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Nowadays, membrane technology is an efficient process for separating compounds with minimal structural abrasion; however, the manufacture of membranes still has several drawbacks to being profitable and competitive commercially under an environmentally friendly approach. In this sense, this review focuses on bio-based polymeric membranes as an alternative to solve the environmental concern caused by the use of polymeric materials of fossil origin. The fabrication of bio-based polymeric membranes is explained through a general description of elements such as the selection of bio-based polymers, the preparation methods, the usefulness of additives, the search for green solvents, and the characterization of the membranes. The advantages and disadvantages of bio-based polymeric membranes are discussed, and the application of bio-based membranes to recover organic and inorganic contaminants is also discussed.

One-dimensional nanoparticles such as fibers, wires, represent an exciting type of filler for obtaining nanocomposite hydrogels due to their high aspect ratio. Unlike continuous fibers, in composites with short fibers, stress transfer occurs not only at the cylindrical surface of the fiber but also at the fiber ends. This work aimed to study the influence of the length of low aspect ratio one-dimensional nanoparticles on the rheological, swelling and thermal properties of nanocomposite hydrogels. We synthesized nanocomposite hydrogels via photopolymerization of methacrylated alginate macromonomers and aluminum oxide nanoparticles, nanowires and nanofibers as fillers. The main difference between the nanoparticles lies in their length. Longer nanoparticles (nanofibers) provided a glassier structure and a more significant reinforcement to the hydrogel, for example, at the concentration of 0.5 wt% the complex modulus increased approximately 2-fold and 8-fold for nanowires and nanofibers, respectively. Similarly, the incorporation of nanofibers produced hydrogels with a lower swelling capacity (2.5-fold decrease), which was attributed to a more connected network structure due to the higher aspect ratio of the nanofibers. Finally, both nanoparticle types produced an increase in the activation energy of thermal degradation.

Potential drug-eluting scaffolds of electrospun poly(acrylic acid

espanolEl silicio (Si) es un elemento benefico, debido que al asociarse con los constituyentes de la pared celular los hace menos susceptibles al ataque de patogenos. El objetivo fue comparar el silicio disponible extraido con cuatro extractores quimicos en suelos alcalinos y su correlacion con el absorbido por los cultivos de maiz y frijol caupi. El experimento fue realizado en la Facultad de Ciencias Agricolas de la Universidad de Cordoba y se utilizo un diseno completamente aleatorizado con arreglo factorial, 2x3 (dos cultivos, tres suelos alcalino) y cuatro repeticiones. Los metodos de extraccion fueron: cloruro de calcio 0,01 mol L-1, acido acetico 0,5 mol L-1, acetato de amonio 38,5 g L-1 y el metodo propuesto por los autores denominado agua modificada (Agua mas boro). Las variables evaluadas fueron el contenido de Si extraido del suelo por diferentes metodos y el Si que se encuentra en la parte vegetativa de cada cultivo y los datos fueron analizados mediante analisis de variancia y correlacion. Los resultados indican que el metodo mas eficaz para extraer silicio en de suelos alcalinos para el cultivo de frijol y maiz fue el metodo de acido acetico 0,5 mol L-1 y el que menos extrajo fue el cloruro de calcio 0,01 mol L-1. Ademas, el CaCl2 0,01 mol L-1 y el metodo propuesto por los autores puede ser una alternativa de uso en la estimacion de silicio disponible en suelos alcalinos. El silicio absorbido por los cultivos y el extraido por los metodos depende directamente de la especie indicadora y del extractor utilizado. El silicio (Si) es un elemento benefico, debido que al asociarse con los constituyentes de la pared celular los hace menos susceptibles al ataque de patogenos. El objetivo fue comparar el silicio disponible extraido con cuatro extractores quimicos en suelos alcalinos y su correlacion con el absorbido por los cultivos de maiz y frijol caupi. El experimento fue realizado en la Facultad de Ciencias Agricolas de la Universidad de Cordoba y se utilizo un diseno completamente aleatorizado con arreglo factorial, 2x3 (dos cultivos, tres suelos alcalino) y cuatro repeticiones. Los metodos de extraccion fueron: cloruro de calcio 0,01 mol L-1, acido acetico 0,5 mol L-1, acetato de amonio 38,5 g L-1 y el metodo propuesto por los autores denominado agua modificada (Agua mas boro). Las variables evaluadas fueron el contenido de Si extraido del suelo por diferentes metodos y el Si que se encuentra en la parte vegetativa de cada cultivo y los datos fueron analizados mediante analisis de variancia y correlacion. Los resultados indican que el metodo mas eficaz para extraer silicio en de suelos alcalinos para el cultivo de frijol y maiz fue el metodo de acido acetico 0,5 mol L-1 y el que menos extrajo fue el cloruro de calcio 0,01 mol L-1. Ademas, el CaCl2 0,01 mol L-1 y el metodo propuesto por los autores puede ser una alternativa de uso en la estimacion de silicio disponible en suelos alcalinos. El silicio absorbido por los cultivos y el extraido por los metodos depende directamente de la especie indicadora y del extractor utilizado. EnglishSilicon (Si) is a beneficial element for different crops that are currently being studied. The objective was to evaluate the available silicon extracted with four chemical extractors in alkaline soils and its correlation with that extracted by maize and cowpea bean crops. The experiment was carried out at the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of the University of Cordoba. A completely randomized design with factorial arrangement, 2x3x4 (two cultures, three alkaline soils and four repetitions) was used. The extraction methods were: calcium chloride (0.01 mol L-1), acetic acid (0.5 mol L-1), ammonium acetate to 38.5 g L-1 and the method proposed by the authors called modified water. The variables evaluated were the content of Si extracted from the soil by different methods and the Si in the leaves. Quantification was performed in a spectrophotometer at 660 nm and the data were analyzed with analysis of variance and correlation. The results indicate that the most effective method to extract silicon from alkaline soils for the cultivation of beans and corn was the 0.5 mol L-1 acetic acid method and the one that extracted the least was 0.01 mol L-1 calcium chloride. Furthermore, CaCl2 0.01 mol L-1 and the method proposed by the authors may be an alternative for use in estimating available silicon in alkaline soils. The silicon absorbed by the cultures and the one extracted by the methods depends directly on the indicator species and the extractor used.

