. Here, we numerically study fluid-fluid displacement in rough-walled fractures. Wefocus on the combined effect of wettability and fracture surface topography on displacement patterns and interfacegrowth. We develop a novel numerical model to simulate dynamic fluid invasion under the influence of capillaryand viscous forces. The capillary force is calculated using the two principal curvatures (aperture-induced curvatureand in-plane curvature) at the fluid-fluid interface, and the viscous force is taken into account by solving the fluidpressure distribution. The aperture field of a fracture is represented by a spatially correlated random field, which isdescribed by a power spectrum for the fracture wall topography and a cutoff wave-length.We numerically producedisplacement patterns ranging from stable displacement, capillary fingering, and viscous fingering, as well as thetransitions between them. We show that both reducing the aperture variability and increasing the contact angle(from drainage to weak imbibition) stabilize the displacement due to the influence of the in-plane curvature, an effectanalogous to that of the cooperative pore filling in porous media. Implications of these results will be discussed.
Published: 2017

40. SCIENCE ADVANCES

Author: Jose Javier Álvaro, Shuhai Xiao, Sebastian Naeher, A. R. Poshibaeva, Amber J. M. Jarrett, Mareike Neumann, Gerard J M Versteegh, Lennart van Maldegem, Supriyo Kumar Das, Pierre Sansjofre, Yosuke Hoshino, Qing Tang, Colin E. Snape, V. V. Poshibaev, Jochen J. Brocks, Arne Leider, N. B. Kuznetsov, Małgorzata Moczydłowska, Christian Hallmann, Will Meredith, David M. McKirdy, Max Planck Society, German Research Foundation, Department of Environment and Primary Industries (Australia), CSIC - Unidad de Recursos de Información Científica para la Investigación (URICI), Nottingham Fuel and Energy Centre, University of Nottingham, UK (UON), Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Milieux Environnementaux, Transferts et Interactions dans les hydrosystèmes et les Sols (METIS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Department of Earth Sciences [Uppsala], Uppsala University, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University [Blacksburg], Instituto de Geociencias, Universidad Complutense de Madrid = Complutense University of Madrid [Madrid] (UCM)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Laboratoire Géosciences Océan (LGO), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - Brest (IFREMER Centre de Bretagne), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Geosciences, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université de Brest (UBO)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - Brest (IFREMER Centre de Bretagne), and Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)
Subjects: Geologic Sediments, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, marinoan snowball-earth, chemistry.chemical_compound, Chlorophyta, polycyclic compounds, isotope stratigraphy, Research Articles, south-australia, taoudeni basin, Multidisciplinary, Ecology, Geography, SciAdv r-articles, Biological Evolution, 3. Good health, Physical Sciences, Steroids, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Earth and Related Environmental Sciences, [SDU.STU.PG]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Paleontology, Research Article, biostratigraphic significance, molecular fossils, Stigmasterol, Biology, north china, Sterane, siberian-craton, Biosynthesis, [SDU.STU.VO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Volcanology, Snowball Earth, Marine ecosystem, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, Sterol biosynthesis, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.STU.TE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Tectonics, Geovetenskap och miljövetenskap, Paleontology, Sterol, hydrocarbon biomarkers, Biosynthetic Pathways, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Sedimentary rock, Paleoecology, neoproterozoic glaciations
Abstract: Hoshino, Yosuke et al., Sedimentary hydrocarbon remnants of eukaryotic C26–C30 sterols can be used to reconstruct early algal evolution. Enhanced C29 sterol abundances provide algal cell membranes a density advantage in large temperature fluctuations. Here, we combined a literature review with new analyses to generate a comprehensive inventory of unambiguously syngenetic steranes in Neoproterozoic rocks. Our results show that the capacity for C29 24-ethyl-sterol biosynthesis emerged in the Cryogenian, that is, between 720 and 635 million years ago during the Neoproterozoic Snowball Earth glaciations, which were an evolutionary stimulant, not a bottleneck. This biochemical innovation heralded the rise of green algae to global dominance of marine ecosystems and highlights the environmental drivers for the evolution of sterol biosynthesis. The Cryogenian emergence of C29 sterol biosynthesis places a benchmark for verifying older sterane signatures and sets a new framework for our understanding of early algal evolution., This study was principally funded by the Max Planck Society (Max Planck Research Group grant to C.H.); S.N. was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Na1172/2-1). D.M. was supported by the Petroleum Branch of the Department of Primary Industries and Resources, South Australia., We acknowledge support by the CSIC Open Access Publication Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI).
Published: 2017

