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The current study investigated whether the deep properties or shallow features of behaviors are implicitly expected to be consistent across members of highly entitative groups, by exploiting the notion that goals-as deep properties-and movements-as shallow features-can be dissociated in object-directed behaviors. Participants were asked to view group members' goal-directed behaviors toward an object. Whether perceivers implicitly expected that a new member would perform the same movement to the previously visited location (i.e., exhibit shallow feature-based behavior) or a new movement to the previously visited object (i.e., exhibit deep property-based behavior) was recorded. Study 1 revealed that perceivers implicitly expected members of a highly entitative group to approach the previously visited object with a new movement (i.e., to have a consistent goal) rather than perform the same movement to the previously visited location (i.e., to express a consistent movement). Study 2 confirmed that the responses in Study 1 were explained by group members conforming to, rather than violating, internal expectations (i.e., of consistent movement). Importantly, the implicit expectation of shared behaviors across group members relies on the goal interpretation of actions instead of the associations between actions and outcomes (Study 3). Study 4 replicated the facilitation effect of Study 1 and revealed that the goal-based expectation of common behaviors among group members is based on the majority behavior instead of a single demonstration. Hence, individuals in highly entitative groups are implicitly expected to behave consistently based on the deep properties of behaviors instead of their shallow features. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

The review of the monograph by R.Kh. Sharyafetdinov "Mythopoetics of Tatar Literature" deals with new developments in the field of mythopoetics, based on Tatar artistic material. The mytho-religious approach of the researcher is analyzed, which makes it possible to study at a deep level the influence of cultural, philosophical, and religious realities on Tatar literature. For this purpose, the author of the scientific work examines the Tatar cosmogonic ideas, the mythologism of the plant and animal worlds in the works of Kul Gali, Mukhammedyar, G. Kandaly; Dardmend, G. Tukay, F. Burnash, N. Isanbet; M. Jalil; F. Karim; M. Khabibullina, N. Fattakh, R. Kutuy, R. Faizullin; R. Zaydulla, G. Yakhina.

The tremendous increase in the growth of misinformation in news articles has the potential threat for the adverse effects on society. Hence, the detection of misinformation in news data has become an appealing research area. The task of annotating and detecting distorted news article sentences is the immediate need in this research direction. Therefore, an attempt has been made to formulate the legitimacy annotation guideline followed by annotation and detection of the legitimacy in Bengali e-papers. The sentence-level manual annotation of Bengali news has been carried out in two levels, namely “Level-1 Shallow Level Classification” and “Level-2 Deep Level Classification” based on semantic properties of Bengali sentences. The tagging of 1,300 anonymous Bengali e-paper sentences has been done using the formulated guideline-based tags for both levels. The validation of the annotation guideline has been done by applying benchmark supervised machine learning algorithms using the lexical feature, syntactic feature, domain-specific feature, and Level-2 specific feature in both levels. Performance evaluation of these classifiers is done in terms of Accuracy, Precision, Recall, and F-Measure. In both levels, Support Vector Machine outperforms other benchmark classifiers with an accuracy of 72% and 65% in Level-1 and Level-2, respectively.

In this work, recombination mechanisms are investigated in Cu(In, Ga)Se 2 solar cells based on numerical modelling and verified by regression analysis of the dark and light current density–voltage (J–V) curves. Loss mechanisms such as a back contact barrier, deep level defects in the absorber layer are determined by fitting the simulated cell performance with the measurements using global optimisation algorithm differential evolution. The cell performance in the fitting process includes J–V curves recorded at different temperatures and open-circuit voltage(V o c ) under different illumination intensities at 300K. The results show that for CIGSe solar cells with different preparation methods and absorber thickness, the main loss mechanisms are different. Based on the proposed numerical model and the observed loss mechanisms, suggestions are given for further improving the solar cell efficiency in each cell.

For hard rock massifs, structural disturbance is a key indicator of mining structure stability. The presence of intersecting structural elements in the massif reduces rock strength and leads to formation of potential collapse structures. In addition to that, disjunctive deformations that penetrate rock strata serve as channels for fluid migration and connect aquifers into a single system. It was established that the largest of them –faults of east-northeastern, northeastern and northwestern directions – form the kimberlite-bearing junction of the Udachnaya pipe. These faults represent zones of increased fracturing, brecciation and tectonic foliation, distinguished from adjacent areas by increased destruction of the rock mass. Specifics of tectonic fracture distribution within structural and lithological domains are determined by the presence of multidirectional prevailing systems of tectonic fracturing, as well as by differences in their quantitative characteristics. With some exceptions, the main systems form a diagonal network of fractures (northeastern – northwestern orientation), which is typical for larger structural forms – faults. Despite the differences in dip orientation of the systems, most of them correspond to identified directions, which is typical for both kimberlites and sedimentary strata. Overall disturbance of the massif, expressed in terms of elementary block volume, reaches its peak in the western ore body. For such type of deposits, friction properties of fracture structures have average values. Consideration of geological and structural data in the design and development of new levels of the deposit will allow to maintain the necessary balance between efficiency and safety of performed operations.

