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Introduction: The objective of this study is to investigate the extent to which sighted persons understand thought processes of persons who are visually impaired (i.e., those who are blind or have low vision). The investigation focused on a street-crossing task. Method: Participants were 15 visually impaired persons and 21 sighted persons. The sighted group included 6 orientation and mobility (O&M) specialists and 15 individuals who represent the sighted public and have infrequent interactions with people with visual impairments. Participants provided verbal reports of their thought processes associated with a street-crossing scenario twice, once as a “non-pretender” and once as a “pretender.” In the non-pretender role, participants verbalized their thinking in line with their actual state of sightedness. In the pretender role, participants with visual impairments pretended that they did not have any visual impairments, whereas sighted participants pretended that they were blind. Transcribed data were analyzed using thematic analysis, resulting in three themes with 14 subthemes. The genuine responses of visually impaired participants and the imitated responses of the sighted participants were compared using proportions of the subthemes. Results: Fisher’s exact z tests demonstrated that out of the 14 subthemes, the visually impaired participants’ proportions were (a) similar to those of sighted O&M specialists in 10 subthemes and (b) different from those of the other sighted participants in seven subthemes. Participants verbalized fewer thoughts when describing sighted navigation than when describing navigation as a person with visual impairment. Discussion: Sighted persons with infrequent social interaction with people who are visually impaired seem to be less successful at “pretending to be blind,” indicating that they may have difficulties in adopting the perspective of people with visual impairments. Implications for Practitioners: Sighted O&M specialists develop an understanding of the cognitive processes of people who are visually impaired through training and contact. Other professionals that support these individuals (e.g., technology designers) could benefit from developing such an understanding and immersing themselves in the social life of people with visual impairments.

We studied the transition of an applied sport psychology training program at a public U.S. university from a face-to-face mode to a virtual mode in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to identify challenges of this transition for supervisors and student consultants and best practices for virtual consultancy. This autoethnographic case study involved interviews with three program supervisors, ten student consultants, and one college coach. We also examined researcher observations and lived experiences during the transition. A blended ethnographic and codebook thematic analysis was undertaken. We identified two superordinate challenges: (a) program challenges and (b) consulting challenges. We also identified three superordinate best practices: (a) supervisor best practices, (b) student consultant best practices, and (c) best practices in sport psychology delivery. These findings can usefully inform efforts by individual consultants and applied programs at universities to adopt virtual modes of consultancy.

This article provides a review of literature on the psychology of rest in athletes with the aim of advancing research and practice in this area. While the concept of rest represents an important component of several key topics in sport psychology, researchers and practitioners have paid relatively little attention to this concept and to psychological aspects of rest in particular. We review literature in three sport psychology topic areas within which the concept of rest in athletes has received theoretical or empirical attention, which are recovery, skill learning, and expertise development. For each area, we describe how rest has received little direct research attention within this literature, identify how this shortcoming limits current theory, research, and practice, and propose directions for future research and practice. We then describe a recent study that has attempted to address the paucity of research on this topic by prioritizing an understanding of the psychology of rest in athletes. We also explore reasons why rest has received little attention in sport psychology with the rationale that an increased awareness of these reasons will help advance research and practice in our field. We conclude by considering implications of our review for best practice. Lay summary: Rest is critical to athlete performance and well-being, yet researchers and practitioners have paid little attention to psychological aspects of rest. We review the sport psychology literature to identify directions for research aimed at advancing our understanding of rest and practical guidelines to help athletes obtain the rest they require. Implications for Practice Practitioners should consider that recovery following training and competitions does not just involve recovering physically; it involves recovering psychologically Recovering psychologically depends in part on engagement in high-quality sleep and wakeful resting High-quality wakeful resting involves obtaining specific resting experiences such as not thinking about or “psychologically detaching from” one’s sport.

