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\nIntroduction: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the accuracy of near-infrared imaging (NIRI) generated by the iTero Element 5D scanner for detecting proximal caries lesions in deciduous molars, compared with visual inspection (VI), bitewing (BW) radiography, and histological examination (reference standard). Methods: Sound deciduous molars and those with caries lesions (ICDAS 0 to 5) on the proximal surface were included, while teeth with marginal crest breakdown, restoration on the mentioned surfaces, or extensive dentin resorption were excluded. A total of 182 deciduous molars, divided into 91 pairs of first and second molars, were evaluated by two blinded examiners. Two distinct thresholds were considered for the assessment of caries detection methods: enamel lesion (D1) and dentin lesion (D3). Specificity, sensitivity, accuracy, and area under the ROC curve (AUC) were calculated for each method in the statistical analysis. Results: All evaluated methods demonstrated high specificity at D1, with 1.00 for VI and 0.95 for NIRI and BW, and at D3, 0.99 for BW and 0.98 for NIRI and VI, without statistical differences. The sensitivity and accuracy of NIRI at D1 were 0.44 and 0.55, while those of VI were 0.46 and 0.58, and of BW were 0.60 and 0.68, respectively. And sensitivity and accuracy of NIRI at D3 were 0.14 and 0.69, while those of VI were 0.37 and 0.77, and of BW were 0.51 and 0.82, respectively. No difference in sensitivity and accuracy was observed between NIRI and VI at D1 (p = 0.589); however, NIRI presented the lowest accuracy at D3. At D1, no statistical difference was observed between the AUC of BW and VI (p = 0.1124), nor between NIRI and VI (p = 0.2523). However, at D3, statistical differences were observed between the AUCs of the three evaluated methods: VI versus NIRI (p = 0.0005), VI versus BW (p = 0.0281), and NIRI versus BW (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: NIRI showed accuracy comparable to VI at the D1 threshold but was less effective than BW radiography at both D1 and D3 thresholds. Tooth decay is the most prevalent chronic disease in childhood, and early detection of proximal lesions is essential for implementing a treatment plan based on minimal intervention. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the accuracy of the nonionizing method near-infrared imaging (NIRI) generated by the iTero Element 5D scanner for detecting proximal caries lesions in deciduous molars, comparing it with visual inspection and bitewing radiography. The gold standard was histological analysis. A total of 182 deciduous molars, divided into 91 pairs of first and second molars, were evaluated by two blinded examiners. Teeth with sound proximal surfaces and carious lesions (ICDAS 0–5) were included, while teeth with restorations, marginal crest breakdown on the mentioned surfaces, and extensive dentin resorption were excluded. Two distinct thresholds were considered for the assessment of caries detection methods: enamel lesion (D1) and dentin lesion (D3). Sensitivity (ability of a method to correctly identify carious lesions when they are present), specificity (ability of a test to correctly identify healthy surfaces without carious lesions), accuracy (combines sensitivity and specificity, representing the overall ability of a method to provide correct diagnoses), and area under the ROC curve (illustrates how sensitivity and specificity vary) were calculated for each method in the statistical analysis. We conclude that NIRI was able to detect caries lesions similarly to visual inspection for lesions located in dental enamel but was less effective than bitewing radiography for lesions in both enamel and dentin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Bilateral mandibular premolar agenesis is rare, and it is essential to retain the primary teeth until they can be replaced with dental implants. Although internal root resorption and periapical lesions in primary teeth have a poor prognosis, MTA dressing and restoring teeth with SSC impede the progress of internal resorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Dental Sciences is the property of Turkiye Klinikleri and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: In community settings with limited dental personnel and equipment, and in an era when the aerosol transmission of infectious agents is on the rise, a non‐invasive approach to caries management is critical. To provide information on non‐invasive material selection, the aim of this study was to compare the remineralization effect of commonly used fluoride‐containing materials, adjunctive to the everyday use of fluoride toothpaste (F‐toothpaste), on primary tooth natural dentin caries. Methods: Fifty‐five specimens were randomly divided into five groups: 38% silver diamine fluoride (SDF), 5% fluoride varnish (F‐varnish), glass‐ionomer cement (GIC), deionized water (DW) with F‐toothpaste slurry, and DW as a control group (n = 11). The lesion depth and mineral density were measured before and after bacterial pH‐cycling using micro‐computed tomography. The percentage of mineral density change (%MDchange) was quantified. The dependent t‐test, Wilcoxon‐Signed‐Rank Test, and one way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction were used to analyse the data. Results: SDF application reduced lesion depth from 844.6 to 759.1 μm (p < 0.045) while increasing mineral density from 551.4 to 763.0 mgHA/cm3 (p < 0.003). Only mineral density rose from 600.2 to 678.4 mgHA/cm3 (p < 0.013) when GIC was used. The other groups showed no difference. The highest %MDchange was also found after SDF treatment (49.7%, p < 0.05), whereas GIC (17.2%, p < 0.05) presented a higher percentage than the F‐varnish (2.0%), F‐toothpaste (−1.1%) and no‐treatment groups (−1.4%). Conclusion: In this in vitro study, where the pH of cycling was almost neutral, using SDF as an adjunct to F‐toothpaste resulted in the highest remineralization compared with other remineralizing materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionChemo-mechanical caries removal (CMCR) offers an alternative to conventional drilling for carious dentin removal, but limited evidence exists on its long-term effects on treating caries in primary teeth. The primary aims of this study were to compare CMCR to drilling in terms of restoration status and the presence of secondary caries after 24 months.MethodsA randomized, parallel-group, single-blinded, controlled trial was conducted in Thailand. Participants were children aged 7–8 years with occlusal caries in second primary molars, randomly assigned to CMCR with Papacarie® (n = 242) or drilling (n = 246). All cavities were restored using glass ionomer cement. Completeness of caries removal was evaluated clinically by two blinded dentists, and patients' discomfort was measured using a facial visual analogue scale. Restoration status and development of secondary caries were assessed every six months clinically and every 12 months radiographically over a 2-year period.ResultsBoth groups achieved complete caries removal, but the CMCR took significantly longer than the drilling method (9 vs. 2.3 min, p

