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How to safely maintain open schools during a pandemic is still controversial. Here, the authors aim to identify those measures that effectively control the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Austrian schools, with an agent-based mathematical model.

Objective To examine the effects of different nutritional intervention strategies in the school setting on anthropometric and quality of diet outcomes by comparing and ranking outcomes in a network meta-analysis.Design Systematic review and network meta-analysis.Data sources PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Web of Science, Education Resources Information Centre (ERIC), PsycInfo, CAB Abstracts, Campbell Library, Evidence for Policy and Practice Information and Co-ordinating Centre (EPPI-Centre) BiblioMap, Australian Education Index, Joanna Briggs Institute Evidence-Based Practice (JBI EBP) database, Practice-based Evidence in Nutrition (PEN) database, ClinicalTrials.gov, Current Controlled Trials, and World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform.Eligibility criteria for selecting studies A systematic literature search was performed from inception to 2 May 2022. Cluster randomised controlled trials meeting these study criteria were included: generally healthy school students aged 4-18 years; intervention with ≥1 nutritional components in a school setting; and studies that assessed anthropometric measures (eg, body mass index, body fat) or measures related to the quality of diet (eg, intake of fruit and vegetables), or both. Random effects pairwise meta-analyses and network meta-analyses were performed with a frequentist approach. P scores, a frequentist analogue to surface under the cumulative ranking curve, ranging from 0 to 1 (indicating worst and best ranked interventions, respectively) were calculated. Risk of bias was assessed with Cochrane’s RoB 2 tool. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) framework was used to rate the certainty of evidence.Results 51 cluster randomised controlled trials involving 75 954 participants and seven intervention nodes were included. Inconsistency could not be assessed (except for intake of fruit and vegetables) because the network meta-analyses were based mainly on star shaped networks with no direct evidence for specific pairs of nutritional interventions. Overall, little or no evidence was found to support a difference in body mass index, body weight, body fat, or waist circumference and moderate improvements in intake of fruit and vegetables with nutritional interventions in a school setting. Low to moderate certainty of evidence further suggested that multicomponent nutritional interventions likely reduced the prevalence (odds ratio 0.66, 95% confidence interval 0.55 to 0.80) and incidence (0.67, 0.47 to 0.96) of overweight compared with a control group. Based on low certainty of evidence, nutrition education and multicomponent interventions may be more effective than a control group (ie, usual practice) for increasing intake of fruit and vegetables. Multicomponent nutritional interventions were ranked the most effective for reducing body mass index (P score 0.76) and intake of fat (0.82). Nutrition education was ranked as best for body mass index z score (0.99), intake of fruit and vegetables (0.82), intake of fruit (0.92), and intake of vegetables (0.88).Conclusions The findings suggest that nutritional interventions in school settings may improve anthropometric and quality of diet measures, potentially contributing to the prevention of overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence. The findings should be interpreted with caution because the certainty of evidence was often rated as low. The results of the network meta-analysis could be used by policy makers in developing and implementing effective, evidence based nutritional intervention strategies in the school setting.Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42020220451.

BackgroundDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, protective measures have been prescribed to prevent or slow down the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and protect the population. Individuals follow these measures to varying degrees. We aimed to identify factors influencing the extent to which protective measures are adhered to.MethodsA cross-sectional survey (telephone interviews) was undertaken between April and June 2021 to identify factors influencing the degree to which individuals adhere to protective measures. A representative sample of 1,003 people (age >16 years) in two Austrian states (Carinthia, Vorarlberg) was interviewed. The questionnaire was based on the Health Belief Model, but also included potential response-modifying factors. Predictors for adherent behavior were identified using multiple regression analysis. All predictors were standardized so that regression coefficients (β) could be compared.ResultsOverall median adherence was 0.75 (IQR: 0.5–1.0). Based on a regression model, the following variables were identified as significant in raising adherence: higher age (β = 0.43, 95%CI: 0.33–0.54), social standards of acceptable behavior (β = 0.33, 95%CI: 0.27–0.40), subjective/individual assessment of an increased personal health risk (β = 0.12, 95%CI: 0.05–0.18), self-efficacy (β = 0.06, 95%CI: 0.02–0.10), female gender (β = 0.05, 95%CI: 0.01–0.08), and low corona fatigue (behavioral fatigue: β = −0.11, 95%CI: −0.18 to −0.03). The model showed that such aspects as personal trust in institutions, perceived difficulties in adopting health-promoting measures, and individual assessments of the risk of infection, had no significant influence.ConclusionsThis study reveals that several factors significantly influence adherence to measures aimed at controlling the COVID-19 pandemic. To enhance adherence, the government, media, and other relevant stakeholders should take the findings into consideration when formulating policy. By developing social standards and promoting self-efficacy, individuals can influence the behavior of others and contribute toward coping with the pandemic.

