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This study aims to analyse the book titled 'Management of Records Requiring Special Security within the Framework of Public Information and Data Management Policies'. The book deals with the management of confidential documents within the framework of legal and administrative regulations. In the book, confidential documents are analysed through research documents and a model proposal is presented. The book can be considered as a guide for those working in the field of document management, students of Information and Document Management and those who want to learn about this subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Erdem is the property of Ataturk Kultur Merkezi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

It is indicated that a mandatory prerequisite for a high level of fundamental scientific research on issues of administrative law, as well as the possibility of the science of administrative law to serve as a progressive theoretical and legal basis for the understanding and improvement of phenomena and processes that occur during the implementation of the norms of administrative law, is the achievement of the correct understanding of the fundamental theoretical constructions of administrative law. One of them, which is in great demand among the scientific and professional community in their activities, is the mechanism of administrative and legal regulation. This key constituent element of the conceptualcategorical apparatus of administrative law is an administrative-legal variation of the legal mechanism, ideas about which are developed within the framework of legal theory. Having regard to the views expressed by legal theorists and representatives of the science of administrative law on the essence of the mechanism of administrative legal regulation, the author came to the conclusion that the mechanism of administrative legal regulation is an ordered set of legal means, which in their interrelationship ensure the proper functioning of the state and local self-government with the aim of satisfying to the greatest extent the legitimate interests of private persons and civil society as well as of achieving other goals of administrative law in the relevant sphere of public law relations. Nevertheless, the statement that the mechanism of administrative legal regulation governs social relations seems unfounded, because it artificially narrows the structure of this type of legal mechanism to the norms of the law, while to ensure the implementation of the regulatory influence of the law, it includes other elements necessary for this. Moreover, it could be considered wrong from the point of view of formal logic to encompass the its goal by the definition of the mechanism of administrative legal regulation, because if the mechanism of administrative legal regulation itself is meant, then it is automatically aimed at realizing the goal of administrative-legal regulation, which excludes the need for its duplication in its definition. The system of legal means that form the mechanism of administrative and legal regulation includes norms of administrative law and acts of their official interpretation, administrative legal relations (including relevant legal facts and factual structures), acts of fulfillment of rights and duties in these legal relations (including, acts of application of legal norms), as well as legal awareness of participants in administrative legal relations (as an optional element). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article, the authors made a thorough description of administrative and legal regulation in the field of land relations. They characterized the concepts of «regulation», «legal regulation» and «land relations». It is substantiated that land relations are one of the largest massifs of public relations regulated by legal norms, in which the absolute majority of both private and public legal entities are involved. But due to the diversity of such subjects and the differences in their legal status, the legal regulation of land relations uses methods characteristic of both civil and administrative law. In addition, within the limits of land law, the existence of its own method of legal regulation is emphasized. It was determined that «legal regulation» can be considered an institution of a general type, which includes specific characteristics that give rise to administrative and legal regulation. The formulated author's definition of «administrative-legal regulation» as a type of sectoral legal regulation, which is based on the direct effect of the norms of administrative law and is an administrative-legal instrument that affects social relations arising in the field of public administration. taking into account the peculiarities of the legislative definition of the concept of «land relations», for the purposes of scientific research it is more correct to use the term «administrative-legal regulation in the field of land relations» as opposed to the term «administrative-legal regulation of land relations». In our opinion, the term «sphere of land relations» should be understood as a set of relations, which, in addition to land relations, include relations arising in connection with the exercise of power by public administration bodies in relation to land management. The objects of these relations are land, land plots, rights to them, as well as goods and objects derived from them. «Administrative and legal regulation in the field of land legal relations» should be understood as a type of sectoral legal regulation, which is based on the direct effect of the norms of administrative, civil and land law and is a legal instrument that affects public land legal relations arising in the field of public land management affairs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aotearoa New Zealand has a strong history, culture and political economy of dairy agriculture, all of which are deeply interconnected in the global production and trade