Objectives Restoration of primary teeth have become more critical than extracting them. Composite resin materials are considered suitable materials for primary teeth restoration due to their aesthetic and acceptable performance. However, they have limitations such as polymerization shrinkage, microleakage, post-treatment sensitivity, and reduced marginal adaptation. This study evaluated the microleakage of Tokuyama Bulk flow composite and Grandiflow composite resin materials in restored primary teeth. Methods In this in vitro study, 54 primary teeth were randomly divided into two groups. After preparing the Class II cavity in the samples and applying acid etch and bonding material, one group was allocated to the Tokuyama Bulk flow composite, and the other group was allocated to the Grandiflow composite. The amount of microleakage was determined by immersion of samples in 1% methylene blue dye and evaluation under stereomicroscope. Scores from 0 to 3 were assigned depending on the degree of dye penetration. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the scores in two groups at a significance level of 0.05. Results The amount of microleakage in the Grandiflow group was significantly higher than the Tokuyama Bulk flow group (p=0.019). In the Grandiflow group, the highest microleakage score was 3 (63.0%), 2 (29.6%), and 1 (7.4%), respectively. In the Tokuyama Bulk flow group, the highest microleakage scores were 2 (55.6%), 3 (29.6%), 1 (11.1%), and 0 (3.7%), respectively. Conclusion It can be concluded that Tokuyama Bulk flow composites have lower microleakage than the Grandiflow composite, potentially affecting the microleakage and subsequent failure of the restoration in a positive way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Aim of this study was to evaluate effects of chemomechanical method and atraumatic restorative treatment technique on working time, micro-tension bond strength and microleakage of restorations of deciduous molars with high viscosity glass ionomer cement and compomer. Material-Method: Eighty collected deciduous molars were divided into two main groups as Group1:BRIX 3000 and Group2:ART for caries removal method and into two subgroups as GroupA:Equia Forte HT and GroupB:Dyract XP for restorative material. Time spent on caries removal and restoration was recorded. Specimens were thermal cycled 500 times before the experiment. Bond strength values were determined by micro-tension test, fracture types were evaluated. For microleakage evaluation, degree of gingival and occlusal dye penetration was examined. Data obtained were statistically analyzed. Results: Caries removal time was longer in BRIX 3000-treated groups and restoration time was longer in Equia Forte HT-treated groups (p<0.05). Micro-tensile bond strength value was higher in all study groups using BRIX 3000 than in study groups using ART(p<0.05). In BRIX+Equia Forte HT study group, the most common type of fracture was cohesive, while in other study groups, it was adhesive. Ranking of micro-tensile bond strength values according to fracture type was "cohesive>mix>adhesive" and only difference between adhesive and cohesive fractures was significant(p<0.05). The lowest occlusal and gingival microleakage scores were measured in BRIX+Equia Forte HT group and the highest microleakage score was measured in ART+Dyract XP group(p<0.05). Conclusion: Chemomechanical caries removal method using BRIX 3000 increased micro-tension bond strength and sealing properties. BRIX+Equia Forte HT combination offered the most successful results in all tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gradual movement of a tooth away from the occlusal plane is called infraocclusion or reinclusion. Reincluded teeth are most often deciduous molars, and permanent teeth are less frequently affected. Depending on the level of the infraocclusion, the severity of the disorder is classified as mild, moderate, or severe. The etiology of the phenomenon is not fully known. Tooth submerging can lead to serious complications, such as abnormal position of adjacent teeth, displacement of the bud of the permanent successor, shortening of the dental arch, or developmental disturbances of alveolar process. Early diagnosis of the tooth infraocclusion and regular monitoring of its progression help to avoid serious permanent sequelae. The treatment of reinclusion often involves only observation. However, in some cases, the therapeutic procedure requires interdisciplinary treatment by specialists from various fields of dentistry. This study presents current methods of diagnosis and treatment of patients with submerged teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Metals are widely influenced in environmental pollution and disease development in humans. Since children are exposed to chemicals in the environment more than adults, risk assessment should be taken into consideration. Therefore, the investigation of the difference in children's contact levels in environments with different pollution and monitoring the concentration of metals through tissue sampling are essential for identifying and preventing such effects. Materials and methods: Teeth were collected according to the inclusion criteria from dental clinics in Sari and Tehran. The samples were completely turned into powder by a grinder and prepared using an acid dissolution process to determine the concentration of metals by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Moreover, the maximum, minimum, mean, median and standard deviation values of the data were calculated. The normality of the data was determined by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS statistical software (v. 16). Results: The average concentration of Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, Al, Mn, Ba and Sr in two cities had a significant difference (P0.05). Additionally, in terms of tooth type a significant difference was observed among all these elements except Ba (P

Background: One of the factors affecting deciduous occlusion is infant feeding modes. The objective of this research was to identify and document the malocclusions that arise due to various approaches of infant feeding, and to assist in clarifying ambiguities surrounding skeletal growth complications that result from infant feeding practices.Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was conducted in 2021 on 284 children with an age range of 4-5 years who were selected from kindergartens and preschools in Sari by cluster sampling and then systematic sampling. After obtaining written consent from the parents and recording the child's personal information in the demographic checklist, the surface of the teeth was cleaned with a sterile gauze and then examined. The relationship of deciduous molars, overjet and overbite, open bite, posterior crossbite, and the relationship of deciduous canines were recorded. Data analysis was performed by Chi-square and one-way ANOVA using SPSS software (version 22). P-values of

Intrusive dislocation is the most frequent type of traumatic injury in the primary dentition, characterized by displacement of the tooth into the alveolus. Intrusions require a thorough physical examination, radiographs of diagnostic value, and follow-up of the case, since the prognosis is unfavorable, mainly due to the probability of damage to the permanent tooth germ. This work aims to report a clinical case of intrusive dislocation in the primary dentition, from diagnosis to follow-up. This is a male patient, 3 years old, who attended the Emergency of the Children’s Specialty Clinic – State University of Londrina (UEL) due to dento-alveolar trauma in the antero-superior region that occurred three days ago. On clinical examination, tooth 61 had grade II intrusion (one-third of the crown visible), and tooth 62 had grade I intrusion, with more than one-third of the crown visible. Radiographically, a buccal inclination was observed, with no fracture of the bone plate. Thus, we opted for conservative treatment, waiting for the spontaneous re-eruption of the teeth involved. Furthermore, parents were informed about the possible consequences of this type of trauma and the need for clinical and radiographic follow-up consultations. After eight months of follow-up, the teeth erupted satisfactorily. It is extremely important to establish a protocol for observation and control of the traumatized tooth, observing signs and symptoms of the tissues involved in the trauma to reduce sequelae in both dentitions.

