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This paper focuses on sex-related metaphors in two TV series, Sex and the City (1998-2004) and Sex Education (2019-2023). Although there are major differences between the two series, both are popular and successful TV series and were, at the time they were released, considered as transgressive and progressive when tackling the taboo topic of sex. Although it has been receding, it nevertheless remains a partially taboo topic that characters speak of by means of X-phemisms (Allan and Burridge 1991; 2006). After a brief study of the use of literal language (using WMatrix5, Rayson 2009), this paper focuses on metaphorical X-phemisms, as metaphor arguably is the most prominent mechanism of lexical semantic change and is a particularly productive tool when creating new euphemisms to mention taboo topics (Crespo Fernández 2006a; 2008; 2015). The study seeks to determine whether the conceptual sex metaphors in Sex and the City and Sex Education reflect the perceived differences in the conceptualisation of sex in the two series, since Sex Education has been argued to be more inclusive. 66 occurrences were collected in the first two seasons of Sex and the City and 68 in the first two seasons of Sex Education (MIP, see Pragglejaz group 2007. The metaphorical expressions were then classified according to the source domain with which the correspondences are established (CMT, see Lakoff and Johnson 1980). The results are similar in the two TV series. The main conclusions that can be drawn are that even if there is some evolution in the language of sex in general, the source domains used for sex-related conceptual metaphors are so deeply anchored in our cognitive systems that dysphemistic, violent, dehumanising metaphors undergo very slow change.

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Copyright of Turkbilig/Turkoloji Arastirmalari Dergisi is the property of Turkbilig/Turkoloji Arastirmalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper examines the sociopragmatic functions of death formulas used by Bedouins in eastern Jordan. It emphasizes discourse strategies Bedouins use, such as euphemisms and politeness, to refer to the deceased or to announce someone's death. The researchers collected 32 authentic expressions commonly used in death discourse. They examined and categorized them in light of the following sociopragmatic theories: politeness theory, Grice's maxims of conversation, and Austin's theory of speech acts. Seven strategies for using euphemisms in Bedouins' speech were elicited and analyzed in sections. The analysis reveals that death formulas serve contextual functions, such as maintaining social rapport, expressing condolences, and highlighting the predestination of death and life by God. This study adds to our understanding of Bedouin language and cultural practices in eastern Jordan, and it has practical implications for cross-cultural communication. Individuals can enhance mutual understanding and constructive connections with Bedouin communities in Jordan and worldwide by recognizing and respecting these cultural customs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of language in mass media, especially news programs on television, must follow appropriate linguistic rules in order to maintain the values of politeness and appropriateness, as a spectacle for the general public. However, something different happened to one of the news programs broadcast by JTV, namely Pojok Kampung. Corner Village actually has a typical Suroboyoan linguistic character which is considered very rude, impolite, outspoken, vulgar and egalitarian which can be studied from a linguistic perspective, especially euphemisms and dysphemisms. The methodology used in this research was the collection of euphemisms and dysphemisms in 39 Pojok Kampung news stories. This research finds out how euphemisms and dysphemisms are accommodated in communication, by looking at the attribution process.

Environmental challenges have inspired poets to use poetry as media to convey protest, sadness, or anger toward environmental damage. As a form of artistic expression, poetry is a powerful medium to convey concerns about ecology. This study aims to describe expressions of dysphemism in the form of hatred and profanity towards forest destroyers in Indonesian poetry. This qualitative study collected data from the three anthologies, namely (1) Riwayat Asap Membungkam Jerebu Lewat Sastra (The History of Smoke Silencing Haze through Literature), (2) Puisi Hijau Resonansi Serindit (Green Poetry: The Resonance of the Magpie Robin), and (3) Metamorfosis Rimba Sehimpun Puisi Hijau Warga SMA Cendana dan Penyair Tamu (Metamorphosis of the Jungle: A Collection of Green Poetry by Cendana High School Students and Guest Poets). The data were analyzed based on the theory of ecocriticism. The study shows that Indonesian poets (1) expressed hatred using the diction of greed combined with avarice expressions, and (2) expressed profanity using curse expressions. These dictions or expressions show that Indonesian poets are concerned about nature’s existence. If the situation is reversed, i.e., the forest and the earth are damaged, poets can act harshly according to the context and situation; they hate and condemn through their poetry. Through the use of dysphemism, environmental poetry encourages reflection and awareness of environmental damage caused by irresponsible human actions. The poem invites readers to consider the consequences of these actions and encourages changes in behavior to protect nature.