There is a growing consensus in early childhood education and care (ECEC) that intentional teaching is pivotal for deep level learning, especially when teaching scientific concepts. However, intent...

The results of junction spectroscopy measurements on deep-level defects in MOVPE (Metal–Organic Vapor-Phase Epitaxy) n-GaN samples grown on highly doped Ammono-GaN and subjected to 1.5 MeV electron irradiation are compared with the published results for epi-GaN materials grown by other techniques. It is found that in addition to the commonly observed deep-level traps in n-type GaN, such as E1 (0.25 eV) and E3 (0.59 eV), 1.5-MeV electron irradiation introduces two other electron traps, EE1 and EE2, with electronic levels at about 0.14 and 0.98 eV below the conduction band edge (EC), respectively. In the case of the EE1 level, a strong influence of the electric field (E) on the electron emission rate (eem) is observed. This suggests a donor type character of this trap level. Further, we have observed that strong electric field, as high as 2 × 105 V/cm, results in lowering the activation energy of electron emission from the EE1 level down to the value of 0.095 eV. The strong eem(E) dependence for the EE1 trap can explain the wide variation in electronic signatures of this trap reported in previous publications. The analysis of the EE1 trap concentrations in the electron irradiated samples allowed us to estimate the average production rate of this trap by 1.5 MeV electrons as 0.125 cm−1 for n-GaN material grown on Ammono-GaN substrate. A series of DLTS measurements with different filling pulse lengths revealed a complexity of the EE1 trap level structure, since at least three emission signals with different capture and emission rates have been separated within the broad EE1 emission signal. Possible origins of the detected deep-level traps are discussed.

PurposeWhile diversification within organisations is seen by many to be a strategic move, there is conflicting evidence about what makes diverse teams successful. The purpose of this paper is to highlight a range of complex, and in some cases contradictory, research contributions towards several key areas of diversity within teams, and to propose a framework for integrating existing approaches and clarifying inconsistencies in this domain.Design/methodology/approachA literature review was conducted to explore several key areas of surface and deep-level diversity in teams, with the discussion included in this paper highlighting many of the inconsistencies and complexities associated with this research domain.FindingsThis review highlights the need for future research to look at the effects of surface and deep-level diversity simultaneously, over time, across multiple levels and with a broad range of contextual moderators, to examine their impact on a range of outcomes.Originality/valueIn order to account for the complexities within diversity research, the authors propose the use of the job demands-resources (JDR) model which suggests possible explanations for inconsistent findings and bridges the gap between commonly used theoretical perspectives.

Background: POS tagging is the process of identifying the correct grammatical category of words based on its meaning and context in a text document. It is one of the preliminary steps in the processing of natural language text. If any error happens in POS tagging the same will be propagated to whole NLP applications. Hence it must be handled in a genuine and precise way. Aim: The purpose of this study is to develop a deep level tagger for Malayalam which indicates the semantics of nouns and verbs in a text document. Methods: The proposed model is a two-tier architecture consisting of deep learning as well as rulebased approaches. The first tier consists of a tagging model, which is trained by a tagged corpus of 287,000 words. To improve the depth of tagging a suffix stripper is also used which can provide morhological features to the shallow machine learning model. Results: The system is trained on 2,30,000 words and tested on 57,000 words. The accuracy of tagging for the phase-1 architecture is 92.03%. Similarly the accuracy of phase-2 architecture is 98.11%. The overall accuracy of tagging is 91.82%. Conclusion: The exclusive feature of the proposed tagger is its depth in tagging the noun words. This deep level information can be used in various semantic processing applications of the natural language text like anaphora resolution, text summarization, machine translation, etc.

Despite the significant impact of top management team (TMT) upon innovation, few relevant research efforts could be found in the existing open innovation literature. The role of TMT diversity in sh...