41. The influence of short-term variability in surface water on modelled air–sea exchange

Author: Lansø, Anne Sofie, Sørensen, Lise Lotte, Christensen, Jesper H., Rutgersson, Anna, Geels, Camilla, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Department of Environmental Science [Roskilde] (ENVS), Aarhus University [Aarhus], Department of Earth Sciences [Uppsala], Uppsala University, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Baltic Sea, Air–sea $ \text{ CO}_2 $ exchange, carbon dioxide, coastal zone, lcsh:Meteorology. Climatology, Air–sea CO2 exchange, lcsh:QC851-999, temporal resolution
Abstract: Coastal seas and estuarine systems are highly variable in both time and space and with their heterogeneity difficult to capture with measurements. Models are useful tools in obtaining a better spatiotemporal coverage or, at least, a better understanding of the impacts such heterogeneity has in driving variability in coastal oceans and estuaries. A model-based sensitivity study is constructed in this study in order to examine the effects of short-term variability in surface water p$ \text{ CO}_2 $ on the annual air–sea $ \text{ CO}_2 $ exchange in coastal regions. An atmospheric transport model formed the basis of the modelling framework for the study of the Baltic Sea and the Danish inner waters. Several maps of surface water p$ \text{ CO}_2 $ were employed in the modelling framework. While a monthly Baltic Sea climatology (BSC) had already been developed, the current study further extended this with the addition of an improved near-coastal climatology for the Danish inner waters. Furthermore, daily surface fields of p$ \text{ CO}_2 $ were obtained from a mixed layer scheme constrained by surface measurements of p$ \text{ CO}_2 $ (JENA). Short-term variability in surface water p$ \text{ CO}_2 $ was assessed by calculating monthly mean diurnal cycles from continuous measurements of surface water p$ \text{ CO}_2 $, observed at stationary sites within the Baltic Sea. No apparent diurnal cycle was evident in winter, but diurnal cycles (with amplitudes up to 27 $ \upmu $atm) were found from April to October. The present study showed that the temporal resolution of surface water p$ \text{ CO}_2 $ played an influential role on the annual air–sea $ \text{ CO}_2 $ exchange for the coastal study region. Hence, annual estimates of $ \text{ CO}_2 $ exchanges are sensitive to variation on much shorter time scales, and this variability should be included for any model study investigating the exchange of $ \text{ CO}_2 $ across the air–sea interface. Furthermore, the choice of surface p$ \text{ CO}_2 $ maps also had a crucial influence on the simulated air–sea $ \text{ CO}_2 $ exchange.
Published: 2017