Abstract Aim This study aims to evaluate the primary teeth undergoing amputation due to dental caries or trauma clinically and radiologically. Material and methods The amputation treatment of 90 primary teeth of 58 patients (Female: 20, Male: 38) aged 4–11 years was evaluated clinically and radiologically. Calcium Hydroxide was used for amputation in this study. Composite or amalgam was preferred as filling material in the same session of the patients. Clinical/radiological (Periapical/Panoramic X-ray) examination was performed on the teeth that were unsuccessful in treatment, on the day of the patient's complaint, and at the end of 1 year in the others. Results According to the clinical and radiological findings of the patients, 14.4% of the boys and 12.3% of the girls were unsuccessful. Amputation in male was a need in the 6–7 age group with a rate of 44.6% at most. Amputation in females was a need in the 8–9 age group with a rate of 52% at most. Conclusion Success in amputation treatment depends on the tooth, the dentist, and the dental material applied.

Tooth number anomalies, including hyperdontia and hypodontia, are common congenital dental problems in the dental clinic. The precise number of teeth in a dentition is essential for proper speech, mastication, and aesthetics. Teeth are ectodermal organs that develop from the interaction of a thickened epithelium (dental placode) with the neural-crest-derived ectomesenchyme. There is extensive histological, molecular, and genetic evidence regarding how the tooth number is regulated in this serial process, but there is currently no universal classification for tooth number abnormalities. In this review, we propose a novel regulatory network for the tooth number based on the inherent dentition formation process. This network includes three intuitive directions: the development of a single tooth, the formation of a single dentition with elongation of the continual lamina, and tooth replacement with the development of the successional lamina. This article summarizes recent reports on early tooth development and provides an analytical framework to classify future relevant experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Objective: This study aimed to self-evaluate the knowledge of different dental professionals’ profiles in Brazil on diagnosing and indicating pulpotomy in primary teeth and how these groups updated on this theme. Methods: Three groups (G1: professors, G2: specialists, and G3: professionals) answered an online questionnaire containing 20 questions and returned 416 questionnaires. Data were subjected to Chi-square associative tests and t tests, with P < .05. Results: G1 and G2 reported to indicate pulpotomy, highlighting the tendency of these groups towards seeking updates on this subject. All 3 groups used academic materials for updating. However, G2 had a high demand for updates through congresses, whilst G3 had a high demand for updates through social media (Google and Google Scholar). The most cited indication by G1 and G2 was ''accidental pulp exposure'' and by G3 was ''teeth with extensive carious lesions that have involved the pulp with radiographic confirmation.'' All 3 groups opted for pulpotomy to keep the tooth in the arch. Thus, G1 and G2 are the groups who are more updated on the subject, using mainly academic materials, which can be associated with the fact that such groups indicated pulpotomy in primary teeth. The lower interest in searching about pulpotomy in G3 can be understood as a nonclinical application of the topic for this group. Conclusions: Professionals who work directly with paediatric dentistry (professors or specialists) felt more capable of diagnosing and treating cases of pulpotomy. In addition, most of the professionals used scientifically based sources for getting information and actualisation on the subject of pulp therapies.

The aim of the present study is to report a case of periodontal Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (pEDS) in early childhood. A 3-year-old child, complaining of severe tooth mobility, gingival bleeding, and early loss of deciduous teeth sought the dental clinics. The patient was diagnosed with pEDS, and no other systematic health impairments were diagnosed. It was implemented a strict supragingival biofilm control, using mechanical and chemical strategies. However, during the treatment, the patient had to receive multiple dental extractions. Scaling and root planing were performed in the remaining teeth, and the patient is included in the periodontal maintenance program to prevent recurrence of the disease. It was concluded that, although rare, severe cases of periodontitis may occur in deciduous teeth. Strict supragingival biofilm control and periodontal maintenance are strongly recommended in those patients, along with familial monitoring.

Context: Silver compounds have been used clinically in dentistry and have effectively arrested dental caries. However, their potential use in community outreach programs has not been explored. Aims: This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of two silver compounds, silver diamine fluoride (SDF) and silver nitrate (SN), in arresting caries in deciduous teeth when used in outreach programs. Settings and Design: This is a randomized trial with a split mouth design done in three primary schools in Dharwad city. Subjects and Methods: This study was conducted among 174 teeth in 58 subjects between the ages of 4 years and 6 years. Pairs of carious teeth in each subject were randomized into two groups: Group A and Group B. Teeth in Group A were treated with 38% SDF and teeth in Group B were treated with 25% SN. These teeth were examined for the arrest of caries after treatment, at the end of 3 months and 6 months. Statistical Analysis: Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the demographic characteristics and percentages of arrested and active carious lesions. Chi-square test was done to compare the proportion of arrested teeth within and between the groups. Results: All the teeth showed arrest of caries immediately after treatment in both the groups which significantly reduced after 6 months. The result also showed that there was no significant difference in the reduction of arrested carious teeth between the two groups. Conclusions: Both SDF and SN can be used in outreach programs with comparable effectiveness in arresting dental caries.

Introduction: Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) has been used as a caries arresting agent. The application protocol of SDF is unclear. Some clinicians prefer to light cure SDF to accelerate the hardening of SDF; however, the effect of the same on bond strength of the restoration is unknown. This study aimed to determine the effect of light-curing SDF on microtensile bond strength (µTBS) of primary teeth restored with glass ionomer cement (GIC). Materials and Methods: Seventeen carious primary molars were sectioned through the middle of the carious lesion and allocated randomly to three groups. Group 1—SDF application followed by GIC restoration, group 2—SDF application followed by light cure of SDF and restored with GIC, group 3—control: GIC restoration without SDF application (n = 11). The samples were stored in artificial saliva; evaluated for µTBS under universal testing machine until failure. The failure mode was evaluated using stereomicroscope at 40× magnification. Results: µTBS of the groups were compared using Kruskal–Wallis test, which showed a statistically significant difference between the groups (P < 0.05). Dunn’s post hoc test revealed a significantly higher bond strength with group 2 (4.15 ± 2.51) compared to group 1 (1.40 ± 0.49) (P value 0.022). The failure modes for each group were carried out with chi-square test which revealed no statistically significant difference. Conclusion: Light-curing SDF prior to application of GIC resulted in significantly greater bond strength when compared to non–light-cured SDF.

