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AIM:To identify transcriptional differences between the ocular surface ectoderm(OSE)and surface ectoderm(SE)using RNA-seq, and elucidate the OSE transcriptome landscape and the regulatory networks involved in its development.METHODS:OSE and SE cells were differentiated from human embryonic stem(hES)cells. Differentially expressed genes(DEGs)between OSE and SE were analyzed using RNA-seq. Based on the DEGs, we performed gene ontology(GO)analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway enrichment analysis, and protein-protein interaction(PPI)network analysis. Transcription factors(TFs)and hub genes were screened. Subsequently, TF-gene and TF-miRNA regulatory networks were constructed using the NetworkAnalyst platform.RESULTS:A total of 4 182 DEGs were detected between OSE and SE cells, with 2 771 up-regulated and 1 411 down-regulated genes in OSE cells. GO-BP analysis revealed that up-regulated genes in OSE were enriched in the regulation of ion transmembrane transport, axon development, and modulation of chemical synaptic transmission. Down-regulated genes were primarily involved in nuclear division, chromosome segregation, and regulation of cell cycle phase transition. KEGG analysis indicated that up-regulated genes in OSE cells were enriched in signaling pathways such as cocaine addiction, axon guidance, and amphetamine addiction, while down-regulated genes were enriched in proteoglycans in cancer, ECM-receptor interaction, protein digestion and absorption, and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction. Additionally, compared with SE, 204 TFs(including FOS, EGR1, POU5F1, SOX2, and PAX6)were up-regulated, and 80 TFs(including HAND2, HOXB6, HOXB5, HOXA5, and HOXB8)were down-regulated in OSE cells. Furthermore, we identified 6 up-regulated and 9 down-regulated hub genes in OSE cells, and constructed TF-gene and TF-miRNA regulatory networks based on these hub genes.CONCLUSIONS:The transcriptome characteristics of OSE and SE cells were elucidated through RNA-seq analysis. These findings may provide a novel insight for studies on the development and in vitro directed induction of OSE and corneal epithelial cells.

Objective To investigate the needs and feedback from clinical medical students on the diversified teaching mode adopted by the Department of Endocrinology in Peking Union Medical College Hospital. Methods Questionnaires were distributed to the medicine students who were in clinical rotation in Peking Union Medical College, and the teaching status and teaching effect was investigated. Results A total of 95 valid questionnaires were received. The attending physicians and the teaching resident physicians performed well in the daily teaching activities. The medical students believed that outpatient training was necessary in addition to ward rotations. After the rotation in the endocrinology department, the self-evaluated score of mastery of endocrinology knowledge had been significantly improved, especially in those who rotated in outpatient clinic, suggesting that outpatient teaching was of great significance. In addition, the establishment of a self-learning platform including clinical cases and videos in endocrinology could be used as an important supplementary means for clinical teaching. Conclusions Outpatient training improves learning outcomes of medical students, so must be kept and further strengthened in the future. Building a database of typical clinical cases and teaching videos can improve the training quality.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to propose and examine an integrated learning model for improving training effectiveness in workplace learning. Specifically, this study investigated the effect of achievement goal-setting intervention across three groups of new employees from a multinational medical company. During a three-day remote training program, the role of each achievement goal orientation (AGO) in goal setting intervention and their relations with trainees' applied learning strategies were examined. This study proposed and validated an integrated training model for improving remote workplace learning effectiveness. Design/methodology/approach: This study was based on two data sources, the pre- and posttests scores; time on task (deep learning: completing reflective practice) and time on content learning (surface learning: watching tutorials) retrieved from an adaptive learning platform. A total number of 133 participants were recruited in this study, and they were randomly assigned to three interventional groups. The intervention was grounded from the AGO theory and goal setting theory. A series of statistical analysis were conducted to examine the effect of each type of achievement goal setting as a prompt for new employees' learning behavior and performance. Findings: Results indicated that setting mastery goal at the beginning of the training program leads to productive learning outcomes. Compared with the groups being required to set performance goal (final rank) or not to set any goal for the training purpose, trainees' who were assigned to set a mastery goal (final performance score) performed statistically significantly higher than the other groups. Additionally, learners who set mastery goal spent higher proportion of time on deep learning than learners from the other groups. The results proved mastery goal setting as an effective prompt for boosting workplace learning effectiveness. Practical implications: Organizations and institutions can take setting mastery approach goals as a prompt at the beginning of the training to increase learning effectiveness. In this way, trainees are promoted to apply more deep learning strategies and achieve better learning outcomes while setting mastery goal for their training purpose. Originality/value: To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study was the first to combine the intervention of goal setting and types of AGOs into workplace learning. This study adds to previous research on goal setting theory and AGO theory for the practical application and proposes an effective model for learners' adaptive remote learning. Findings of this study can be used to provide educational psychological insights for training and learning in both industrial and academic settings.