Abstract Background Overweight and obesity in children and adolescents are major public health challenges affecting quality of life and representing important risk factors in the development of non-communicable diseases. School environments provide great possibilities for the primary prevention of overweight and obesity and different school-based nutrition interventions are available. However, existing research on school-based nutrition interventions has important limitations and no network meta-analysis (NMA) has been performed yet to compare all available interventions. Therefore, the present research project aims to investigate the impact of different nutrition interventions in the school setting by comparing and ranking them using NMA methodology. Methods/design A systematic literature search will be performed in 11 electronic databases (PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, ERIC, PsycINFO, CAB Abstracts, Campbell Library, BiblioMap EPPI, Australian Education Index, Joanna Briggs Institute Evidence-Based Practice Database and Practice-based Evidence in Nutrition Database). Parallel or cluster randomized controlled trials (RCTs) meeting the following criteria will be included: (1) generally healthy school students aged 4–18 years, (2) school-based intervention with ≥ 1 nutrition component, and (3) assessed anthropometric (overweight/obesity risk, body weight change, weight Z-score, [standardized] body mass index, body fat, waist circumference) and/or diet-quality measures (daily intake of fruits and vegetables, fat, and sugar-sweetened beverages). Random effects pairwise and NMA will be performed for these outcomes and surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) estimated (P-score). Where possible, component NMA (CNMA) will be used additionally. Subgroup analyses are carried out for intervention duration, gender, age of school students, socioeconomic status, and geographical location, and sensitivity analyses by excluding high risk of bias RCTs. Discussion This systematic review and NMA will be the first to both directly and indirectly compare and rank different school-based nutrition interventions for the primary prevention of overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence. Our analyses will provide important insights about the effects of the different interventions and show which are the most promising. The results of our study can help inform the design of new studies and will be of value to anyone interested in developing successful, evidence-based nutrition interventions in school settings. Systematic review registration PROSPERO: CRD42020220451 .

Abstract We examined whether regular television (TV) viewing at ages 3–5 and 5–10 years is related to the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) in adult women. We used data from 34,512 mother-nurse daughter dyads in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) II and the Nurses’ Mothers’ Cohort Study. Mothers of NHS II participants completed a questionnaire on their pregnancy with the nurse and her early life experience. During 391,442 person-years of follow-up from 2001 to 2013, 1515 nurses developed T2D. Increasing levels of TV viewing at 3–5 years of age retrospectively reported by the mothers were related to a greater risk of T2D in adulthood: multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for ≤ 1, 2, and ≥ 3 h/day vs. no TV viewing were 1.11 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.96–1.28], 1.20 (95% CI 1.02–1.41), and 1.35 (95% CI 1.11–1.65), p trend = 0.002, respectively, after adjustment for early life variables, including childhood physical activity and adiposity. Retrospectively reported TV viewing for ≥ 3 h/day at 5–10 years of age was associated with a 34% greater risk of adult T2D (HR 1.34, 95% CI 1.05–1.70, p trend

Pertussis is a vaccine-preventable disease, and its recent resurgence might be attributable to the emergence of strains that differ genetically from the vaccine strain. We describe a novel pertussis isolate-based surveillance system and a core genome multilocus sequence typing scheme to assess Bordetella pertussis genetic variability and investigate the increased incidence of pertussis in Austria. During 2018–2020, we obtained 123 B. pertussis isolates and typed them with the new scheme (2,983 targets and preliminary cluster threshold of

Targeted delivery of immunomodulatory compounds to defined subsets of endogenous immune cells may improve the efficacy of combination immunotherapies. Here, the authors use PD-1-targeting nanoparticles containing a TGFβ inhibitor or a TLR7/8 agonist to deliver these payloads to T cells or via T cells to the tumor microenvironment, respectively, leading to anti-tumor efficacy in vivo.