of dairy. However, changes in the environment, markets and regulations, and the development of alternative proteins, are disrupting traditional pastoral practices, leading to uncertain food futures. This article draws on insights gleaned over a three-year doctoral project investigating just and sustainable transitions for the nation's dairy sector. The article puts forward three key considerations to shape future policy design principles and guidelines for more just and sustainable dairy futures: navigating intensification pressures; supporting the development of alternative proteins; and supporting farmer agency in the transition process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article in the magazine "Environmental Legal News" presents the ruling of the Supreme Court on October 2, 2024, in which it rules on an administrative litigation related to hydrological plans in the Guadalquivir demarcation. The appeal focuses on the transfer from the El Portillo dam to the municipality of Baza and the overexploitation of the aquifers in the Sierra de Baza. The Court concludes that the works are in accordance with the legal system and dismisses the appeal filed. [Extracted from the article]

La réforme du troisième cycle des études médicales (R3C) de 2017 s'est accompagnée de modifications des maquettes et du nombre de diplômes d'études spécialisées (DES). L'objectif de ce travail est d'étudier l'évolution de l'attractivité du DES de médecine interne et immunologie clinique (MIIC) depuis la R3C. Nous avons utilisé le rang de classement médian et son évolution ainsi que le bilan des droits au remords entrants et sortants comme marqueurs d'attractivité. Le nombre de postes offerts au choix, les classements et affectations ont été collectés via les arrêtés publiés chaque année au Journal Officiel. Une enquête de l'Amicale des Jeunes Internistes a investigué les raisons des droits au remords sortants ou entrants. Avant 2017, la médecine interne était accessible en moyenne à 52 % des étudiants avec un rang médian de 1118 [339–2640]. À partir de 2017, le DES de MIIC était accessible en moyenne à 76,6 % des étudiants avec un rang médian de 2772 [1039–5155]. Le bilan des droits au remords entrants et sortants était de –4,7 % avant 2017 et variait entre –4,1 et –12,4 % à partir de 2017. Depuis la mise en place de la R3C, le rang médian et le rang limite des étudiants choisissant le DES de MIIC ont augmenté et le bilan des droits au remords est négatif. Une réflexion sur l'attractivité du DES de MIIC est engagée par le Collège national des enseignants de médecine interne afin de faire connaître la richesse de la spécialité et ses différents modes d'exercice aux futurs internes. The 2017 reform of the third cycle of medical studies (R3C) was accompanied by modifications in the formats and number of specialty diplomas. The aim of this study was to investigate the evolution of the choice of the internal medicine and clinical immunology specialty before and after 2017. We used the median ranking and its evolution, as well as incoming and outgoing remorse rights, as markers of attractiveness. Data on the number of position offered, rankings and affectation were collected from decrees published in the French "Journal Officiel" each year. A survey conducted by the "Amicale des Jeunes Internistes" investigated the reasons for the outgoing or incoming rights to remorse. Before 2017, internal medicine was accessible to 52% of students on average, with a median rank of 1118 [339–2640]. From 2017 onwards, the internal medicine specialty was accessible to an average of 76.6% of students, with a median rank of 2772 [1039–5155]. The balance of incoming and outgoing remorse rights was –4.7% before 2017 and varied between –4.1 and –12.4% from 2017. Since 2017, the median and cut-off ranks of students choosing internal medicine specialty have increased, and balance of incoming and outgoing remorse rights was increasingly negative. A reflection on the attractiveness of the internal medicine specialty is undertaken by the National College of Internal Medicine Teachers in order to make the richness of the specialty and its different modes of practice known to future residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The topic of legal forms in public administration is strongly influenced by the principles of good administration. In the Czech legal order, the Parliament acts as the rule-maker of statutory foundations for public administration, making it crucial to focus on the legislative approach to enacting legal forms. This paper examines the weaknesses in legislation related to the enactment of legal forms of public administration, specifically through the principles of legal certainty and predictability of law. Design/Methodology/Approach: The author analyses Czech legal norms, existing legal doctrine, and administrative court's rulings in relation to the legislative enactment of legal forms of public administration. This analysis leads to categorisation of legislative techniques based on the clarity with which the legal form of public administration activity is enacted. The paper also includes a case study consisting of a qualitative analysis of the legislative process in a specific case, based on publicly available records of parliamentary debates during the legislative process. Findings: In the case under review, there was no proper discussion of the implications of removing the explicit designation of legal form during the legislative process. No case has been found in which the Constitutional Court, acting as a negative legislator, annulled a statute for failing to explicitly specify a legal form, either due to its removal or its absence from the outset. Academic contribution to the field: The article highlights that, for the public administration to function effectively as good administration, the rules governing its activities must be clearly defined. The findings encourage legislators to ensure that proper discussions regarding the legal form of