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Previous studies showed that collagen peptide supplementation along with resistance exercise enhance muscular recovery and function. Yet, the efficacy of collagen peptide supplementation in addition to standard nutritional practices in athletes remains unclear. Therefore, the objective of the study was to compare the effects of combined collagen peptide (20 g) and whey protein (25 g) supplementation with a similar daily protein dose (45 g) of whey protein alone on indices of muscle damage and recovery of muscular performance during eccentric exercise training. Young fit males participated in a 3-week training period involving unilateral eccentric exercises for the knee extensors. According to a double-blind, randomized, parallel-group design, before and after training, they received either whey protein (n = 11) or whey protein + collagen peptides (n = 11). Forty-eight hours after the first training session, maximal voluntary isometric and dynamic contraction of the knee extensors were transiently impaired by ∼10% (Ptime <.001) in whey protein and whey protein + collagen peptides, while creatine kinase levels were doubled in both groups (Ptime <.01). Furthermore, the training intervention improved countermovement jump performance and maximal voluntary dynamic contraction by respectively 8% and 10% (Ptime <.01) and increased serum procollagen type 1N-terminal peptide concentration by 10% (Ptime <.01). However, no differences were found for any of the outcomes between whey and whey protein + collagen peptides. In conclusion, substituting a portion of whey protein for collagen peptide, within a similar total protein dose, improved neither indices of eccentric muscle damage nor functional outcomes during eccentric training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the effect of combined jump training and collagen supplementation on bone mineral density (BMD) in elite road-race cyclists. In this open-label, randomized study with two parallel groups, 36 young (21 ± 3 years) male (n = 8) and female (n = 28) elite road-race cyclists were allocated to either an intervention (INT: n = 18) or a no-treatment control (CON: n = 18) group. The 18-week intervention period, conducted during the off-season, comprised five 5-min bouts of jumping exercise per week, with each bout preceded by the ingestion of 15 g hydrolyzed collagen. Before and after the intervention, BMD of various skeletal sites and trabecular bone score of the lumbar spine were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, along with serum bone turnover markers procollagen Type I N propeptide and carboxy-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of Type I collagen. BMD of the femoral neck decreased in CON (from 0.789 ± 0.104 to 0.774 ± 0.095 g/cm2), while being preserved in INT (from 0.803 ± 0.058 to 0.809 ± 0.066 g/cm2; Time × Treatment, p <.01). No differences between treatments were observed for changes in BMD at the total hip, lumbar spine, and whole body (Time × Treatment, p >.05 for all). Trabecular bone score increased from 1.38 ± 0.08 to 1.40 ± 0.09 in CON and from 1.46 ± 0.08 to 1.47 ± 0.08 in INT, respectively (time effect: p <.01), with no differences between treatments (Time × Treatment: p =.33). Serum procollagen Type I N propeptide concentrations decreased to a similar extent in CON (83.6 ± 24.8 to 71.4 ± 23.1 ng/ml) and INT (82.8 ± 30.7 to 66.3 ± 30.6; time effect, p <.001; Time × Treatment, p =.22). Serum carboxy-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of Type I collagen concentrations did not change over time, with no differences between treatments (time effect, p =.08; Time × Treatment, p =.58). In conclusion, frequent short bouts of jumping exercise combined with collagen supplementation beneficially affects femoral neck BMD in elite road-race cyclists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present randomized study investigated the effect of acute supplementation of 800 mg/kg of ketone monoester ingestion (KE) or placebo (PL) and 210 mg/kg of NaHCO3 co-ingestion on cycling performance of WorldTour cyclists during a road cycling stage simulation. Twenty-eight cyclists participated in the study (27.46 ± 4.32 years; 1.80 ± 0.06 m; 69.74 ± 6.36 kg). Performance, physiological, biochemical, and metabolism outcomes, gut discomfort, and effort perceived were assessed during a road cycling simulation composed of an 8-min time-trial (TT) performance + 30-s TT + 4.5 hr of outdoor cycling + a second 8-min TT + a second 30-s TT. Greater absolute and relative mean power during the first 8-min TT (F = 5.067, p =.033, η p 2 =.163 , F = 5.339, p =.029, η p 2 =.170 , respectively) was observed after KE than after PL (KE: 389 ± 34, PL: 378 ± 44 W, p =.002, d = 0.294 and KE: 5.60 ± 0.42, PL: 5.41 ± 0.44 W/kg, p =.001, d = 0.442). Additionally, greater concentration of β-hydroxybutyrate blood concentration (F = 42.195, p <.001, η p 2 =.619) was observed after KE than after PL during the first steps of the stage (e.g., after warm-up KE: 1.223 ± 0.642, PL: 0.044 ± 0.058 mM, p <.001, d = 2.589), although the concentrations returned to near baseline after 4.5 hr of outdoor cycling. Moreover, higher values of anion gap were observed (F = 2.333, p =.026, η p 2 =.080) after KE than after PL ingestion, after the warm-up and after the first 8-min and 30-s TT. Additionally, lower concentrations of HCO 3 − were reported in the KE condition after warm-up and after the first 8-min and 30-s TT. During the initial phase of the stage simulation, acute supplementation with KE + NaHCO3 co-ingestion enhanced 8-min TT cycling performance (3.1%) in WorldTour cyclists with a concomitant hyperketonaemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Tendinopathy has a high prevalence and incidence in the general population and among athletes, with a lack of consensus among medical practitioners on optimal management strategies. The objective of this scoping review was to evaluate current research on the use of nutritional supplements for treating tendinopathies, including what supplements have been used and what outcomes, outcome measures, and intervention parameters have been reported. Methods: Databases searched included Embase, SPORTDiscus, the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, CINAHL, and AMED. This scoping review considered primary studies investigating nutritional supplements for tendinopathies and was reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Extension for Scoping Reviews. Results: A total of 1527 articles were identified with 16 included in the review. Studies investigated a range of nutritional supplements in the clinical management of various tendinopathies, including several commercially available proprietary blends of several ingredients. TendoActive (mucopolysaccharides, type I collagen, and vitamin C) was used in 2 studies, TENDISULFUR (methylsulfonylmethane, hydrolyzed collagen, L-arginine, L-lysine, vitamin C, bromelain, chondroitin, glucosamine, Boswellia, and myrrh) was used in 3 studies, and Tenosan (arginine-L-alpha ketoglutarate, hydrolyzed collagen type I, methylsulfonylmethane, vitamin C, bromelain, and vinitrox) was used in 2 studies. Collagen peptides were used in 2 studies, with omega-3 fatty acids, combined fatty acids and antioxidants, turmeric rhizome combined with Boswellia, β-hydroxy β-methylbutyric, vitamin C in isolation and combined with gelatin, and creatine investigated in one study each. Conclusion: Despite a paucity of studies to date, findings from this review suggest that several nutritional compounds may be beneficial in the clinical management of tendinopathies, by exerting anti-inflammatory effects and improving tendon healing. Nutritional supplements may have potential as an adjunctive method to standard treatment methods such as exercise, where their pain-relieving, anti-inflammatory, and structural tendon effects may augment the positive functional outcomes gained from progressive exercise rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute ketone monoester (KE) supplementation can alter exercise responses, but the performance effect is unclear. The limited and equivocal data to date are likely related to factors including the KE dose, test conditions, and caliber of athletes studied. We tested the hypothesis that mean power output during a 20-min cycling time trial (TT) would be different after KE ingestion compared to a placebo (PL). A sample size of 22 was estimated to provide 80% power to detect an effect size dz of 0.63 at an alpha level of.05 with a two-tailed paired t test. This determination considered 2.0% as the minimal important difference in performance. Twenty-three trained cyclists (N = 23; peak oxygen uptake: 65 ± 12 ml·kg−1 min−1; M ± SD), who were regularly cycling >5 hr/week, completed a familiarization trial followed by two experimental trials. Participants self-selected and replicated their diet and exercise for ∼24 hr before each trial. Participants ingested either 0.35 g/kg body mass of (R)-3-hydroxybutyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate KE or a flavor-matched PL 30 min before exercise in a randomized, triple-blind, crossover manner. Exercise involved a 15-min warm-up followed by the 20-min TT on a cycle ergometer. The only feedback provided was time elapsed. Preexercise venous [β-hydroxybutyrate] was higher after KE versus PL (2.0 ± 0.6 vs. 0.2 ± 0.1 mM, p <.0001). Mean TT power output was 2.4% (0.6% to 4.1%; mean [95% confidence interval]) lower after KE versus PL (255 ± 54 vs. 261 ± 54 W, p <.01; dz = 0.60). The mechanistic basis for the impaired TT performance after KE ingestion under the present study conditions remains to be determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the gut microbiome has gained significant attention in the spheres of research and public health. As a result, studies have increasingly explored the potential of probiotic dietary supplements as treatment interventions for conditions such as anxiety and depression. The present study examined the effect of mixed probiotics (Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus and Enterococcus faecium) on inflammation, microbiome composition, and depressive-like behaviors in a macaque monkey model. The mixed probiotics effectively reduced the severity of depressive-like behaviors in macaque monkeys. Further, treatment with mixed probiotics gradually increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria in the gut, improving the balance of the gut microbiota. Additionally, macaques treated with the mixed probiotics showed decreased serum levels of inflammatory factors (P < 0.05), an increased rate of L-tryptophan metabolism (P < 0.05), and the restoration of 5-HT and 5-HTP levels (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis confirmed that Lacticaseibacillus and other beneficial bacteria exhibited a negative correlation with inflammation in the body (P < 0.05), and a positive correlation with tryptophan metabolism (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the mixed probiotics effectively restored intestinal homeostasis in macaques and enhanced tryptophan metabolism, ultimately alleviating inflammation and depressive-like behaviors. • Effects of mixed probiotics on microbes and tryptophan metabolism in macaques. • Mixed probiotics can improve the depression-like behavior of macaques. • Mixed probiotics can significantly reduce the inflammatory level in macaques. • Mixed probiotics can restore gut microbes and metabolic homeostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In the 5.3‐year randomized, 2 × 2 factorial, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled Vitamin D and Omega‐3 Trial (VITAL), vitamin D supplementation reduced autoimmune disease (AD) incidence (hazard ratio [HR] 0.