Oxytetracycline (OTC) is an antibiotic belonging to the tetracycline family, widely used in veterinary medicine due to its pharmacological characteristics and adequate cost/effectiveness ratio. One of the problems presented by the therapeutic use of antibiotics such as OTC is that they do not metabolize and are expelled through animal excretions reaching the effluent of wastewater, rivers, and lagoons, causing accumulation and generating resistance to certain pathogens, mainly zoonotic bacteria. The above has presented the need and the challenge of removing this type of contaminants present in aquatic systems, using more efficient economic and eco-friendly methods than the conventional ones already known. A promising alternative is removal by using polymeric materials. Therefore, the aim of this revision is give a general revision of the application of functional polymer materials to remove these emerging organic contaminants OTC.

Several factors govern the improvement in the mechanical, thermal, and conductive properties, when a nanoscale filler is incorporated into a polymer matrix. These factors include the concentration, size of the filling, distribution, etc. In this research, we present how to improve the distribution of nanoparticles using nanoparticles stabilized with block copolymers of different molar masses. For this purpose, Pluronic L35 and Pluronic F68 copolymers were used to stabilize nanoparticles in order to improve their distribution in a hydrogel of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) through an entropic mechanism of interfacial control. The nanoparticles were labelled with fluorescein, and using confocal fluorescence microscopy, it was quantitatively demonstrated that both stabilizers led to a more homogeneous distribution. The nanocomposite hydrogels presented interesting viscoelastic properties. While the hydrogels stabilized with Pluronic L35 did not present significant changes in the rheological properties (e.g. stiffness and shear thinning), the most significant rheological effects were observed for the hydrogels prepared with Pluronic F68-stabilized nanoparticles. These hydrogels exhibited a diminution in the shear complex modulus, viscosity, and critical shear rate to give rise to the shear-thinning region, which was attributed to the differences in the molar masses of the stabilizers and favoured slipping of polymer chains because of unfavourable wetting with the stabilizer coating.

