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This article examines the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on the labor market in Germany. It raises concerns about job displacement and wealth disparities, comparing the situation to the historical "Engels' pause" during the Industrial Revolution. While Germany has not yet seen significant wealth inequalities due to AI, there is evidence of an AI-induced Engels' pause, with digital skills becoming increasingly important and AI adoption in the workplace increasing. The article also discusses the challenges faced by migrant workers, power imbalances, and Germany's regulatory approach to AI in the workplace. It highlights the upcoming EU Platform Work Directive and the differing interests of employers' organizations and trade unions in governing AI-driven tools. The potential impacts of AI on labor markets, including inequality and precarious work, are also explored. The article concludes by emphasizing the need for strong policy interventions to address socioeconomic challenges and promote fairness and inclusion in the digitalized world of work. [Extracted from the article]

This article provides an overview of the regulation of artificial intelligence (AI) in Brazil, with a focus on its impact on labor and employment. While AI adoption in Brazilian industry is still limited, a significant portion of jobs in the country are considered highly vulnerable to AI. The article highlights the challenges and lack of regulation surrounding platform work and the potential impact of AI on agriculture. The Brazilian government has established the Brazilian National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA) to promote responsible AI development and the training of qualified professionals. Additionally, there are bills being drafted to regulate AI and establish principles, rights, and duties for its use, as well as to provide rights for individuals affected by AI systems. The article emphasizes the importance of social dialogue and workers' organizations in protecting workers' rights in the face of AI advancements. [Extracted from the article]

Data breaches have the potential to weaken employee morale, corporate reputations, and customer and supplier relationships, while also disrupting marketing investments and financial performance. Research on reducing their frequency and harm focuses on tactical solutions, though breaches represent serious, even existential threats to firms. To date, research has not attempted to simultaneously address the closely connected phenomena of preventing and recovering from data breaches. The authors propose that corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a strategic variable offering dual protection: reducing the likelihood of data breaches and attenuating harm when breaches occur. Drawing on stakeholder theory, the authors distinguish between internal (addressing primary stakeholders) and external (addressing secondary stakeholders) CSR. Study 1 shows that external CSR has no prophylactic effect, while moderate and high levels of internal CSR are equally effective at preventing data breaches, compared with low levels of internal CSR. Study 2 assesses mitigation following a data breach by examining (1) short-term effects (in the form of an event study on cumulative abnormal returns) and (2) long-term effects (with time-series analysis of Tobin's q). The results suggest that internal CSR props up financial performance only at high levels while the positive effect of external CSR is short-lived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), with its explicit consent requirement, may restrict the use of personal data and shake the foundations of online advertising. The ad industry has predicted drastic loss of revenue from GDPR compliance and has been seeking alternative ways of targeting. Taking advantage of an event created by an ad publisher's request for explicit consent from users with European Union IP addresses, the authors find that for a publisher that uses a pay-per-click model, has the capacity to leverage both user behavior and web page content information for advertising, and observes high consent rates, GDPR compliance leads to modest negative effects on ad performance, bid prices, and ad revenue. The changes in ad metrics can be explained by temporal variations in consent rates. The impact is most pronounced for travel and financial services advertisers and least pronounced for retail and consumer packaged goods advertisers. The authors further find that web page context can compensate for the loss of access to users' personal data, as the GDPR's negative impact is less pronounced when ads are posted on web pages presenting relevant content. The results suggest that publishers and advertisers should leverage targeting based on web page content after the GDPR's rollout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The ability of mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) to be used as communication tools in a variety of industries, including healthcare, the military, smart traffic, and smart cities, has drawn special consideration. Traditional Manet's multicast routing methods seem to be inappropriate to massive with Adaptive systems because the problem is NP‐complete, resulting in an enchanting QoS restrictions. In order to conquer that the paper proficiently introduces the Conglomerate Crumb Horde Formicary Meta‐Heuristic (CCHFMO) with Asymmetrical Meander Diffie‐Hellman (AMDH) to tackle the major obstacles are multicast routing problems and lack of data protection. Initially, the fusion of crumb horde optimization (CHO) and formicary optimization (FO) is exploited to strengthen QoS limitations and reduce QoS data loss. However, the massive and dynamic nature of the network with the combination of more QoS restrictions, deficient security has become extremely difficult. Therefore, the research work establishes the asymmetrical meander Diffie‐Hellman (AMDH) to significantly improve performance and concealment while ensuring channel security during data transfer. Finally, the results demonstrated that by employing the novel optimization approaches, the MANET can increase data protection while still achieving high transmission rates and sophistication of communication. As a consequence, it adequately explicates the article to improve QoS performances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The digital revolution, caused by the dynamic development of various technologies, certainly led to a number of positive changes in all areas of human life. However, at the same time, there was an urgent need for the formation of an appropriate regulatory and legal basis that would regulate social relations related to the latest technologies. In recent years, both in the international arena and in the national legislation, complex acts have already appeared, designed to solve the problems of the implementation of digital technologies in the legal field. At the same time, the law does not always respond in time to the rapid development of the latest technologies, which again gives rise to a lot of problematic issues. Artificial intelligence and its rapid penetration into almost all spheres of human existence became a vivid example of such a situation. The use of artificial intelligence (Al) has raised a number of questions for the legal community, including the legal status of Al and the results of its work, data protection, intellectual property, ethics, etc. The goal of the legislative regulation of artificial intelligence