42. Microstructure and Biogeochemistry of the Organically Preserved Ediacaran Metazoan Sabellidites

Author: Małgorzata Moczydłowska, Frédéric Foucher, Frances Westall, Department of Earth Sciences [Uppsala], Uppsala University, Centre de biophysique moléculaire (CBM), and Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, 010506 paleontology, Sinotubulites, Siboglinidae, Paleontology, Biogeochemistry, Biology, Trace fossil, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, biology.organism_classification, 01 natural sciences, Texture (geology), chemistry, Period (geology), Organic matter, [SDU.STU.PG]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Paleontology, Molecular clock, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Metazoans (multicellular animals) evolved during the Ediacaran Period as shown by the record of their imprints, carbonaceous compressions, trace fossils, and organic bodies and skeletal fossils. Initial evolutionary experiments produced unusual bodies that are poorly understood or conceived of as non-metazoan. It is accepted that sponges, ctenophorans, cnidarians, placozoans, and bilaterians were members of the Ediacaran fauna, many of which have uncertain affinities. The fossil Sabellidites cambriensis Yanishevsky, 1926, derived from the terminal Ediacaran strata, is the earliest known organically preserved animal that belonged to a newly evolving fauna, which replaced the Ediacara-type metazoans. Morphologically simple soft-bodied tubular fossils, such as S. cambriensis, and biomineralized, as contemporaneous Sinotubulites sp., are not easy to recognize phylogenetically because many unrelated organisms developed encasing tubes independently. Therefore, in addition to morphologic information, evidence derived from the microstructure of the organic wall and its biochemistry may be vital to resolving fossil origins and phylogenetic relationships. Here we present morphological, microstructural and biogeochemical studies on S. cambriensis using various microscopic and spectroscopic techniques, which provide new evidence that supports its siboglinid, annelidan affinity. The late Ediacaran age of Sabellidites fossil constrains the minimum age of siboglinids and the timing of the divergence of including them annelids by fossil record and this could be tested using molecular clock estimates. The fine microstructure of the organic tube in Sabellidites is multi-layered and has discrete layers composed of differently orientated and perfectly shaped fibers embedded in an amorphous matrix. The highly ordered and specific pattern of fiber alignment (i.e., the texture of organic matter) is similar to that of representatives of the family Siboglinidae. The biogeochemistry of the organic matter that comprised the tube, which was inferred from its properties, composition, and microstructure, is consistent with chitin and proteins as in siboglinids.
Published: 2014

43. 21st-century increase in glacier mass loss in the Wrangell Mountains, Alaska, USA, from airborne laser altimetry and satellite stereo imagery

Author: Craig S. Lingle, Indrani Das, Regine Hock, Etienne Berthier, Geophysical Institute [Fairbanks], University of Alaska [Fairbanks] (UAF), Department of Earth Sciences [Uppsala], Uppsala University, Cryosphère satelittaire (CRYO), Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 010506 paleontology, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Glacier, ICE AND CLIMATE, 01 natural sciences, Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer, Glacier mass balance, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Geological survey, GLACIER MASS BALANCE, Satellite, Altimeter, Digital elevation model, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Tidewater
Abstract: Alaskan glaciers are among the largest regional contributors to sea-level rise in the latter half of the 20th century. Earlier studies have documented extensive and accelerated ice wastage in most regions of Alaska. Here we study five decades of mass loss on high-elevation, land-terminating glaciers of the Wrangell Mountains (~ 4900 km2) in central Alaska based on airborne center-line laser altimetry data from 2000 and 2007, a digital elevation model (DEM) from ASTER and SPOT5, and US Geological Survey topographic maps from 1957. The regional mass-balance estimates derived from center-line laser altimetry profiles using two regional extrapolation techniques agree well with that from DEM differencing. Repeat altimetry measurements reveal accelerated mass loss over the Wrangell Mountains, with the regional mass-balance rate evolving from –0.07 ± 0.19 m w.e. a–1 during 1957–2000 to –0.24 ± 0.16 m w.e. a–1 during 2000–07. Nabesna, the largest glacier in this region (˜1056 km2), lost mass four times faster during 2000–07 than during 1957–2000. Although accelerated, the mass change over this region is slower than in other glacierized regions of Alaska, particularly those with tidewater glaciers. Together, our laser altimetry and satellite DEM analyses demonstrate increased wastage of these glaciers during the last 50 years.
Published: 2014