Political correctness is one of the key values of the American society that characterizes the distinguishing features of the national mentality. The ideas of political correctness are quite vividly represented in American English at the lexical, syntactic and communicative levels. The authors attempt to study the language implementation of the “People First” trend that emerged in the United States in the early 1990s, using the example of transformations in the fi eld of medical terminology. Eliminating discrimination against people with physical and mental disabilities, rejecting expressions backed by negative stereotypes, are the main goals of the “People First” trend. The authors have analysed the background and history of this trend, and also described the lexical and syntactic features of euphemisms, which are the main tool of political correctness. An analysis of the materials of the meetings of the Commission on the Psychological Problems of Disability of the American Psychological Association made it possible to determine the list of the most “challenging” wordings and their “desirable” variants and to determine the peculiarities of lexical euphemization and complementary syntactic modifi cations. The study of political correctness as a social, cultural and linguistic phenomenon is relevant for modern linguistics and cultural linguistics, as it allows to get an idea of the English speakers’ mentality and world representation. The purpose of the paper is to describe linguistic features of euphemisms within the framework of medical terminology that appeared with the development of the “People First” trend, taking into account the recommendations of activists, doctors and psychologists. The use of methods of structural-syntactic, contextual, component, lexico-semantic analysis, as well as the method of continuous and cluster sampling made it possible to identify the special features of the implementation of the studied trend in language, culture and modern communication.

Copyright of CIRCULO de Linguistica Aplicada a la Comunicacion is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The use of euphemisms is a characteristic of everyday language use today. However, substitute names and euphemisms were widely used in incantations, where euphemisms were tightly interwoven with taboos. In incantations euphemisms are used in various situations: healing the sick, coping with animals and natural phenomena, creating social relationships; coping with core rituals of human life (primarily birth and death); retaliating for theft, murder, and infidelity; promoting one’s work. Euphemisms represent an important pole in the use of verbal magic, and they are different from references to dysphemisms, that is, using vituperation, cursing, profanity or hexing to cut off contact or to achieve one’s goal. This article discusses general principles for the use of euphemisms and examines which euphemisms are used in which functions, using examples of certain belief rituals and values (fishing), symbolic animals (the wolf and the raven) and cockroaches. The results demonstrate that there is no direct appeal in 11% of texts concerned with wolf words, in 10.9% of texts about ravens, and 58% of texts about cockroaches; and euphemisms are used in 66% of texts concerned with the wolf, in 19,5% of texts about the raven, and 32,2% of texts about cockroaches, whereas dysphemisms are used in 32% of texts about the raven and in 3% of texts about cockroaches.

The purpose of the research is to consider the aspects of some functions of phrasemes in the Russian-language Internet discourse, primarily in connection with their role in forming significant elements of network communication. The relevance of the study is determined by the fact, that the problem of implementation of certain functions of set expressions in Internet discourse has not yet been fully explored and requires close attention to the interdependence of phraseology and other Internet phenomena. The material of the article are contexts with phrasemes, collected by the method of continuous sampling only from the proper network genres: Internet forums, network blogs, Internet comments, social networks, etc. The author analyzes the features of phraseology and its pragmatic potential. The method of continuous sampling, classification-typological and interpretive methods, as well as the method of discourse-contextual analysis of linguistic units were used. The methodological basis was formed by articles on the functional aspects of phraseology and Internet linguistics. The study proved that, on the one hand, the Internet is an actual environment for studying the linguistic units functioning, and phraseology itself in the new speech and discursive conditions remains in demand. It is shown that phraseology and its functions in online communication create proper discursive features of the Internet: expressiveness, colloquialism, neogenity, etc., and also take part in emerging different phenomena of network origin: Internet memes, “demotivators,” threads of Internet comments.

This paper aims to analyse the linguistic taboo in contemporary Romanian poetry, interpreting the euphemisms and dysphemisms related to traumatic experiences, depression and addictions, which function as tabooed realities at the level of the poetic discourse.

В данной статье представлены результаты анализа особенностей употребления дисфемизмов и эвфемизмов в рамках жанра политической карикатуры. Приводятся различные определения понятий «дисфемизм», «эвфемизм», а также рассматриваются различные подходы к изучению политического дискурса. В ходе практического исследования были проанализированы политические карикатуры в ряде англоязычных СМИ, выделены и систематизированы характерные особенности использования дисфемизмов и эвфемизмов в качестве средств воздействия на целевую аудиторию данного жанра. Кроме того, в исследовании обсуждаются причины и предпосылки выбора дисфемистических и эвфемистических высказываний авторами политических карикатур среди прочих средств речевой выразительности.