The anterior open bite is a multifactorial malocclusion and a challenge between orthodontists. Based on the origin, divided in two types as dental and skeletal, and appear in the anterior or posterior segments, (unilateral or bilateral). Dental open-bite in the most of patients have environmental etiologic factor such as oral habits, tongue trust, mouth breathing, large tongue. In skeletal type, excessive vertical growth of the maxilla is etiologic factor and accompany with downward-backward rotation of the mandible.Case Report:The case was a 27years woman with an anterior open bite and unilateral impacted upper canine and congenital missing of lower 2ndpremolar in the left side and retained 2ndlower deciduous molar and upper canine in the left side. She consulted for orthodontic treatment in Tehran Dental School of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in October of 2017.The Orthodontic treatment was down with MBT slot 22 system (USA. Orthoorganizer, inc) for apply extrusive force on impacted upper canine in left side with auxiliary 014 ss, segmented arch wire. loop arch wire technique with 16×22 ss rectangular continuous arch wire was used for space closing in extraction site and correction overbite. The extracted teeth were right lower 2ndpremolar and left 2nddeciduous molar and 1stpremolars in upper arch. As recommended advancement genioplasty for correction chin deficiency the patient refused it. Conclusion:In this technique we used Orthodontic treatment alone instead of Orthognathic surgery for open bite correction

Aim: This study aims to evaluate the primary teeth undergoing amputation due to dental caries or trauma clinically and radiologically. Material and methods: The amputation treatment of 90 primary teeth of 58 patients (Female: 20, Male: 38) aged 4–11 years was evaluated clinically and radiologically. Calcium Hydroxide was used for amputation in this study. Composite or amalgam was preferred as filling material in the same session of the patients. Clinical/radiological (Periapical/Panoramic X-ray) examination was performed on the teeth that were unsuccessful in treatment, on the day of the patient's complaint, and at the end of 1 year in the others. Results: According to the clinical and radiological findings of the patients, 14.4% of the boys and 12.3% of the girls were unsuccessful. Amputation in male was a need in the 6–7 age group with a rate of 44.6% at most. Amputation in females was a need in the 8–9 age group with a rate of 52% at most. Conclusion: Success in amputation treatment depends on the tooth, the dentist, and the dental material applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A void-free obturation during root canal treatment on primary teeth is currently very difficult to attain. In this study, the pulpectomy filling abilities of Bio-C Pulpecto (Angelus, Basil, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil) and of zinc oxide eugenol, or "ZOE" (DenPro, Prevest, New York, NY, USA), were compared using several in vitro techniques. Therefore, 30 primary anterior teeth were used in the present in vitro study. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), including a multiple comparison procedure (Holm-Sidak method, Dunn's Method, or Tukey test), was used. On micro-CT, Bio-C Pulpecto exhibited higher void percentages than did ZOE (10.3 ± 3.8%, and 3.5 ± 1.3%), respectively (p < 0.05). With digital microscopy, higher total void percentages were found in the BC (13.2 ± 26.7%) group compared to the ZOE (2.7 ± 2.8%) group (p < 0.05). With the CLSM, mean tubular penetration depths were higher for Bio-C Pulpecto than for ZOE in all canal thirds (p < 0.05). SEM images demonstrated no tags into dentinal tubules in either group throughout the three thirds. Moreover, higher statistically significant flowability was found for Bio-C (2.657 ± 0.06 mm) compared to ZOE (1.8 ± 0.13 mm) (p < 0.05). The findings of this study indicate that neither ZOE nor Bio-C Pulpecto appears to meet the criteria for an ideal root canal filling paste for primary teeth. This study laid the groundwork for future research by determining how micro-CT, digital microscopy, SEM, and CLSM contribute to our understanding of the filling process of primary teeth. More thorough research on the mechanism of root canal obturation on primary teeth is required to achieve a long-term successful root canal therapy in young children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Silver compounds have been used clinically in dentistry and have effectively arrested dental caries. However, their potential use in community outreach programs has not been explored. Aims: This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of two silver compounds, silver diamine fluoride (SDF) and silver nitrate (SN), in arresting caries in deciduous teeth when used in outreach programs. Settings and Design: This is a randomized trial with a split mouth design done in three primary schools in Dharwad city. Subjects and Methods: This study was conducted among 174 teeth in 58 subjects between the ages of 4 years and 6 years. Pairs of carious teeth in each subject were randomized into two groups: Group A and Group B. Teeth in Group A were treated with 38% SDF and teeth in Group B were treated with 25% SN. These teeth were examined for the arrest of caries after treatment, at the end of 3 months and 6 months. Statistical Analysis: Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the demographic characteristics and percentages of arrested and active carious lesions. Chi-square test was done to compare the proportion of arrested teeth within and between the groups. Results: All the teeth showed arrest of caries immediately after treatment in both the groups which significantly reduced after 6 months. The result also showed that there was no significant difference in the reduction of arrested carious teeth between the two groups. Conclusions: Both SDF and SN can be used in outreach programs with comparable effectiveness in arresting dental caries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pamukkale Medical Journal is the property of Pamukkale Journal of Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de la Asociación Odontológica Argentina is the property of Asociacion Odontologica Argentina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Dental caries is a disease which is caused by the acidic by-products of the metabolic processes of dental plaque. Silver components are one of the clinical solutions to prevent caries. This study aimed to investigate the effect of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) application on the shear bond strength of glass ionomer to primary teeth enamel. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, a total of 48 anterior sound primary teeth were randomly divided into four groups (n = 12). The control group (G1) consisted of healthy primary teeth, and the three experimental groups (G2-G4) were composed of demineralized primary teeth. The second group did not undergo SDF treatment, the third group underwent SDF treatment, and the fourth group underwent SDF treatment plus polishing. Glass ionomer cylinders were bonded to all specimens and subsequently tested by a universal testing machine to measure the glass ionomer shear bond strength. The type of fracture was examined by a stereomicroscope. Data analysis was carried out using the SPSS 22 statistical software. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and posthoc Tukey tests (a =0.05). Results: The mean shear bond strength of the glass ionomer was significantly higher in the control group than in the other three groups (P < 0.05). The mean shear bond strength of glass ionomer was significantly higher in the SDF-treated group than in the non-SDF treated and SDF-treated and polished groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Although the glass ionomer bond strength to sound enamel was higher than other groups by a significant margin, the application of SDF increases the shear bond strength of the glass ionomer to remineralized white spot enamel in primary teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT In pediatric dentistry, restorative treatment requires a material with good mechanical properties, ease of handling, and usability. For the restoration of deciduous teeth, colored compomers are an alternative material for motivating children in dental treatment and, consequently, behavior management. This study aimed to provide information about colored compomers by presenting a case of restoration in a deciduous molar with a five-year follow-up. Additionally, the study highlights the child’s motivation toward dental treatment and oral care, thus offering an alternative to other restorative materials for clinicians to consider. The treatment plan for tooth 75 was selective removal of decayed tissue and restoration with compomer blue- colored Twinkly Star. The restoration was performed without anesthesia under relative isolation following the clinical protocol recommended by the manufacturer. As a result, it was observed that the restoration in colored Twinky Star compomer remained aesthetically and functionally satisfactory after five years. In addition, it was favorable for the child’s collaboration in dental treatment. It is concluded that colored Twinky Star compomer can be a viable alternative for restoring deciduous teeth, contributing to children’s dental treatment and oral care motivation.