44. Constitution of a catchment virtual observatory for sharing flow and transport models outputs

Author: Stefan Peiffer, Zahra Thomas, Pauline Rousseau-Gueutin, Tamara Kolbe, Kevin Bishop, Jean-Raynald de Dreuzy, Benjamin W. Abbott, Gilles Pinay, Jean Marçais, Sven Frei, Pascal Pichelin, Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation (SAS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP), Géosciences Rennes (GR), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] (ECOBIO), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala University, Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), 607150, European Union’s Seventh Framework, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Department of Earth Sciences - Palaeobiology [Uppsala], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), and Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: Watershed, Hydrological modelling, 0208 environmental biotechnology, Oceanografi, hydrologi och vattenresurser, 02 engineering and technology, Virtual observatory, Residence time (fluid dynamics), Oceanography, Hydrology and Water Resources, Range (statistics), Transit time distribution, Modelling outputs, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, Catchment hydrology, Water Science and Technology, Hydrology, Generality, Land use, business.industry, Environmental resource management, Biogeochemistry, 020801 environmental engineering, 13. Climate action, Inter-catchment comparison, business
Abstract: International audience; Predicting hydrological catchment behaviour based on measurable (and preferably widely available) catchment characteristics has been one of the main goals of hydrological modelling. Residence time distributions provide synoptic information about catchment functioning and can be useful metrics to predict their behaviours. Moreover, residence time distributions highlight a wide range of characteristic scales (spatial and temporal) and mixing processes. However, catchment-specific heterogeneity means that the link between residence time distributions and catchment characteristics is complex. Investigating this link for a wide range of catchments could reveal the role of topography, geology, land-use, climate and other factors in controlling catchment hydrology. Meaningful comparison is often challenging given the diversity of data and model structures and formats. To address this need, we are introducing a new virtual platform called Catchment virtual Observatory for Sharing flow and transport models outputs (COnSOrT). The goal of COnSOrT is to promote catchment intercomparison by sharing calibrated model outputs. Compiling commensurable results in COnSOrT will help evaluate model performance, quantify inter-catchment controls on hydrology, and identify research gaps and priorities in catchment science. Researchers interested in sharing or using calibrated model results are invited to participate in the virtual observatory. Participants may test post-processing methods on a wide range of catchment environments to evaluate the generality of their findings.
Published: 2016

45. Using satellite data to estimate partial pressure of CO2 in the Baltic Sea

Author: Parard, Gaëlle, Charantonis, Anastase Alexandre, Rutgersson, Anna, Department of Earth Sciences [Uppsala], Uppsala University, Processus de la variabilité climatique tropicale et impacts (PARVATI), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636))
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph]
Abstract: International audience; In this study we focused on estimating the pressure partial of CO2 (pCO2) in the entire Baltic Sea which can be considered a coastal area in its entirety. We used the self-organizing multiple linear output (SOMLO) method to estimate the ocean surface pCO2 in the Baltic Sea from the remotely sensed sea surface temperature, chlorophyll a, colored dissolved organic matter, net primary production, and mixed-layer depth. Uncertainties in the estimates include sparsity of in situ data used to train the algorithms, in particular, for some sectors and seasons. For this application we divided the Baltic Sea in four basins. When comparing the results obtained with this division to those obtained in previous studies, we notice a decrease in the root-mean-square error (2 and their corresponding in situ measurements, as well as an increase of the correlation coefficient (> 0.96) between them. The outputs of this research have a horizontal resolution of 4 km and cover the 1998–2011 period. For the first time, a climatological mean distribution of surface water pCO2 over the Baltic Sea was calculated based on the SOMLO method with a mean pCO2 of 368.3±100 μatm, and a range of 234–514 μatm. The seasonal variability is similar throughout the Baltic Sea, being high in winter and low in summer.
Published: 2016