Статья посвящена исследованию особенностей использования дисфемизмов в качестве средств языкового манипулирования для реализации стратегии дискредитации в англоязычных средствах массовой информации. Авторы обращаются к проблеме рассмотрения основных понятий: «дисфемизм», «манипуляция», «языковое манипуляция», «дискредитация». В статье раскрываются основные функции использования дисфемизмов в СМИ, которые указывают на их эффективность в плане реализации стратегии дискредитации. Анализ фактического материала показал, что действительно первостепенной функцией дисфемизмов является дискредитирующая; данная функция наиболее ярко представлена в интерпретации событий в текстах СМИ. Значительное внимание уделяется исследованию примеров использования дисфемизмов для реализации тактики оскорбления, тактики наклеивания ярлыков и тактики издевки. Исследование основано на анализе конкретных примеров дисфемистических словоупотреблений для выражения отрицательной оценки, неодобрения или пренебрежения по отношению к адресату. Вербализаторами оценки выступают дисфемизмы и сопряжённые с ними отрицательно-оценочная лексика, метафоры. Посредством дисфемизмов осуществляется репрезентация, зачастую, переосмысление и намеренное искажение ценностей в медиатексте. Также, в результате анализа выявлено, что на страницах англоязычных СМИ сформирован некоторый образ России и ее политического лидера, президента В.В. Путина. Намеренное использование дисфемизмов приводит к приписыванию России отрицательно маркированных характеристик. Оценка роли и действий России на международной арене, ее ключевых политических персоналий осуществляется через призму субъективной позиции журналиста или медиаиздания. Оценка выражается как эксплицитно – посредством лексем с заключенным в них оценочным компонентом, так и имплицитно – метафорически.

This research aimed to study the types and purposes of dysphemisms in Mandarin online news platforms Guoji Ribao and Hao Bao. Ten news articles, dating from August to September 2021, were collected. The collected data were analyzed through data reduction, data presentation, conclusion drawing, and data verification. In the data analysis, the study was based on the Allan and Burridge dysphemism theory, and in describing the meaning of each dysphemism sentences, a lexical semantics approach was used. The results showed that Guoji Ribao and Hao Bao applies dysphemism in their news content and most of them are found as words inserted into sentences. Based on the findings, dysphemism is classified into three types: the use of dysphemism to address a person or a group of people, certain conditions, and certain activities. Each classified data showed different purposes. The purpose of using dysphemism is to demean a person or a group of people for the bad deeds they have committed, to demean someone of a lower position, to give negative nicknames, to give terrifying impressions to a situation, to give negative impression toward an activity and to compare two unequal things. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article aims to conduct a diachronic study of homosexual nominations within the framework of conceptual semantics. The author identifies the foci of conceptual structure underlying the nomination of lexical items and analyses their distribution from the 14th century to the present day. Specific patterns of semantic development of homosexual nominations are outlined. The findings show that at a certain historical period a limited amount of nominative foci is available for coining lexical items under study. The distribution of homosexual nominations and the productivity of foci are prone to change under the influence of sociocultural factors. It is shown that former lexical expressions of dislike and contempt are replaced with milder and more ambiguous items.

The purpose of this article is to examine some of the sudden changes that have recently taken place in the European Spanish lexis, especially in times of the coronavirus pandemic. Due to the strong feelings that arose during the lockdown period, the linguistic processes registered have a marked emotional character and a political tinge, and respond to semantic and morphological motivations. On the one hand, usual resources in political rhetoric stand out, such as euphemism and, above all, dysphemism, which by metaphorical means tends towards irony and humor. From the morphological angle, the same end, blends and lexical creations based on acronyms stand out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study tries to investigate approaches to communication, including dysphemism and euphemisms in political cartoons. Free expression of public opinion and personal, political cartoon humor and got an essential part of the information and data arena. That makes the political cartoons genre more related and remarkable than before. This given cartoon comprises visual and verbal components, making the selection of communication means in the text particularly challenging. That defines the problem of our survey. The paper has investigated political cartoons published in the USA media. Making use of the content analysis method, we chose 174 dysphemisms and euphemisms, split into lexical-semantic classifications. As a consequence, euphemisms are utilized more commonly in political cartoon than dysphemisms, which stemmed from the genre specificity; hence, the ironic impact is attained by the contrast between the visual and verbal components.