administrative activity take place when enacting laws. Such expert debate during the legislative process is essential to ensuring the clarity of the laws under which public administration operates in a particular legal form. Circumventing the legislative process or failing to engage in proper debate disproportionately impacts legal certainty and the predictability of law. Originality/Value: This article presents arguments emphasising the irrefutable role of the legislature in creating clear rules for the exercise of public administration and, as a direct result, enabling public administration to function as good administration. It points out the importance of clearly referencing the legal form of public administration in the law. The categorisation of legal form designation aids in identifying patterns and trends, helping to isolate relevant issues and focusing research on specific legal questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Violations of the rights of migrants by state actors at the EU's external borders, including through the use of pushbacks and indiscriminate violence, both on land and sea, have resulted in NGOs, lawyers and citizen activists engaging in forms of humanitarian action and legal mobilization aimed at contesting inhumane state policies. State actors can similarly rely on various legal tools to create a chilling effect and a hostile environment for migrants' rights activism. Such practices can be considered to constitute a form of lawfare against migrants' rights activism, an instrumental and hegemonic use of the law in order to weaken support for migrants. The use of criminal law has been a common tool of lawfare at the European Union's external borders. However, administrative law is increasingly being used to bring activists into compliance with states' interests, creating compliant environments through the use of regulatory instruments and administrative sanctions. To critically assess the instrumental use of administrative law as a form of lawfare, it makes sense to review their application at the EU's external borders. A good opportunity for such a review is being provided by looking at the administrative regulation of search and rescue (SAR) operations in the Mediterranean creating a hostile environment for SAR NGOs in the case of Italy, and the instrumental use of administrative regulations to limit access for activists to the Polish-Belarusian border in the case of Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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It is indicated that the education of any country is a reflection of its most important civilizational and cultural features and characteristics, provides a combination of national traditions with relevant innovations - both developed within it and borrowed from outside. The main task of the national education system is the comprehensive development of a person as an individual and the greatest value of society. Administrative and legal regulation in the field of education in Ukraine is a key aspect of general legal regulation in this area. In modern conditions, administrative and legal regulation in the field of education faces a variety of challenges, including rapid technological changes, socio-cultural and economic transformations, which require constant improvement of legal mechanisms and consideration of positive and negative aspects and trends in the development of the educational sector. Constant updating and adaptation of legal norms and mechanisms of administrative regulation are key to ensuring an effective modern education system that meets the needs of society and contributes to the sustainable development of the country. The main goal of this regulation is to ensure the formation and implementation of an effective state educational policy for the progressive development of the individual, society, nation and state, as well as the protection of the national interests of Ukraine. On the basis of the above, it is claimed that administrative and legal regulation represents a purposeful influence on social relations in the sphere of activity of state authorities. This influence is carried out with the help of methods and measures of a poweradministrative nature, defined in the norms of administrative law. It is noted that each country has its own model of education management and financing, with its own advantages and disadvantages. Ukraine's model is currently in the process of reforming, seeking a balance between centralized and decentralized approaches. The experience of European countries can become a valuable source of knowledge and examples for the development of an effective education management strategy that will meet the needs and characteristics of our country. It is substantiated that the education system has an open nature, which means the possibility of freely choosing the direction of study in accordance with the individual abilities and interests of citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Levelling-Up and Regeneration Act 2023 has marked major reforms in how planning law legally conceptualises policies, places and practices. These reforms have an impact not only on the scope of planning law but also on the shape of environmental law in England and Wales. In particular, the Levelling-Up and Regeneration Act 2023 changes how different forms of national and local policy legally interact, creates new administrative regulation for protected landscapes and establishes a new framework for environmental impact assessment called the Environmental Outcome Reports. This introduction to the legislation illustrates the importance of understanding the planning law reform for environmental law scholarship more generally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In spite of its countless amendments, a new bill to reform the State Land and Urban Rehabilitation Law is currently being processed by Parliament that aims, among other things, to introduce reforms that academic opinion and the real estate sector have been demanding for several legislatures now. The measures aim to correct the detrimental effects of strictly applying to urban planning instruments the invalidity regime established for administrative regulations; and to better define who can challenge these instruments and when. Their ultimate purpose is to avoid the legal uncertainty that has been hanging over urban plans in recent years, especially when they are challenged for reasons other than those hypothetically intended by the applicable regulations.