We initiate the study of affine Deligne–Lusztig varieties with arbitrarily deep level structure for general reductive groups over local fields. We prove that for $${{\,\mathrm{GL}\,}}_n$$ and its inner forms, Lusztig’s semi-infinite Deligne–Lusztig construction is isomorphic to an affine Deligne–Lusztig variety at infinite level. We prove that their homology groups give geometric realizations of the local Langlands and Jacquet–Langlands correspondences in the setting that the Weil parameter is induced from a character of an unramified field extension. In particular, we resolve Lusztig’s 1979 conjecture in this setting for minimal admissible characters.

Minimal Residual Disease (MRD) is the most important independent prognostic factor in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and refers to the deep level of measurable disease in cases with complete remission by conventional pathologic analysis, especially by cytomorphology. MRD can be detected by multiparametric flow cytometry, molecular approaches such as quantitative polymerase chain reaction for immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor (IG/TR) gene rearrangements or fusion genes transcript, and high-throughput sequencing for IG/TR. Despite the proven clinical usefulness in detecting MRD, these methods have differences in sensitivity, specificity, applicability, turnaround time and cost. Knowing and understanding these differences, as well as the principles and limitations of each technology, is essential to laboratory standardization and correct interpretation of MRD results in line with treatment time points, therapeutic settings, and clinical trials. Here, we review the methodological approaches to measure MRD in ALL and discuss the advantages and limitations of the most commonly used techniques.

Increased mining depths entail both increased rock pressures and complicated rock mass structures. When it comes to mining mineral salts, there is a significant difference in the strength and deformation properties of rocks developed in the geological section, which affects the nature of deformation and the destruction of underworked strata. During the initial development stage of the Gremyachinskoye deposit, where the mining of potash salts at depths of more than 1,000 meters has been planned, a mathematical model of the undermined mass has been developed, reflecting the main features of its geological structure and the design parameters of a pillar mining system. The mathematical modelling estimated safe conditions of undermining the waterblocking strata and the expected deformations at the earth’s surface. This was carried out with an elastic-plastic plane formulation using the finite element method. The time factor was accounted for based on the developed modification of the method of alternating deformation moduli. Based on the mathematical modelling performed, it was shown that geomechanical models of new deposits of potash salts being prepared for development can be calibrated using the information available from analogous deposits; this information can be subsequently corrected, reflecting certain differences in the geological structure and parameters of the mining system. Based on the numerical modelling results, an increase in the boundary angle of the subsidence trough of the earth’s surface was established due to the significant depth of mining and the presence of hard rock strata in the geological section, which allowed the linear dimensions of the protective pillars under critical facilities to be reduced, alongside minimising losses of potash ore.

Recently, mixed Sn–Ge perovskites have been proposed as promising lead-free candidates in the photovoltaic (PV) field. However, as an important component of mixed Sn–Ge perovskites, the all-inorganic Sn-based perovskites have a dominant defect, SnI (Sn replacing I, anti-site), which induces a deep level in the band structure and limits the power conversion efficiency. Therefore, it is interesting to discover whether SnI and GeI (Ge replacing I, anti-site) can still act as non-radiative recombination centers in mixed Sn–Ge perovskites. Using first-principles calculations, we explored the effects of SnI and GeI in CsGe1−xSnxI3 (x = 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75) on the PV performances. It was shown that both SnI and GeI are benign only in CsGe0.5Sn0.5I3, and we suggest that CsGe0.5Sn0.5I3 is a promising light-absorbing material with benign defects (GeI and SnI), strong light absorption, and small carrier effective masses. Interestingly, the concerted action of alloying on both band edges and defect states was found to result in better defect properties in CsGe0.5Sn0.5I3, and this is different from results of previous studies where the modulation of introducing alloys on defects is mainly caused by regulating the band edges alone. Our work not only provides theoretical guidance for the experimental synthesis of mixed Sn–Ge perovskites with superior PV performances, but it also shows the potential of alloy engineering in regulating defect levels in perovskites.

The introduction of alkali metal (AM) post-deposition treatment (PDT) has led to the consecutive breakthrough of world record efficiencies for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 photovoltaics. However, for the derivative Cu2SnZn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) solar cells, the corresponding verdict seems partially unjustified due to the difference in defect chemical environment and phase structure, and the most effective incorporation means of AMs is still a mystery. In this work, for the first time, we developed a dual AM synergistic incorporation strategy combining light and heavy AMs by post-depositing CsF after NaF-PDT to improve the efficiency of CZTSSe solar cells. The relevant microscopic-electrical advantages with regard to the different roles of NaF and CsF PDT are discussed in more detail. It was found that the Na atoms are randomly dispersed both in the grain interior (GI) and grain boundaries (GBs), significantly increasing the acceptor concentration and passivating the deep level defects to enhance the Voc. In contrast, the Cs atoms are mainly segregated at the GBs, primarily increasing the potential of the GBs and improving the FF. The prominent electric benefits of Cs at the GBs and Na in the GI finally increase the device efficiency from 10.12% to 12.16%. Our findings solve the difficulty in obtaining the available Voc and FF for future high efficiency research and should serve as a basis for the in-depth understanding of AM-PDT in kesterite photovoltaics.