46. Fluid trapping during capillary displacement in fractures

Author: Insa Neuweiler, Fritjof Fagerlund, Zhibing Yang, Yves Méheust, Auli Niemi, Department of Earth Sciences [Uppsala], Uppsala University, Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Environmental Physics in Civil, Engineering, Leibniz Universität Hannover [Hannover] (LUH), Géosciences Rennes (GR), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Leibniz Universität Hannover=Leibniz University Hannover, Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), and Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Length scale, Materials science, Scale (ratio), Capillary action, 0208 environmental biotechnology, Scaled correlation, 02 engineering and technology, Curvature, Two-phase flow, Physics::Fluid Dynamics, Geotechnical engineering, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, Fracture, Drainage, Invasion percolation, Fluid trapping, Water Science and Technology, Geovetenskap och miljövetenskap, Mechanics, 020801 environmental engineering, Fracture (geology), Earth and Related Environmental Sciences, Displacement (fluid)
Abstract: International audience; The spatial distribution of fluid phases and the geometry of fluid-fluid interfaces resulting from immiscible displacement in fractures cast decisive influence on a range of macroscopic flow parameters. Most importantly, these are the relative permeabilities of the fluids as well as the macroscopic irreducible saturations. They also influence parameters for component (solute) transport, as it usually occurs through one of the fluid phase only. Here, we present a numerical investigation on the critical role of aperture variation and spatial correlation on fluid trapping and the morphology of fluid phase distributions in a geological fracture. We consider drainage in the capillary dominated regime. The correlation scale, that is, the scale over which the two facing fracture walls are matched, varies among the investigated geometries between L/256 and L (self-affine fields), L being the domain/fracture length. The aperture variability is quantified by the coefficient of variation (δ), ranging among the various geometries from 0.05 to 0.25. We use an invasion percolation based model which has been shown to properly reproduce displacement patterns observed in previous experiments. We present a quantitative analysis of the size distribution of trapped fluid clusters. We show that when the in-plane curvature is considered, the amount of trapped fluid mass first increases with increasing correlation scale Lc and then decreases as Lc further increases from some intermediate scale towards the domain length scale L. The in-plane curvature contributes to smoothening the invasion front and to dampening the entrapment of fluid clusters of a certain size range that depends on the combination of random aperture standard deviation and spatial correlation.
Published: 2016

47. An intercomparison of remote sensing river discharge estimation algorithms from measurements of river height, width, and slope

Author: Brett F. Sanders, Michael Durand, Jerome Monnier, Micah Mukolwe, John W. Fulton, Ernesto Rodriguez, Nicole Goutal, Paul D. Bates, Faisal Hossain, David M. Bjerklie, Tamlin M. Pavelsky, E. Humphries, Guy Schumann, Jochen E. Schubert, Hélène Roux, J. M. Fiset, J. T. Minear, Renato Prata de Moraes Frasson, Laurence C. Smith, Pierre-André Garambois, Jeffrey Neal, Sophie Ricci, Xiao-Ming Chen, G. Di Baldassarre, Colin J. Gleason, Nicolas Flipo, Lauriane Vilmin, Ohio State University [Columbus] (OSU), University of Massachusetts [Amherst] (UMass Amherst), University of Massachusetts System (UMASS), Laboratoire des sciences de l'ingénieur, de l'informatique et de l'imagerie (ICube), École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg (ENGEES)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Strasbourg (INSA Strasbourg), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Les Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et Nanosciences Grand-Est (MNGE), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Connecticut Water Science Center, United States Geological Survey [Reston] (USGS), University of Southern California (USC), Institut de mécanique des fluides