is to create a clear policy in the content of legal acts that would determine specific rules for the operation, application and protection of AL The need for legislative regulation of artificial intelligence, in addition to the significant development that the field has undergone, is also related to the need to control the consequences that the unregulated use of Al can cause. Some states have implemented a number of attempts to legislate Al regulation at the national level, in particular, Ukraine has already taken the first steps to create a legal framework in the field of artificial intelligence. Thus, in 2020, the Concept of the Development of Artificial Intelligence in Ukraine was created, in which the definition, purpose, principles and tasks of the development of artificial intelligence technologies in Ukraine are provided for the first time at the legislative level. However, compared to individual countries, it is the European Union that has made the most progress in terms of preparing for the introduction of a legislative framework for the regulation of AL On August 1, 2024, the EU Artificial Intelligence Act (EU Al Act), adopted by the European Parliament, the long-awaited European regulation on artificial intelligence, entered into force. This act created a kind of foundation for the further development of the mechanism of the use of artificial intelligence systems in the legal field, regulating such aspects as maintenance of Al systems, protection of personal data, intellectual property rights to the results of Al activity, as well as what, in our opinion, is no less important, provided for clear obligations of subjects during the use of artificial intelligence. The key role of the duties established by the EU Al Act is to ensure transparency in activities using AI. In our opinion, it is worth investigating the content of the established duties in order to understand the mechanism of ensuring the so-called transparency in AI activities. In addition, given the absence of a legal act in Ukrainian legislation that would regulate the use of artificial intelligence systems, the study of the EU's experience in this field is more than relevant and can be taken into account during the development of such an act in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes current issues in protecting the information security of enterprises, which is an integral part of modern business activities. Emphasizing the importance of confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information assets, the authors highlight the need to implement comprehensive measures aimed at neutralizing both internal and external threats. By utilizing modern methods of encryption, authentication, and access management, enterprises are capable of integrating information security into their overall business strategy, ensuring its resilience. Focusing on the importance of personnel training, the researchers recommend employing enhanced monitoring mechanisms to timely detect threats, thereby maintaining business stability and competitiveness in the contemporary information landscape. Effective information security of business activities requires the implementation of comprehensive mechanisms that cover both legal and technical aspects. One of the main elements of such a system is the legal framework. Modern laws and regulations create a legal framework for the protection of information data. Information cooperation between business entities, government agencies and international organizations is one of the main components of the information security system. Cooperation between these entities allows for timely detection and neutralization of threats. It is necessary to develop mechanisms for monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of information security measures. Modern businesses need tools that allow them to respond quickly to threats and adapt to new challenges. Solving these unresolved issues is important for creating a reliable system of ensuring information security of business activities in the mod ern information environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the overall digital transformation of the Slovak Republic. Particular attention is paid to the Digital Economy and Society Index, which provides a constructive comparison of Slovakia's performance with other EU member states in a wide range of sectors. It is used to track the progress and level of development of the digital economy and society in the following areas: digital skills and education, digital infrastructure development, digital business transformation, and digitization of public services. In addition to the direct analysis of these four areas, we have separately highlighted the problems of personal data protection in the context of global digitalization and the new challenges associated with it, which should be addressed on the basis of the principle of technological neutrality. This area should be protected by legal acts that can actually guarantee the observance of fundamental rights and freedoms. Currently, Slovakia continues to pursue a digital transformation strategy until 2030, which includes, among other things, the integration of innovative technologies in enterprises, including cloud and edge computing, blockchain, and artificial intelligence. However, despite the active development of the digital economy, the country continues to occupy low positions in EU rankings, as it lags behind the EU average in all key criteria. We have analyzed the key factors that determine this situation: the lack of a unified vision of digital transformation and a single integrated approach; for enterprises that integrate digital technologies, the constant administrative burden, low awareness of financing opportunities and financial instruments, low investment in gigabit connectivity, low mathematical literacy of students and brain drain, the country does not properly monitor the implementation of the policies described in Slovakia's Digital Transformation Strategy until 2030, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the current risks associated with the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in processing personal data (PD), particularly about individuals' privacy and confidentiality rights. The paper identifies and examines specific areas of artificial intelligence data processing and discusses how modern trends and threats to data protection impact the development of a robust regulatory framework for managing such technologies. The analysis of Ukraine's digital transformation journey and specific cases of privacy rights violations through artificial intelligence globally has highlighted unauthorized access to data and insufficient preventive measures for information protection. These issues have been found to harm information security and economic stability. Despite this, there has been a notable trend on online platforms to label content created with the assistance of artificial intelligence. The paper delves into the legal nature of artificial intelligence and the need for an interdisciplinary approach involving both legal mechanisms and technological tools due to the complexity of the data it uses. Furthermore, artificial intelligence is shown to play a crucial role in updating legal regimes, particularly in information security, personal data protection, and individual privacy. Given this, the main shortcomings of the national legislation on the protection of PD have been considered. The national strategy for regulating artificial intelligence has been analyzed, and ways of