Abstract Background In the European Union and European Economic Area only 38% of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients notified in 2011 completed treatment successfully at 24 months’ evaluation. Socio-economic factors and patient factors such as demographic characteristics, behaviour and attitudes are associated with treatment outcomes. Characteristics of healthcare systems also affect health outcomes. This study was conducted to identify and better understand the contribution of health system components to successful treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Methods We selected four European Union countries to provide for a broad range of geographical locations and levels of treatment success rates of the multidrug-resistant tuberculosis cohort in 2009. We conducted semi-structured interviews following a conceptual framework with representatives from policy and planning authorities, healthcare providers and civil society organisations. Responses were organised according to the six building blocks of the World Health Organization health systems framework. Results In the four included countries, Austria, Bulgaria, Spain, and the United Kingdom, the following healthcare system factors were perceived as key to achieving good treatment results for patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: timely diagnosis of drug-resistant tuberculosis; financial systems that ensure access to a full course of treatment and support for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients; patient-centred approaches with strong intersectoral collaboration that address patients’ emotional and social needs; motivated and dedicated healthcare workers with sufficient mandate and means to support patients; and cross-border management of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis to secure continuum of care between countries. Conclusion We suggest that the following actions may improve the success of treatment for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients: deployment of rapid molecular diagnostic tests; development of context-specific treatment guidance and criteria for hospital admission and discharge in the European context; strengthening patient-centred approaches; development of collaborative mechanisms to ensure cross-border care, and development of long-term sustainable financing strategies.

Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) is a ubiquitous organism that can easily enter the food chain. Infection with L. monocytogenes can cause invasive listeriosis. Since 2014, in Austria, L. monocytogenes isolates from human and food/food-associated samples have been provided on a mandatory basis by food producers and laboratories to the National Reference Laboratory. Since 2017, isolates undergo routinely whole genome sequencing (WGS) and core genome Multilocus Sequence Typing (cgMLST) for cluster analyses. Aims of this study were to characterize isolates and clusters of 2017 by using WGS data and to assess the usefulness of this isolate-based surveillance for generating hypotheses on sources of invasive listeriosis in real-time. WGS data from 31 human and 1744 non-human isolates originating from 2017, were eligible for the study. A cgMLST-cluster was defined as two or more isolates differing by ≤10 alleles. We extracted the sequence types (STs) from the WGS data and analyzed the food subcategories meat, fish, vegetable and diary for associations with the ten most prevalent STs among food, through calculating prevalence ratios (PR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The three most frequent STs among the human isolates were ST1 (7/31; 22.6%), ST155 (4/31; 12.9%) and ST451 (3/31; 9.7%) and among the non-human isolates ST451 (614/1744; 35.2%), ST8 (173/1744, 10.0%) and ST9 (117/1744; 6.7%). We found ST21 associated with vegetables (PR: 11.39, 95% CI: 8.32–15.59), ST121 and ST155 with fish (PR: 7.05, 95% CI: 4.88–10.17, PR: 3.29, 95% CI: 1.86–5.82), and ST511, ST7 and ST451 with dairy products (PR: 8.55, 95% CI: 6.65–10.99; PR: 5.05, 95% CI: 3.83–6.66, PR: 3.03, 95% CI: 2.02–4.55). We identified 132 cgMLST-clusters. Six clusters contained human isolates (ST155, ST1, ST101, ST177, ST37 and ST7) and for five of those cgMLST-based cluster analyses solely was able to hypothesize the source: an Austrian meat processing company, two Austrian cheese manufacturers and two vegetable processing companies, one based in Austria and the other in Belgium. Determining routinely STs in food isolates by WGS allows to associate STs with food products. Real-time WGS of L. monocytogenes isolates provided mandatorily, proved to be useful in promptly generating hypotheses on sources of invasive listeriosis.