de Toulouse (IMFT), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), School of Geographical Sciences [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], University of North Carolina [Chapel Hill] (UNC), University of North Carolina System (UNC), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT), NWS Ohio River Forecast Center, NOAA National Weather Service (NWS), Department of Earth Sciences [Uppsala], Uppsala University, Environment Canada, Centre de Géosciences (GEOSCIENCES), Mines Paris - PSL (École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), US Geological Survey [Lakewood], Laboratoire National d’Hydraulique et Environnement (EDF R&D LNHE), EDF R&D (EDF R&D), EDF (EDF)-EDF (EDF), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington [Seattle], US Geological Survey [Golden], Institute for Water Education (UNESCO–IHE), Centre Européen de Recherche et de Formation Avancée en Calcul Scientifique (CERFACS), University of California [Irvine] (UC Irvine), University of California (UC), Milieux Environnementaux, Transferts et Interactions dans les hydrosystèmes et les Sols (METIS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Centre Européen de Recherche et de Formation Avancée en Calcul Scientifique - CERFACS (CERFACS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Nalon, Pascale, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Strasbourg (INSA Strasbourg), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg (ENGEES)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, CERFACS, University of California [Irvine] (UCI), University of California, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS (FRANCE), Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - Toulouse INP (FRANCE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT3 (FRANCE), non-UU output of UU-AW members, and Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - INPT (FRANCE)
Subjects: Environmental Engineering, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Mécanique des fluides, 0208 environmental biotechnology, Bioengineering, 02 engineering and technology, Sciences de l'ingénieur [physics]/Autre, 01 natural sciences, Civil Engineering, Standard deviation, Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience, Range (statistics), SWOT mission, remote sensing of rivers, Remote sensing discharge, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, Remote sensing, Hydrology, Discharge, [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, discharge algorithms, SWOT, 6. Clean water, 020801 environmental engineering, Ancillary data, Water resources, Ocean surface topography, 13. Climate action, [SDU.STU.HY] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, Environmental science, Satellite, [SDE.IE] Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, Algorithm, Surface water
Abstract: International audience; The Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite mission planned for launch in 2020 will map river elevations and inundated area globally for rivers >100 m wide. In advance of this launch, we here evaluated the possibility of estimating discharge in ungauged rivers using synthetic, daily ‘‘remote sensing’’ measurements derived from hydraulic models corrupted with minimal observational errors. Five discharge algorithms were evaluated, as well as the median of the five, for 19 rivers spanning a range of hydraulic and geomorphic conditions. Reliance upon a priori information, and thus applicability to truly ungauged reaches, varied among algorithms: one algorithm employed only global limits on velocity and depth, while the other algorithms relied on globally available prior estimates of discharge. We found at least one algorithm able to estimate instantaneous discharge to within 35% relative root-mean-squared error (RRMSE) on 14/16 nonbraided rivers despite out-of-bank flows, multichannel planforms, and backwater effects. Moreover, we found RRMSE was often dominated by bias; the median standard deviation of relativeresiduals across the 16 nonbraided rivers was only 12.5%. SWOT discharge algorithm progress is therefore encouraging, yet future efforts should consider incorporating ancillary data or multialgorithm synergy to improve results.
Published: 2016