Copyright of Maetagused is the property of Estonian Literary Museum, Department of Folkloristics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study will discuss the use of dysphemism contained in the AREAJULID Twitter account in the October 2019 edition. This study aims to describe the form, synonyms, and background of the use of dysphemism contained in the upload of AREAJULID Twitter account in the October 2019 edition. This research is a descriptive qualitative study. This research data is in the form of sentences containing dysfemism. Data were collected by referring to the note method and note technique. The data source used is the upload of the AREAJULID Twitter account in the October 2019 edition. The method of providing data is by referring to the note taking technique. Data were analyzed by the method of distribution and techniques for direct elements, sleep techniques, dressing techniques. The results of the study are: 1) the form of usage and synonymism of dysphemism in uploading the October edition of AREAJULID Twitter account 2019; 2) the background of the use of dysphemism in the upload edition of the AREAJULID Twitter account in the October 2019 edition. The form of using dysfemism in uploading the AREAJULID Twitter account in the October 2019 edition was found in two forms, namely in the form of words consisting of basic words and affixed words, and in the form of phrases. The background to using dysphemism includes: 1) declaring taboo, indecent, and pornographic things; 2) negative depictions about someone or something; 3) express irritation or anger; 4) criticize or blaspheme; 5) demean someone or something; 6) insult or reproach; 7) swearing or cursing at something.

The current study tries to investigate approaches to communication, including dysphemism and euphemisms in political cartoons. Free expression of public opinion and personal, political cartoon humor and got an essential part of the information and data arena. That makes the political cartoons genre more related and remarkable than before. This given cartoon comprises visual and verbal components, making the selection of communication means in the text particularly challenging. That defines the problem of our survey. The paper has investigated political cartoons published in the USA media. Making use of the content analysis method, we chose 174 dysphemisms and euphemisms, split into lexicalsemantic classifications. As a consequence, euphemisms are utilized more commonly in political cartoon than dysphemisms, which stemmed from the genre specificity; hence, the ironic impact is attained by the contrast between the visual and verbal components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sintagma: Revista de Linguistica is the property of Sintagma: Revista de Linguistica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The subject of swear words has long been overlooked. In Slovak linguistics, it is rarely discussed, and what attention it does receive is often uncoordinated, with opinions and classifications varying considerably. We aim to fill this gap by unifying several theoretical points and proposing practical solutions in this article. One especially interesting lexeme in this regard is the French word con, as well as its derivates. We define con as a dysphemism; for the translator, dysphemisms and swear words in general can present a real conundrum. In this article, we look at the "black novel" (roman noir) Behind the Panels There Are Men by Swiss writer Joseph Incardona. This contemporary work reflects reality in a harsh manner, using many disparaging expressions in the process. We proceed by identifying such expressions in the text and proposing possible ways to translate them. We hope that these solutions will prove helpful to translators, including future Slovak translators of Incardona's works, seeing that none of his numerous books have been translated into Slovak to date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Adab Al-Basrah is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The unique use of language plays an important role in media, especially for the journalist business like newspapers. As a strategy to develop journalistic business, many mass media work hard to attract the reader's attention, such as the use of language style of dysphemism. This research aimed at finding out the types of dysphemism and its function contained in Prohaba Newspaper, a daily newspaper published in Banda Aceh. In this qualitative research, the data were obtained from the newspaper published in June-December Edition 2018. The data were analyzed and categorized based on the types of dysphemism proposed by Warren (1992) and its functions by Allan and Burridge (2006). It was found that Prohaba contains the five types of dysphemism with their own functions. Out of 26 dysphemism, the most dominant dysphemism type, 14 cases, that was found in this research was dysphemism with the function to insult. Term of insult or disrespect type was found in three pieces of news which compared people to animals. Furthermore, taboo terms were used in other three pieces of news, and the last three of news used euphemistic dysphemism type.