Summary This paper examines the historical impact of major changes in the human space exploration program objectives at NASA and draws lessons from those experiences that may be of value to current and future administrations. We trace the program history of NASA's human exploration programs through various presidential administrations, starting with the George H. W. Bush administration and moving through to the present day. Along the way we identify and document the sources of program changes and make observations about what went well and what did not go well, exposing the true cost and other consequences of disruptive change. We also highlight the importance of making necessary changes when something is not right. Presidential administration changes and annual budget deliberations are times of great opportunity but also of great risk, and decisions need to be made with eyes wide open, not only to the potential benefits but also to the unintended negative consequences some changes may have. These factors need to be considered by a new administration and Congress when they are faced with decisions to change things or “stay the course.” The lessons may apply well beyond NASA.

Mental detachment, which includes both cognitive and emotional detachment, refers to an athlete’s sense of being away from the cognitive and emotional demands of sport and is considered an important recovery experience for athletes. However, mental detachment appears to be impaired by high levels of physical fatigue following training or competition, suggesting that self-regulating post-performance cognitions and emotions may depend on available energetic resources. The purpose of this daily diary study was therefore to investigate whether daily sport-related rumination and worry can explain the relation between daily post-training physical fatigue and vigor on the one hand, and subsequent cognitive and emotional detachment on the other hand. Thirty-nine Dutch elite athletes completed a daily survey after training (T1) and at bedtime (T2) across 3–9 days. Multilevel structural equation modeling showed that daily physical fatigue was positively associated with sport-related rumination and worry during recovery, whereas daily vigor was negatively associated with sport-related worry during recovery. In turn, worry, but not rumination, was negatively associated with both cognitive detachment and emotional detachment. Results also revealed a significant indirect effect of worry between physical fatigue and cognitive detachment. These findings are in line with the view that recovery is a self-regulation process that may be dependent on available energetic resources. Moreover, this study underscores the practical importance of regulating postperformance physical fatigue, vigor, and sport-related worry to optimize the recovery process.

This protocol is for generating count tables for different samples at the transcript level, using long reads that are mapped to transcripts. Input(s): demultiplexed and oriented fastq files (see protocol Preparing Reads for Stranded Mapping), transcript reference fasta file, annotation file Output(s): transcript table, sorted by summed coverage across all samples, annotated with gene name / description / location

In the version of this article initially published, there were labeling errors in Fig. 8. In Fig. 8a, the top row, now reading “GSE43184:CD1c+ lung versus blood,” originally appeared as “GSE35457….” The bottom row, now reading “GSE35457: CD1c+ skin versus blood,” originally appeared as “GSE43184: CD1c+ lung versus blood.” In Fig. 8b, the top-left plot, now reading “skin versus blood,” originally appeared as “lung versus blood.” The errors have been corrected in the HTML and PDF versions of the article.

Mental rest appears critical to sustained high performance in sports and other human performance contexts. We draw on the developing science of mental rest to provide a useful guide for practitioners about how athletes and other performers can obtain the mental rest they need. We describe why mental rest is important for recovery and skill learning in athletes and how athletes obtain mental rest by engaging in sleep and resting while awake, known as wakeful resting. We also provide strategies that enable athletes to obtain more sleep and wakeful resting, and present tools for monitoring athletes’ mental rest.

The power of high-dimensional reduction techniques using multiparameter images has been demonstrated across a variety of different publications. Recently, we published an end-to-end low-cost GUI-based protocol for performing histocytometric spatial analysis on images derived from the most common microscope image formats. However, this protocol is limited by the normalized marker intensity outputs and the difficulty in processing images of highly aggregated and/or exceptionally heterogenous cell populations. Here we present the basic protocols required to construct an advanced histocytometric data file using only freeware. This data file is compatible with images containing cell nuclei clusters that are difficult to segment, and results in histocytometry files retaining the original marker intensity values of the microscopic images they were derived from. This is especially useful in cells that are phenotyped based on relative marker expression levels. Histocytometry data files produced by these protocols are compatible with high-dimensional reduction analysis using marker intensity data, such as tSNEs. This methodology is showcased using stitched microscopic images of murine lymph nodes, complex organs with highly aggregated heterogenous cell populations, that are typically difficult to segment. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Image preprocessing and generation of nuclei marker probability maps Basic Protocol 2: Cell segmentation using ilastik-derived probability maps Basic Protocol 3: Generation of histocytometric .fcs files.