The gradual movement of a tooth away from the occlusal plane is called infraocclusion or reinclusion. Reincluded teeth are most often deciduous molars, and permanent teeth are less frequently affected. Depending on the level of the infraocclusion, the severity of the disorder is classified as mild, moderate, or severe. The etiology of the phenomenon is not fully known. Tooth submerging can lead to serious complications, such as abnormal position of adjacent teeth, displacement of the bud of the permanent successor, shortening of the dental arch, or developmental disturbances of alveolar process. Early diagnosis of the tooth infraocclusion and regular monitoring of its progression help to avoid serious permanent sequelae. The treatment of reinclusion often involves only observation. However, in some cases, the therapeutic procedure requires interdisciplinary treatment by specialists from various fields of dentistry. This study presents current methods of diagnosis and treatment of patients with submerged teeth.

Objectives: To define the timing of the first deciduous tooth eruption in a sample of Portuguese children. Methods: Observational study including a convenience sample of 2115 healthy Portuguese children aged between 1-24 months. A single clinician performed the oral observation under an artificial light source, identifying the first erupted deciduous tooth and registering age (in months). Data were analyzed with IBM® SPSS® v24, R v3.3.2, and Python v3.7.1 (α=0.05). The percentiles of the age of first tooth eruption were determined, along with the cumulative probability curve for both genders and the proportion of first erupted tooth type per gender with its confidence interval. Results: The age of first tooth eruption was slightly inferior in males (mean=7.01 (± 2.24); median=6.0 months; 95% CI [5.8, 6.2]) than in females (mean=7.55 (± 2.41); median=6.5 months; 95% CI [6.3, 6.7]), with a statistically significant difference. The first deciduous tooth erupting was the mandibular central incisor, on average, at 6.94 (± 2.10) months in males and 7.49 (± 2.17) months in females. Conclusions: The present study indicates that, unequivocally, the mandibular central incisor was most often the first deciduous tooth to erupt, and, on average, that happened at 6.94 months for males and at 7.49 months for females.

Background and Aim: The sandwich technique is a restorative method where the lost dentin is replaced with glass ionomer (GI) cement and the lost enamel is replaced with composite resin. Various modifications of this technique have been introduced in order to increase the longevity of this restoration. Hence, the aim of this review article was to assess the use of sandwich technique in primary teeth. Materials and Methods: After an initial screening of potentially relevant articles through electronic search of journals indexed in PubMed Central, Science Direct, Wiley Online Library, Springer and Google Scholar, articles on sandwich restorations in primary teeth were included. Results: Literature suggests that the sandwich technique is successfully practiced in carious lesions in permanent teeth; however, very few studies are done on primary teeth. Conclusion: With the advent of newer resin cements and bonding agents, the sandwich technique is much simplified. However not enough clinical studies are available in the literature on the sandwich technique and its modifications in primary teeth. More studies need to be conducted in primary teeth using this restorative technique.

Abstract Background Clinical studies have demonstrated that dental pulp stem cells isolated from permanent teeth (PT-DPSCs) are safe and efficacious for complete pulp regeneration in mature pulpectomized permanent teeth with complete apical closure. Moreover, dental pulp stem cells from deciduous teeth (DT-DPSCs) have also been shown to be useful for pulp regenerative cell therapy of injured immature permanent teeth. However, direct comparisons of the pulp regenerative potential of DT-DPSCs and PT-DPSCs from the same individual have not been performed. This study aimed to compare the differences in stem cell properties and pulp regenerative potential of DT-DPSCs and PT-DPSCs of identical origin. Methods DT-DPSCs and PT-DPSCs were isolated from the same individual dogs at 4 months and 9 months of age, respectively. The expression of cell surface antigen markers, proliferation and migration activities, and gene expression of stem cell markers, angiogenic/neurotrophic factors and senescence markers were compared. The effects of conditioned medium (CM) derived from these cells on cellular proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, neurite outgrowth and immunosuppression were also compared. Autologous transplantation of DT-DPSCs or PT-DPSCs together with G-CSF was performed to treat pulpectomized teeth in individual dogs. The vascularization and reinnervation of the regenerated pulp tissues were qualitatively and quantitatively compared between groups by histomorphometric analyses. Results The rates of positive CXCR4 and G-CSFR expression in DT-DPSCs were significantly higher than those in PT-DPSCs. DT-DPSCs migrated at a higher rate with/without G-CSF and exhibited increased expression of the stem cell markers Oct3/4 and CXCR4 and the angiogenic factor VEGF and decreased expression of the senescence marker p16 than PT-DPSCs. DT-DPSC-derived CM promoted increased cell proliferation, migration with G-CSF, and angiogenesis compared with PT-DPSC-derived CM; however, no difference was observed in neurite outgrowth or immunosuppression. The regenerated pulp tissues in the pulpectomized teeth were quantitatively and qualitatively similar between the DT-DPSCs and PT-DPSCs transplant groups. Conclusions These results demonstrated that DT-DPSCs could be a potential clinical alternative to PT-DPSCs for pulp regenerative therapy. DT-DPSCs can be preserved in an individual cell bank and used for potential future pulp regenerative therapy before the supply of an individual’s own sound discarded teeth has been exhausted.