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The regulation of administrative transparency, already with Law 19/2013, of December 9, on transparency, access to public information and good governance, regional regulations or sectoral legislation such as law 27006, of July 18, by which regulates the rights of access to information, public participation and access to justice in environmental matters, imposes obligations of active publicity in environmental matters. This information is also found in public records or administrative files and is generated in the preparation of plans, studies, reports, administrative authorizations with a significant effect on the environment. But also in the active advertising derived from public sector contracting, in the non-financial information of companies, all of which in turn represents a huge accumulation of data that has (or can) have intrinsic value, but that is also an instrument for better environmental protection. This work only aims to identify some of these sources of obtaining information, in relation to access to environmental information, highlighting that it is made up of the set of documents or contents, whatever their format or support, that are in power of any of the subjects to whom these transparency obligations apply, whether it has been developed or acquired in the exercise of their functions. Information from which data of high environmental value is obtained or generated, all of which has a clear vocation to protect the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In large scale manufacturing, polymeric materials for cable jackets are subjected to high temperature and shear, what can induce degradation processes. In result, changes in structure of polymer materials can occur what is critical for their applications. Permanent market pressure on increase of productivity and product reliability as well as rigorous administrative regulations in telecommunication industry are the driving forces for development and introduction of new advanced Flame Retardant Non-corrosive jacketing materials. Despite many studies, their behavior is still neither well characterized nor understood in large-scale production. The object of studies was characterization of a relationship between processing conditions and effects of degradation of FRNC cable materials. The main goal was to find the processing factors limiting the production speed. Materials taken into consideration were two commercially available thermoplastic FRNC compounds dedicated to fiber optic cables, based on linear low-density polyethylene/ethylene–vinyl acetate composites with high loading of aluminum trihydroxide and magnesium dihydroxide fillers. Thermal degradation of cable materials was studied with use of thermogravimetry and rheometry. The series of jacket samples under different processing conditions were produced. Material processing behavior was characterized, and tensile and heat aging performance of cable jacket were tested. The results showed that the primary limiting factors for line speed increase were the melt pressure and jacket tensile performance, but neither the shrinkage nor extruder motor load. The result and general approach to the FRNC investigation can be successfully used in cable industry or in other industries involving the extrusion of FRNC materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Middle East Journal of Legal & Jurisprudence Studies / Mağallaẗ al-Šarq al-Awsaṭ li-l-ʿulūm al-Qānūniyyaẗ wa-al-Fiqhiyyaẗ is the property of Manar Elsharq for Studies & Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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According to the U.S. Supreme Court, the major questions doctrine requires “clear congressional authorization” for agencies to exercise delegated authority over “major policy decisions.” But where can the Court find constitutional authority to announce such a rule? That question divides originalist-oriented scholars and judges. Some have criticized the doctrine sharply as departing from a court’s obligation to apply a law’s textual meaning. Others have defended it as arising from congressional intent, ordinary linguistic conventions, or a constitutionally based rule against delegation of legislative power. This Article undertakes a broader originalist defense. First, it describes the major questions doctrine as a substantive canon—that is, an interpretive rule based not on linguistic conventions but on an extra-textual value of protecting the separation of powers. Second, it assumes that the major questions doctrine need not be derived from a direct constitutional command against delegation. It then argues instead that the major questions doctrine can be seen as part of a broader power of courts to read ambiguous federal laws narrowly to avoid erroneously undermining core founding-era structural assumptions. The article explores early post-ratification judicial practice in support. It concludes that the early judicial practice indicates a discretionary authority, uncontested at the time, to underenforce ambiguous laws in this manner. It thus links early interpretive canons such as the presumption against violations of international law and the presumption against civil retroactivity, with the modern Court’s longstanding presumptions protecting federalism and the present Court’s recent invocation of the major questions doctrine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