Deliberate practice is a popular concept in sport and performance domains. Performers and practitioners in these domains are eager to understand and use deliberate practice to improve their perform...

Objective: Nurses engaged in practice make split-second decisions based on stimuli perceived in the clinical environment. There has been limited research in nursing on stimuli perception and limited research aimed specifically at directly measuring nurses’ gaze and the subsequent quality of their decisions.Methods: This study used an observational descriptive design to examine nurses’ gaze behaviors as they cared for a simulated patient in three different clinical scenarios. Participants were fitted with eye-tracking goggles that facilitated the recording on video of the focal point of their gaze. The recorded videos were coded to quantify the participants’ areas of focus. For each scenario, visual focus data were compared between participants who successfully resolved the scenarios and those who did not. Results: The results revealed statistically significant differences in areas of focus between successful and unsuccessful participants. While successful participants focused on the patient, unsuccessful participants focused on task-irrelevant environmental cues.Conclusions: The results demonstrate a need for nurse educators to focus their students on the patient, while guiding them to avoid becoming mired in task irrelevant foci and actions.

The study of the sociology of scientific knowledge distinguishes between contributory and interactional experts. Contributory experts have practical expertise—they can “walk the walk.” Interactional experts have internalized the tacit components of expertise—they can “talk the talk” but are not able to reliably “walk the walk.” Interactional expertise permits effective communication between contributory experts and others (e.g., laypeople), which in turn facilitates working jointly toward shared goals. Interactional expertise is attained through long-term immersion into the expert community in question. To assess interactional expertise, researchers developed the imitation game—a variant of the Turing test—to test whether a person, or a particular group, possesses interactional expertise of another. The imitation game, which has been used mainly in sociology to study the social nature of knowledge, may also be a useful tool for researchers who focus on cognitive aspects of expertise. In this paper, we introduce a modified version of the imitation game and apply it to examine interactional expertise in the context of blindness. Specifically, we examined blind and sighted individuals’ ability to imitate each other in a street-crossing scenario. In Phase I, blind and sighted individuals provided verbal reports of their thought processes associated with crossing a street—once while imitating the other group (i.e., as a pretender) and once responding genuinely (i.e., as a non-pretender). In Phase II, transcriptions of the reports were judged as either genuine or imitated responses by a different set of blind and sighted participants, who also provided the reasoning for their decisions. The judges comprised blind individuals, sighted orientation-and-mobility specialists, and sighted individuals with infrequent socialization with blind individuals. Decision data were analyzed using probit mixed models for signal-detection-theory indices. Reasoning data were analyzed using natural-language-processing (NLP) techniques. The results revealed evidence that interactional expertise (i.e., relevant tacit knowledge) can be acquired by immersion in the group that possesses and produces the expert knowledge. The modified imitation game can be a useful research tool for measuring interactional expertise within a community of practice and evaluating practitioners’ understanding of true experts.

The signals driving the adaptation of type 2 dendritic cells (DC2s) to diverse peripheral environments remain mostly undefined. We show that differentiation of CD11b

This paper describes the nature and utility of the think aloud method for studying thinking that qualitative researchers from any disciplinary background can consider as an option for understanding thought. The paper begins with an overview of the theoretical framework underpinning the think aloud method, and how this framework is proposed to address shortcomings of traditional interview-based methods of understanding participants’ thinking. It continues with a description of a study using the think aloud method of golfers’ thoughts during putting with the aim of demonstrating how the method can be applied, and as an opportunity to present examples of thoughts and explore how these thoughts function in the control of putting tasks. The paper finishes with proposals for how qualitative researchers might integrate the think aloud method into their own research on sport, exercise and health, and a discussion of common pitfalls and concerns with applying the method.