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.61–0.99). Omega‐3 (n‐3) fatty acid supplementation showed a statistically nonsignificant reduction (HR 0.85, 95% CI 0.67–1.08). We aimed to confirm further AD cases arising during and after randomization and assess sustained effects with two years of postintervention observation. Methods: Of the 12,786 men aged ≥50 and 13,085 women aged ≥55 initially randomized, we observed surviving and willing participants for two more years. We continued to confirm annual participant‐reported new AD by medical record review. Cox models calculated HRs for all confirmed incident AD, (and secondary endpoints, including probable cases, and individual ADs), during the observational and randomized periods. Results: A total of 21,592 participants (83.5%) were observed for two more years; 514 participants developed incident confirmed AD (236 since prior report), of whom 255 had been randomized to vitamin D versus 259 to vitamin D placebo (HR 0.98 [95% CI 0.83–1.17] at 7 years). AD was confirmed in 234 participants initially randomized to n‐3 fatty acids versus 280 randomized to its placebo (HR 0.83 [95% CI 0.70–0.99] at 7 years). Of newly confirmed cases, 65 had onset during randomization; their inclusion changed randomized results as follows: HR 0.85 (95% CI 0.70–1.04) for vitamin D and HR 0.87 (95% CI 0.71–1.06) for n‐3 fatty acids. Conclusion: Two years after trial termination, the protective effects of 2000 IU/day of vitamin D dissipated, but 1,000 mg/day of n‐3 fatty acids had a sustained effect in reducing AD incidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the recovery kinetics (i.e., time-dependent changes) of performance-related variables between two 120-min male football games performed 3 d apart with and without carbohydrate supplementation. Methods: Twenty male players (20 ± 1 yr; body fat, 14.9% ± 5.1%; maximal oxygen consumption, 59.4 ± 3.7 mL⋅kg-1⋅min-1) participated in two 120-min football games (G1, G2) according to a randomized, two-trial, repeated-measures, crossover, double-blind design. Participants received carbohydrate/placebo supplements during recovery between games. Field activity was monitored during the games. Performance testing and blood sampling were performed before and at 90 and 120 min of each game. Muscle biopsies were collected at baseline and at 90 and 120 min of G1 and pre-G2. Results: Compared with G1, G2 was associated with reduced total distance (10,870 vs 10,685 m during 90 min and 3327 vs 3089 m during extra 30 min; P = 0.007-0.038), average (6.7 vs 6.2 km/h during extra 30-min game-play; P = 0.007) and maximal speed (32.2 vs 30.2 km/h during 90 min and 29.0 vs 27.9 km/h during extra 30 min; P < 0.05), accelerations/decelerations (P < 0.05), and mean heart rate (P < 0.05). Repeated sprint ability (P < 0.001), jumping (P < 0.05), and strength (P < 0.001) performance were compromised before and during G2. Muscle glycogen was not restored at G2 baseline (P = 0.005). Extended game-play reduced lymphocyte, erythrocyte counts, hematocrit, hemoglobin, reduced glutathione (P < 0.05) and increased delayed onset of muscle soreness, creatine kinase activity, blood glycerol, ammonia, and protein carbonyls (P < 0.05) before and during G2. Pax7+ (P = 0.004) and MyoD+ cells (P = 0.019) increased at baseline G2. Carbohydrate supplementation restored performance and glycogen, reduced glycerol and delayed onset of muscle soreness responses, and increased leukocyte counts and Pax7+ and MyoD+ cells. Conclusions: Results suggest that extended football games induce a prolonged recovery of performance, which may be facilitated by carbohydrate supplementation during a congested game fixture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To report data from a point pressure ulcer (PU) prevalence survey on prevalence, PU categories, locations and preventive interventions at one Norwegian nursing home. Methods: A cross‐sectional research design was used. One nursing home in Norway participated in the prevalence survey in 2020. The data were collected on one selected day. A total of 74 out of 88 residents (84.1%) participated. Descriptive statistical analyses were run. Results: The overall prevalence of PUs was 27% amongst all participants in the nursing home, who together had a total of 57 PUs categorised as category I–III. One major finding was that the most common site of the PUs was on the residents' toes. Interestingly, the prevalence of PUs in the residents' sacrum was considerably low. The most frequently used PU preventive interventions were foam chair cushions, nutritional supplements and pressure‐reducing heel protection. Conclusion: This study identified a high prevalence of PUs, predominantly on residents' toes. Although preventive strategies were implemented, their application appeared limited. Implementing obligatory care packages and annual nationwide PU surveys might be worth considering in municipalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to estimate the effects of temperature and total cloud cover before birth on newborn vitamin D status. Prospective birth cohort. This study included 2055 mother–newborn pairs in Wuhan, Hubei province, China. The data of temperature and total cloud cover from 30 days before birth were collected, and cord blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] were determined. Restricted cubic spline regression models, multiple linear regression models, and logistic regression models were applied to estimate the associations. A "J" shaped curve was observed between temperature and vitamin D status, and an inverse "J" shaped curve was observed between total cloud cover and vitamin D status. Compared to the fourth quartile (75–100th percentile, Q4) of average temperature (30 days before birth), the odds ratio (OR) for Q1 (0–25th percentile) associated with the vitamin D deficiency occurrence (<20 ng/mL) was 3.63 (95% CI, 1.54, 8.65). Compared to Q1 of the average total cloud cover (30 days before birth), the OR associated with the occurrence of vitamin D deficiency was 2.38 (95% CI, 1.63, 3.50) for the Q4. Low temperature and high cloud cover before delivery were significantly associated with an increased probability of vitamin D deficiency in newborns. The findings suggested that pregnancy women lacking sufficient sunlight exposure still need vitamin D supplement to overcome the potential vitamin D deficiency status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The endocrine system functions by interactions between ligands and receptors. Ligands exhibit potency for binding to and interacting with receptors. Potency is the product of affinity and efficacy. Potency and physiological concentration determine the ability of a ligand to produce physiological effects. The kinetic behavior of ligand-receptor interactions conforms to the laws of mass action. The laws of mass action define the relationship between the affinity of a ligand and the fraction of cognate receptors that it occupies at any physiological concentration. We previously identified the minimum ligand potency required to produce clinically observable estrogenic agonist effects via the human estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα). By examining data on botanical estrogens and dietary supplements, we demonstrated that ERα ligands with potency lower than one one-thousandth that of the primary endogenous hormone 17β-estradiol (E2) do not produce clinically observable estrogenic effects. This allowed us to propose a Human-Relevant Potency Threshold (HRPT) for ERα ligands of 1 × 10–4 relative to E2. Here, we test the hypothesis that the HRPT for ERα arises from the receptor occupancy by the normal metabolic milieu of endogenous ERα ligands. The metabolic milieu comprises precursors to hormones, metabolites of hormones, and other normal products of metabolism. We have calculated fractional receptor occupancies for ERα ligands with potencies below and above the previously established HRPT when normal circulating levels of some endogenous ERα ligands and E2 were also present. Fractional receptor occupancy calculations showed that individual ERα ligands with potencies more than tenfold higher than the HRPT can compete for occupancy at ERα against individual components of the endogenous metabolic milieu and against mixtures of those components at concentrations found naturally in human blood. Ligands with potencies less than tenfold higher than the HRPT were unable to compete successfully for ERα. These results show that the HRPT for ERα agonism (10–4 relative to E2) proposed previously is quite conservative and should be considered strong evidence against the potential for disruption of the estrogenic pathway. For chemicals with potency 10–3 of E2, the potential for estrogenic endocrine disruption must be considered equivocal and subject to the presence of corroborative evidence. Most importantly, this work demonstrates that the endogenous metabolic milieu is