Since the publication of La Prieta (1981) by the Chicana writer Gloria Anzaldúa and Language and woman's place (1995 [1975]) by the North American linguist Robin Lakoff, a large part of the research from sociolinguistics has focused on highlighting the negative connotations of women's language and trying to highlight its positive aspects. In this article I analyze, in the light of the studies proposed by feminist sociolinguistics, the language used in three works by the argentine writer Fernanda García Lao: the novels Amor Invertido (2015), Nación Vacuna (2017) and the poetry book Dolorosa (2017). I begin with a brief review of the trajectory that the studies of the feminist sociolinguist have followed from the sixties to today. Later, I analyze the authoress's works, which are characterized by the abundant use of dysphemisms (offensive language) that breaks social convention. Here I wish to focus on the treatment of sex in García's language. I try to determine how the characterization described in the abundant bibliography on the language of women as normative of the feminine gender is assumed by the writer. In the end, I conclude that García Lao's language is presented as a discursive political strategy that tries to enable another form of openly erotic and provocative feminine poetic language that comes out of the masculine feminine binarism that normalizes individualistic people and ultimately misanthropes. I describe and explain how the authoress's speech is an expression of a dissident feminism that seeks neither the victimization of the feminine nor the relation between post-feminist sexuality and subjectivity, where representations of femininity and female sexuality works to secure the status quo imposed by the neoliberal / consumerist system. And there is more evidence of a marked influence of Chicano feminism that had as one of its greatest exponents the writer Gloria Anzaldúa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the use of dysphemism in children's cartoon shows in Indonesian television which are categorized as dangerous and cautious according to KPAI and KPI. The issue of this paper is focused on discussing the types of dysfemism used. This research is a descriptive qualitative type. The data of this research are sentences containing dysphemism. The data source of this research is the children's cartoon show Spongebob Squarepants¸ Crayon Shinchan, and Little Krishna taken from television and Youtube shows. The method of providing data is done by referring to the record and record techniques. The method of data analysis is done by the method of distribution with techniques for direct elements, fade techniques, and dressing techniques. The results of data analysis are presented by informal methods. Based on the results of data analysis, it was concluded that the type of dysfemism in children's cartoon shows in Indonesian television is in the form of 1) a comparison between humans and animals that are conventionally considered to have certain behaviors, 2) term or nickname derived from taboo body organs, body effluvia (odor or secretion), and sexual behavior, 3) nickname or dysphemistic greetings taken from physical characters that are seen so that it is considered to be an abnormal person, 4) curses and nicknames that use the term from mental abnormalities or mental illness, 5) sexist, racist, speciesist, classist, ageist and otherIST dysfemism that function as insults, and 6) the term insult or disrespect that calls insult to the intended character. Abstrak Dalam tulisan ini dikaji penggunaan disfemisme dalam tayangan kartun anak pada pertelevisian Indonesia yang dikategorikan berbahaya serta hati-hati menurut KPAI dan KPI. Permasalahan dalam tulisan ini difokuskan pada pembahasan jenis disfemisme yang digunakan. Penelitian ini berjenis deskriptif kualitatif. Data penelitian ini berupa kalimat yang mengandung disfemisme. Sumber data penelitian ini adalah tayangan kartun anak “Spongebob Squarepants”¸ “Crayon Shinchan”, dan “Little Krishna” yang diambil dari tayangan televisi dan YouTube. Metode penyediaan data yang digunakan adalah metode simak dengan teknik rekam dan teknik catat. Metode analisis data yang digunakan adalah metode agih dengan teknik bagi unsur langsung, teknik lesap, dan teknik ganti. Hasil analisis data disajikan dengan metode informal. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data, disimpulkan bahwa jenis disfemisme dalam tayangan kartun anak pada pertelevisian Indonesia berupa 1) perbandingan manusia dengan hewan yang secara konvensional dianggap memiliki perilaku tertentu, 2) istilah atau julukan yang berasal dari organ tubuh yang ditabukan, efluvia tubuh (bau atau sekresi), dan perilaku seksual, 3) julukan atau sapaan disfemistik yang diambil dari karakter fisik yang terlihat sehingga dianggap seolah menjadi orang yang abnormal, 4) kutukan dan julukan yang menggunakan istilah dari abnormalitas mental atau penyakit jiwa, 5) disfemisme sexist, racist, speciesist, classist, ageist, dan -IST lainnya yang berfungsi sebagai penghinaan, dan 6) istilah penghinaan atau tidak hormat yang menyerukan penghinaan pada karakter yang dituju.