Pediatric dentists should always strive for cosmetic and functional rehabilitation when treating decaying or injured primary teeth. The most popular restoration technique for such teeth is "strip crowns" made of composite materials, but more recently, zirconia and preveneered stainless steel crowns have gained popularity. Moreover, zirconia crowns are usually preferred over stainless steel crowns for aesthetic reasons. The aim of this case report is to present a 4-year-old patient with a high caries risk who underwent a full-mouth pediatric zirconia crown treatment. The operation was performed under general anesthesia. This article describes the restoration of all primary teeth and the follow-up 6 months after the parents' request to improve the aesthetics. The gingival health and the adaptation of the zirconia crown were evaluated both clinically and radiologically. In this case, the preformed pediatric zirconia crowns provided functional and durable restoration while restoring the natural appearance of the teeth. However, primary dental prevention, including education on oral hygiene and dietary habits, remains the cornerstone in preventing early childhood caries and promoting oral health in pediatric patients. It is important to note that dental intervention under general anesthesia should only be considered as a last resort after all other options have been exhausted, due to the potential risks associated with the use of general anesthesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aimed to assess the effects of iron salts on the demineralization and discoloration of primary incisor enamel subjected to artificial cariogenic challenge (ACC) versus saline immersion. Methodology: In this in vitro experimental study, 90 primary incisors were evaluated in 10 groups (n = 9). Five groups were subjected to ACC, and the other five were immersed in saline. Ferrous sulfate, ferrous fumarate, ferrous ammonium citrate, and ferrous gluconate were added to both saline and cariogenic solutions. The solutions were refreshed every 48 h. After 14 days, the teeth were removed from the media and their demineralization was inspected via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) was also performed. The color of the specimens was measured at baseline and after the intervention using the Vita Shade Guide. Results: Data were analyzed by the Kruskal–Wallis test, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey's test. The color change of specimens subjected to ACC was greater than the color change of those in saline (p = 0.083). The teeth subjected to ACC showed greater iron uptake than did those in saline (p = 0.023). SEM assessment revealed a regular pattern of enamel prisms, with some broken prisms and superficial cracks in the teeth immersed in saline. The teeth subjected to ACC showed numerous fractures and cracks, which were greater in the ferrous sulfate group. Conclusions: Immersion in ACC increased the structural porosities and led to greater iron uptake and, consequently, higher discoloration. The maximum structural changes and subsequent staining were noted in the ferrous sulfate group, followed by ferrous ammonium citrate, ferrous fumarate, and ferrous gluconate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the survival rate of primary maxillary anterior teeth following intrusive luxation and identify associated factors. Methods: A retrospective longitudinal study was conducted at a primary dental trauma centre using 88 dental records of children with intrusive luxation between 2007 and 2018. The variables of interest were time the tooth remained in the alveolus, degree of intrusion, accentuated overjet, lip protection, visible plaque, compromised germ of the permanent successor, clinical signs of infectious and inflammatory processes, endodontic treatment, pulp canal obliteration, sex, age at the time of trauma, family income, mother's schooling, and immediate care. Descriptive, bivariate, and Cox regression analyses were performed (p < 0.05; 95% CI). Results: The 88 dental records of children with intrusive luxation included 128 teeth. Survival rate throughout the follow-up period was 65.6% (n = 84). Age older than three years and eight months (HR 2.28; 95% CI 1.04–4.99; p = 0.039), the development of an infectious process (HR 3.51; 95% CI 1.39–8.86; p = 0.008), development of an inflammatory process (HR 2.35; 95% CI 1.17–4.71; p = 0.016) and compromised germ of the permanent successor (HR 4.38; 95% CI 1.99–9.61; p < 0.001) were associated with a lower survival rate of intruded primary maxillary anterior teeth. Conclusion: The survival rate during the follow-up period of intruded primary maxillary anterior teeth was considered high. A significantly lower survival rate was associated with age, the occurrence of an infectious process and inflammatory process, and the compromised germ of the permanent successor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Adherence to the daily use of dental floss in childhood is recommended by various international health institutions/organizations. This systematic review (PROSPERO number CRD42020205232) aims to evaluate the prevalence of dental floss use in deciduous dentition. Materials and methods: A systematic review was conducted in six databases (B‐on, Cochrane Library, PubMed, Scielo, Science Direct and Web of Science) up to December 2020. The CoCoPop mnemonic allowed for obtaining 2333 articles and resulted in the inclusion of 7 observational studies that evaluated the prevalence of dental floss use (primary outcome) in children up to 6 years old. The Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklist was used to evaluate the risk of bias, showing that most articles presented good quality. Meta‐analyses were performed using the proportion of dental floss use (yes or once/day) and the random effects model. Results: The meta‐analysis showed a prevalence of dental floss use of only 12.60% (95% CI: 7.69%–18.52%) based on studies with high heterogeneity of results (I2 = 94.75%; 95% CI: 91.44%–96.78%). Six of the seven studies showed that more than 70% of children never used dental floss. Conclusions: A low prevalence of dental floss use was observed in children up to 6 years old. Given the diversity of evaluating the use of dental floss, different options should be the target of standardization in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The objective of this in-vitro study was to evaluate and compare the smear layer formed using Kedo-S, Pro AF Baby Gold rotary files and manual Ni-Ti files in the root canals of primary anterior teeth. Methods: Sixty primary maxillary incisors which fulfilled the inclusion criteria were randomly assigned into 3 groups of 20 teeth each; Group 1: Kedo-S rotary files, Group 2: Pro AF Baby Gold rotary files and Group 3: manual Ni-Ti K files. The root canals in each group were instrumented for 3 minutes and irrigated intermittently with 0.9% saline. The teeth were then longitudinally sectioned and examined under a scanning electron microscope for smear layer formation at different thirds of the root canals. Scores obtained were then subjected to statistical analysis. Results: Inter-group comparison showed a significant difference between the coronal and middle third in all three groups. A statistically significant difference was also noted in the three groups at the different thirds of the root canals on the intra-group comparison. Conclusions: Both Kedo-S and Pro AF Baby Gold rotary files were significantly better than manual Ni-Ti K files in effectively debriding the root canal walls of primary teeth as evaluated by the smear layer.