In Austria, all laboratories are legally obligated to forward human and food/environmental L. monocytogenes isolates to the National Reference Laboratory/Center (NRL) for Listeria. Two invasive human isolates of L. monocytogenes serotype 1/2a of the same pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) pattern, previously unknown in Austria, were cultured for the first time in January 2016. Five further human isolates, obtained from patients with invasive listeriosis between April 2016 and September 2017, showed this PFGE pattern. In Austria the NRL started to use whole-genome sequencing (WGS) based typing in 2016, using a core genome MLST (cgMLST) scheme developed by Ruppitsch et al. 2015, which contains 1701 target genes. Sequence data are submitted to a publicly available nomenclature server (Ridom GmbH, Münster, Germany) for allocation of the core genome complex type (CT). The seven invasive human isolates differed from each other with zero to two alleles and were allocated to CT1234 (declared as outbreak strain). Among the Austrian strain collection of about 6,000 cgMLST-characterized non-human isolates (i.e., food/environmental isolates) 90 isolates shared CT1234. Out of these, 83 isolates were traced back to one meat processing-company. They differed from the outbreak strain by up to seven alleles; one isolate originated from the company's industrial slicer. The remaining seven CT1234-isolates were obtained from food products of four other companies (five fish-products, one ready-to-eat dumpling and one deer-meat) and differed from the outbreak strain by six to eleven alleles. The outbreak described shows the considerable potential of WGS to identify the source of a listeriosis outbreak. Compared to PFGE analysis, WGS-based typing has higher discriminatory power, yields better data accuracy, and allows higher laboratory through-put at lower cost. Utilization of WGS-based typing results of human and food/ environmental L. monocytogenes isolates by appropriate public health analysts and epidemiologists is indispensable to support a successful outbreak investigation.

Puumala orthohantavirus (PUUV) has a wide distribution throughout Europe. Distinctive temporal patterns of spillover into the human population are related to population dynamics of the reservoir host, the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus). As the rodent host is tied to specific habitats with small individual ranges, PUUV genetic diversity is also highly correlated with geographic distance. Using sequenced portions of viral S and M segments, we determined whether geographic clusters were supported. Human cases of PUUV infections are concentrated in southeastern Austria. We detected four distinct genotypes: two genotypes of the Alpe-Adria (ALAD) lineage typically associated with southeast Europe, and two sublineages of the Central Europe (CE) lineage. One cluster of CE genotypes represents a phylogenetically distinct sublineage compared to previously reported CE clades, and extends the boundary of the CE lineage further south than previously reported.

(1) Background: The Austrian supply of COVID-19 vaccine is limited for now. We aim to provide evidence-based guidance to the authorities in order to minimize COVID-19-related hospitalizations and deaths in Austria. (2) Methods: We used a dynamic agent-based population model to compare different vaccination strategies targeted to the elderly (65 ≥ years), middle aged (45–64 years), younger (15–44 years), vulnerable (risk of severe disease due to comorbidities), and healthcare workers (HCW). First, outcomes were optimized for an initially available vaccine batch for 200,000 individuals. Second, stepwise optimization was performed deriving a prioritization sequence for 2.45 million individuals, maximizing the reduction in total hospitalizations and deaths compared to no vaccination. We considered sterilizing and non-sterilizing immunity, assuming a 70% effectiveness. (3) Results: Maximum reduction of hospitalizations and deaths was achieved by starting vaccination with the elderly and vulnerable followed by middle-aged, HCW, and younger individuals. Optimizations for vaccinating 2.45 million individuals yielded the same prioritization and avoided approximately one third of deaths and hospitalizations. Starting vaccination with HCW leads to slightly smaller reductions but maximizes occupational safety. (4) Conclusion: To minimize COVID-19-related hospitalizations and deaths, our study shows that elderly and vulnerable persons should be prioritized for vaccination until further vaccines are available.

BackgroundIn February 2012 the ten-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) with a 2+1 doses schedule (3, 5, 12 or 14 months of age) without catch-up vaccination was introduced in Austria. We assessed direct and indirect vaccine effects on invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) by a population-based intervention study.MethodsThe study period was divided into pre- (2009-2011) and post-period (2013-2017, February), regarding 2012 as transition year. Outcomes were defined as PCV10 ST-IPD, the PCV10-related ST 6A and 19A IPD and non-PCV10 excluding ST 6A-/19A-IPD (NVT-IPD). We used national surveillance data and compared average monthly incidence rate (IR) between pre- and post-period among ResultsThe PCV-10 IPD was reduced by 58% (95% CI: 30%; 74%) and 67% (95% CI: 32%; 84%) among ConclusionsOur study adds to the evidence on direct and indirect protection of a childhood PCV10 vaccine program. Elderlies seem to benefit the most. Findings did not support PCV 10 cross-protection, but indicate replacement at least for ST 8 among the ≥50 years old. Follow-up analyses of IPD surveillance data are needed to fully characterize the magnitude of serotype replacement and further vaccine-attributable IPD reduction with time.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210081.].