Euphemism and dysphemism have been looked at from different perspectives. However, these points of view are characterised by the fact that they provide a limited view of these two phenomena, problem that pragmatic and cognitive studies have tried to remedy with greater or lesser success. The present essay has the purpose of making a theorical approach to the euphemism and dysphemism, that will be accompanied by the analysis of a corpus of Tweets written during the covid-19 pandemic, where it will be studied the effect of the euphemistic and dysphemistic processes on an interdict reality, such as the death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract By Naming their book as "language as Shield and Weapon", Allan and Burridge refer to two pragma-linguistic functions of a text: euphemistic language as shield and dysphemistic language as weapon. Dysphemism includes derogatory, name giving and any offensive terms which are used to humiliate others. In other words, any use of language, whether comprising abusive or not, which invokes the negative sense in addressee and makes him feel disdained, is accounted for dysphemism in language. Sometimes dysphemism takes a psychological aspect and that's when it doesn't necessarily happen to insult or violate taboos but its occurrence is due to some intrinsic motivations in the man. When a speaker minds to express strong affection, he ignores positive or negative quality of his inner feeling and chooses the most suitable linguistic sign to reflect its intensity. That is an expression normally used to induce negative affectivity. In this paper, we will take dysphemism in two meaning (as taboo word and as an impromptu psychological reaction). Dysphemism gives us ways of talking about the evaluative content of language insofar that it doesn't describe a thing in the world, but rather expresses the speaker's attitude towards it. Linguists believe that no feature in the word makes it banned & illegal or vice versa, legitimate & polite. The origin of this prohibition is customs and view of a society that enforces restrictive laws. This article seeks, taken descriptive-analytical method, to integrate the three approaches of semantics, rhetorics and pragmatics predominantly focusing on the fifth chapter of Mathnavi of Mowlavi, in order to answer the following questions: What are the main reasons for using dysphemism as artistic tool in Mathnavi? What linguistic tools have been used to create dysphemistic implications in Mathnavi? How does each of these tools affect the form and content of message in the text? The reasons for occurrence of such expressions in Mathnavi can generally be categorized into four components: psychological-affective; aesthetic; stylistic; epistemologico- cultural. In aesthetic component, the poet has partly embraced the tradition of Persian and mystical poetry. In Mathnavi, dysphemisms are either satirical or humorous. But what matters is the difference between Rumi's satire and that of other Persian poets. Rumi is the first mystic-poet to use dysphemism in divulging mystical secrets. In field of epistemologico-cultural components, what is most relevant to the rhetoric of dysphemisms, is ideological polarization of "we-other" applied by the author that exists in deep-structure of most of the figures in the text. Dysphemism is one of the linguistic signs of power which creates tension in the text by intensifying polarization (positive self-representation and negative other-representation) with help of binary oppositions and contrasts. These expressions ultimately lead to the realization of the roles of mystical language (as: describing, consolidating and confirming of own accepted ideology); to the extent that all rhetorical and linguistic strategies in Mathnavi are based on these ideological oppositions. This study mentions the most frequent dysphemistic tools that are able to make stylistic foregrounding, namely: binary opposition, metaphor, irony and metonymy which play more distinctive role in language of the text. In discussion of opposition, external and internal opposition were mentioned and metaphorical opposition was introduced as a subtype of external ones. Metaphorical oppositions rendered the internal oppositional concepts into external layer in different ways, especially using animal category. Moreover, dysphemistic paradoxes are subtype of internal opposition which in contrast with euphemistic mystical paradoxes, carry a variety of purposes such as: jeer, disagreement, joking, surprising and drawing attention. Metaphor is another prominent stylistic factor in the text through the description of desirable/undesirable epistemological or cultural space. As far as sexuality is concerned, there are two types of metaphors: conceptual & literary. A common conceptual metaphor in Mathnavi is: "sex is eating". This metaphor results from the mapping between the source domain of "sex" and the target domain of "eating". In literary metaphors, from source and target domain, unlike the former one, only the source domain is taboo. While the taboo signifier unexpectedly points to a non-taboo and mystical signified. One of the reasons for resorting to vulgar metaphors in Mathnavi is desanctification of a concept by desanctifying its linguistic privacy so that; the language will not be a mask for distortion & lie. Irony can be divided into two categories: verbal and rhetorical (irony in the same western sense of the word). Ironies have two major pragmatic functions: 1) understatement; 2) overstatement. The former with semantic reduction and the latter with semantic extension try to be more representational. In artistic and humorous ironies, understatement is more dominant and in verbal ironies, that arises from folk language and has a controversial characteristic, overstatement is dominant function. Overstatement in these ironies makes them to work as an element for negative other-representation. In discussion of metonymy, we applied a division including: a) metonymy with more important rather than less important ranking (between two parts of metonymy) and b) metonymy without this ranking. From 84 dysphemistic metonymies, metonymy of specific/general relation with 48 frequencies was ranked first.

Book reviews are important in offering guidance to prospective readers. What is expected from them is to be not only informative and evaluative but also unbiased and balanced. Therefore, the use of correct discourse is necessary to prevent asymmetrical domination of the reviewer, and to create a healthy setting to sustain credibility of book reviews in terms of prospective readers. In that sense, this study investigated two discourse devices, namely euphemism and dysphemism. Euphemism can be defined as polite and agreeable words or expressions that are used in place of harsh or offensive ones; however this research investigated if these expressions might lead to undue praise for a book. On the other hand dysphemism is a kind of language that uses disparaging and derogatory terms instead of complimentary or neutral ones. Reviewers may consciously or unconsciously use these linguistic devices in their critiques of books, however; the balance between them is of great importance because any unbalanced negative or positive critical act may bring about unfair judgements in would-be readers regarding the quality of the mentioned book. The present study investigated a hundred book reviews and picked up euphemistic and dysphemistic expressions. The result is of importance in helping the book reviewers to choose the true word of expression without being unnecessarily soft or offensive. Any possible biases against a book because of book reviewers’ inattentive word selection may be prevented in view of the present study. Finally, this study is important for instructors of academic writing to increase their awareness for the importance of discourse devices in book reviews, which is necessary for sustainable development of education; in other words, instructors of academic writing at universities may rearrange their instruction curriculums through saving a slot for euphemism and dysphemism for prospective students.