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Introduction: Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) has been used as a caries arresting agent. The application protocol of SDF is unclear. Some clinicians prefer to light cure SDF to accelerate the hardening of SDF; however, the effect of the same on bond strength of the restoration is unknown. This study aimed to determine the effect of light-curing SDF on microtensile bond strength (µTBS) of primary teeth restored with glass ionomer cement (GIC). Materials and Methods: Seventeen carious primary molars were sectioned through the middle of the carious lesion and allocated randomly to three groups. Group 1--SDF application followed by GIC restoration, group 2--SDF application followed by light cure of SDF and restored with GIC, group 3--control: GIC restoration without SDF application (n =11). The samples were stored in artificial saliva; evaluated for µTBS under universal testing machine until failure. The failure mode was evaluated using stereomicroscope at 40× magnification. Results: µTBS of the groups were compared using Kruskal-Wallis test, which showed a statistically significant difference between the groups (P < 0.05). Dunn's post hoc test revealed a significantly higher bond strength with group 2 (4.15 ± 2.51) compared to group 1 (1.40 ± 0.49) (P value 0.022). The failure modes for each group were carried out with chi-square test which revealed no statistically significant difference. Conclusion: Light-curing SDF prior to application of GIC resulted in significantly greater bond strength when compared to non-light-cured SDF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study is to report a case of periodontal Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (pEDS) in early childhood. A 3-year-old child, complaining of severe tooth mobility, gingival bleeding, and early loss of deciduous teeth sought the dental clinics. The patient was diagnosed with pEDS, and no other systematic health impairments were diagnosed. It was implemented a strict supragingival biofilm control, using mechanical and chemical strategies. However, during the treatment, the patient had to receive multiple dental extractions. Scaling and root planing were performed in the remaining teeth, and the patient is included in the periodontal maintenance program to prevent recurrence of the disease. It was concluded that, although rare, severe cases of periodontitis may occur in deciduous teeth. Strict supragingival biofilm control and periodontal maintenance are strongly recommended in those patients, along with familial monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To systematically review the literature on laboratory studies to determine whether the bond strength of adhesives to primary teeth is similar to that to permanent teeth. Materials and Methods: This systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA and registered in PROSPERO (CRD42014015160). A comprehensive literature search was conducted considering in vitro studies published up to June 2015 in the PubMed/MEDLINE database, with no limit on year of publication. Two reviewers independently selected papers, extracted data and assessed the risk of bias. From 422 eligible studies, 42 were fully analyzed. Thirty-seven studies were ultimately included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. A global comparison was performed with a random-effects model at a significance level of p < 0.05, expressed by the difference of means between the groups. The mean bond strengths and standard deviations were tabulated and statistical analyses were conducted in RevMan 5.1 (The Cochrane Collaboration). Results: There was a significant difference between groups, with permanent teeth presenting higher bond strength than primary teeth (p = 0.0005). When the enamel and dentin substrates were considered separately, dentin presented the same trend (p = 0.002), while for enamel there was no significant difference between the dentitions (p = 0.11). The majority of the studies had a high bias risk. Conclusion: Adhesives have higher bond strengths when applied to permanent than to primary teeth. This difference was also valid when the comparison was made between permanent and primary dentin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, some physicochemical and antibacterial properties of three root canal filling materials for primary teeth, Calplus "CP" (Prevest DenPro, Lewes, DE, USA), Bio-C Pulpecto "Bio-CP" (Angelus, Basil, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil), and Zinc Oxide and Eugenol "ZOE" (Prevest DenPro, Lewes, DE, USA) were compared. For each material, the pH, solubility, contact angle, and crystalline microstructure under SEM were evaluated. Their antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis was determined through direct tests. The Kruskal–Wallis test was used to analyze the results using a one-way analysis of variance on ranks. All the materials had an alkaline pH at 3, 24, and 72 h, with CalPlus having the highest (p < 0.05). Bio-CP was more soluble during the evaluation period (24 h) than ZOE and CalPlus (p < 0.05). Bio-CP and ZOE demonstrated the creation of crystallite structures on their surfaces after immersion in PBS at 37 °C, whereas CalPlus showed none. The lowest contact angle was observed for Bio-CP (53 ± 1.5°); contact angles of (86 ± 4°) and (96 ± 1°), respectively, were observed after 10 s of the deposition of the water drop for CalPlus and ZOE. In conclusion, according to this study, there is still a need to develop new filling materials for primary teeth. ZOE, CalPlus and Bio-CP demonstrated different physicochemical and antibacterial properties, but none of the materials had optimal properties and could be considered the most suitable filling material for primary teeth pulpectomy. Bioceramics in their current state are not an alternative. The physicochemical and antibacterial properties still need improvement to fit the intricate anatomy of primary teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen Objetivo: La periodontitis en dentición primaria es excepcional en niños sin enfermedades sistémicas. El objetivo de este informe es describir las características clínicas y radiográficas de dos casos de niños de 3 años sistémicamente sanos con periodontitis, y su tratamiento con seguimiento a 5 años. Casos clínicos: En ambos casos, a los 3 años de edad los niños fueron derivados al especialista en periodoncia por su odontopediatra debido a la pérdida muy temprana de incisivos inferiores. El examen clínico y radiográfico mostró pérdida de inserción clínica, pérdida ósea y movilidad dental en otros incisivos superiores e inferiores. Se realizó la interconsulta médica y se descartó que los niños padecieran enfermedades relacionadas con el diagnóstico de periodontitis como manifestación de una enfermedad sistémica. El tratamiento consistió en la instrucción de medidas de higiene bucal que debían ser ejecutadas por los padres, instrumentación subgingival, antisépticos locales, medicación antibiótica sistémica y mantenimiento periodontal. No se realizaron extracciones como parte del tratamiento. En ambos casos uno de los incisivos presentes al momento de la consulta se perdió prematuramente, antes de los 4 años. El resto de los incisivos primarios cumplieron su ciclo normal. Luego de 5 años de seguimiento, a la edad de 8 años, ambos niños presentaban los incisivos y los primeros molares permanentes periodontalmente sanos y el resto de los dientes primarios sin signos de periodontitis. Palabras clave: Diente primario, enfermedades periodontales, exfoliación dental, niño, periodontitis// Abstract Aim: Periodontitis in primary dentition is exceptional in children without systemic diseases. The objective of this article is to describe the clinical and radiographic characteristics of two cases of systemically healthy 3-year-old children with periodontitis, and their treatment, with a 5-year follow-up. Clinical cases: In both cases, at 3 years of age, the children were referred to a periodontic specialist by their pediatric dentist, due to the very early loss of lower incisors. Clinical and radiographic examination showed loss of clinical attachment, bone loss and dental mobility in other upper and lower incisors. A medical consultation was carried out and diseases related to the diagnosis of periodontitis as a manifestation of a systemic disease were ruled out. The treatment consisted of instruction on oral hygiene measures that had to be carried out by the parents, subgingival instrumentation, local antiseptics, systemic antibiotic medication, and periodontal maintenance. No extractions were performed as part of the treatment. In both cases, one of the incisors present at the time of consultation was lost prematurely, before the age of 4 years. The rest of the primary incisors completed their normal cycle. After 5 years of follow-up, at the age of 8 years, both children showed periodontally healthy incisors and first permanent molars, and the rest of the primary teeth without signs of periodontitis. Key words: Child, deciduous tooth, dental exfoliation, periodontal diseases, periodontitis.