In this work, the surface modification of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) with 3-glycidyloxy-propyl-trimethoxysilane (GPTMS) was investigated. The ZnO-NPs were synthesized using the physical method of continuous arc discharge in controlled atmosphere (DARC-AC). The surface modification was carried out using a chemical method with constant agitation for 24 h at room temperature. This surface functionalization of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs-GPTMS) was experimentally confirmed by infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), TGA, and XRD, and its morphological characterization was performed with SEM. The increase in mechanical bending properties in the two final hybrid materials compared to the base polymers was verified. An average increase of 67% was achieved with a moderate decrease in ductility. In the case of compressive strength, they showed mixed results, maintaining the properties. With respect to thermal properties, it was observed that inorganic reinforcement conferred resistance to degradation on the base material, giving a greater resistance to high temperatures. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

La facultad de ingeniería de la Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, vincula al diseño como eje fundamental del proceso de formación de los programas académicos de ingeniería, y lo usa como estrategia para que los estudiantes desarrollen ideas de solución a los problemas cotidianos de los usuarios en un contexto específico, permitiendo con ello que dichos estudiantes desarrollen empatía por sus semejantes y reconozcan el contexto en el que vive la sociedad colombiana. Dicha facultad adscribe 13 programas académicos de pregrado, de los cuales 12 comparten una estructura curricular similar (los programas de ingeniería). En tal estructura se evidencian 2 ciclos de formación: Formación básica (de primer a quinto semestre) y Formación profesional (de sexto a último semestre). Dentro del ciclo básico de Ingeniería, se planificó la inclusión de Diseño Conceptual, asignatura que se localiza en las mallas curriculares en segundo semestre.Diseño conceptual orienta a ingenieros en formación para que apropien una metodología para el diseño conceptual de soluciones con potencial innovador. Esta asignatura busca fortalecer las competencias asociadas a la capacidad de trabajar en equipo y la capacidad de aplicar diseño en ingeniería para desarrollar soluciones a las problemáticas del usuario en su contexto.Se presenta en este documento el abordaje docente de la asignatura Diseño Conceptual desde la perspectiva de la presencialidad virtual, en la cual se implementan acciones asociadas al estudio independiente a través de actuaciones asíncronas de los estudiantes (haciendo uso de la revisión y estructuración de videos, infografías y otros), así como también, el abordaje síncrono dentro del espacio temporal de la clase virtual (haciendo uso de una plataforma para reuniones virtuales), que tuvieron incidencia en el proceso formativo de dichos estudiantes. De igual manera, se muestran el desarrollo de una idea de solución haciendo uso de la metodología de diseño abordada en el curso, mediante la cual, los ingenieros en formación afrontaron la problemática: resultados ineficientes en audiometrías infantiles entre los tres y siete años de edad en centros audiológicos de la ciudad de Cali.

One of the most widely used pharmaceuticals of the antibiotic type is quinolones. Nalidixic acid belongs to this family of antibiotics and it is widely used in both human and veterinary medicine. The main objective of this work is to show the behavior of nalidixic acid in co-solvent mixtures, in order to study soon the removal of this antibiotic in aqueous solutions or mixtures of water with solvents. The study was carried out by preparing a standard solution containing 25 mg of nalidixic acid in 50 mL in different solvent mixtures. Subsequently, 20 mg L-1 solutions were prepared using the same mixture of solvents (acetone: water, methanol: water and ethanol: water) to be scanned for wavelengths by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The spectra showed signal displacement in all the mixtures when there was an increase concerning to the water contents due to the interaction of the water with the acid group of the antibiotic. While in mixtures of methanol: water and ethanol: water solutions, there is a variation of the absorption band intensities. As a conclusion, it can be said that it is important to consider the solubility capacity of this antibiotic in different solvents for the purposes of removal studies of this type of emerging contaminants of the antibiotic type.

The objective of this study is the rheological characterization of photocrosslinked alginate hydrogels synthesized from methacrylated alginate macromonomers. We first optimized the rheological acquisition parameters for this hydrogels, that is, we studied the influence of the geometries diameter, distance between plates (gap), and solvent trap in the rheological response. Our results show important variations of shear storage modulus, G’, and yield strain with the three parameters measured. Secondly, with the optimized experimental parameters, rheological tests were performed on hydrogels synthesized under different conditions. Three parameters were studied; UV exposure time (polymerization time), macromonomer concentration and photoinitiator concentration. Our data indicate that the polymerization time and the macromonomer concentration have an important effect on the viscoelastic properties of the hydrogel, significantly modifying the shear storage modulus, G’, and the yield strain while the photoinitiator concentration did not influence the viscoelastic properties.