Purpose: The study examined the impact of feedback types through a learning management system (LMS) on employees' training performance. The purpose of this study is to establish effective feedback on advanced technologies for promoting corporate training. Design/methodology/approach: A total of 148 trainees were recruited from a multinational medical company. Employees were randomly assigned to receive feedback from shallow to more constructive details on their learning performance with LMS. Data sources included are employees' goal setting (GS) performance evaluated by the experts and their posttest scores obtained from the LMS. A series of statistical analyses were performed to investigate the impact of feedback intervention on employees' GS and their impacts on corporate training results. Findings: GS has a significant impact on learning outcomes. Employees who set greater specific goals attained higher scores. Furthermore, feedback with more formative evaluation and constructive developmental advice resulted in the most significant positive influence on the relationship between participants' GS and learning outcomes. Practical implications: Organizations can benefit from delivering appropriate feedback using LMS to enhance employees' GS and learning efficacy in corporate training. Originality/value: This study is one of the first to examine the moderating effect of feedback provided by LMS on GS and online learning performance in corporate training. This study contributes to GS theory for practical application and proposes a viable method for remote learning. The current study's findings can be used to provide educational psychological insights for training and learning in industrial contexts.

[Objective] The Silk Road Economic Belt facilitated rapid economic development in cities along its route, resulting in significant changes in land use. Investigating the carbon stock variations caused by land use in this region was crucial for optimizing land use patterns and achieving the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. [Methods] The PLUS-InVEST model was employed to assess and predict the carbon stock situation in five provinces and cities along China’s Maritime Silk Road between 1980 and 2030. The model simulated the spatiotemporal characteristics of carbon stock changes under multiple scenarios of land use, aiming to explore the impact of land use on carbon storage. [Results] The research findings indicate that over a span of 50 years, there has been a significant reduction in arable land and a substantial increase in construction land in the region. Forest land has managed to maintain a basic dynamic equilibrium during this period. However, there has been a considerable loss of carbon storage with an accelerating rate, primarily in the southern Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, northern Shanghai, Hangzhou, and along the coastal areas. [Conclusion] Through current status and multi-scenario analysis, it is projected that future carbon storage reduction will be primarily influenced by the loss of arable land and the rapid expansion of construction land. In scenarios focused on ecological preservation, there is some increase in carbon storage, while scenarios that maintain the current level of construction land result in a substantial decrease in carbon storage. It is evident that the region is currently experiencing accelerated economic development, with the exacerbation of carbon storage loss attributed to the loss of arable land and the acceleration of urbanization. The key factor in mitigating carbon storage loss lies in maintaining a dynamic balance in the total forest land area. Considering the current economic development status and regional position, it is advisable to rigorously safeguard the quantity of arable and forest land while intensively utilizing existing construction land. Furthermore, enhancing the quality of ecological land, such as grasslands, is recommended to preserve the regional ecological carbon storage level. This research provides valuable insights for achieving a harmonious balance between economic and ecological development in the context of the Maritime Silk Road initiative.