Background Migraine is a common neurological disorder which affects a large proportion of the population. The Norfolk Island population is a genetically isolated population and is an ideal discovery cohort for genetic variants involved in complex disease susceptibility given the reduced genetic and environmental heterogeneity. Given that the majority of proteins responsible for mitochondrial function are nuclear encoded, this study aimed to investigate the role of Nuclear Encoded Mitochondrial Protein (NEMP) genes in relation to migraine susceptibility. Methods A gene‐centric association analysis of NEMP genes was undertaken in the most related individuals (n = 315) within the genetically isolated Norfolk Island population. The discovery phase included genes with three or more SNP associations (P

The implementation and popularity of next generation sequencing (NGS) has led to the development of various rapid whole mitochondrial genome sequencing techniques. We summarise an efficient and cost-effective NGS approach for mitochondrial genomic DNA in humans using the Ion Torrent platform, and further discuss our bioinformatics pipeline for streamlined variant calling. Ion 316 chips were utilised with the Ion Torrent semi-conductor platform Personal Genome Machine (PGM) to perform tandem sequencing of mitochondrial genomes from the core pedigree (n = 315) of the Norfolk Island Health Study. Key improvements from commercial methods focus on the initial PCR step, which currently requires extensive optimisation to ensure the accurate and reproducible elongation of each section of the complete mitochondrial genome. Dual-platform barcodes were incorporated into our protocol thereby extending its potential application onto Illumina-based systems. Our bioinformatics pipeline consists of a modified version of GATK best practices tailored for mitochondrial genomic data. When compared with current commercial methods, our method, termed high throughput mitochondrial genome sequencing (HTMGS), allows high multiplexing of samples and the use of alternate library preparation reagents at a lower cost per sample (~1.7 times) when compared to current commercial methodologies. Our HTMGS methodology also provides robust mitochondrial sequencing data (>450X average coverage) that can be applied and modified to suit various study designs. On average, we were able to identify ~30 variants per sample with 572 variants observed across 315 samples. We have developed a high throughput sequencing and analysis method targeting complete mitochondrial genomes; with the potential to be platform agnostic with analysis options that adhere to current best practices.

Understanding high-level performance requires effective methods of studying expertise and expert performers. Representative tasks that capture the key components of expertise can be identified, allowing expert performance to be studied under controlled conditions. Well-designed representative tasks can allow researchers to elucidate the underlying mechanisms for superior performance, stratify performers based on skill, and uncover the developmental steps taken by those performers to reach their current levels of performance. In the present chapter, the authors first provide a general overview of the concepts of representative tasks and simulated task environments. The authors then describe in more detail how representative tasks and simulated task environments can be used to achieve the twin goals of understanding expert performance and developing training on the basis of expert performers. The authors then present examples of recent research involving representative tasks. The chapter concludes with the authors presenting future directions for the use of representative tasks in research and practice.

Objectives\ud Whereas accounts of skilled performance based on automaticity (Beilock & Carr, 2001; Fitts & Posner, 1967) emphasize reduced cognitive involvement in advanced skill, other accounts propose that skilled performance relies on increased cognitive control (Ericsson & Kintsch, 1995). The objective of this study was to test predictions differentiating the automaticity and cognitive control accounts by assessing thinking during golf putting.\ud \ud Design\ud The cognitive processes of less-skilled and more-skilled golfers were examined during putting using concurrent, think-aloud verbal reports. The design included putting conditions that differed in complexity and thus the need to adapt the putt to the particular conditions.\ud \ud Method\ud Putting complexity was manipulated via changes to putt length and perceived stress during putting. Putts were executed from two starting locations (i.e., the same starting location as the previous putt or a new starting location).\ud \ud Results\ud The analysis showed that, during putting: more thoughts were verbalized overall by more-skilled golfers than less-skilled golfers; both groups verbalized more thoughts overall during higher-complexity putts (i.e., longer distance putts, and putts under higher stress when executed from a new starting location) than lower-complexity putts; and the two groups did not differ significantly in the number of thoughts related to motor mechanics.\ud \ud Conclusions\ud The results of this study provide support for a cognitive control account of skilled performance and suggest that the path to skilled performance involves the acquisition of more refined higher-level cognitive representations mediating planning and analysis.\ud \ud Keywords\ud Cognitive control; Concurrent verbalizations; Conscious control; Expert performance; Think-aloud; Verbal reports