solving key problems in these fields have been proposed. A separate point was noted in the draft laws on protecting personal data in Ukraine and how they align with European data protection standards in the context of developing artificial intelligence. Also, for comparison, strategies for developing artificial intelligence through the prism of international experience are presented, and European legislation on data protection (General Data Protection Regulation) and the EU Act on AI are processed to identify the main points of their relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the transformation of the intellectual property rights protection system in the context of advancing artificial intelligence technologies, with a particular focus on the challenges faced by Ukrainian researchers and scientific institutions, as well as the potential for adapting successful EU experiences. The relevance of this research is driven by several factors. Firstly, the increase in data volumes and computing power has facilitated new approaches in science, where AI plays a crucial role in analysing and interpreting results. Secondly, traditional intellectual property protection mechanisms are proving inadequate as AI algorithms independently generate new knowledge. Thirdly, Ukraine's integration into the European research area necessitates the harmonization of intellectual property protection approaches, considering the specificities of AI usage. The current state of AI utilization in scientific research is analysed, including the automation of data collection and analysis, the acceleration of scientific discoveries, and the evolving role of researchers. Key risks to intellectual property rights protection are identified, particularly concerning authorship issues related to works created with the assistance of artificial intelligence, difficulties in tracking original sources, and the risks of unauthorized use of scientific data. Special attention is given to analysing the European regulatory experience regarding AI use, particularly the provisions of new EU legislation in the field of AI and its significance for safeguarding researchers' rights. A comprehensive approach to addressing the identified issues is proposed, incorporating both legal mechanisms (harmonization of legislation with EU norms) and technological solutions for protecting researchers' rights. Such solutions may include blockchain technologies, digital rights management systems, and plagiarism detection tools. Ensuring a balance between the principles of open science and the protection of intellectual property rights is an essential task. This can be achieved through the implementation of flexible licensing models and the use of AI technologies to monitor compliance with rights. It is recommended that the use of AI in scientific research be explicitly noted in the methodology, and that all data generated by artificial intelligence undergo thorough verification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to a comprehensive and holistic analysis of the legislative framework of Ukraine in the field of cybersecurity. On the basis of a systematic review of normative legal acts, the main trends in the development of legislation have been identified, their compliance with modern challenges and international standards has been analyzed. In addition, it should be noted that attention is paid to the impact of Russian aggression, which continues from the annexation of the Crimea and the occupation of Luhansk and part of Donetsk regions, as well as from the day of the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation into the territory of our sovereign state to changes in the legislation. The study allows to assess the effectiveness of the current legislation and formulate proposals for its improvement and improvement. The results of the study can be used by state authorities, enterprises and organizations to increase the level of cyber defense and ensure the national security of Ukraine as a whole. The process of formation and formation of the legal framework for ensuring cybersecurity in Ukraine does not stop, but continues to this day, as it is a slow process. Despite the fact that the main and main vectors of state policy in this area have already been defined and outlined, the legislation still needs further improvement to adequately and fully respond to modern cyber threats. The challenges of the digital world require constant updating of the regulatory framework. We believe that in order to further develop and improve legislation in the field of cybersecurity, it is necessary: to improve the regulatory framework taking into account the constant dynamics of cyberspace, also to introduce effective mechanisms of legal protection against cyber threats that constantly exist, especially due to aggression by the Russian Federation, in addition, it is necessary to increase the level of cyber defense of critical infrastructure. Also, in our opinion, it is important and important to ensure the harmonization of national legislation with international standards. We also consider it appropriate to develop innovative, modern legal tools to protect information resources that exist in our country as a whole. That is, a deep analysis of these issues contributes to a comprehensive understanding of cybersecurity problems and allows us to develop effective measures to protect the information space of Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This scientific article is devoted to the analysis of key aspects that arise in connection with the digitalization of the economy and the growth of electronic commerce. The impact of technology on business models, legal regulation of electronic transactions, protection of consumer rights and cyber security issues are investigated. The article emphasizes that digitization opens new opportunities for business, in particular through the implementation of digital platforms, omnichannel strategies and process automation. Digital platforms such as Amazon and Alibaba are becoming important tools for business globalization as they facilitate access to international markets, reduce the need for physical infrastructure, and enable the integration of business processe s. The legal regulation of electronic transactions and contracts has been studied. It is noted that the development of e-commerce requires legal certainty, regarding electronic signatures, electronic documents and digital identifiers. There are differences in approaches to these issues in different countries, which creates challenges for cross-border trade. In Ukraine, this issue is regulated by the Law «On electronic identification and electronic trust services», which meets EU standards, particularly the eIDAS Regulation. Challenges related to the protection of consumer rights in the digital economy are analyzed. Consumers face new risks such as privacy breaches and fraud in the online environment. International standards, such as GDPR, ensure a high level of personal data protection, while Ukrainian legislation needs further harmonization with international norms to increase the level of consumer rights protection. The policy of cyber security in the field of implementation of legal relations in electronic commerce was studied. Data protection, cybercrime prevention and information security are becoming key challenges for national governments and international organizations. It is important to implement international standards, such as PCI DSS, which guarantee the security of payment card data during their processing