Providing the development of modern society, great attention is paid to the implementation of rhetorical strategies in almost all public spheres. The aim of the article is to consider the specifics of rhetorical-strategic functioning of English euphemisms and dysphemisms as the linguistic means in political media discourse. The multidimensional nature of euphemisms and dysphemisms and their dynamism is the reason for the wide variety of their lexical and grammatical forms, emotional and stylistic coloring. High variability of euphemisms and dysphemisms also leads to a lot of research on this topic, which again proves the theoretical and practical significance of these phenomena. Here, euphemisms and dysphemisms are examined as the linguistic embodiment of strategies of veiling and discrediting in newspaper texts which deal with political issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This thesis entitled Dysphemism Used in Deadpool Movie. Dysphemism in Deadpool is problematized in its home country, i.e. the United States, due to its excessive occurrences. For this reason, this study aims at 1) to find out the types of dysphemism which illuminate the uses of dysphemism, and 2) revealing the functions which explain why the characters utilize such dysphemistic words. The theory of Dysphemism proposed by Allan & Burridge (2006) is used to reveal the functions of the use of dysphemism. In addition, the author also uses a semantic approach by delineating the meaning of dysphemism in a lexical and contextual manner along with examples of its use in context. Moreover, the analysis of componential meaning is used to observe the types of dysphemism based on Allan & Burridge's theory and Rawson's theory. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The data of this research are words and phrases which indicated dysphemism. The sources of the data are transcript and video. There are 95 dysphemism data obtained and observed by the writer. The result of this research shows that three types of dysphemism are found in the movie, i.e. profanity, obscenity, and insult. The dysphemism type mostly found is the obscenity with 31 data (33%). In addition, there are seven functions of the use of dysphemism revealed: to humiliate something or someone else, to express anger, to emphasize thing or condition, to state and represent a very bad thing or condition, to express astonishment or amazement, to show intimacy and to express excitement. The most dominant function of dysphemism that is used in this movie is to humiliate something or someone else with 79 data (83%).

The article deals with the features of euphemisms pertaining to the nominative group "Poor countries". The authors analysed a range of euphemistic units from the news articles published in the early 20th – early 21st century. The analysis revealed that lexical units with high idiomaticity contain more extralinguistic components. It was revealed that the euphemistic potential of phraseological euphemisms could depend on the cohesion of their constituent elements. The authors found out that the less a lexical unit is motivated and the more frequently it is implemented in a constant context, the lower its euphemistic potential is and the more likely it is to be dysphemised.