Background: Clinical studies have demonstrated that dental pulp stem cells isolated from permanent teeth (PT-DPSCs) are safe and efficacious for complete pulp regeneration in mature pulpectomized permanent teeth with complete apical closure. Moreover, dental pulp stem cells from deciduous teeth (DT-DPSCs) have also been shown to be useful for pulp regenerative cell therapy of injured immature permanent teeth. However, direct comparisons of the pulp regenerative potential of DT-DPSCs and PT-DPSCs from the same individual have not been performed. This study aimed to compare the differences in stem cell properties and pulp regenerative potential of DT-DPSCs and PT-DPSCs of identical origin. Methods: DT-DPSCs and PT-DPSCs were isolated from the same individual dogs at 4 months and 9 months of age, respectively. The expression of cell surface antigen markers, proliferation and migration activities, and gene expression of stem cell markers, angiogenic/neurotrophic factors and senescence markers were compared. The effects of conditioned medium (CM) derived from these cells on cellular proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, neurite outgrowth and immunosuppression were also compared. Autologous transplantation of DT-DPSCs or PT-DPSCs together with G-CSF was performed to treat pulpectomized teeth in individual dogs. The vascularization and reinnervation of the regenerated pulp tissues were qualitatively and quantitatively compared between groups by histomorphometric analyses. Results: The rates of positive CXCR4 and G-CSFR expression in DT-DPSCs were significantly higher than those in PT-DPSCs. DT-DPSCs migrated at a higher rate with/without G-CSF and exhibited increased expression of the stem cell markers Oct3/4 and CXCR4 and the angiogenic factor VEGF and decreased expression of the senescence marker p16 than PT-DPSCs. DT-DPSC-derived CM promoted increased cell proliferation, migration with G-CSF, and angiogenesis compared with PT-DPSC-derived CM; however, no difference was observed in neurite outgrowth or immunosuppression. The regenerated pulp tissues in the pulpectomized teeth were quantitatively and qualitatively similar between the DT-DPSCs and PT-DPSCs transplant groups. Conclusions: These results demonstrated that DT-DPSCs could be a potential clinical alternative to PT-DPSCs for pulp regenerative therapy. DT-DPSCs can be preserved in an individual cell bank and used for potential future pulp regenerative therapy before the supply of an individual's own sound discarded teeth has been exhausted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

temporary mandibular molars in panoramic radiographs of pediatric patients with unilateral posterior crossbite (UPCB). This cross-sectional and retrospective study analyzed 114 orthopantomograms of patients between 6 - 9 years of age with unilateral posterior crossbite diagnosis. The first and second mandibular molars were analyzed. Their root resorption stage was typified, and the root lengths were measured; to later compare the data obtained depending on the malocclusion side. 86.4 % of molars showed a linear resorption pattern, and atypical resorption prevalence in patients with UPCB was 13.5 %. The total length average of the first molars on the side of the malocclusion was 8.20 mm, while the contralateral exhibited a mean of 9.29 mm. Lastly, the second molars had a mean length of 11.12 mm in crossbite side and 12.30 mm in the normal occlusion side. UPCB could affect physiological resorption by observing a resorption alteration in those mandibular molars located on the malocclusion side. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Tooth eruption is a multifaceted physiological process, which can be delayed by factors such as malnutrition. This study aimed to compare the serum levels of vitamin D and calcium in infants with a longer than normal eruption time of the first deciduous tooth with the control group (normal eruption). Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, serum levels of vitamin D in 61 children with a mean age of normal dental eruption in Iranian children (8 months and less) were compared with 61 children with eruption age of more than 8 months. The children were matched in terms of age, sex, place of birth and residence, age of birth, birth weight, and other eruption-related items. Student's t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and chi-square test were used for statistical analysis. Results: The first erupted tooth in all infants was the mandibular incisor. The mean serum level of vitamin D was 38.1±24.1 ng/ml in infants with eruption age of 8 months or less and 40.0±21.5 ng/ml in the group of eruption age over 8 months (P=0.63). Serum calcium level was 10.03±0.55 mg/dl in the first group and 9.92±0.57 mg/dl in the second group (P=0.28). There was no significant relationship between gender, maternal education, A+D supplementation, infant nutrition (breast milk, formula, and combination), and different levels of vitamin D (deficient, inadequate, adequate, and toxic) with the average age of eruption of the first deciduous tooth (P>0.05). Conclusion: It seems that serum vitamin D and calcium levels in this age group do not affect the eruption time of deciduous teeth.

Background and purpose: One of the main goals in pediatric dentistry is to maintain deciduous teeth until the permanent teeth grow. In cases where the pulp of deciduous teeth is involved, pulpectomy is needed which requires determining the correct working length of the canals and cleaning and filling their interior space using a proper filling material. The principles of successful endodontic treatment in permanent teeth are well known, but, determining the anatomy of the canal of deciduous teeth is difficult due to the resorption and deposition of hard tissue in the root canal, the shape, dimensions, and variable conditions of root apex. Therefore, in this narrative review, we investigated the accuracy of Ipex-I and Root ZX mini electronic apex locators and conventional radiography in root canal length determination in resorbed primary molars. A thorough search was conducted in Science Direct, Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Irandoc, SID, Magiran, and Iranmedex covering the articles published in 2000–2020. According to findings, all techniques mentioned were found to have almost similar accuracy in determining the working length in resorbed deciduous molars. However, obtaining radiography images may be difficult in children, therefore, apex locators are more preferable to the conventional method.

Simple Summary: National and EU legislation impose age restrictions for the rabies vaccination which is required in the export of dogs. This makes it important to know whether a particular dog is older than three months or not. In veterinary practice, age estimation is mostly based on dentition, although there is no standardized method described in the literature for determining the age of dogs under four months old and we found considerable variation in the references. We observed and recorded the changes in cranial shape and dentition of two Yorkshire Terriers born by caesarean section on 2 March 2018 up to four months of age. At the age of three months, both individuals showed the same characteristics of a wide gap between the upper maxillary incisors (i2 and i3) and the lower maxillary incisor and canine (i3 and c). It is common practice in EU member states to permit the entry of dogs vaccinated against rabies at the age of at least 3 months. In the absence of easily applicable comparative data, subjective disputes emerge around age. The aim of our study was to observe the development of dog teeth. During birth, an abnormally lying Yorkshire Terrier fetus was stuck in the birth canal, which led to a caesarean section, hence, the exact date of birth was known. For the next 4 months, two puppies were examined weekly, and they showed the same development. The dogs were born without teeth. At the age of 4.5 weeks, the canines I appeared, together with the adjacent incisors (i3), and the second incisor (i2) also erupted at the age of 6 weeks. A week later, a first incisor (i1) also appeared. From the age of 2.5 months, the distance between the teeth was increasing, especially on the upper dental arch. At 3.5 months of age, only the bottom front incisors (i1) had not grown in a row, and the significant distance between the top incisors, comparable to the width of the tooth, was striking. Since only two dogs of one breed were involved in this case study, the observations cannot be generalized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]