The objective of this work was to study the effect of the loading of monomers (cationic, anionic and ampholytes) in the preparation of polyelectrolyte hydrogels (PEHG) based on alkylated vinylated chitosan, in order to improve the understanding of the effect of ionic monomers on the polymerization of alkylated vinyl chitosan to obtain PEHGs. To achieve this, sequential synthesis of PEHGs was carried out starting from chitosan, glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and ionic monomers: sodium 4-styrenesulfonate, [3-(methacryloylamino)propyl]dimethyl(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide and 4-(vinylbenzyl)trimethylammonium chloride. The stages of synthesis were (a) chemical modification of the chitosan with N-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)-trimethylammonium chloride as an alkylating agent to obtain chitosan with positive charges, (b) insertion of vinyl side groups by opening the epoxide ring at pH 3.8 using GMA and (c) in situ polymerization of vinyl monomers in a polyelectrolyte aqueous solution (ACh-vinyl solution). Characterizations of the intermediate and PEHGs were performed. It was concluded that the different solution processes occurring in the reactor can be explained by counterion condensation theory in conjunction with Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium. The water absorption capacities of PEHGs were 144.6, 42.7, and 92.5 g H2O/g of dried HG for cationic, ampholyte, and anionic hydrogels, respectively.

It is very relevant give the scientific productivity to the world scientific community as well as to the society. One of the most common and important media is through published papers in Journals recognized for different international sources and also measured by the impact factor. One the last factor has been the Hirsh index or H-index. The current contribution gives information of the chemists in Chile with H-index higher or equal 20 with respect to the self- citation (T) according to the recent publication.

Hypothesis In nanocomposites, several factors govern the enhancement of properties when a nanofiller is added into a polymer matrix. Previously, our group have demonstrated that stabilizing nanoparticles improves the dispersion of nanoparticles in a hydrogel, but their effect on viscoelastic properties remain unclear. We hypothesized that coating the nanoparticles will block matrix-nanoparticle interactions, which would then affect the transfer of stress when the hydrogel is subjected to stress. Experiment To this end, we investigated the effects that nanofillers coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) of variable molar mass have on the properties of physical hydrogels made from poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate). PEG with molar masses of 6, 20, and 35 kDa were used at different concentrations and the viscoelastic properties of the resulting hydrogels were studied and compared with control hydrogels with and without nanofillers. Findings The coated nanofiller resulted in enhanced dispersion stabilization as the molar mass and concentration of the PEG increased. However, there were noticeable changes in viscoelastic properties. In general, the nanocomposite hydrogels exhibited reduced shear modulus, greater creep, and more accentuated shear thinning behaviour. These effects were attributed to hindered matrix-nanoparticle interactions because of the PEG coating, an increased slippage of the PHEMA chains as well as a plasticizing effect.

Water-soluble polymer based on alkylated chitosan with a quaternary ammonium group (Ch-QAG) was prepared, characterized, and applied to remove arsenate ions from aqueous solution by LPR technique. The arsenic removal was performed by the washing method (WM) and enrichment method (EM). Through the WM, studies of the pH and variation in the concentrations of interferents and arsenate ions were carried out. The effect of the removal of arsenate ions in simulated water was determined from the Camarones River in northern Chile. Ch-QAG showed high affinity for binding arsenate species (99% of removal) at pH 11.0 at a molar ratio of 20:1 polymer: As(V). High selectivity was also observed in the presence of interfering ions such as Cl−, SO42-, and PO43-, resulting in a removal rate over 80% at percentages over 95% for a concentration of 100 mg L-1 of As (V). The maximum retention capacity obtained was 112, 105, and 98 mg g-1 for three load cycles. The retention percentage for simulated water was 46.3% at a concentration of 1300 μ g L-1. In conclusion, the results presented in this study show that using Ch-QAG with ultrafiltration membranes is a great alternative to remove As (V) at high removal rates.