Socio-political developments can result in a change of perception of people with disabilities and increase sensitivity towards language, especially legal language, used in relation to them. Some terms perceived as offensive or stigmatising are rejected in favour of more neutral and inclusive ones. Such terms can often be categorised as euphemisms or orthophemisms (Allan and Burridge in Forbidden Words, Taboo, and the Censoring of Language, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, 2006). With the passage of time, such new words frequently cease to serve their purpose and new ones need to be proposed to refer to a given concept (euphemism treadmill). In order to examine this issue, a number of legal terms denoting persons with disabilities used, currently and historically, in legal regulations in Poland and Spain are discussed. They are analysed in the context of changing the model of perception of people with disabilities (medical model vs. social model). Next, the differentiation between the so-called Identity-First Language (the term denoting disability comes first linearly) and Person-First Language (the term denoting disability comes second linearly, often in the form of a prepositional phrase), advocated by some members of the disability rights movement, is discussed. In this context, important syntactic and morphological differences (word-order, number of the term denoting disability) between English, serving as a model, and Spanish and Polish are focused on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 is the major health crisis worldwide nowadays. Linguistic aspects of individuals and communities, including euphemism and dysphemism, were affected by this global challenge because choosing appropriate words to express what speakers intend to say and to reflect what they value or disvalue is a basic part of communication. Euphemism is an acceptable expression used instead of an offensive one to avoid unpleasant connotations, while dysphemism is a derogatory expression with negative suggestions used instead of neutral or polite one to attack something or someone. This paper investigates the use of euphemism and dysphemism in the Jordanian society for dealing with COVID-19. The research was approached from a sociolinguistic perspective and framed mainly within the Theory of Euphemism and Dysphemism by Allan and Burridge (1991; 2006) together with Warren's model of euphemism (1992) and Lakoff and Johnson's Conceptual Metaphor Theory (1980). A sample of 200 Jordanians was asked to respond to a questionnaire including demographic information and closed-ended and open-ended questions. The results show that the Jordanians used different euphemistic techniques in daily COVID-19 conversations, namely, metaphor, shift from Arabic into English, medical terms, and abbreviation. They show that the participants hardly adopted dysphemisms when talking about COVID-19. This paper contributes to the limited investigation of 'pandemic discourse', and to the understanding of euphemistic and dysphemistic tendencies of Jordanians during global crises. Researchers are recommended to explore paralinguistic features of speakers, namely, hand gestures, facial expressions, eye movements, body language, and tone and pitch of voice, while discussing COVID-19 themes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Covid-19 pandemic constitutes the greatest threat to the worldwide population and countries nowadays. Donald Trump, the president of the greatest country in the world, has frequently received heavy criticism as a result of his language use in the period of Covid-19. Therefore, the present paper examines dysphemistic expressions used in Trump's discourse on Covid-19. A sample of dysphemistic examples adopted in Trump's daily speeches in a crucial week of 11th till 18th of March 2020 was analysed. The researcher relied on the Critical-political Discourse Analysis by Van Dijk (1997; 2001), Conceptual Metaphor theory by Lakoff and Johnson (1980), and the concept of dysphemism by Allan and Burridge (2006). It has been found that Trump referred to strong language and war metaphors to defend himself and his point of view, to shape Americans' thoughts and views, or to attack other countries or institutions. Several conceptual metaphors, including Covid-19 is a) an invisible enemy, b) a foreign enemy, c) a dangerous threat, and d) a global battle, were commonly used. The data analysis shows that Trump has a linguistic mastery of eloquent and persuasive devices in political discourse which permitted him to make a shift in Americans' thoughts and opinions. For future research, the current paper suggests investigating Trump's paralinguistic features in speeches, such as body language, facial expressions, tone and pitch of voice, eye movements, and hand gestures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Euphemism words are elements which enrich the vocabulary of a language both semantically and numerically. Non-lingual factors have a great impact on the emergence of these items. Thus, euphemism words also give important clues about the cultural history, faith and beliefs of the language speakers. Our study examines such characteristics and the nature of euphemisms of the word wolf in Kyrgyzstan. The names in question are discussed both in terms of the way they are formed and in terms of their current use. The names in question were discussed both in terms of the way they were formed and in terms of the use of today. The wolf, is of great significance in the general Turkish and Mongol culture and also has a special place in the Kyrgyz culture. This undoubtedly reflected upon the Kyrgyz literature, beliefs and practices, handicrafts, their world view and language. Our study comprises of the Introduction, Euphemisms Related To Wolf In The Kyrgyz Language, a Conclusion and Bibliography. In the introduction we focus on the importance of the wolf in general Kyrgyz culture, the use of the word börü and the euphemism words in Kyrgyzstan. Then we examined in detail euphemism words related to the wolf in the Kyrgyz language. In the Conclusion section, we made a general evaluation of the words examined on. Thus, we believe that such a study will contribute to the literature of the general Turkish language and culture and that it will contribute to the research related to the Kyrgyz vocabulary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Euphemism and dysphemism are common within political communication as the former is a linguistic make-up leading to deception and distortion of reality (Rodríguez González 1991: 90) whereas the latter highlights the most pejorative traits of the taboo with an offensive aim (Crespo-Fernández 2015: 2). Considering this, I have analysed euphemism and dysphemism in George Ridpath’s political writings during the War of the Spanish Succession (1710-1713), in a corpus comprising two journals (The Observator and The Flying Post), and examined how this author used language to shape and manipulate Great Britain’s public opinion during the Stuart period. To this end, I have followed Taboada and Grieve’s (2004) approach of Appraisal Theory (Martin and White 2005) as well as Politeness Theory (Brown and Levinson 1987), Face Theory (Goffman 1967), Charteris-Black’s Critical Metaphor Analysis (2005: 45) and Conceptual Metaphor Theory (Gibbs 2011). The findings show that Ridpath used x-phemistic language to positively self-present the ingroup and negatively other-present the outgroup.

На примере компонентов функционально-семантического поля death рассматриваются особенности употребления различных средств смысловой категории, которая в рамках названного поля выражается эвфемизмами и дисфемизмами. Использование эвфемизмов является одним из способов психологической защиты человека перед лицом различных угроз жизни. Много уже написано о психологии отрицания неизбежности смерти, и эвфемизмы, несомненно, играют важную роль в этом процессе отрицания.