and storage. The fact that digitalization, on the one hand, requires adaptation of legal regulation to new conditions, but on the other hand, creates new opportunities for improving legal mechanisms, is summarized. Studying these aspects allows for a deeper understanding of how to adapt legal systems to further the development of e-commerce and ensure a balance between innovation and the protection of the rights of participants in the digital economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides a detailed analysis of the legal regulation of personal data protection in various jurisdictions, including the European Union, the United States, Canada, and Ukraine. Special attention is given to the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which is one of the strictest international standards in this field. The main provisions of the GDPR are examined, such as the principles of lawfulness, fairness, transparency, purpose limitation, and data minimization, as well as the rights of data subjects, including the right to access, rectification, and erasure of data. The impact of GDPR on international businesses is analyzed, showing how it has forced companies worldwide to adapt their data processing systems to comply with European legal requirements. The section on the United States focuses on California state law, particularly the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), which grants citizens rights over their personal data. Although the U.S. legislative framework is fragmented compared to GDPR, the CCPA is a significant step toward protecting the privacy of American citizens. Canadian legislation is represented by the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA), which ensures the protection of personal data in commercial relationships. PIPEDA strikes a balance between business interests and citizens' rights, providing flexibility in the use of personal data while adhering to principles of transparency and consent. The article also analyzes the process of harmonizing Ukraine's legislation with the GDPR, which is a crucial step in the context of the country's integration into the European legal space. Ukrainian legal reforms focus on strengthening citizens' rights and improving mechanisms for controlling personal data processing. The article offers a comparative analysis of the discussed legal systems, highlighting key differences in data protection approaches. Unlike the EU, where regulation is comprehensive and stringent, U.S. laws are fragmented. In Canada, PIPEDA creates a more flexible system oriented toward the commercial sector. Ukraine, meanwhile, is on its way to full harmonization with European standards, which will enhance the legal protection of citizens in the digital economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to gather and process large amounts of personal data is primarily held by a small group of companies. Some regulators, scholars, and practitioners have expressed concerns that major advertising-based platforms such as Google and Facebook may abuse their dominant position in the data market by requiring users to agree to the intensive collection of their data as a condition to the free access and use of those platforms' core services. This raises the question of whether such broad collection of consumer data should be examined by European competition authorities as a foreclosure aiming at excluding current and potential competitors from the market of consumer data or as an excessive collection of personal data having the effect of lowering user's privacy. This paper seeks to discuss this matter by examining the recent ruling in Meta by the European Court of Justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data protection compliance is critical from a requirements engineering (RE) perspective, both from a software development lifecycle (SDLC) perspective and regulatory compliance. Not including these requirements from the early phases of the SDLC can prove costly and challenging afterward. The general data protection regulation (GDPR) from the European Union (EU) sets a list of requirements that organizations working within its scope should satisfy. However, these requirements are complex to work with, as legal prose tends to be vague and imprecise, and not all requirements have received the same attention from researchers. This study aims to identify the research published in RE for helping compliance with regulatory data protection requirements. We gathered and analyzed 90 articles from 2016 to 2022 through a systematic mapping study. We analyzed key trends in the sample, such as year of publication, publication venue, type of research, interdisciplinarity in the author's background, GDPR focus of compliance element, and type of proposal. Our main findings show ongoing interest, mostly published in conferences, in achieving overall compliance with the GDPR and consent as the most popular topics. Other topics, such as cookies or children's data, did not receive significant attention. Research over the whole RE process has been done. 20 (22%) of the papers have authors affiliated with non-computer science; however, most research seems not interdisciplinary. We finally discuss gaps in the literature, possible future areas of research, and the importance of interdisciplinary research for regulatory data protection requirements in RE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number and dynamic nature of web sites and mobile applications present regulators and app store operators with significant challenges when it comes to enforcing compliance with applicable privacy and data protection laws. Over the past several years, people have turned to Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques to automate privacy compliance analysis (e.g., comparing statements in privacy policies with analysis of the code and behavior of mobile apps) and to answer people's privacy questions. Traditionally, these NLP techniques have relied on labor-intensive and potentially error-prone manual annotation processes to build the corpora necessary to train them. This article explores and evaluates the use of Large Language Models (LLMs) as an alternative for effectively and efficiently identifying and categorizing a variety of data practice disclosures found in the text of privacy policies. Specifically, we report on the performance of ChatGPT and Llama 2, two particularly popular LLM-based tools. This includes engineering prompts and evaluating different configurations of these LLM techniques. Evaluation of the resulting techniques on well-known corpora of privacy policy annotations yields an F1 score exceeding 93%. This score is higher than scores reported earlier in the literature on these benchmarks. This performance is obtained at minimal marginal cost (excluding the cost required to train the foundational models themselves). These results, which are consistent with those reported in other domains, suggest that LLMs offer a particularly promising approach to automated privacy policy analysis at scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decision of the Federal Court of Justice (BGH) on January 10, 2024, 2 StR 171/23, deals with difficulties in the interpretation and application of §§ 100a et seq. of the Code of Criminal Procedure. It is discussed that the legal provisions for the covert collection of data are inadequate following constitutional court rulings. A specific example concerns the retrograde collection of location data within the framework of a cell tower query according to § 100g para. 3 sentence 1 StPO, where the legal regulation is unclear. The decision of the BGH emphasizes the necessity of a uniform reform of the regulations on data surveillance. [Extracted from the article]