The release of pharmaceutical products, especially antibiotics, into natural waters has become one of the main environmental concerns in recent years. Amoxicillin (AMX) is widely used in the treatment of human infections and is commonly detected in domestic and industrial wastewater. This work aims to study the elimination of AMX using functional water-soluble polymers (FSP) assisted by ultrafiltration membranes through the washing and enrichment method. For this, three polymers with different charge ratios (cationic:anionic) of 2:1 (FSP-1), 1:2 (FSP-2) and 1:1 (FSP-3) were synthesized. Polymers were synthesized by radical polymerization and characterized by FTIR and 1 H-NMR spectroscopy. Removal studies were carried out evaluating variables such as pH, ionic strength, concentration of FSP and AMX. Through the washing method, it was found that the conditions with the highest removal efficiency for FSP-1 was 97% at pH 11.0, molar ratio (40:1), and 100 mg L − 1 AMX, FSP-2 of 72% at pH 3.0, molar ratio (40:1), and 40 mg L − 1 of AMX; while FSP-3 was 82% at pH 7.0, molar ratio (100:1), and 40 mg L − 1 of AMX. Meanwhile, the maximum removal capacity obtained by the enrichment method was 705.8, 385.3, and 397.8 mg g − 1 FSP-1, FSP-2 and FSP-3, respectively. The results suggest that FSPs coupled to ultrafiltration membranes are an alternative for the environmental remediation of antibiotic-type contaminants such as AMX.

Gold phytoextraction is a technology used to obtain this metal (Au) throughout plants. Some of the benefits of this technology are the mitigation of the environmental impact, the fact that it does not imply the constant use of pollutants, and has the ability to promote soil reclamation. The aim of this research was to determine if Brachiaria decumbens has the potential to improve soil physical properties while had achieved a gold extraction. For this purpose, Helianthus annuus and Brachiaria decumbens, were used in a completely randomized design with four replicates. To induce gold uptake, ammonium thiocyanate was applied to plants. The statistical analysis was performed using the R-Studio software. Finally, it became evident that B. decumbens is a gold extractor plant, which also improves the soil physical qualities and compared to H. annuus and present higher concentrations of gold than the latter (P

Plant chlorophyll measurements can support nitrogen fertilization decisions. Using a 3D printed device and a red LED, here we tested the feasibility of using a smartphone ambient light sensor (ALS) to estimate leaf chlorophyll by light transmission. Its performance was evaluated by comparing 30 leaf sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) transmission readings of the red LED (663 nm) obtained from the smartphone and a standard spectrometer, which showed a good coefficient of determination (r 2 = 0.9067). Additionally, a comparison between the ALS and a SPAD 502 TM (a commercial device for chlorophyll content estimation) was made with chrysanthemum ( Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev) leaves, obtaining a good correlation between both measurements. Light transmission was also measured in S. bicolor flag leaves from plants growing in the greenhouse under increasing nitrogen fertilization. A clear fit between leaf light transmission and plant height was also observed, suggesting a simple, smartphone based estimation of plant’s chlorophyll.

One of the problems for quantifying the amount of silicon available by molecular absorption is the elimination of chemical interference caused by available phosphorus. The aim of this work was to evaluate different organic acids in eliminating the interference caused by phosphorus in the quantification of available silicon by molecular absorption. The experiments were conducted in the Soil laboratory of the College of Agricultural Sciences at the Universidad de Córdoba, Colombia. For this work, different acids such as tartaric, citric, oxalic and malic were evaluated at two concentrations (0.8 and 1.33 mol L-1). Solutions containing silicon (1 mg L-1) and six concentrations of phosphorus were prepared (0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 mg L-1). The quantification of silicon was conducted by molecular absorption spectrophotometry using a Perkin Elmer Lambda XLS + at 660 nm. The results were subjected to the LSD tests and contrasts using the R software (Development Core Team, version 3.2.2).The results indicated that the oxalic, citric and malic acids at both concentrations produced lower overestimation of silicon in the presence of the P concentrations 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 mgL-1 than the tartaric acid, which is commonly used as a reference to remove the P interference. One of the problems for quantifying the amount of silicon available by molecular absorption is the elimination of chemical interference caused by available phosphorus. The aim of this work was to evaluate different organic acids in eliminating the interference caused by phosphorus in the quantification of available silicon by molecular absorption. The experiments were conducted in the Soil laboratory of the College of Agricultural Sciences at the Universidad de Córdoba, Colombia. For this work, different acids such as tartaric, citric, oxalic and malic were evaluated at two concentrations (0.8 and 1.33 mol L-1). Solutions containing silicon (1 mg L-1) and six concentrations of phosphorus were prepared (0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 mg L-1). The quantification of silicon was conducted by molecular absorption spectrophotometry using a Perkin Elmer Lambda XLS + at 660 nm. The results were subjected to the LSD tests and contrasts using the R software (Development Core Team, version 3.2.2).The results indicated that the oxalic, citric and malic acids at both concentrations produced lower overestimation of silicon in the presence of the P concentrations 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 mgL-1 than the tartaric acid, which is commonly used as a reference to remove the P interference.