responsible for the observed ERα agonist HRPT, that this HRPT applies also to ERα antagonists, and it provides a compelling mechanistic explanation for the HRPT that is grounded in basic principles of molecular kinetics using well characterized properties and concentrations of endogenous components of normal metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study attempted to analyze the effect of supplementing Wistar-Kyoto rats with fermented milk containing the probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis BB-12 and pomegranate juice on the microbiota-gut-brain axis of rats, with special focus on their behavior, sleep patterns, and response to stress. This study was divided into two experiments: (1) For the behavioral analysis the animals were divided into two groups: Fermented probiotic milk (BB + 1) and control (BB-). (2) For the sleep analysis the animals were divided into two groups: Fermented probiotic milk (BB + 2) and control (H2O). For the behavioral analysis, the open field method was used, which evaluates the behavior after ten, twenty, and thirty days of supplementation. For sleep analysis, the animals were submitted to implantation of electrodes and 24 h polysomnography, followed by 48 h sleep deprivation (REM) and 48 h polysomnography, then euthanized 100 days after the beginning of the experiment. In addition, animal feces were collected before and after sleep deprivation to assess its effects on the microbiota. A decrease in anxiety-related behaviors was observed in the supplemented animals and an increase in sleep efficiency and a reduction in the number of awakenings of the animals before deprivation. It has also been observed that sleep deprivation decreased the amount of total bacterial DNA. The number of copies of genomes of the genus Bifidobacterium did not differ in both groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the common neurodevelopmental diseases that are accompanied with EEG pattern changes and Low levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]. Neurofeedback provides a feedback signal to alleviate brain wave abnormalities and offers an alternative therapy for ADHD. This study aimed to investigate the concomitant effects of Vitamin D3 supplementation and Neurofeedback on children with ADHD. This study was implemented on children with an established diagnosis of ADHD who received multisession Neurofeedback therapy. The intervention and control groups received 50000 IU vitamin D3 capsules and placebo respectively once a week for 2 months. The background rhythm was measured using quantitative EEG both before and at the end duration of the therapy. All of the vitamin D3 treated children showed a significant increase in the 25(OH)D (46 ± 18, 28 ± 10 (ng/ml), p = 0.001) and serum calcium level (9.5 ± 0.5, 9.8 ± 0.3 (mg/dl), p = 0.003) compared to the baseline. There were a statistically significant decrease in the treatment group about theta relative power, theta/beta, and theta/alpha power ratios within two eyes conditions (p = 0.004). All the changes were significant within eye open state in the treatment group (2.4 ± 1.2, 1.7 ± 0.5, p = 0.01). There is a significant relationship between Connors scores and some brain waves improvement (in relative theta (r = 0.998) and theta-to-beta power difference score (r = 0.56) (p < 0.001). Concomitant use of vitamin D3 supplementation and neurofeedback, increases the serum level of this vitamin and reveal favorable electrophysiological results in children with ADHD. Trial registration: Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials identifier: IRCT20200922048802N1.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin D's role in immune system regulation and its contribution to host defenses against respiratory infections may have implications for bronchiolitis pathophysiology. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the association between the clinical severity of bronchiolitis and serum vitamin D levels in infants. Infants aged 1 month to 12 months, diagnosed with bronchiolitis, and healthy controls attending routine immunization were enrolled. Baseline characteristics were recorded, including clinical details, bronchiolitis severity, and course during hospital stay. Bronchiolitis severity score (BSS) was used to score the severity. A 1–2 ml serum sample was obtained for vitamin D levels estimation. The median age of cases (n = 64; 65.6% male) was 5 [3, 8] months, and that of the control group (n = 30) was 3 [2, 9] months. No statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups in age, gender, weight, mode of delivery, family history of atopy/asthma, feeding pattern, smoke exposure, and daily vitamin D supplementation. The median vitamin D levels were not significantly different between the groups (p = 0.68). Among infants with bronchiolitis, 62.5% had vitamin D insufficiency (≤ 20 ng/ml). A significantly higher median BSS indicates that infants with vitamin D insufficiency exhibited more severe disease (p = 0.019). Although a negative correlation between BSS and vitamin D levels was noted, it did not reach statistical significance [rs = (−)0.17; p = 0.16]. Conclusion: Infants with Vitamin D insufficiency experienced more severe bronchiolitis with elevated BSS scores. It highlights the potential role of vitamin D deficiency in severe bronchiolitis. What is Known: • Vitamin D level is low in infants with bronchiolitis. What is New: • Infant with low vitamin D level experienced more severe bronchiolitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Qualitative research exploring anaemia and supplemental iron in pregnancy. • Gastro-intestinal side-effects and forgetfulness negatively impact compliance. • Improvement in symptoms, routine and alternate day dosing all aid compliance. • Patient knowledge on possible negative sequelae of anaemia was limited. The objective of this study was to understand the experience of iron deficiency anaemia requiring oral iron in pregnancy and the factors affecting compliance with oral iron supplementation. Participants' understanding regarding the possible consequences of anaemia in pregnancy was also explored. Feedback on a proposed randomised controlled trial of daily versus alternate day oral iron in pregnancy was sought. Following ethical approval, fourteen semi-structured one-to-one interviews were carried out using an interview tool with open-ended questions. Recruitment was carried out through social media and from an antenatal out-patient setting. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and analysed thematically. Fatigue emerged as a predominant and troubling symptom. Awareness was often highlighted through friends/family and from healthcare professionals, particularly in first pregnancies. Knowledge surrounding the potential short-term and long-term adverse consequences of untreated anaemia however was limited. Gastro-intestinal side-effects, a previous experience of poor tolerance and forgetfulness all negatively impacted compliance with oral iron supplementation in pregnancy. Routine, a perceived improvement in fatigue with supplementation and reduced dose frequency recurred as themes which positively affected compliance. Pregnancy as a motivating factor recurred as a theme in analysis. The role of diet was felt to be important. Knowledge of iron-rich foods and absorption aids and inhibitors was good, but practice on optimal ingestion of oral iron supplementation varied. Feedback on trial acceptability was positive with the benefit of extra supportive care noted. Incorporating study visits with routine care was advised in view of time constraints. This area of research was perceived as important. In order to successfully reduce the rates of iron deficiency anaemia in pregnancy, it is crucial that all factors affecting compliance with oral iron are considered. Providing women with the important information on the possible consequences of sub optimally treated anaemia may help to improve this public health issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypothyroidism is a chronic condition combated by a daily oral supplementation of levothyroxine. In addition to the need for frequent dosing, oral administration may result in variable absorption of the drug leading to a failure in achieving normal thyroid function. Therefore, the development of a long-acting injectable system capable of delivering the drug is necessary. This work was aimed at developing sustained release microparticles loaded with levothyroxine. The microparticles were produced through the emulsification-solvent evaporation method using 2 grades of biocompatible and biodegradable polyesters: poly(ᴅ,ʟ-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and poly(ᴅ,ʟ-lactide) (PLA). Both polymers produced microparticles with very similar sizes (1.9 µm) and zeta potential values (around -22.0 mV). However, PLA microparticles had a significantly higher drug loading (6.1% vs. 4.4%, respectively) and encapsulation efficiency (36.8%, vs. 26.1%, respectively) when compared to PLGA counterparts. While both types of microparticles displayed a biphasic release pattern in vitro , a slower rate of release was observed with PLA microparticles. Moreover, a similar biphasic release pattern was found in vivo , with an initial phase of rapid release followed by a slower phase in the subsequent 10 days. These results indicate the possibility of developing levothyroxine loaded polyester microparticles as a potential long-acting thyroid hormone replacement therapy. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context The metabolic response to stress can deplete the remaining thiamine stores, leading to thiamine deficiency. Objective This study is the first meta-analysis of the effectiveness of thiamine supplementation on clinical and biochemical outcomes in adult patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Data Sources Scopus, PubMed, and Cochrane databases were searched to select studies up to 20 November 2022. Study Selection Studies investigating the effect of thiamine supplementation on serum lactate and creatinine levels, the need for renal replacement therapy, length of ICU stay, and mortality rate in ICU patients were selected. Data Extraction After excluding studies based on title and abstract screening, 2 independent investigators reviewed the full texts of the remaining articles. In the next step, a third investigator resolved any discrepancy in the article selection process. Results Of 1628 retrieved articles, 8 were selected for final analysis. This study showed that thiamine supplementation reduced the serum creatinine level (P =.03) compared with placebo. In addition, according to subgroup analysis, serum creatinine concentration was significantly lower in patients >60 years old (P < .00001). However, there was no statistically significant difference in the lactate level between the thiamine supplementation and placebo groups (P =.26). Thiamine supplementation did not decrease the risk of all-cause mortality (P =.71) or the need for renal replacement therapy (P =.14). The pooled results of eligible randomized controlled trials also showed that thiamine supplementation did not reduce the length of ICU stay in comparison to the placebo group (P =.39). Conclusion This meta-analysis provides evidence that thiamine supplementation has a protective effect against blood creatinine increase in ICU patients. However, further high-quality trials are needed to discover the effect of thiamine supplementation on clinical and biochemical outcomes in ICU patients. Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO no. CRD42023399710 (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=399710). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Magnesium and calcium deficiencies are prevalent worldwide. • Aquamin is rich in bioactive minerals like magnesium & calcium and 72 trace minerals. • This study compares Aquamin-Mg solubility with other magnesium supplements. • This study assesses Aquamin MMB's tolerability in healthy older adults. It is generally accepted that mineral deficiencies, including magnesium and calcium, are widespread globally. Dietary supplementation may be an effective approach to combat such deficiencies. However, challenges associated with limited mineral solubility in the digestive system can impede effective dissolution and hinder absorption, leading to deficiency, and undesirable gastrointestinal disturbances including diarrhoea. Seawater is considered to be a rich source of bioactive magnesium, calcium, and 72 other trace minerals. In this study, we examine two different marine-derived multimineral products as potential dietary supplements. Aquamin-Mg, sourced from seawater is rich in magnesium (12%), and Aquamin F, a seaweed-derived multimineral is rich in calcium (32%). Both products also contain a diverse array of over 72 minerals, characteristic of their oceanic origin. Our study comprises two experiments. The first experiment evaluates and compares the solubility of Aquamin-Mg, commercially available magnesium bisglycinate, and Pure Magnesium Bisglycinate (PrizMAG) during in vitro digestion using the INFOGEST method. Results demonstrate that Aquamin-Mg exhibits superior solubility than the other magnesium sources during the gastric and intestinal phases, particularly when administered alongside food materials. The second experiment is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in a small cohort of healthy older aged adults to assess the tolerability of a combined Aquamin-Mg/Aquamin-F supplement over a 12-week period. The findings indicate that this combination supplement is well-tolerated, with no significant adverse events reported, emphasizing its potential as a means of addressing mineral deficiencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To assess the relationship between dietary antioxidant intake and periodontal health in US adults and the potential role of mitochondrial function. Materials and Methods: We performed a cross‐sectional study using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–2014. Dietary antioxidant intake was evaluated using three diet‐related indices: dietary oxidative balance score (DOBS), dietary total antioxidant capacity (DTAC) of antioxidant vitamins and composite dietary antioxidant index (CDAI). Periodontal parameters included attachment loss (AL) and probing pocket depth (PPD). Mitochondrial dysfunction was assessed using the methylmalonic acid (MMA) level. Weighted multivariable linear regression analyses were employed to investigate the association between dietary antioxidant intake and periodontal status. Additionally, exploratory mediation analyses were conducted to determine the mediating effect of MMA on the association. Results: Totally, 5520 participants were included in our study. Participants with higher DOBS and DTAC scores had lower mean AL/PPD and MMA values. CDAI was negatively associated with mean AL and PPD. Furthermore, MMA mediated 9.4% and 4.9% of the associations between DOBS and mean AL and mean PPD, respectively. MMA also accounted for 7.2% and 3.3% of the association between DTAC and mean AL and PPD, respectively. Conclusions: The findings support that dietary antioxidant intake helps in improving periodontal health, possibly and partially by enhancing mitochondrial function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In recent years, Cordyceps militaris has garnered increased attention in both scientific research and popular culture, exemplified by references in the entertainment industry, such as 'The Last Of Us'. This study aims to investigate the qualitative and quantitative composition of bioactive compounds (such as cordycepin, ergothioneine, L‐phenylalanine, lovastatin, sterols, indole and phenolic compounds) in various samples. These samples encompass commercially available dietary supplements (in the form of capsules or powder), featuring standardised extracts or non‐standardised C. militaris material. Additionally, fruiting bodies cultivated in Poland and China were examined. The bioactive compounds were subsequently analysed after extraction into artificial digestive juices. Each sample underwent extraction, evaporation and dissolution in methanol, followed by qualitative and quantitative analyses using RP‐HPLC (with UV and DAD detectors) for the determination of bioactive compounds. The results of this analysis revealed that extracts with cordycepin contents of 7% and 1% exhibited the highest cordycepin concentrations, as well as significant ergothioneine levels (4405 and 928 mg/100 g d.w. and 234 and 77.6 mg/100 g d.w. respectively). However, on analysis of simulated digestive juices, it became evident that the fruiting bodies of C. militaris are superior sources of bioactive compounds. Consequently, this study underscores the efficacy of unprocessed material, such as fruiting bodies, as the preferred form of supplementation for potential consumers of C. militaris. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Andexanet alfa is a Gla-domainless mutant (S195A) factor Xa (GDXa) approved for acute reversal of oral factor Xa inhibitors. Cardiac surgery patients exposed to andexanet before cardiopulmonary bypass often exhibit severe heparin resistance. There is a paucity of data on the effectiveness and optimal dosage of antithrombin use in this setting. The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effect of increased heparin with antithrombin levels on attenuating heparin resistance induced by GDXa. Heparinised normal pooled plasma and cardiopulmonary bypass plasma were spiked with GDXa 4 μM. Tissue factor-activated thrombin generation was used to assess heparin reversal effects of GDXa and restoration of anticoagulation with additional heparin with and without antithrombin. Serum thrombin–antithrombin complex, antithrombin activity, and tissue factor pathway inhibitor were also measured in tissue factor-activated, recalcified cardiopulmonary bypass plasma spiked with GDXa. In normal pooled plasma, GDXa-induced heparin reversal was mitigated by maintaining a high heparin concentration (12 U ml−1) and supplementing antithrombin (1.5–4.5 μM) based on peak and velocity of thrombin generation. Heparin reversal by GDXa was also demonstrated in cardiopulmonary bypass plasma, but supplementing both heparin (8 U ml−1) and antithrombin (3 μM) attenuated GDXa-induced changes in peak and velocity of thrombin generation by 72.5% and 72.2%, respectively. High heparin and antithrombin levels attenuated thrombin–antithrombin complex formation in tissue factor-activated, GDXa-spiked cardiopulmonary bypass plasma by 85.7%, but tissue factor pathway inhibitor remained depleted compared with control cardiopulmonary bypass plasma. Simultaneous supplementation of heparin and antithrombin mitigate GDXa-induced heparin resistance by compensating for the loss of tissue factor pathway inhibitor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of microwave pretreatment at the power of 500 and 900 (W) on the antioxidant properties (DPPH radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant capacity) of flaxseed protein hydrolysate was investigated in the period of 30-210 minutes. In the next step, the effect of different concentrations (20-100 mg/ml) of the optimum treatment on the antioxidant properties (total antioxidant capacity, Fe reducing power, DPPH radical scavenging activity and Fe chelating activity) was investigated and was compared with the antioxidant capacity of vitamin C as a synthetic antioxidant and unhydrolyzed flaxseed protein. The results showed that microwave pretreatment at a power of 500 W significantly increased the antioxidant properties (DPPH radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant capacity) of flaxseed protein hydrolysate, but higher microwave power (900 W) led to reduction of antioxidant activity in comparison to the sample without pretreatment or the sample with microwave pretreatment with a power of 500 W. The sample with microwave pretreatment with a power of 500 W and hydrolysis time of 180 minutes was selected as the optimum treatment with the highest total antioxidant capacity and DPPH radical scavenging activity. Investigating the effect of concentration on the antioxidant properties of hydrolyzed protein showed that the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity (52.7 %), total antioxidant capacity (1.35 absorbance at 695 nm), Fe reducing power (0.859 absorbance at 700 nm) were achieved at the concentration of 60 (mg/ml) and the highest Fe chelating activity (50.83%) was obtained at the concentration of 80 (mg/ml). As a result, the flaxseed protein hydrolysate with considerable antioxidant capacity, can be used in the production of functional food products, nutritional