Shared awareness was studied in one novice and one expert basketball team during real games. Teams were considered dynamic social networks with team members as nodes and members’ awareness of other members during ongoing performance as relations. Networks, and changes to them across games, were analysed at different levels of organization using social network analysis to identify patterns of awareness within the teams. The results showed that one team member in each team often heeded, or was heeded by, his teammates, indicating his leadership role in coordinating the team. Also, expert team members had a low level of awareness of their teammates, which may be explained by implicit coordination processes. Finally, there was less variability in intra-team relations in the expert (vs. novice) team, which may be explained by the enhanced ability of the expert team to achieve and maintain an optimal level of awareness during the game. At a practical level, teams might be alerted during performance when their n...

Purpose Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) refers to a group of heterogeneous diseases involving optic nerve damage. Two well-established risk factors for POAG are elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and a thinner central corneal thickness (CCT). These endophenotypes exhibit a high degree of heritability across populations. Large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of outbred populations have robustly implicated several susceptibility gene variants for both IOP and CCT. Despite this progress, a substantial amount of genetic variance remains unexplained. Population-specific variants that might be rare in outbred populations may also influence POAG endophenotypes. The Norfolk Island population is a founder-effect genetic isolate that has been well characterized for POAG endophenotypes. This population is therefore a suitable candidate for mapping new variants that influence these complex traits. Methods Three hundred and thirty participants from the Norfolk Island Eye Study (NIES) core pedigree provided DNA. Ocular measurements of CCT and IOP were also taken for analysis. Heritability analyses and genome-wide linkage analyses of short tandem repeats (STRs) were conducted using SOLAR. Pedigree-based GWASs of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were performed using the GenABEL software. Results CCT was the most heritable endophenotype in this cohort (h2 = 0.77, p = 6×10−6), while IOP showed a heritability of 0.39 (p = 0.008). A genome-wide linkage analysis of these POAG phenotypes identified a maximum logarithm of the odds (LOD) score of 1.9 for CCT on chromosome 20 (p = 0.0016) and 1.3 for IOP on chromosome 15 (p = 0.0072). The GWAS results revealed a study-wise significant association for IOP at rs790357, which is located within DLG2 on chr11q14.1 (p = 1.02×10−7). DLG2 is involved in neuronal signaling and development, and while it has not previously been associated with IOP, it has been associated with myopia. An analysis of 12 known SNPs for IOP showed that rs12419342 in RAPSN on chromosome 11 was nominally associated in Norfolk Island (NI; p = 0.0021). For CCT, an analysis of 26 known SNPs showed rs9938149 in BANP-ZNF469 on chromosome 16 was nominally associated in NI (p = 0.002). Conclusions These study results indicate that CCT and IOP exhibit a substantial degree of heritability in the NI pedigree, indicating a genetic component. A genome-wide linkage analysis of POAG endophenotypes did not reveal any major effect loci, but the GWASs did implicate several known loci, as well as a potential new locus in DLG2, suggesting a role for neuronal signaling in development in IOP and perhaps POAG. These results also highlight the need to target rarer variants via whole genome sequencing in this genetic isolate.

A projector with a native contrast >500k:1 and NRb (night-vision) contrast >50k:1 has been developed with a constant brightness feedback system. Multiple projectors can be connected in flight simulators to provide constant brightness between projectors, thereby reducing the alignment time and maintenance and improving the realism of flight simulators.