48. Higher mortality in patients with right hemispheric intracerebral haemorrhage: INTERACT1 and 2

Author: Sato, S., Heeley, E., Arima, H., Delcourt, C., Hirakawa, Y., Pamidimukkala, V., Li, Z., Tao, Q., Xu, Y., Hennerici, M., Robinson, T., Tzourio, C., Li, R., Chalmers, J., Anderson, S., Timsit, Serge, Institute of Research and Innovation, Japan, Department of Earth Sciences [Uppsala], Uppsala University, Laboratoire de Glaciologie, Département des Sciences de la Terre et de l'Environnement, Guizhou Institute of Technology, Institut Jean Lamour (IJL), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Bordeaux population health (BPH), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie et de Développement (ISPED)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Génétique, génomique fonctionnelle et biotechnologies (UMR 1078) (GGB), Institut Brestois Santé Agro Matière (IBSAM), Université de Brest (UBO)-Université de Brest (UBO)-EFS-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), CIC Brest, Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Hôpital de la Cavale Blanche, and Calvez, Ghislaine
Subjects: [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDV.MHEP] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2015

49. Dykes, cups, saucers and sills: Analogue experiments on magma intrusion into brittle rocks

Author: B. van Wyk de Vries, Valentin R. Troll, Eoghan P. Holohan, Lucie Mathieu, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans (LMV), Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Geology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College, Department of Earth Sciences [Uppsala], Uppsala University, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and 0 Pre-GFZ, Departments, GFZ Publication Database, Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Pluton, Geochemistry, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, 550 - Earth sciences, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Intrusion, Brittleness, Sill, Geochemistry and Petrology, [SDU.STU.VO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Volcanology, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), dykes, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, geography, cup-shaped-intrusions, geography.geographical_feature_category, magma, Crust, Laccolith, Geophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Magma, analogue models, viscous indenter, Geology
Abstract: International audience; Magma is transported in the crust by blade-like intrusions such as dykes, sills, saucers, and also collects in thicker laccoliths, lopoliths and plutons. Recently, the importance and great number of shallow (b5 km) saucer-shaped intrusions has been recognized. Lopoliths and cup-shaped intrusions have also been reported in many geological contexts. Our field observations indicate that many intrusions, especially those emplaced into breccias or fractured rocks, have bulging, lobate margins and have shear faults at their bulbous terminations. Such features suggest that magma can propagate along a self-induced shear fault rather than a hydraulic tension-fracture. To investigate this we use analogue models to explore intrusion propagation in a brittle country rock. The models consist of the injection of analogue magma (honey or Golden syrup) in a granular material (sand or sieved ignimbrite) that is a good analogue for brittle or brecciated rocks. These models have the advantage (over other models that use gelatin) to well represent the properties of brittle materials by allowing both shear-faults and tension fractures to be produced at suitable stresses. In our experiments we mainly obtain vertical dykes and inverted-cone like structures that we call cup-shaped intrusions. Dykes bifurcate into cup-shaped intrusions at depths depending on their viscosity. All cup-shaped intrusions uplift a central block. By injecting against a vertical glass plate we obtain detailed observations of the intrusion propagation style. We observe that dykes commonly split and produce cupshaped intrusions near the surface and that shear zone-related intrusions develop at the dyke tip. We conclude that many dykes propagate as a viscous indenter resulting from shear failure of host rock rather than tensional hydraulic fracturing of host rocks. The shear propagation model provides an explanation for the shape and formation of cup-shaped intrusions, saucer-sills and lopoliths.
Published: 2008

50. ALMA Observations of Warm Dense Gas in NGC 1614{__Breaking of the Star Formation Law in the Central Kiloparsec

Author: N. Y. Lu, L. Armus, Joseph M. Mazzarella, Aaron S. Evans, Rowin Meijerink, J. Chu, Susanne Aalto, D. B. Sanders, C. K. Xu, Tanio Díaz-Santos, Chen Cao, Yang Gao, P. N. Appleton, S. Haan, Sabine König, Hanae Inami, Rubén Herrero-Illana, George C. Privon, Yinghe Zhao, Benjamin L. Schulz, P. van der Werf, Eric J. Murphy, V. Charmandaris, Department of Earth Sciences [Uppsala], Uppsala University, Institute of Earthquake Science, Universidad Diego Portales [Santiago] (UDP), Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Infrared Processing and Analysis Center (IPAC), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Institute for Space Applications and Remote Sensing (ISARS/NOA), National Observatory of Athens (NOA), Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden, École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), and Universiteit Leiden [Leiden]
Subjects: Physics, Luminous infrared galaxy, [PHYS]Physics [physics], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Star formation, Velocity dispersion, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: We present ALMA Cycle-0 observations of the CO (6-5) line emission and of the 435 μm dust continuum emission in the central kpc of NGC 1614, a local luminous infrared galaxy (LIRG) at a distance of 67.8 Mpc (1" = 329 pc). The CO emission is well resolved by the ALMA beam (0."26×0."20) into a circum-nuclear ring, with an integrated flux of f_(CO (6-5)) = 898 (±153) Jy km s^(-1), which is 63(±12)% of the total CO (6-5) flux measured by Herschel. The molecular ring, located between 100 pc < r < 350 pc from the nucleus, looks clumpy and includes seven unresolved (or marginally resolved) knots with median velocity dispersion of ∼ 40 km s^(-1). These knots are associated with strong star formation regions with Σ_(SFR) ∼ 100 M_⊙ yr^(-1) kpc^(-2) and Σ_(Gas) ∼ 10^4 M_⊙ pc^(-2). The non-detections of the nucleus in both the CO (6-5) line emission and the 435 μm continuum rule out, with relatively high confidence, a Compton-thick AGN in NGC 1614. Comparisons with radio continuum emission show a strong deviation from an expected local correlation between Σ_(Gas) and Σ_(SFR), indicating a breakdown of the Kennicutt-Schmidt law on the linear scale of ∼100 pc.
Published: 2015

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