supplements for athletes and the elderly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Specific pediatric populations have exhibited disparate responses to triiodothyronine (T3) repletion during and after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Objective: To determine if T3 supplementation improves outcomes in children undergoing CPB. We searched randomized controlled trials (RCT) evaluating T3 supplementation in children aged 0–3 years undergoing CPB between 1/1/2000 and 1/31/2022. We calculated Hazard ratios (HR) for time to extubation (TTE), ICU length of stay (LOS), and hospital LOS. 5 RCTs met inclusion criteria with available patient-level data. Two were performed in United States (US) and 3 in Indonesia with 767 total subjects (range 29- 220). Median (IQR) age 4.1 (1.6, 8.0) months; female 43%; RACHS-1 scores: 1–1%; 2–55%; 3–27%; 4–13%; 5–0.1%; 6–3.9%; 54% of subjects in US vs 46% in Indonesia. Baseline TSH and T3 were lower in Indonesia (p < 0.001). No significant difference occurred in TTE between treatment groups overall [HR 1.09 (CI, 0.94–1.26)]. TTE numerically favored T3-treated patients aged 1–5 months [HR 1.24 (CI, 0.97–1.60)]. TTE HR for the Indonesian T3 group was 1.31 (CI, 1.04–1.65) vs. 0.95 (CI, 0.78–1.15) in US. The ICU LOS HR for the Indonesian T3 group was 1.19 vs. 0.89 in US (p = 0.046). There was a significant T3 effect on hospital LOS [HR 1.30 (CI, 1.01–1.67)] in Indonesia but not in US [HR 0.99 (CI, 0.78–1.23)]. T3 supplementation in children undergoing CPB is simple, inexpensive, and safe, showing benefit in resource-limited settings. Differences in effects between settings likely relate to depression in baseline thyroid function often associated with malnutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intensification of animal husbandry prompts producers to use modern technologies that are safe for humans and promote the welfare and health of animals. Despite the long time spent studying the effectiveness of probiotics, questions regarding the optimal composition and period of rational use of probiotic feed additives (PFA) for young animals, in particular as alternative to the use of antibiotics remain relevant. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of a probiotic feed additive on clinical and biochemical parameters in healthy calves (Black-and-white breed, 1 day to 1 year of age) from different physiological groups and preventive efficiency. The use of PFA (Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis) at all stages of growing calves had a positive effect on growth indicators, increased live weight of animals and average daily weight gain, allowing for more efficient use of feed, mitigation of the production stress and obtaining greater profits from intensive animal breeding, sales of ecological products, and the reduction of costs for veterinary services. Thus, it is advised to feed PFA in the neonatal period for the formation of intestinal microbiocenosis; at the age of 1-2 months: in order to correct the immune reactivity; at the age of 3 months - to improve the processes of rumen formation. The PFA, additionally supplemented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, can correct the immune reactivity of 1-2 months old calves; improved the processes of rumen formation at the age of 3 months; and prepared heifers for mating at the age of 12 months. The obtained results experimentally substantiated the use of probiotics within the framework of the WHO Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance - it has been proven that the prevention of diarrhoea and/or bronchopneumonia as a result of the use of probiotics, even in one calf, allowed avoiding at least 4-6 days of antibacterial therapy that reduced the risks of formation of antibiotic-resistant bacterial clones, in particular zoonotic agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractWe aimed to examine the association between the use of specific types of dietary supplements and frailty using cross-sectional, nationally representative survey data. Adults aged ≥50 years in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2018–2020 were included. We calculated a 46-item frailty index to assess frailty. In total, 27,384 older adults were included (mean age: 62.47 years; median frailty index: 0.12). Among them, 72% used at least one dietary supplement. The prevalence of dietary supplement use was higher among women than among men and in participants with higher socioeconomic status. Compared to non-users, users of dietary supplements had a healthier diet and nutrient intake, and lower levels of frailty. After adjusting for socioeconomic and dietary factors, users of vitamin C, red ginseng or calcium were found to be significantly less frail. Our findings indicate promising results concerning dietary supplement intake in managing frailty among older Korean adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug-induced liver injury resulting from herbal and dietary supplement use is increasingly common and underrecognized. We report a case of a 34-year-old male recreational bodybuilder who presented with muscle cramping, fatigue, and diffuse itching in the setting of bodybuilding supplement use. Labs showed cholestatic liver injury, and liver biopsy revealed bland cholestasis and sinusoidal dilation. He was diagnosed with anabolic-androgenic steroid-induced liver injury. He was symptomatically managed with plasmapheresis for debilitating pruritus. This case highlights drug-induced liver injury as a complication of bodybuilding supplement use containing unlabeled anabolic-androgenic steroids. Sports medicine providers should inquire on herbal and dietary supplement use and be aware of potential contaminants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mesenchymal stem cell infusion and vitamin D supplementation may have immunomodulatory actions that could prolong the preservation of residual insulin secretion in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Intervention with these agents after onset of T1D could favor the development of a remission phase, with potential clinical impact. We aimed to compare the presence of clinical remission (CR), glycemic control and daily insulin requirement at 6, 12, 18, 24 and 36 months after the diagnosis of T1D using IDAA1c in patients who received therapy with adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cell (ASC) infusion and vitamin D supplementation and a control group. Methods: This retrospective cohort study analyzed data from the medical records of patients with T1D diagnosed between 15 and 40 years. Partial CR was defined as an IDAA1c index < 9. Patients in the intervention group received an infusion of adipose tissued-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) within 3 months after diagnosis and supplementation with 2000 IU of cholecalciferol for 1 year, started on the day following the infusion. Partial CR was also determined using the ISPAD criteria, to assess its agreement with IDAA1c. Results: A total of 28 patients were evaluated: 7 in the intervention group (group 1) and 21 in the control group (group 2). All patients in group 1 evolved with partial CR while only 46.7% of patients in group 2 had this outcome. Group 1 had a higher frequency of CR when evaluated with IDAA1c and ISPAD criteria. The mean duration of CR varied between the two criteria. Although HbA1c was similar between groups during follow-up, group 1 had a lower total daily insulin requirement (p < 0.005) at all time points. At 36 months, group 1 used 49% of the total daily insulin dose used by group 2 with similar glycemic control. Conclusion: The intervention with infusion of ASC + vitamin D supplementation was associated with partial CR at 6 months. Although there were no differences in CR established by the IDAA1c and ISPAD criteria after three years of follow-up, patients who underwent intervention had nearly the half insulin requirement of controls with conventional treatment, with similar glycemic control. Trial Registration: 37001514.0.0000.5257. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) have a substantial impact on morbidity, healthcare utilization, and functional decline among older adults. Therefore, we systematically reviewed evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the efficacy and safety of vitamin D supplementation in preventing ARIs in older adults. Methods: PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched until 1 February 2024. RCTs evaluating the use of vitamin D supplements to protect older adults from ARIs were included. Two reviewers independently screened papers, extracted the data and assessed the risk of bias. Data were summarised as relative risks (RRs) or odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Random effects meta-analyses were used to synthesise the results. GRADE was used to evaluate the quality of evidence. All the analysis were performed with Stata version 17. Results: Twelve trials (41552 participants) were included in the meta-analysis. It showed that vitamin D supplementation probably does not reduce the incidence of ARIs (RR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.97–1.02, I2 = 0%; moderate certainty). No significant effect of vitamin D supplementation on the risk of ARI was observed for any of the subgroups defined by baseline 25(OH)D concentration, control treatments, dose frequency, study duration, and participants' condition. However, there was a possibility, although not statistically significant, that vitamin D may reduce the risk of ARI in patients with a baseline 25(OH)D concentration <50 nmol/L (OR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.79–1.04, I2 = 14.7%). Additionally, vitamin D supplements might result in little to no difference in death due to any cause, any adverse event, hypercalcinemia, and kidney stones. Conclusions: Vitamin D supplementation among older adults probably results in little to no difference in the incidence of ARIs. However, further evidence is needed, particularly for individuals with vitamin D deficiency and populations residing in low and middle income countries. Trial registration: This study was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42023451265). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Limited studies are available on vitamin D supplementation in dogs. This study evaluates the effect of a commercial vitamin D3 supplement on serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D as well as selected biochemical and hematological parameters in healthy dogs. Eight intact male adult dogs with a mean body weight of 20 kg from mixed breeds were included in the study. After adaptation period, dogs received vitamin D3 supplement at the dose of 50 IU/kg body weight per day. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 14, 28 and 42 of supplementation. Food was used for analysis of vitamin D3 content. Results: Significant increase in serum level of 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 was detected since day 14 of supplementation. Changes in serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 concentration during time showed an upward significance (p < 0.05). Vitamin D3 content of the food was 2900 IU/kg dry matter. Changes in serum phosphorus levels were upward significant. No dog showed calcium or phosphorus levels above the highest reference level. Liver and kidney parameters remained in the reference range during the experiment. A gradual significant increase was observed in hemoglobin and hematocrit which was started from day 14. Vitamin D3 supplementation had no significant effect on neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes percent during the study. Conclusions: Vitamin D3 supplementation at 50 IU/kg BW daily, increases serum levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D in healthy dogs fed with a diet containing proper amount of this vitamin. It also increases hemoglobin and hematocrit levels in a time dependent manner without inducing adverse effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractDietary supplements are drastically growing as a category of consumer products all over the world. The abuse of supplements marketed for slimming purposes and physical fitness has been observed worldwide in recent years, which raises concerns in terms of public health. In this study, different types of dietary supplements marketed and delivered through the e-commerce were studied for the determination of thallium as a hazardous inorganic contaminant. The total content of thallium was determined by a sensitive voltammetric method after a microwave-assisted oxidative digestion of the sample. In addition, a comparative spectrometric method was applied for validation of the results in the samples. The maximum concentration found for thallium was found to be 2.89 mg kg−1, which well agree with the comparative measurement. Considering the 32 studied formulations, it can be pointed out that ∼24% of the of dietary supplements presented Tl concentrations at concentrations higher than 1 mg kg−1. The results permitted the assessment of the health risk related to thallium from contaminated samples, based on the calculation of the estimated daily intake (EDI) and the risk quotient (HQ). The highest daily intake of thallium was calculated as 82.0 µg day−1 in a protein-based supplement, which is equivalent to an EDI of 1.17 µg kg−1 day−1. This work highlights the need to develop regulations on the limits of toxic elements such as thallium in widely consumed dietary supplements, as well as an in-depth look at the adverse effects caused by this element in the human body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synbiotic is defined as the dietary mixture that comprises both probiotic microorganisms and prebiotic substrates. The concept has been steadily gaining attention owing to the rising recognition of probiotic, prebiotics, and gut health. Among prebiotic substances, oligosaccharides demonstrated considerable health beneficial effects in varieties of food products and their combination with probiotics have been subjected to full range of evaluations. This review delineated the landscape of studies using microbial cultures, cell lines, animal model, and human subjects to explore the functional properties and host impacts of these combinations. Overall, the results suggested that these combinations possess respective metabolic properties that could facilitate beneficial activities therefore could be employed as dietary interventions for human health improvement and therapeutic purposes. However, uncertainties, such as applicational practicalities, underutilized analytical tools, contradictory results in studies, unclear mechanisms, and legislation hurdles, still challenges the broad utilization of these combinations. Future studies to address these issues may not only advance current knowledge on probiotic-prebiotic-host interrelationship but also promote respective applications in food and nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractBackgroundObjectiveMethodsResultsConclusionsUrinary tract infection (UTI) prevention benefits of cranberry intake are clinically validated, especially for women and children. To ensure the benefits of cranberry dietary supplement products, the anti-adhesion activity (AAA) against uropathogenic bacteria is routinely used in in vitro bioassays to determine the activity in whole product formulations, isolated compounds, and ex vivo bioassays to assess urinary activity following intake. D-mannose is another dietary supplement taken for UTI prevention, based on the anti-adhesion mechanism.Compare the relative AAA of cranberry and D-mannose dietary supplements against the most important bacterial types contributing to the pathogenesis of UTI, and consider how certain components potentially induce in vivo activity.The current study used a crossover design to determine ex vivo AAA against both P- and Type 1-fimbriated uropathogenic Escherichia coli of either D-mannose or a cranberry fruit juice dry extract product containing 36 mg of soluble proanthocyanidins (PACs), using bioassays that measure urinary activity following consumption. AAA of extracted cranberry compound fractions and D-mannose were compared in vitro and potential induction mechanisms of urinary AAA explored.The cranberry dietary supplement exhibited both P-type and Type 1 in vitro and ex vivo AAA, while D-mannose only prevented Type 1 adhesion. Cranberry also demonstrated more robust and consistent ex vivo urinary AAA than D-mannose over each 1-week study period at different urine collection time points. The means by which the compounds with in vitro activity in each supplement product could potentially induce the AAA in urines was discussed relative to the data.Results of the current study provide consumers and healthcare professionals with additional details on the compounds and mechanisms involved in the positive, broad-spectrum AAA of cranberry against both E. coli bacterial types most important in UTIs and uncovers limitations on AAA and effectiveness of D-mannose compared to cranberry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Biofloc technology reduces the environmental effects and reliance on fishmeal in the aquaculture business, which is experiencing growth. This technique removes organic nitrogen from aquaculture effluent, improves water quality, and generates microbial protein for use as a feed supplement for aquatic animals. Moreover, this method decreases the feed conversion ratio and manufacturing costs. Aquatic animals may obtain nutrients, fatty acids, and minerals from biofloc throughout the day. Biofloc, when combined with designed meals, offers a full food chain for aquatic animals, resulting in improved growth performance. In this review, we discussed the history and types of biofloc technology. We also reviewed microbial communities and factors related to BFT. Lastly, we described the advantages, applications, sustainability, and future aspects of biofloc technology. Given the scarcity of water and land resources, coupled with the competitive nature of aquaculture, the long-term viability of this industry will depend on strategies for vertical development. This involves enhancing production environments, increasing productivity, and advancing aquaculture technologies. The use of biofloc technology offers a potential solution to mitigate the adverse environmental impacts and the heavy reliance on fishmeal in the aquaculture sector. This method is designed to effectively assimilate inorganic nitrogen found in aquaculture wastewater, thereby enhancing water quality. Additionally, this process produces microbial protein, which can serve as a viable supplemental feed for aquatic animals. Furthermore, this technique has the potential to reduce the feed conversion ratio, thereby lowering overall production costs. This article provides an overview of the evolving field of biofloc system technology within aquaculture. In this study, we will examine the historical development and various types of biofloc systems, as well as the factors that influence their effectiveness. Finally, we will explore the economic potential of implementing biofloc systems in aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Appropriate nutrients are essential for cellular function. Dietary components can alter the risk of systemic metabolic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, and obesity, and can also affect retinal diseases, including age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma. Dietary nutrients have been assessed for the prevention or treatment of retinal ischemic diseases and the diseases of aging. In this article, we review clinical and experimental evidence concerning the potential of some nutritional supplements to prevent or treat retinal ischemic diseases and provide further insights into the therapeutic effects of nutritional supplementation on retinopathies. We will review the roles of nutrients in preventing or protecting against retinal ischemic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a potent chemotherapeutic agent known for its multi-organ toxicity, especially in the heart, which limits its clinical application. The toxic side effects of DOX, including DNA damage, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and cell apoptosis, are intricately linked to the involvement of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). To assess the effectiveness of the NAD+ precursor nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) in counteracting the multi-organ toxicity of DOX, a mouse model was established through DOX administration, which led to significant reductions in NAD+ in tissues with evident injury, including the