Properties of semiconductors are largely defined by crystal imperfections including native defects. Van der Waals (vdW) semiconductors, a newly emerged class of materials, are no exception: defects exist even in the purest materials and strongly affect their electrical, optical, magnetic, catalytic and sensing properties. However, unlike conventional semiconductors where energy levels of defects are well documented, they are experimentally unknown in even the best studied vdW semiconductors, impeding the understanding and utilization of these materials. Here, we directly evaluate deep levels and their chemical trends in the bandgap of MoS2, WS2 and their alloys by transient spectroscopic study. One of the deep levels is found to follow the conduction band minimum of each host, attributed to the native sulfur vacancy. A switchable, DX center - like deep level has also been identified, whose energy lines up instead on a fixed level across different hosts, explaining a persistent photoconductivity above 400 K., The optical and electronic properties of semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides are strongly dependent on native defects within their crystal lattice. Here, the authors use transient spectroscopy to identify defect-related deep levels in the bandgap of MoS2, WS2 and their alloys.

Jean-Mohammed Abd-el-Jalil united in himself on a very deep level two religions, Islam and Christianity, that in many ways are opposed to each other, especially on the doctrinal level. His conversion/life journey shows how he achieved this, at great cost to himself. Born in Morocco, in a family deeply committed to Islam, he himself eventually adopted a rather rigid, strict form called ‘Wahhabism’. A gifted student, he was given a government bursary to study in France with a view to taking up a responsible position in soon to be independent Morocco, but his life changed radically after a sudden conversion to Catholicism at Midnight Mass. Before he was ready for baptism he worked through some difficult doctrinal issues with a fellow convert, Paul Ali Mehmet Mulla-Zadé, who taught Islam in Rome. After his baptism Abd-el-Jalil entered the Franciscan Order in Paris where he remained for the rest of is life, apart from a brief crisis when he fled to Morocco, seemingly to return to Islam. He enjoyed a long academic career and wrote books to help Christians understand Islam. His final fifteen years were spent as a virtual hermit because of illness.

付記する学位プログラム名: 京都大学卓越大学院プログラム「先端光・電子デバイス創成学」

The Au/Pd/Ti–SiO2-(n) GaAs properties have been analyzed via impedance spectroscopy (IS), as well as DLTS and ICTS, to identify the origin of electron processes responsible for existence of constant phase elements (CPE) in an equivalent circuits of that structure. We showed that CPEs connected in series with resistance represents the electron processes associated with deep levels in GaAs and/or interface states at SiO2-(n) GaAs interface, depending on the value of n of CPE parameter. CPE with n close to 1 characterize the electron processes associated with EL2 deep level, and CPE with n = 0.5–0.65 the complex electron processes associated with EL3 deep level and interface states together. We stated that constant phase elements in equivalent circuits of MIS-GaAs structures with large frequency dispersion of electrical characteristics can be the result of more than one electron process.

Topographical deixis refers to a variety of spatial-environmental deixis, in which typically distal reference to entities is made in terms of a set of topographically-anchored referential planes: most often, upward, downward, or on the same level. This article reviews the genealogical and geographic distribution of topographical deixis in Trans-Himalayan (Sino-Tibetan) languages, reviews the conditions in which topographical deixis in Trans-Himalayan languages may be gained or lost, and concludes that (a) topographical deixis is overwhelmingly found in languages spoken in montane environments, and (b) topographical deixis most likely reconstructs to a deep level within Trans-Himalayan. The language spoken at that level – whose precise phylogenetic status cannot yet be specified – was overwhelmingly likely to have been spoken in a montane environment.

This study proposes a design of a double-sided printed dipole (DSPD) antenna array with a low first sidelobe level (FSLL) for interference suppression. The proposed array consists of ten DSPD antennas based on the Rogers RO4003C substrate (ɛr = 3.55). The FSLL has been compressed by imposing a single null at the centre of the first sidelobe. The excitation power distribution of the array has been calculated by using the bat algorithm with the amplitude-only control technique and has been implemented by a series-fed network. A back reflector, which is based on an FR4 substrate (ɛr = 4.4), has been used to improve the maximum gain. The simulation results show that the FSLL can be reduced with a null deep level (NDL) of −40 dB in the E-plane at the frequency of 3.5 GHz, while the maximum gain of the array is around 17.7 dBi, and the bandwidth is 600 MHz (3.3–3.9 GHz) with −10 dB of S 11. A prototype of the proposed DSPD antenna array has been fabricated and measured. A good agreement can be achieved between simulation and measurement results.