“[W]ere the power of judging joined with the legislative, the life and liberty of the subject would be exposed to arbitrary control, for THE JUDGE would then be THE LEGISLATOR.” The Federalist No. 47 (James Madison) (quoting Montesquieu). If asked to name some of the core beliefs of the current Supreme Court Justices, one would undoubtedly identify their allegiance to maintaining the separation of powers and to interpretative methods such as textualism, as well as taking an anti-activist approach in their roles as decisionmakers. Yet several of these bedrock principles, especially textualism, have been trumped in several notable recent cases when the Court has invoked the newly-metamorphosized “major questions” doctrine. The major questions doctrine, as it stands today, requires courts to scrutinize agency action where the agency is attempting to exercise powers of deep economic or political significance or to exercise powers in a way that would effectuate an enormous and transformative expansion of the agency’s regulatory authority. Only if the court finds that Congress clearly authorized such power can the court sustain the action. But this approach is not the way the doctrine had previously functioned in our administrative state. In my 2016 article on the major questions doctrine, I highlighted a significant expansion in how the doctrine had recently been applied in Supreme Court cases at that time. As originally conceived in two early cases, the Court raised the doctrine as part of its Chevron Step-One analysis to determine whether the statutory language in question was ambiguous. But upon resurrecting the doctrine in 2014 and 2015, the Court invoked the doctrine in other stages of the Chevron analysis, including to justify that the Chevron analysis should not apply at all. Now, in a series of very recent cases, the doctrine has transformed into a much more significant —and perilous —doctrine with respect to how it functions in both our administrative state and in our democracy. The doctrine can now be better regarded as a canon of construction employed to strike down agency action —even in cases where there is statutory textual support for agency’s assertion of power and where Congress’s underlying grant of power to the agency does not effectuate an unconstitutional delegation of legislative power. This presumption against agency power (and the requirement that there be a specific congressional grant) effectively diminishes legislative and executive power. Moreover, it represents a dramatic type of judicial activism that fails to respect accountability principles in our democratic system and the separation of powers. With this new doctrine now firmly in place, this Article analyzes how the major questions doctrine is incompatible with the Court’s fidelity to textualism. The Article concludes that the Court’s application of the doctrine also manifests a hypocrisy because although the Court purports to be protecting accountability principles and Congress’s power (and more broadly the separation of powers) when it invokes the doctrine, the Court is actually subverting these principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The growing consumer interest in plant-based alternatives to animal-derived foods is leading to their more frequent placement in the food market. This is accompanied by the obligation for all operators of food establishments to properly label these products. In legal and food practice, various questions related to the labelling of these products are increasingly arising. The article thoroughly examines the legal regulations of the European Union and the Slovak and Czech practices in this area. Milk and dairy products are, according to legal regulations, products of animal origin. However, can plant-based 'alternatives' to milk and dairy products still be labelled with terms such as 'milk' or terms used for labelling dairy products? The authors of the contribution seek answers to these and other related questions, relying not only on European standardization but also on the case law of the Court of Justice of The European Union. The contribution emphasizes the necessity of precise (legal) and consumer-understandable labelling in the growing segment of plant-based 'alternatives' to milk and dairy products. Emerging questions regarding the labelling of these products may form the basis for a discussion about potential changes in legal regulations to adapt to the evolving food market and consumer preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food labels serve as a critical tool for conveying essential information to consumers, particularly those with food allergies. The European Union has implemented stringent regulations mandating the clear identification of 14 priority allergens on food packaging, a crucial step in safeguarding consumer health. This paper reviews the latest regulations in Europe regarding allergen labelling, exploring the effectiveness of these regulations and their impact on consumer safety. While the regulations have led to improvements in the clarity of allergen information, challenges remain, particularly regarding the consistency and standardization of labelling practices across different brands and products. Additionally, the voluntary nature of Precautionary Allergen Labelling (PAL) has led to consumer mistrust and confusion, highlighting the need for more standardized and transparent labelling practices. The paper concludes by recommending further harmonization of allergen labelling regulations and the development of clearer guidelines to enhance consumer confidence and protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the South Tyrolean Option of 1939 and the motives of the German-speaking population in the decision "to leave or to stay". It discusses the instrumentalization and different uses of the term. The article also provides an overview of the historical events from 1918 to 1938, the division of Tyrol and the annexation of South Tyrol by Italy. Under the fascist regime, the South Tyroleans were confronted with repression. The Italianization of South Tyrol took place in two phases: first, the political and cultural assimilation through decrees and laws, followed by the majorization, the expansion of industry, and the state-sponsored immigration of Italians. The Option of 1939 allowed the South Tyroleans to choose between German and Italian citizenship and led to their resettlement in the German Reich. [Extracted from the article]