Backgrounds With the increasing use of simulation in nursing education and a growing acceptance of simulation as a component of student's clinical experiences, there is a need to provide evidence of a relationship between knowledge, performance in simulated task environments, and actual clinical performance. Methods This study used a pre/post test design to examine the relationship between standardized test scores and performance in real-time and simulated critical care settings. Performance in a simulated task environment and scores on standardized tests were examined before and after a 4-week critical care experience in a group of senior nursing students. Results Findings from the study demonstrate statistically significant relationships among the three variables. Conclusions Findings from the study provide evidence for the effectiveness of simulated scenarios as a means to assess clinical performance and to differentiate between high- and low-performing students.

While current research on the factors affecting the HIV epidemic within the general population has considered the role of HIV case managers, much remains to be known about case management effectiveness and how it might be enhanced. This article presents the data from a statewide survey of case management professionals in Florida. The study focused on case managers' preparation for practice and barriers to successful practice. The study results reflect a very broad educational preparation in multiple disciplines with highly varied means of case manager training and orientation at entry to practice. Further, the results highlighted the existence of multiple barriers that challenge the ability of case managers to cope with the demands of case management practice in sites serving people living with HIV/AIDS who are socially and economically challenged. The article concludes with recommendations for changes in the system that would enhance the preparation of case management professionals for entry to practice.

Objectives To examine the use of relaxation skills by differentially skilled athletes in relation to the deliberate practice framework. Design Differentially skilled athletes completed a survey about their use of relaxation skills. Method 150 athletes representing three skill levels (recreational, college, and professional) completed the deliberate relaxation for sport survey, which assessed relaxation on three deliberate practice dimensions (relevancy, concentration, and enjoyment); time spent in different relaxation skills in a recent typical week; and functions of relaxation. Results Athletes perceived relaxation as relevant to performance, requiring concentration, and enjoyable, and the relationships between these dimensions were positive. Professional and college athletes perceived relaxation as more relevant to effective competition than recreational athletes. Professional athletes engaged in more relaxation in a typical week than college and recreational athletes. In a typical week, autogenic, eastern, and muscle relaxation types were used least, deep breathing, meditation, and imagery relaxation types moderately, and stretching most. Athletes reported the primary functions of relaxation were to cope with competitive anxiety and promote recovery but relaxation was also reported to be used to cope with “everyday” anxieties associated with being an athlete. More physical (e.g., muscle relaxation) than mental relaxation types were used in relation to coping with competitive anxiety, whereas more mental (e.g., meditation) than physical relaxation types were used in relation to coping with everyday anxiety. Conclusions The study provides support for the sport-specific framework of deliberate practice in relation to use of relaxation skills and informs the current understanding of self-regulation by athletes.

The purpose of this study was to investigate contextual interference effects on skill acquisition and strength gains during the learning of the bench press movement. Twenty-four healthy, college-aged males and females were stratified to control, high contextual interference (HCI), and low contextual interference (LCI) groups. Treatment groups were provided with written and visual instruction on proper bench press form and practiced the bench press and dart throwing for four weeks. Within each session, LCI performed all bench press sets before undertaking dart-throws. HCI undertook dart-throws immediately following each set of bench press. Control only did testing. Measurements, including one repetition maximum (1RM), checklist scores based on video recordings of participants' 1RM's, and dart-throw test scores were taken at pre-test, 1 week, 2 week, post-test, and retention test. Results were consistent with the basic premise of the contextual interference effect. LCI had significant improvements in percent 1RM and checklist scores during training, but were mostly absent after training (post-test and retention test). HCI had significant improvements in percent 1RM and checklist scores both during and after training. Thus, HCI may augment strength and movement skill on the bench press since proper technique is an important component of resistance exercise movements.