The South African gold mining sector remains a significant contributor to the country’s economy. Facing several challenges that hinder the realisation of South Africa’s full mineral potential, the sector’s sustainability and profitability can be enhanced through implementing operational improvement measures. Mobile cooling units (MCUs) were identified as a potential focus area for operational improvement. MCUs are used as tertiary or in-stope cooling in hot underground workings. In this paper, a method was presented to characterise the performance of existing MCUs based on three key performance indicators (KPIs), namely, the wet-bulb temperature ratio (WTR), efficiency and position. Optimisation strategies were then elected and implemented based on these KPIs. The implementation of this method in a South African gold mine attained a reduction in pumped water volumes, reduced operating costs through electricity cost savings and improvements in underground ventilation air temperatures.

In recent years, there has been tremendous growth in the amount of natural language text through various sources. Computational analysis of this text has got considerable attention among the NLP researchers. Automatic analysis and representation of natural language text is a step by step procedure. Deep level tagging is one of such steps applied over the text. In this paper, we demonstrate a methodology for deep level tagging of Malayalam text. Deep level tagging is the process of assigning deeper level information to every noun and verb in the text along with normal POS tags. In this study, we move towards a direction that is not much explored in the case of Malayalam language. Malayalam is a morphologically rich and agglutinative language. The morphological features of the language are effectively utilized for the computational analysis of Malayalam text. The language level details required for the study are provided by Thunjath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University, Tirur.

SiC has currently attracted the interest of the scientific community for qubit applications. Despite the importance given to the properties of color centers in high-purity semi-insulating SiC, little is known on the electronic properties of defects in this material. In our study, we investigated the presence of electrically active levels in vanadium-doped substrates. Current mode deep level transient spectroscopy, carried out in the dark and under illumination, together with 1-D simulations showed the presence of two electrically active levels, one associated to a majority carrier trap and the other one to a minority carrier trap. The nature of the detected defects has been discussed in the light of the characterization performed on low-energy electron irradiated substrates and previous results found in the literature.

The article discusses safe repeated use of deep-level openings in Norilsk mine for vegetable production and herb cultivation in special facilities. Farming on the field in the north and east of Russia either is restricted by a short warm period suitable for vegetation, or is impossible due to climate, while the glasshouse industry bears losses because of the power cost and other expenses. At the actual depth of mining in the Talnakh ore cluster, the mine air temperature may reach 40 Celsius degrees and higher, which offers comfortable condition for the implementation of R&D projects in biotechnologies. One the other hand, the ore bodies in the cluster are rockburst-hazardous, which means high probability of dynamic events with deformation and destruction of underground excavations. It is necessary to undertake the elaborated studies into geodynamic safety to select and validate installation sites for biotechnology objects. It is suggested to select deep-level installation sites for the production of vegetable crops AVK-15 with regard to the geodynamic zoning of the Norilsk ore cluster. Deeplevel vegetation production will become safe as a result, and new eco-friendly and adaptable technologies will be developed for the year-round cultivation of fresh vegetables and green at the low material inputs and power consumption per unit product.

PurposeThis paper aims to explore the effect of perceived “self-to-team” deep-level diversity on team’s creative output from a social identity lens’ view.Design/methodology/approachAn experimental study was designed (n= 30 in each experimental condition, namely, homogeneous, heterogeneous and mixed) and vignettes were used to manipulate the experimental conditions. Employees from four Indian organizations participated in the experimental study.FindingsResults indicated that deep-level homogeneous group perceived higher team creative output as compared to the deep-level heterogeneous group. Perceived team creativity climate was found to mediate the effect of team diversity on team’s creative output. Further, it was observed that the quality of perceived creativity climate (positive and negative) moderated the relationship between diversity and team’s creative output.Practical implicationsThe diversity–climate–creativity model presented in the paper may help managers to understand how “deep-level” group composition affects a group’s creative performance. The findings of this study may act as a platform for building effective diversity management policies.Originality/valueThe current research has contributed to the limited team diversity and creativity literature. Based on the experimental study, the paper has uniquely investigated team diversity and creativity link along with examining the role of a mediator (creativity climate) and moderator (quality climate) in the relationship. As the study was conducted in Indian settings, the findings were interpreted based on the typical Indian psycho-social characteristics.