heart, liver and lungs. NMN treatment alleviated both multi-organ fibrosis and mortality in mice. Mechanistically, tissue fibrosis, macrophage infiltration and DOX-related cellular damage, which are potentially implicated in the development of multi-organ fibrosis, could be attenuated by NAD+ restoration. Our findings provide compelling evidence for the benefits of NMN supplementation in mitigating the adverse effects of chemotherapeutic drugs on multiple organs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melatonin is ubiquitously present in all animals and plants, where it exerts a variety of physiological activities thanks to its antioxidant properties and its key role as the first messenger of extracellular signaling functions. Most of the clinical studies on melatonin refer to its widespread oral use as a dietary supplement to improve sleep. A far smaller number of articles describe the clinical applications of topical melatonin to treat or prevent skin disorders by exploiting its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This review focuses on the clinical studies in which melatonin was applied on the skin as a photoprotective, anti-aging, or hair growth-promoting agent. The methodologies and results of such studies are discussed to provide an overall picture of the state of the art in this intriguing field of research. The clinical studies in which melatonin was applied on the skin before exposure to radiation (UV, sunlight, and high-energy beams) were all characterized by an appropriate design (randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled) and strongly support its clinical efficacy in preventing or reducing skin damage such as dermatitis, erythema, and sunburn. Most of the studies examined in this review do not provide a clear demonstration of the efficacy of topical melatonin as a skin anti-aging or as a hair growth-promoting agent owing to limitations in their design and/or to the use of melatonin combined with extra active ingredients, except for one trial that suggests a possible beneficial role of melatonin in treating some forms of alopecia in women. Further research efforts are required to reach definitive conclusions concerning the actual benefits of topical melatonin to counteract skin aging and hair loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The published data on the vitamin status of patients with phenylketonuria (PKU) is contradictory; therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the vitamin status of PKU patients. A comprehensive search of multiple databases (PubMed, Web of Sciences, Cochrane, and Scopus) was finished in March 2024. The included studies compared vitamin levels between individuals diagnosed with early-treated PKU and healthy controls while excluding pregnant and lactating women, untreated PKU or hyperphenylalaninemia cases, control groups receiving vitamin supplementation, PKU patients receiving tetrahydrobiopterin or pegvaliase, and conference abstracts. The risk of bias in the included studies was assessed by the Newcastle–Ottawa scale. The effect sizes were expressed as standardised mean differences. The calculation of effect sizes with 95% CI using fixed-effects models and random-effects models was performed. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The study protocol was registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42024519589). Out of the initially identified 11,086 articles, 24 met the criteria. The total number of participants comprised 770 individuals with PKU and 2387 healthy controls. The meta-analyses of cross-sectional and case–control studies were conducted for vitamin B12, D, A, E, B6 and folate levels. PKU patients demonstrated significantly higher folate levels (random-effects model, SMD: 1.378, 95% CI: 0.436, 2.320, p = 0.004) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations (random-effects model, SMD: 2.059, 95% CI: 0.250, 3.868, p = 0.026) compared to the controls. There were no significant differences in vitamin A, E, B6, B12 or 25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels. The main limitations of the evidence include a limited number of studies and their heterogeneity and variability in patients' compliance. Our findings suggest that individuals with PKU under nutritional guidance can achieve a vitamin status comparable to that of healthy subjects. Our study provides valuable insights into the nutritional status of PKU patients, but further research is required to confirm these findings and explore additional factors influencing vitamin status in PKU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the influence of polyunsaturated fatty acid composition and vitamin E supplementation on oxidative status and immune responses in weanling piglets pre- and post-E. coli challenge. Suckling piglets (n = 24) were randomly selected from two litters for an oral supplementation (1 mL/day) with fish oil or hemp oil and vitamin E supplementation (60 mg natural vitamin E/mL oil) from day 10 to 28 of age. At day 29 and 30 of age, each piglet was orally inoculated with 6.7 × 108 and 3.96 × 108 CFU of F4 and F18 E. coli, respectively. Blood was sampled from all piglets on day 28 before E. coli challenge and on day 35 of age to investigate immunological and oxidative stress markers in plasma. One week after weaning and exposure to E. coli, a general reduction in the α-tocopherol concentration and activity of GPX1 was obtained. Vitamin E supplementation lowered the extent of lipid peroxidation and improved the antioxidative status and immune responses after E. coli challenge. Hemp oil had the greatest effect on antioxidant enzyme activity. Provision of hemp oil and vitamin E to suckling piglets may reduce the incidence of post-weaning diarrhea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Among individuals with vitamin D deficiency, daily vitamin D supplementation appears to lower risk of acute respiratory infection. However, recent trials, in different populations and using different regimens, have yielded null results. We investigated the effect of daily vitamin D supplementation (vs placebo) on risk of upper respiratory infection (URI) in older adults. Methods The VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL) is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of supplemental vitamin D and/or omega-3 fatty acids in generally healthy men (age ≥50 years) and women (age ≥55 years). This prespecified analysis focuses on vitamin D3 (2000 IU/day) versus placebo in the 15 804 (61%) participants with baseline serum total 25-hydroxyvitamin D level. The primary outcome was self-report of a recent URI at 1-year follow-up. Results Participants had a mean age of 68 years and 51% were women; 76% were non-Hispanic White, 16% Black, and 8% other race/ethnicity. The mean 25-hydroxyvitamin D level at baseline was 31 (standard deviation, 10) ng/mL, with <12 ng/mL in 2.4%. The overall effect of vitamin D supplementation on recent URI was nonsignificant (odds ratio [OR], 0.96 [95% confidence interval {CI},.86–1.06]). In the prespecified subgroup of primary interest (<12 ng/mL and denied taking concurrent vitamin D), which had only 255 participants, vitamin D supplementation was nonsignificant (OR, 0.60 [95% CI,.28–1.30]). Statistical power to assess effect modification in other subgroups was limited. Conclusions In older adults not selected for vitamin D deficiency, supplemental vitamin D did not lower URI risk overall. Whether effects differ in subgroups requires further study. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT01169259. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Widespread antibiotic resistance has sparked interest in the identification of nonantibiotic strategies, particularly probiotics for the prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs). We evaluated the effectiveness of prophylactic probiotic supplementation through oral and intravaginal routes in the prevention of recurrent UTIs. Methods This double-blind, placebo-controlled study enrolled 174 premenopausal women with a history of recurrent UTIs and randomized them to 1 of the 4 treatment groups: placebo (G1, oral placebo + vaginal placebo), oral probiotic (G2, oral lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria + vaginal placebo), vaginal probiotic (G3, oral placebo + vaginal lactobacilli), and probiotic combination (oral lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria + vaginal lactobacilli), for 4 months. Participants were followed up for symptomatic UTIs for 1 year. The primary end points were the number of symptomatic UTIs at 4 months, the proportion of participants with at least 1 symptomatic UTI, and the time to the first symptomatic UTI. Results The incidence of UTI at 4 months in G1, G2, G3, and G4 was 70.4%, 61.3%, 40.9%, and 31.8%, respectively. The mean number of symptomatic UTI recurrences at 4 months was significantly lower (P <.05) in G3 (1.06) and G4 (1.07) compared with G1 (2.1) and G2 (1.63). Further, the time to first symptomatic UTI (days) was significantly longer (P <.05) in G3 (123.8) and G4 (141.8) compared with G1 (69.3) and G2 (71.9). Probiotic supplementations were well tolerated with no serious adverse events. Conclusions Prophylactic supplementation with either vaginal probiotics or in combination with oral probiotics demonstrated effectiveness in preventing recurrent symptomatic UTI episodes. Clinical Trials Registration Registered at Clinical Trials Registry India (CTRI): CTRI/2014/02/004425 (https://ctri.nic.in). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of phytosterols (PS) and phytosterol esters (PSE) on C57BL/6 mice. Three groups of 34 six-week-old C57BL/6 mice of specific pathogen free (SPF) grade, with an average initial body weight (IBW) of 17.7g, were fed for 24 days either natural-ingredient diets without supplements or diets supplemented with 89 mg/kg PS or diets supplemented with 400 mg/kg PSE. Growth performance, blood biochemistry, liver and colon morphology as well as intestinal flora status were evaluated. Both PS and PSE exhibited growth promotion and feed digestibility in mice. In blood biochemistry, the addition of both PS and PSE to the diet resulted in a significant decrease in Total Cholesterol (TC) and Triglyceride (TG) levels and an increase in Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) activity. No significant changes in liver and intestinal morphology were observed. Both increased the level of Akkermansia in the intestinal tract of mice. There was no significant difference between the effects of PS and PSE. It was concluded that dietary PS and PSE supplementation could improve growth performance, immune performance and gut microbiome structure in mice, providing insights into its application as a potential feed additive in animals production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tannin (TA), as a natural phenolic compound with strong antioxidant activity, has been used as a feed additive for various animals. In this study, we fed a diet containing 800 mg/kg of tannin on Litopenaeus vannamei for 56 days and then subjected to acute ammonia stress for 48 hr to investigate the effect of dietary tannin on the ammonia stress response of L. vannamei through transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis. The transcriptome analysis indicated that ammonia stress-induced differential expression of 4,185 genes, while tannin-fed shrimp only had 964 differentially expressed genes. Compared with the TA_0 group, 59 pathways were significantly altered, and the pathways of "starch and sucrose metabolism," "retinol metabolism," "arachidonic acid metabolism," "lysosome," and "amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism" were highly enriched in the TS_0 group. Compared with the TS_0 group, six pathways were significantly altered, and the pathways of "dilated cardiomyopathy," "complement and coagulation cascades," "cardiac muscle contraction," "fructose and mannose metabolism," "cGMP-PKG signaling pathway," and "beta-alanine metabolism" were significantly enriched in the TS_800 group. Metabolomic analysis showed that a total of 107 differential metabolites (DMs) were identified in the TS_0 vs. TA_0 group, while 75 DMs were identified in the TS_800 vs. TS_0 group. Based on KEGG annotation, it was found that a large amount of DM was significantly enriched in amino acid metabolism pathways in the TS_0 group, including "arginine and proline metabolism," "alanine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid metabolism," "β-Alanine metabolism and tyrosine metabolism" indicated that tannins affect the metabolism of amino acids. The integration of DEGs and DMs indicates that dietary tannins highly alter the digestion and absorption functions of proteins, as well as the biosynthesis and metabolism of amino acids. This study provides new insights into the adaptation of Pacific white shrimp to ammonia stress and the addition of tannins to feed to enhance immune function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We recently reported that supplementing glycine to soybean meal-based diets is necessary for the optimum growth of 5- to 40-g (Phase-I) and 110- to 240-g (Phase-II) hybrid striped bass (HSB), as well as their intestinal health. Although glycine serves as an essential substrate for syntheses of creatine and glutathione (GSH) in mammals (e.g., pigs), little is known about these metabolic pathways or their nutritional regulation in fish. This study tested the hypothesis that glycine supplementation enhances the activities of creatine- and GSH-forming enzymes as well as creatine and GSH availabilities in tissues of hybrid striped bass (HSB; Morone saxatilis♀ × Morone chrysops♂). Methods: Phase-I and Phase-II HSB were fed a soybean meal-based diet supplemented with 0%, 1%, or 2% glycine for 8 weeks. At the end of the 56-d feeding, tissues (liver, intestine, skeletal muscle, kidneys, and pancreas) were collected for biochemical analyses. Results: In contrast to terrestrial mammals and birds, creatine synthesis occurred primarily in skeletal muscle from all HSB. The liver was most active in GSH synthesis among the HSB tissues studied. In Phase-I HSB, supplementation with 1% or 2% glycine increased (P < 0.05) concentrations of intramuscular creatine (15%–19%) and hepatic GSH (8%–11%), while reducing (P < 0.05) hepatic GSH sulfide (GSSG)/GSH ratios by 14%–15%, compared with the 0-glycine group; there were no differences (P > 0.05) in these variables between the 1% and 2% glycine groups. In Phase-II HSB, supplementation with 1% and 2% glycine increased (P < 0.05) concentrations of creatine and GSH in the muscle (15%–27%) and liver (11%–20%) in a dose-dependent manner, with reduced ratios of hepatic GSSG/GSH in the 1% or 2% glycine group. In all HSB, supplementation with 1% and 2% glycine dose-dependently increased (P < 0.05) activities of intramuscular arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (22%–41%) and hepatic γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (17%–37%), with elevated activities of intramuscular guanidinoacetate methyltransferase and hepatic GSH synthetase and GSH reductase in the 1% or 2% glycine group. Glycine supplementation also increased (P < 0.05) concentrations of creatine and activities of its synthetic enzymes in tail kidneys and pancreas, and concentrations of GSH and activities of its synthetic enzymes in the proximal intestine. Conclusions: Skeletal muscle and liver are the major organs for creatine and GSH syntheses in HSB, respectively. Dietary glycine intake regulates creatine and GSH syntheses by both Phase-I and Phase-II HSB in a tissue-specific manner. Based on the metabolic data, glycine is a conditionally essential amino acid for the growing fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study was to research the effects of Lactobacillus buchneri L3-9 and its extracellular products on growth, immunity, intestinal microorganisms, and disease resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in grass carp. A total of 120 fish (80–90 g) were distributed into 12 aquariums (10 fish/aquarium) in three replicates and fed 1% of their body weight for 21 days. The grass carp were fed four different diets: a control (group C), a diet supplemented with 1 × 106 cell g−1 of L. buchneri L3-9 (group B), a diet supplemented with extracellular products of L. buchneri L3-9 (group E), and a diet supplemented with L. buchneri L3-9 and the extracellular products (group BE). Compared with the control diet, the B, E, and BE diets increased the weight gain rate by 4.49%, 2.59%, and 4.38%, respectively (p < 0.05), and significantly decreased the feed conversion ratio by 0.72, 0.57, and 0.76, respectively (p < 0.05). Groups B, BE, and E showed significant decreases in mortality, with values of 26.67%, 16.67%, and 23.33%, respectively (p < 0.05). Group B showed a significant increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) content compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The highest catalase (CAT) activity was found in group E (p < 0.05). In group B, the expression of the gut proinflammatory gene TNF-α was downregulated (p < 0.05), and the expression of anti-inflammatory genes, including TGF-β1, IL-10, and Tlr-8, was upregulated compared to that in the control group (p < 0.05). Groups BE and E showed an increased abundance of Lactobacillaceae. Additionally, a drastic decrease in the abundance of pathogenic bacteria such as Aeromonadaceae and Enterobacteriaceae was in these groups compared to the control group. In conclusion, L. buchneri L3-9 and its extracellular products could improve the growth performance, immune responses, and resistance to A. hydrophila in grass carp. This study provides insights for the development and application of microecological preparations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rubber seed kernel is a by-product derived from rubber tree plantations. It is rich in C18 unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) and has the potential to be used as a protein source for ruminant diets. This investigation has been conducted to determine the influence of rubber seed kernel pellet (RUSKEP) supplementation on in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics and fatty acid profiles in swamp buffalo. Using a completely randomized design (CRD) and supplementation of RUSKEP at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10% dry matter (DM) of substrate. Results: The supplementation with RUSKEP had no effect on gas kinetics, cumulative gas production, or degradability. Ruminal pH decreased linearly (P < 0.01) and ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) concentration decreased quadratically (P < 0.01) by RUSKEP supplementation. The proportion of acetate (C2) decreased linearly (P < 0.01), but propionate (C3) and butyrate (C4) increased linearly (P < 0.01), resulting in a decrease in the acetate to propionate ratio (C2:C3) (P < 0.01) by RUSKEP supplementation. With an increasing level of dietary RUSKEP, there was a slight increase in UFA in the rumen by increasing the oleic acid (OA; C18:1 cis-9 + trans-9), linoleic acid (LA; C18:2 cis-9,12 + trans-9,12), and α-linolenic acid (ALA; C18:3 cis-9,12,15) concentrations (P < 0.01). Conclusions: Adding up to 10% of RUSKEP could improve in vitro rumen fermentation and C18 unsaturated fatty acids, especially ALA, in swamp buffalo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Betalain has received increased attention because of its high nutritional value and crucial physiological functions. Based on the elucidation of its core biosynthetic pathway, betalain can be produced in additional plants by metabolic engineering. Synthesis of betalain in carrot (Daucus carota L.) can improve its nutritional quality and economic value by extracting betalain from the fleshy root, non-edible part, and processing residue of carrot. In this study, two different constructs, namely, pYB:mCD (AomelOS, BvCYP76AD1S, and BvDODA1S) and pYB:CDD (BvCYP76AD1S, BvDODA1S, and MjcDOPA5GTS), were introduced into carrot for betanin synthesis by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Betanin can be synthetized in both transgenic calli, and pYB:mCD-transgenic callus can be used to produce betacyanin by suspension culture. However, pYB:mCD-transgenic seedlings can synthetize betanin only by tyrosine feeding. The pYB:CDD-transgenic lines can synthetize betanin in whole plants. The betanin content in fleshy root of pYB:CDD-transgenic carrot was (63.4 ± 9) μg.g-1 fresh weight according to quantitative analysis. These betanin-producing carrot plant materials can be used to synthesize betanin for industrial application or consumption as dietary sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]