In this study, we used a liquid-phase polymer-based retention technique assisted by polyelectrolyte copolymers containing quaternary ammonium and sulfonate groups that are capable of removing the antibiotic tetracycline (TC) through electrostatic interactions. The polymers were synthesized using zwitterionic, anionic, and cationic monomers with the aim of obtaining copolymers with different charge balances at the ratios of 1:1, 2:1, and 1:2 (negative: positive). The parameters investigated for each copolymer included the pH, ionic strength, concentration of polymer, maximum retention capacity, and sorption–elution process at pH 11.0 and 3.0. The copolymers with a charge ratio of 1:2 achieved the highest retention (80.0%) at alkaline pH, while the copolymers with charge ratios of 2:1 and 1:1 exhibited the maximum retention (72.0%) at acidic pH. Based on these results, the pH and charge of the polyelectrolyte copolymers play important roles in the TC removal processes. Additionally, the maximum retention capacity (MRC) recorded was 731.2, 176.8, and 214.8 mg TC/g of copolymer in the first charge for the three copolymer polyelectrolytes, and the second charge of the MRC process did not improve compared with the first load.

Polyelectrolyte nanocomposite hydrogels (NHGs) were synthesized. NHGs were formed from a polymer matrix composed of a cationic, anionic, and alkylated chitosan polymer modified with vinyl groups (ChAV) to achieve greater crosslinking. Cationic and anionic clays montmorillonite and hydrotalcite, respectively, were used as nanofillers to introduce electrostatic interaction with the matrix. NHGs were obtained via in situ polymerization. The ChAV and NHGs were then characterized. Based on X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy results, the morphology of the nanocomposite was generally intercalated with some nanocomposites showing exfoliation. Rheological studies revealed improvements in shear modulus of NHGs with respect to hydrogel without clay. Lower relaxation times were noted as the clay content increased and it was attributed to the interactions between the clay sheets and the polymer. In conclusion the rheological properties of the material are improved with the addition of clay and the interactions present with the polymer matrix.

The emergence of antibiotics as pollutants in the environment is one of the worldwide concerns because the bacterial strains generate a threat to the aquatic ecosystem and human health. In this study, an alkylated chitosan polyelectrolyte (ChA-PE) was used in conjunction with ultrafiltration membranes to remove three commonly used antibiotics, including amoxicillin (AMX), tetracycline (TET), and ciprofloxacin (CIP), in aqueous systems. The removal study considered diverse experimental variables through two methods: washing (pH, ionic strength, polymer ratio, and antibiotic concentration) and enrichment (maximum retention capacity). The retention percentage reached 80% at a pH of 11.0 at different polymer/antibiotic molar ratios. The ChA-PE presented irreversibly bound antibiotic interaction values of 0.51, 0.74, and 0.92 for CIP, AMX, and TET, respectively, at a pH of 11, showing that the polymer presents stronger permanent interactions with AMX and TET. On the other hand, the ChA-PE presented maximum retention capacity values of 185.6, 420.2, and 632.8 mg g−1 for CIP, AMX, and TET, respectively, in accordance with the association efficiency percentage values of 73.54, 87.08, and 93.83% for CIP, AMX, and TET, respectively.

Aerodynamic of commercial trucks has been extensively studied due to their impact on fuel efficiency; reducing consumption is one of the most important and challenging issues for the trucking industry. In this paper, several Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) simulations are performed to evaluate the drag of a standard car carrier and its different modifications. Therefore, several covers, which act as aerodynamic devices, are tested to determine their effectiveness in fuel consumption. The study compares the drag coefficients, velocity vectors, pressure contours, and turbulence kinetic energy of different fairing configurations. The results show that, although all covers reduce the drag coefficient compared to the conventional car carrier, two of them have significant drag reductions.