Objectives: An Austrian boarding school reported a cluster of gastroenteritis on January 10, 2014. Environmental swabs from the school cafeteria and a nearby kebab restaurant tested positive for norovirus. The outbreak was investigated to identify its source(s). Methods: An outbreak case was defined as a student or staff member with diarrhoea or vomiting that developed between January 7 and 13. Details on food exposure were collected via a self-administered questionnaire; risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Norovirus from the stool specimens of cases and asymptomatic kebab restaurant workers were genotyped. Results: Twenty-eight cases were identified among 144 persons (attack rate 19%). The outbreak emerged and peaked on January 9, and ended on January 12. Compared to those who did not eat kebab, those who ate kebab on 7, 8, and 9 January were respectively 11 (95% CI 4.2–28), 6.7 (95% CI 3.4–13), and 9.3 (95% CI 4.0–22) times more likely to develop disease within the following 2 days. Stool specimens from three cases and three restaurant workers were positive for norovirus GII.P21. Conclusions: The kebab prepared by norovirus-positive restaurant workers was the most likely source of the outbreak. It is recommended that food handlers comply strictly with hand hygiene and avoid bare-handed contact with ready-to-eat food to minimize the risk of food-borne infection.

BACKGROUND:The relations of physical activity and sedentary behavior to mortality risk among patients with renal cell cancer have not yet been evaluated. METHODS:We conducted a prospective cohort study among 667 renal cell cancer survivors aged 50-71 years of the National Institutes of Health (NIH)-AARP Diet and Health Study with a median follow-up time of 7.1 years. Post-diagnosis physical activity, TV viewing, and total sitting time were assessed using self-administered questionnaires. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for mortality were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS:Increasing levels of moderate to vigorous physical activity were related to decreased risk of overall mortality [multivariable-adjusted HRs for 4 hrs/d vs. 0 to 2 hrs/d = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.02-2.26; p-trend = 0.04), but the relation was attenuated following further control for other covariates (multivariable-adjusted HR = 1.44, 95% CI = 0.92-2.24; p-trend = 0.11). Total sitting time was unrelated to all-cause mortality. CONCLUSION:Among renal cancer patients, moderate to vigorous physical activity is associated with decreased risk of overall mortality. Clinicians should consider discussing the potential benefits of physical activity for longevity among survivors of renal cell cancer.

BACKGROUND:Numerous epidemiologic studies have examined the relation of physical activity or cardiorespiratory fitness to risk of cutaneous melanoma but the available evidence has not yet been quantified in a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS:Following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA), we identified 3 cohort studies (N = 12,605 cases) and 5 case-control studies (N = 1,295 cases) of physical activity and melanoma incidence, and one cohort study (N = 49 cases) of cardiorespiratory fitness and melanoma risk. RESULTS:Cohort studies revealed a statistically significant positive association between high versus low physical activity and melanoma risk (RR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.16-1.40). In contrast, case-control studies yielded a statistically non-significant inverse risk estimate for physical activity and melanoma (RR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.63-1.14; P-difference = 0.02). The only available cohort study of cardiorespiratory fitness and melanoma risk reported a positive but statistically not significant association between the two (RR = 2.19, 95% CI = 0.99-4.96). Potential confounding by ultraviolet (UV) radiation-related risk factors was a major concern in cohort but not case-control studies. CONCLUSIONS:It appears plausible that the positive relation of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness to melanoma observed in cohort studies is due to residual confounding by UV radiation-related risk factors. IMPACT:Future prospective studies need to examine the association between physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness and melanoma after detailed adjustment for UV radiation-related skin damage.