Research on decision-making under stress has mainly involved laboratory-based studies with few contextual descriptions of decision-making under stress in the natural ecology. We examined how police officers prepared for, coped with and made decisions under threat-of-death stress during real events. A delayed retrospective report method was used to elicit skilled police officers' thoughts and feelings during attempts to resolve such events. Reports were analysed to identify experiences of stress and coping, and thought processes underpinning decision-making during the event. Officers experienced a wide range of events, coped with stress predominantly via problem-focused strategies, and adapted their decision-making under stress based on the available context. Future officer training should involve a greater variety of training scenarios than is involved in current training, and expose trainees to the possible variants of each situation to foster better situational representation and, thus, a more reliable and adaptive mental model for use in decision-making. Practitioner Summary: This study concerns decision-making and coping strategies used by skilled police officers during real threat-of-death situations. Officers' decision-making strategies differed according to the complexity of the situation and they coped with the stress of these situations via attempts to resolve the situations (e.g. by planning responses) and, to a lesser extent, via attempts to deal with their emotions.

This study investigated novices' “lived experiences” of navigation within the sport of orienteering from an enactive and phenomenological approach. The objective was to qualitatively characterize elements of task-related situations that were meaningful for orienteers. The results showed that the participants continuously made judgments about the reliability of their estimations about whether they were on “the right route” on the course. When the participants judged that they were only approximately on the right route or were unable to locate themselves, elements of the situation other than map and terrain features became meaningful for them. These results demonstrate that, for novice orienteers, navigation activity must extend beyond navigation as a logical, computational way-finding problem to include embodied, social, cultural and situated dimensions.

A better understanding of the factors influencing medical team performance and accounting for expert medical team performance should benefit medical practice. Therefore, the aim here is to highlight key issues with using deliberate practice to improve medical team performance, especially given the success of deliberate practice for developing individual expert performance in medicine and other domains. Highlighting these issues will inform the development of training for medical teams. The authors first describe team coordination and its critical role in medical teams. Presented next are the cognitive mechanisms that allow expert performers to accurately interpret the current situation via the creation of an accurate mental "model" of the current situation, known as a situation model. Following this, the authors propose that effective team performance depends at least in part on team members having similar models of the situation, known as a shared situation model. The authors then propose guiding principles for implementing team deliberate practice in medicine and describe how team deliberate practice can be used in an attempt to reduce barriers inherent in medical teams to the development of shared situation models. The paper concludes with considerations of limitations, and future research directions, concerning the implementation of team deliberate practice within medicine.

Background Falls represent a significant threat to patient safety for hospitalized patients throughout the world. Little is known, however, regarding nurses' immediate responses to the discovery of a fallen patient. Objectives The objective of this study was to perform an experimental examination of experienced and novice nurses' reaction to the discovery of a fallen patient who has sustained a closed head injury. Design The study was based upon the expert performance approach, which utilizes a mixed methods approach to determining performance characteristics of individuals performing in a variety of domains. Setting The study was accomplished using a simulated task environment developed specifically for research concerning the performance of health professionals. Participants The study included 12 experienced and 10 novice nurses, all of whom were currently employed in critical care settings. Methods The study used directly observed performance, which was quantified through the use of direct coding of clinical behaviors and the analysis of verbal reports of thought. Results The data indicate that experienced participants were not only more likely to call for help but that they were more likely to precede this action by checking for responsiveness, and then, after calling for help, establish the effectiveness of the patient's airway, breathing and circulation. These data confirmed that experienced participants were more likely to engage in the appropriate sequence of actions when faced with this unexpected and highly stressful situation. Conclusions Novice nurses' superficial assessment of the situation and subsequent failure to react properly implied an overall pattern of superior performance by the experienced nurses. The results indicated that, compared with novice nurses, experienced nurses are more likely to initiate standard treatment protocols in situations such as the one reported in this study.

When a quarterback and a receiver stand facing one another after an incompletion with their arms and eyebrows raised, it is clear that a key challenge for sports teams is achieving team coordination; that is, arranging team members’ actions so that, when they are combined, they are in suitable relation for effective team functioning. A prerequisite to achieving team coordination is effective communication between team members, including coaches, about game plans and the roles and responsibilities of team members. This article presents strategies for enhancing team coordination and communication during practice and competition.