Environmental governance approaches are critical for carbon reduction and energy security. Using the data from government work reports and public search, this paper investigates the impact of government policies and public awareness on carbon emissions. The 'top-down' administrative regulation is found to have more effective in promoting carbon reduction in cities than 'bottom-up' public awareness, and this carbon reduction effect is more pronounced in central, western and lower levels of economic development cities. The findings suggest that regions with higher economic development tend to exhibit greater dependency on carbon, posing challenges in achieving prompt reductions in carbon emissions through governmental policies and public awareness. Additional discoveries indicate that 'top-down' administrative regulation exhibits a certain sustainability, mainly through industrial structure adjustments. This aspect proves beneficial for enhancing the city's developmental path and quality in the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When does the delegation of legislative powers to the executive endanger policy compliance? The European Union (EU) Lisbon Treaty introduced quasi-legislative tertiary legislation – delegated acts – which empowers the European Commission to amend secondary legislation. Formally, member states control delegated acts only ex post via a veto power in the Council, while they have both ex ante amendment powers and ex post veto over the alternative Commission legislation: implementing acts. However, as member states determine the choice of legislative instrument, we argue that they would consent to the Commission adopting delegated acts only on non-controversial issues. Such selection should result in their lower compliance with implementing than with delegated acts. Our analyses of member states' transposition delays and infringement cases related to EU tertiary directives support this argument. The results suggest that the delegation of legislative powers to the executive does not increase non-compliance when the legislators have the means to moderate it ex ante. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, it is appropriate to talk about cooperation between Ukraine and EU member states in matters that are functional for their legal systems. The first is the protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens; providing asylum to refugees from other countries; adaptation of legislation on the regulation of relations in the field of migration, both legal and illegal; fight against illegal employment; and others. It was found that the administrative law of Ukraine is developing in complex political-economic and sociallegal conditions. Therefore, the use of European experience in the field of administrative and legal regulation of social relations in Ukraine should not imply mindless copying, which can negatively affect society and the state. The topic of the research should be the creation of national methodological recommendations on quality indicators of individual branches of law in accordance with the quality standards of legislation and law of the countries of the European Union. The introduction of European approaches to the regulation of social relations at the administrative and legal level in Ukraine must be balanced and adapted so that there is no negative impact on the development of society and the process of state formation. At the same time, the comparative legal study and rational use of foreign experience in the development of administrative law allows to significantly expand the so-called "legal field", enriching it with the experience of foreign countries. The current conditions for the development of administrative law in Ukraine depend on globalization, which affects all spheres of life, affecting the development of unified legal values and democratic principles of European administrative law, and the national administrative law system of individual European countries. In fact, there are two parties of subjects endowed with the corresponding rights and obligations in the field of administrative-legal relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the new government's approach to constitutional reform in the UK. The Labour party, which came to power in the 2024 general election, promised to restore trust in politics and deepen democracy through various reforms. However, there is a tension between the government's policy agenda and the incentives to retain power. The article examines three key areas for constitutional reform: the House of Lords, the House of Commons, and the standards system. It highlights the challenges and dilemmas faced by the government in achieving lasting change while balancing the desire for checks and balances with the need for a strong, centralized government. [Extracted from the article]