The associations of physical activity and television (TV) viewing with mortality risk among individuals with hematologic malignancies remain unclear.We examined the relations of physical activity and TV viewing time before and after diagnosis with mortality among 5182 U.S. adults aged 50-71 years from the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study cohort who survived a first primary hematologic cancer between 1995-1996 and 2011.For the pre- and post-diagnosis analyses, we confirmed 2606 and 613 deaths respectively. In multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazard regression models, comparing high (≥4 hrs/wk) versus low (

Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 1A (CMT1A) is a hereditary demyelinating peripheral neuropathy caused by the duplication of the PMP22 gene. Demyelination precedes the occurrence of clinical symptoms that correlate with axonal degeneration. It was postulated that a disturbed axon–glia interface contributes to altered myelination consequently leading to axonal degeneration. In this study, we examined the expression of MAG and Necl4, two critical adhesion molecules that are present at the axon–glia interface, in sural nerve biopsies of CMT1A patients and in peripheral nerves of mice overexpressing human PMP22, an animal model for CMT1A. We show an increase in the expression of MAG and a strong decrease of Necl4 in biopsies of CMT1A patients as well as in CMT1A mice. Expression analysis revealed that MAG is strongly upregulated during peripheral nerve maturation, whereas Necl4 expression remains very low. Ablating MAG in CMT1A mice results in separation of axons from their myelin sheath. Our data show that MAG is important for axon–glia contact in a model for CMT1A, and suggest that its increased expression in CMT1A disease has a compensatory role in the pathology of the disease. Thus, we demonstrate that MAG together with other adhesion molecules such as Necl4 is important in sustaining axonal integrity.

Summary: We report on an outbreak caused by Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 (PT4) among 143 participants at a soccer camp in Austria in August 2010. The outbreak affected 34 persons, including 24 epidemiologically related cases and 10 laboratory-confirmed cases. Food-specific cohort analyses revealed spaetzle (homemade noodles) (relative risks (RR): 2.68; 95% CI: 1.13–6.45), hamburger (RR: 2.70; 95% CI: 1.13–6.45) and potato salad (RR: 2.91; 95% CI: 1.69–5.02) as the most biologically plausible infection sources. Eggs used as ingredients were considered to be the vehicle of infection for the outbreak strain. The sole egg producer supplying the hotel that housed the soccer camp participants with table eggs operated two flocks. One flock had been epidemiologically and microbiologically related to a previous S. enteritidis PT4 outbreak affecting the same Austrian province in the four months preceding the August outbreak. We hypothesize that eggs from this flock, already condemned for industrial use only, were falsely declared table eggs and sold among eggs from the non-banned flock causing the subsequent outbreak. In Austria, the illegal distribution of eggs designated for industrial use (i.e., false declaration of these eggs as table eggs) has been previously documented. Our findings underscore the potential of proper epidemiological outbreak investigation to identify the pitfalls of regulatory responses in risk management. Keywords: Zoonosis, Foodborne, Cohort study, Eggs, Risk management

Sedentary behavior is related to increased mortality risk. Whether such elevated risk can be offset by enhanced physical activity has not been examined using accelerometry data.We examined the relations of sedentary time and physical activity to mortality from any cause using accelerometry data among 1,677 women and men aged 50 years or older from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2004 cycle with follow-up through December 31, 2006.During an average follow-up of 34.67 months and 4,845.42 person-years, 112 deaths occurred. In multivariate Cox proportional hazard models, greater sedentary time (≥ median of 8.60 hours/day) was associated with increased risk of mortality from any cause (relative risk (RR) = 2.03; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.09-3.81). Low level of moderate to vigorous physical activity (< median of 6.60 minutes/day) was also related to enhanced all-cause mortality risk (RR = 3.30; 95% CI = 1.33-8.17). In combined analyses, greater time spent sedentary and low levels of moderate to vigorous physical activity predicted a substantially elevated all-cause mortality risk. As compared with the combination of a low sedentary level and a high level of moderate to vigorous physical activity, the risks of mortality from all causes were 4.38 (95% CI = 1.26-15.16) for low levels of both sedentary time and physical activity, 2.79 (95% CI = 0.77-10.12) for greater time spent sedentary and high physical activity level, and 7.79 (95% CI = 2.26-26.82) for greater time spent sedentary and low physical activity level. The interaction term between sedentary time and moderate to vigorous physical activity was not statistically significant (p = 0.508).Both high levels of sedentary time and low levels of moderate to vigorous physical activity are strong and independent predictors of early death from any cause. Whether a high physical activity level removes the increased risk of all-cause mortality related to sedentariness requires further investigation.