Large language models (LLMs) have the potential to revolutionize behavioral science by accelerating and improving the research cycle, from conceptualization to data analysis. Unlike closed-source solutions, open-source frameworks for LLMs can enable transparency, reproducibility, and adherence to data protection standards, which gives them a crucial advantage for use in behavioral science. To help researchers harness the promise of LLMs, this tutorial offers a primer on the open-source Hugging Face ecosystem and demonstrates several applications that advance conceptual and empirical work in behavioral science, including feature extraction, fine-tuning of models for prediction, and generation of behavioral responses. Executable code is made available at github.com/Zak-Hussain/LLM4BeSci.git. Finally, the tutorial discusses challenges faced by research with (open-source) LLMs related to interpretability and safety and offers a perspective on future research at the intersection of language modeling and behavioral science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) has gradually become the main solution for smart healthcare, and cloud-assisted IoMT is becoming a critical computing paradigm to achieve data collection, fine-grained data analysis, and sharing in healthcare domains. Since IoMT data can be frequently shared for accurate diagnosis, prognosis prediction, and health counseling, how to solve the contradiction between data sharing and privacy protection for IoMT data is a challenge problem. Besides, the cloud-assisted medical system is still at risk of a single point of failure and usually suffers from poor scalability and large response delay. Hence, we propose a blockchain-based privacy-preserving and secure sharing scheme for IoMT data, named BAPS. In BAPS, the Interplanetary File System (IPFS) is adopted to store encrypted records. Then, a non-interactive zero-knowledge proof protocol is employed to verify whether the stored data meets the specific request from data requesters without disclosing personal privacy. Moreover, we combine cryptographic primitives and decentralized smart contracts to achieve user anonymity. Finally, we leverage blockchain and proxy re-encryption to achieve fine-grained sharing of healthcare data. Security analysis indicates that this scheme meets the expected security requirements. The computational cost of BAPS is reduced by about 6% compared to state-of-the-art schemes, while the communication overhead is reduced by about 8%. Both theoretical analysis and experiment results show that this scheme can realize privacy-preserving and secure data sharing with acceptable computational and communication costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the societal and structural risks linked to digital ID programmes in Africa and the adequacy of regulatory and legislative responses that are in progress in this area. It unpacks the disjointedness between the societal and structural nature of the risks and the individualistic orientation of the right to privacy and data protection often presented as a response to such risks. To address these incongruities, the article argues for people's right to privacy as a complementary layer of protection to mitigate the societal and structural risks associated with digital ID programmes. The account of people's privacy proposed in this article draws on the people-centric African perspective on human rights as reflected in the African Charter on Human and People's Rights (the Banjul Charter), African philosophy that is rooted in communality, scholarships in the area of group privacy, people-centric due diligence assessment, and the AU Data Policy Framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development and use of administrative databases accelerate administrative and sometimes even criminal proceedings within public authorities. However, the increased data storage and free circulation of data pose a challenge to the protection of personal data and, thus, to the privacy of individuals. The focus of this article is the constitutional control of legislation that mandates the storage and processing of personal data—the review of legislative acts themselves, not their application. This article first presents two leading cases of the Constitutional Court of Latvia; second, it analyses the scope of the review and the constitutional articles protecting personal data in state-held databases; and third, the article analyses the legal problems that led to the annulment of the relevant national provisions. Finally, the author generalises on the lessons of the two judgments and similar judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union and the European Court of Human Rights for future administrative databases directly accessible to public authorities and discusses the particular considerations that any legislator must take into account when mandating the storage of certain types of personal data in administrative databases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the effectiveness of UK legislation in prosecuting cybercriminals and deterring cybercrimes, highlighting the importance and impacts of cyberspace and IT systems on the UK economy and society. The digital economy is among the most critical components of the UK economy; hence, any disruption is likely to impact the economy significantly. Securing UK cyberspace is necessary to safeguard national security as modern society relies on the Internet for various services and communication. After identifying risks and threats to cyberspace, the paper presents a discussion of the theory of punishment for cybercrimes, including deterrence theory, retribution, and restorative justice. Case studies are presented to demonstrate the use of legislation (e.g., Computer Misuse Act and Data Protection Act) and its effectiveness as well as identify areas for improvement and offer recommendations considering legislative reforms and investment in cybersecurity initiatives. Finally, UK legislation will be compared with other nations' legislation to identify additional areas for improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One trending theme within research on learning and teaching is an emphasis on artificial intelligence (AI). While AI offers opportunities in the educational arena, blindly replacing human involvement is not the answer. Instead, current research suggests that the key lies in harnessing the strengths of both humans and AI to create a more effective and beneficial learning and teaching experience. Thus, the importance of 'humans in the loop' is becoming a central tenet of educational AI. As AI technology advances at breakneck speed, every area of society, including education, needs to engage with and explore the implications of this phenomenon. Therefore, this paper aims to assist in this process by examining the impact of AI on education from researchers' and practitioners' perspectives. The authors conducted a Delphi study involving a survey administered to N = 33 international professionals followed by in-depth face-to-face discussions with a panel of international researchers to identify key trends and challenges for deploying AI in education. The results indicate that the three most important and impactful trends were (1) privacy and ethical use of AI; (2) the importance of trustworthy algorithms; and (3) equity and fairness. Unsurprisingly, these were also identified as the three key challenges. Based on these findings, the paper outlines policy recommendations for AI in education and suggests a research agenda for closing identified research gaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a robust image encryption algorithm that utilizes a Novel three-dimensional (3D) Chaotic map and an Enhanced Logistic Sine System (ELSS). We leverage the unpredictability of 3D chaotic dynamics alongside the complexity of ELSS and DNA Sequence to forge a formidable image encryption scheme. Firstly, the image pixels are converted from decimal to hexadecimal notation and sorted in a 1D pixel array carrying a unique sequence of three channels of the RGB image. Secondly, the secret key is appended to XOR, the values with that 1-D pixels array. Thirdly, values are sorted by performing the binary right shift operation and encoded into DNA. Fourthly, a novel chaotic map is used to perform scrambling operations. Lastly, a novel enormous keyspace ELSS is used to perform efficient Border and Cross-Border (B &CB) pixel exchange, further enhancing the encryption quality of the proposed algorithm. Comprehensive security analysis proved that the proposed algorithm exhibits remarkable resilience against powerful known and chosen plaintext attacks and other prevalent cryptanalysis attacks, including differential attacks and exhaustive key search attacks. Henceforth, the proposed algorithm's superior security and low computational cost make it an ideal choice for real-time secure image communication across various platforms, including satellite, multimedia, and military communications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Research on online user privacy shows that empirical evidence on how privacy literacy relates to users' information privacy empowerment is missing. To fill this gap, this paper investigated the respective influence of two primary dimensions of online privacy literacy – namely declarative and procedural knowledge – on online users' information privacy empowerment. Design/methodology/approach: An empirical analysis is conducted using a dataset collected in Europe. This survey was conducted in 2019 among 27,524 representative respondents of the European population. Findings: The main results show that users' procedural knowledge is positively linked to users' privacy empowerment. The relationship between users' declarative knowledge and users' privacy empowerment is partially supported. While greater awareness about firms and organizations practices in terms of data collections and further uses conditions was found to be significantly associated with increased users' privacy empowerment, unpredictably, results revealed that the awareness about the GDPR and user's privacy empowerment are negatively associated. The empirical findings reveal also that greater online privacy literacy is associated with heightened users' information privacy empowerment. Originality/value: While few advanced studies made systematic efforts to measure changes occurred on websites since the GDPR enforcement, it remains unclear, however, how individuals perceive, understand and apply the GDPR rights/guarantees and their likelihood to strengthen users' information privacy control. Therefore, this paper contributes empirically to understanding how online users' privacy literacy shaped by both users' declarative and procedural knowledge is likely to affect users' information privacy empowerment. The study empirically investigates the effectiveness of the GDPR in raising users' information privacy empowerment from user-based perspective. Results stress the importance of greater transparency of data tracking and processing decisions made by online businesses and services to strengthen users' control over information privacy. Study findings also put emphasis on the crucial need for more educational efforts to raise users' awareness about the GDPR rights/guarantees related to data protection. Empirical findings also show that users who are more likely to adopt self-protective approaches to reinforce personal data privacy are more likely to perceive greater control over personal data. A broad implication of this finding for practitioners and E-businesses stresses the need for empowering users with adequate privacy protection tools to ensure more confidential transactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personal data protection is an ethical issue. In this study we analyzed how research ethics committees (RECs) and data protection officers (DPOs) handle personal data protection issues in research protocols. We conducted a mixed-methods study. We included heads (or delegated representatives) of RECs and DPOs from universities and public research institutes in Croatia. The participants provided information about data protection issues in research and their mutual collaboration on those issues through structured interviews that contained closed and open-ended questions. Qualitative description was used to analyze open-ended questions. The results showed that 55% of the REC representatives were not aware who was DPO in their institution. Among RECs, 65% never contacted the DPO. There were 61% of RECs who reported that they received no training from the organization on personal data protection. When asked about barriers to personal data protection in their institutions, 26% of REC members highlighted the lack of a clear protocol for assessing personal data protection issues, while 30% of DPOs mentioned lack of knowledge among researchers about personal data. In conclusion, we found that when it came to protecting personal data in research protocols, RECs and DPOs hardly ever worked together. When developing future personal data protection policies for academic and scientific research institutions, it is essential that RECs and DPOs should collaborate and both continue to expand/update their knowledge on personal data protection procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A person's rights to freedom of speech and access to information have undergone significant changes in the legislative approach, now they are the basic digital rights of a person. The article describes the current state of legal regulation of the media sphere and explains the legislator's understanding of online media and the possibility of legal regulation of social networks, which, according to current legislation, are named as platforms for sharing information and video. Main attention is paid to the Telegram platform, which although it is not currently a subject in the media sphere, but it is rapidly gaining momentum throughout the world and is the most popular in Ukraine, which make a significant impact on the Ukrainian information space. The article describes all risks that are associated with the use of the platform for the user and for national security in general. They are platform connection with Russia, the lack of a transparent ownership structure, as well as the lack of proper protection of personal data and other information about users. Another problem for Ukrainian national security is anonymous Telegram channels and the huge amount of disinformation that spreads by them. The article analysed European media regulation acts, which were recently adopted. Also, Ukrainian draft law, which aims to regulate the Telegram activity and other online platforms on the territory of Ukraine, was also studied. As a result of this reserch the authors come to the conclusion about the insufficiency of the introduction of the rules of reasonable Telegram use and the need to ban this platform on the territory of Ukraine, as it was done with Vkontakte and Odnoklassniki platforms (already banned on the territory of Ukraine). After all, only a complete ban on services related to the Russia can protect national security and will not harm the rights of its users to freedom of speech. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's digital world, where the amount of information that is stored and processed in cyberspace is constantly growing, the issue of personal data protection is becoming more and more relevant. Personal data, such as financial information, medical records, and social media data, is a valuable resource that can be used for both legitimate and malicious purposes. Despite the continuous improvement of security technologies, the growing complexity of cyber threats and the evolution of cyber attack methods create new challenges for the protection of personal information. In this connection, there is a need to analyze the modern problems of personal data protection, in particular the legal, technical and ethical aspects of this issue. Ensuring the security of personal data remains an urgent problem today, because more and more people use it. On the Internet, they pass authorization on various resources, using their personal data for this purpose, and more and more different institutions create peculiar databases, not always taking care of their safety. The insufficient measure of ensuring the security of personal data in cyberspace leads to excessive activity of cyberattacks and the commission of various manipulations with personal data. The relevance of the topic of personal data protection in cyberspace is due to several important factors that have a significant impact on modern society, economy and security. The main aspects that emphasize the relevance of this issue: the growth of digitalization; cyber threats; legal requirements; social responsibility and trust; economic consequences; technological challenges; international relations and geopolitics. Thus, the relevance of the topic of personal data protection in cyberspace is due to the complexity and global nature of this issue, as well as its importance for preserving privacy, security and trust in the digital world. This article is aimed at researching key challenges in the field of personal data protection in cyberspace, as well as providing recommendations for increasing the level of security and minimizing the risks of information leakage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of the analysis of the changes that have taken place in the legal system of the Netherlands under the influence of digitalization, in particular in the area of property relations regulation. Positive experience in the Netherlands in the implementation of digital technologies in the field of maintaining a number of state registers, which have a direct connection with the mechanism of proper exercise of property rights, has been revealed. The gradual changes that took place from 1996 to today have been clarified. A review of the authentic register of buildings, which contains information on buildings, objects and permanent sites (berths) and has been in operation since July 1, 2011, was carried out. It is emphasized that in the regulation of property registers, special importance is attached to the protection of personal data, in particular, the current Law on the Protection of Personal Data (adopted on May 25, 2018) was analyzed. This legislative act maximally takes into account EU requirements in the field of recording and use of personal data. A Personal Data Base (BRP) has been created separately, which contains personal data of people living in the Netherlands (residents), and citizens living abroad and other non-residents. It was revealed that the Netherlands plans to transform the system of basic registers into a Unified Data System in the coming years. This development is part of the interagency data strategy program. Research has shown that using core registries is not always straightforward, especially for those trying to combine data from multiple registries. The main focus in the coming years will be on streamlining the process of extracting data from sources and their further integrated use, even for sectors and purposes that were not initially envisaged. Analyzed the legal principles and practice of electronic procurement in the Netherlands. A review of judicial practice regarding consideration of the issue of ownership of digital data was carried out. It was established that the issues regarding the adoption of special acts on the regulation of the use of artificial intelligence, the recognition of cryptocurrencies and the owner ship of digital data are unresolved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work is devoted to the study of the problem of personal data protection in health care. Today, the world is dominated by a global socio-cultural process of informatization, which is based on the priority of collecting, accumulating, creating, processing, storing, exchanging and using information in any form. The growing demand for information technologies allowed modern science to characterize the new stage of society's development as an «information society». At the same time, the number of violations of the functioning of information carriers and information about a person is constantly increasing. It was emphasized that the sphere of healthcare and medicine was not an exception in the process of informatization of all spheres of human activity, which contributed and optimized the functioning and development of such spheres. The modern trend towards a rapid increase in the amount of data circulating in the information space has not escaped the sphere of health care, which has a high degree of vulnerability due to the sensitivity of data on the state of health of a person and a citizen. Nowadays, with the development of the information society, it is quite easy to identify a specific person and obtain confidential personal information about him. Therefore, issues of protection from third parties of personal data contained in centralized databases of medical information systems remain relevant. Reforms in health care, such as the introduction of electronic systems and changes in legislation, indeed generate a lot of scientific research in the field of personal data protection. This important aspect, after maintaining the confidentiality of medical information and the protection of personal data, is key to ensuring trust in the health care system. Research in this area may include evaluating the effectiveness of data protection measures, analyzing the risks of using electronic medical information processing systems, developing and improving data encryption and authentication methods, as well as studying legal aspects of personal data protection in health care. These studies help understand potential threats and identify best practices for ensuring the security and privacy of health information, which contributes to improving the quality of health care and increasing public confidence in the health care system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This scientific article comprehensively examines various methods and approaches to the administrative and legal protection of personal data in the online environment. Emphasis is placed on the importance of comprehensive application of various methods of protection, as well as on the need for constant improvement of legislation in this