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On the basis of a generalization of those dominant viewpoints on objectives of administrative law that are developed within Ukrainian administrative legal science, the author determined that they are united by the recognition of the following to be objectives of administrative law: (1) specifying and ensuring the implementation of human rights and freedoms in the public-legal sphere through the introduction of mechanisms administrative legal regulation and protection in the public administration domain; (2) determination of the standards for the exercise of public management functions by administrative authorities and the provision of administrative services by them, as well as the establishment and improvement of substantive and procedural tools for activities of administrative authorities, including the means of legal protection against violations on their part as well as mechanisms of civil control over their activities. According to the outcomes of the study of approaches to understanding of the tasks of administrative law in world scientific community, the article notes that according to the national tradition of the common law countries, which was adopted by many states that represent the civil law legal tradition, the fundamental objective of administrative law is recognized to be the determination of optimal (from the point of view of the rule of law and good governance) limits of the margin of appreciation of administrative authorities and providing private individuals with legal protection against abuse of administrative power. Moreover, it is particularly noticeable that a special emphasis is placed on guaranteeing the transparency and accountability of administrative authorities to civil society. Less important is the task of administrative law, which consists in establishing the principles, substantive rules and procedures for the performance of administrative functions by government authorities, as well as the accumulation in administrative practice and judicial case-law of the potential for increasing the effectiveness of administrative law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Lawmakers and scholars concerned with content moderation regulation typically appeal to "analogies" to justify or undermine different forms of regulation. The logic goes: law should afford individuals due process rights against speech platforms because speech platforms are "like" speech governors as a matter of objective reality. Other common analogies include common carriers, publishers, distributors, shopping malls, and bookstores. Commentators attempt to invoke social roles to understand what the content moderation relationship is, what behaviors are "right" and "wrong" within it, and how law should police behavioral deviations. But they do so without relying on foundational sociology theory that explains what social roles are, what they do, and how they come to be. Without this theoretical foundation, the discourse incompletely portrays the project of content moderation regulation. Content moderation regulations do not simply "take" speech platforms' role as it currently exists----they will also "make" speech platforms' role by expressing that speech platforms should be speech governors, common carriers, publishers, or something else, based on how lawmakers choose to regulate. This Article is the first to introduce role theory into the content moderation discourse. Content moderation regulations are poised to define the basic contours of what it means to be a "speech platform" because the role remains unsettled. Earlier, the Communications Decency Act failed to articulate coherent roles within the content moderation relationship. But current content moderation regulatory reforms--including the PACT Act in Congress as well as state platform-common carriage laws and their judicial review--have a renewed opportunity to script social roles for speech platforms and individuals. Foregrounding these reforms' role scripts directs attention to urgent questions about whether they are likely to produce a desirable content moderation relationship and an online speech ecosystem that meets the public's needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite empirical evidence documenting its harms and substantial legislative efforts to ban its practice, conversion therapy remains a tragically prevalent practice in the United States. Recently, a circuit split between the Ninth and Eleventh Circuits has developed, raising questions about the future of conversion therapy regulation. This Note takes a retrospective look at the last ten years of conversion therapy bans and related legal challenges, questions the effectiveness of enacted bans, and explores routes for more effective regulation. This Note ultimately argues that conversion therapy bans must shift their focus to the regulation of unlicensed practitioners in order to better protect minors from the empirically demonstrated harms of conversion therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All armed groups have internal regulations, and these regulations frequently involve the governance of affect, intimacy, and reproduction. Drawing upon [End Page 411] my ethnographic research with female former combatants from Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC), I explore the gendered aspects of these governance regimes. How was intimacy dictated and policed by commanders and peers? What are the tropes regarding women and violence, and how are these frequently eroticized? What forms of reproductive governance were exercised within the ranks? For women who chose to leave the FARC, either informally or via official Demobilization, Disarmament, and Reintegration programs, to what extent does reintegration involve the redomestication of "transgressive" women? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ius et Praxis (07172877) is the property of Universidad de Talca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Arab Journal for Scientific Publishing is the property of Research & Development of Human Recourses Center (REMAH) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Historia Agraria is the property of Historia Agraria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article examines water management under the Spanish liberal state between 1833 and 1866, focusing on how the early liberal state addressed hydraulic issues and the evolution of water regulations before the establishment of a formal hydraulic policy. It highlights the legislative actions and the transition from old regime practices to new forms of water management, emphasizing the state's role in mediating conflicts and developing regulatory frameworks during this period.