In the developing peripheral nervous system, a coordinated reciprocal signaling between Schwann cells and axons is crucial for accurate myelination. The myelin and lymphocyte protein MAL is a component of lipid rafts that is important for targeting proteins and lipids to distinct domains. MAL overexpression impedes peripheral myelinogenesis, which is evident by a delayed onset of myelination and reduced expression of the myelin protein zero ( Mpz / P0 ) and the low-affinity neurotrophin receptor p75 NTR . This study shows that MAL overexpression leads to a significant reduction of Mpz and p75 NTR expression in primary mouse Schwann cell cultures, which was already evident before differentiation, implicating an effect of MAL in early Schwann cell development. Their transcription was robustly reduced, despite normal expression of essential transcription factors and receptors. Further, the cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling pathways important for Schwann cell differentiation were correctly induced, highlighting that other so far unknown rate limiting factors do exist. We identified novel genes expressed by Schwann cells in a MAL-dependent manner in vivo and in vitro . A number of those, including S100a4, RhoU and Krt23, are implicated in cytoskeletal organization and plasma membrane dynamics. We showed that S100a4 is predominantly expressed by nonmyelinating Schwann cells, whereas RhoU was localized within myelin membranes, and Krt23 was detected in nonmyelinating as well as in myelinating Schwann cells. Their differential expression during early peripheral nerve development further underlines their possible role in influencing Schwann cell differentiation and myelination.

In peripheral nerves, Schwann cell development is regulated by a variety of signals. Some of the aspects of Schwann cell differentiation can be reproduced in vitro in response to forskolin, an adenylyl cyclase activator elevating intracellular cAMP levels. Herein, the effect of forskolin treatment was investigated by a comprehensive genome-wide expression study on primary mouse Schwann cell cultures. Additional to myelin-related genes, many so far unconsidered genes were ascertained to be modulated by forskolin. One of the strongest differentially regulated gene transcripts was the transcription factor Olig1 (oligodendrocyte transcription factor 1), whose mRNA expression levels were reduced in treated Schwann cells. Olig1 protein was localized in myelinating and nonmyelinating Schwann cells within the sciatic nerve as well as in primary Schwann cells, proposing it as a novel transcription factor of the Schwann cell lineage. Data analysis further revealed that a number of differentially expressed genes in forskolin-treated Schwann cells were associated with the ECM (extracellular matrix), underlining its importance during Schwann cell differentiation in vitro. Comparison of samples derived from postnatal sciatic nerves and from both treated and untreated Schwann cell cultures showed considerable differences in gene expression between in vivo and in vitro , allowing us to separate Schwann cell autonomous from tissue-related changes. The whole data set of the cell culture microarray study is provided to offer an interactive search tool for genes of interest.

Purpose: The aim of this research was to investigate the relationship between socio-economic inequalities and fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events. Methods: A systematic review of recently published cohort studies and a meta-analysis of relative risk (RR) of low compared with high socio-economic status (SES) in relation to cardiovascular incidence and mortality was conducted. Supplementary evaluations were conducted considering different proxies of SES in relation to different types of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Results: We identified 17 studies including approximately 26.5 million of participants with more than 900,000 CVD events. We estimated a 50% increased CVD risk for low SES with respect to high SES (RR = 1.49 [95% confidence interval: 1.26, 1.78]). For sex-specific risk, we estimated a 79% increased CVD risk for women of low SES (RR = 1.79 [1.30, 2.46]). In men, the same investigation found a 45% increased CVD risk (RR = 1.45 [1.09, 1.92]). We reported that low education (RR = 1.56 [1.27, 1.91]), increased CVD risk the most, more than low income (RR = 1.38 [1.12, 1.70]). Conclusion: Although not statistically significant, women of low SES were at higher CVD risk than men. CVD risk was more relevant to educational inequality than economic inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The correction notice for the article "Are socio-economic inequalities related to cardiovascular disease risk? A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies" in BMC Cardiovascular Disorders addresses an error in the author's name. The incorrect name Julius B. Ololade has been corrected to Ololade J. Baruwa. The original article has been updated to reflect this change. The authors of the article are Ololade J. Baruwa, Federica Alberti, Sunday Onagbiye, Annalisa Guddemi, Anna Odone, Hannah Ricci, Maddalena Gaeta, Schmid Daniela, and Cristian Ricci. [Extracted from the article]