area, taking into account the development of new technologies and challenges. The article thoroughly studies the theoretical principles of administrative and legal protection of personal data. The concepts of «personal data» and «administrative protection» are studied in the context of this topic. The provisions of the current legislation of Ukraine and the European Union, which regulate the issue of personal data protection, are analyzed. The authors pay special attention to the activities of the Commissioner of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine for human rights in the field of personal data protection. The powers of the Commissioner are disclosed, as well as the procedures for carrying out inspections and applying measures for administrative termination of violations of legislation in the field of persona l data protection. An important aspect of the research is the analysis of administrative liability for violation of the legislation on personal data protection. Describes the types of violations for which administrative responsibility is provided. The article offers a number of recommendations for improving the administrative and legal protection of personal data in Ukraine. These include the adoption of new and amendments to current legislation that would more clearly regulate the issue of personal data protection in the online environment; ensuring adequate financing of the activities of the Commissioner of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine for human rights; conducting regular trainings and seminars for civil servants and business representatives on issues of personal data protection; strengthening cooperation with international organizations in the field of personal data protection. Based on the conducted research, the author concludes that administrative and legal methods of personal data protection are an important component of a comprehensive system of protection of human rights and freedoms in the digital environment. The effectiveness of personal data protection can be ensured only under the condition of comprehensive application of various methods, constant improvement of legislation and effective control over its compli ance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: World Health Organization issued Joint Statement on Data Protection and Privacy in the COVID-19 Response stating that collection of vast amounts of personal data may potentially lead to the infringement of fundamental human rights and freedoms. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development called on national governments to adhere to the international principles for data security and confidentiality. This paper describes the methods used to assist the Ministry of Health in bringing awareness of the data ownership, confidentiality and security principles to COVID-19 responders. Methods: The Sierra Leone Epidemiological Data (SLED) Team data managers conducted training for groups of COVID-19 responders. Training included presentations on data confidentiality, information disclosure, physical and electronic data security, and cyber-security; and interactive discussion of real-life scenarios. A game of Jeopardy was created to test the participant's knowledge. Results: This paper describes the methods used by the SLED Team to bring awareness of the DOCS principles to more than 2,500 COVID-19 responders. Conclusion: Similar efforts may benefit other countries where the knowledge, resources, and governing rules for protection of personal data are limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to identifying the peculiarities of contractual relations in digital circulation. Digital turnover is becoming increasingly widespread, which leads to the emergence of new forms of contractual relations characterized by significant differences. The purpose of the article is to reveal the characteristics and peculiarities of contractual relations arising within the framework of digital civil turnover. The study of contractual relations in digital circulation is necessitated by the lack of sustainable legal regulation of this area which requires further improvement. The peculiarity of building relations in digital circulation is associated with its technical properties, primarily the need to gain access to digital platforms for the exercise of subjective rights by users. The author emphasizes that the exercise of subjective rights in digital circulation can be realized only through the use of complex intellectual property objects, in particular, those combining computer programs, databases, music, animation objects, photographs, etc. The author proposes to distinguish the following types of relations in the field of digital circulation: 1) regarding the creation and maintenance of digital circulation (legal regime of intellectual property rights); 2) organizational relations in the field of business administration of the digital environment (corporate, labor relations with the appropriate legal regime); 3) between the user and the administrator of the relevant digital environment (contractual regulation, with elements of the legal regime of personal data protection); 4) between users of the digital space regarding digital assets (a complex regime of legal regulation which may combine the legal regimes of The author emphasizes that contractual relations in digital circulation are based on both civil law and rules and standards used in electronic systems. It is proved that different types of relations require a comprehensive application of different legal norms and are mediated by different agreements, such as: license agreements; agreements for the provision of digital services (cloud storage, marketplaces); sale and purchase of goods; exchange and pledge of digital assets; token agreements (regulating the use of cryptocurrencies and other tokens in digital ecosystems), etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As AI becomes increasingly integrated into the peer review process, understanding its implications remains limited. This paper examines researchers’ perceptions of AI in peer review, highlighting both its benefits and challenges. Qualitative data were gathered from peer reviewers on a social media platform, revealing mixed feelings about AI’s role in the review process. AI may enhance feedback by allowing reviewers to rephrase their comments. This results in kinder and more professional reviews. It also has the potential to speed up the process by saving time on pre-submission checks and managing larger volumes of submissions. However, concerns persist that comments using AI may be overly generic and lack specific insights. Reviewers fear that outputs from AI could be passed to authors without proper verification. Moreover, ethical issues arise when AI is employed without consent, risking confidentiality and compromising the review’s quality. As the academic community navigates these complexities, it is essential to proceed with caution. It ensures that AI’s integration does not undermine the integrity of peer review. A balance between AI’s efficiency and the unique insights provided by human reviewers is imperative. To address these concerns, institutions should focus on transparency with AI tools, maintain quality assurance through validation, establish clear ethical guidelines, prioritize privacy and data protection, and support ongoing professional development for reviewers. Only time will tell if AI will genuinely revolutionize peer review or complicate existing challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]