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Ultrathin ceramic veneers are a viable therapeutic option to manage esthetic challenges in the anterior zone. Proper conditioning of the intaglio surface of porcelain veneers is essential to achieve an adequate bonding. In clinical practice, this is typically done with chemical etching using an acid-containing agent, such as hydrofluoric acid. While it is well established that the etching effect is dependent on etching time and the acid concentration, little is known about the impact of etching time and the veneer fabrication method. The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the effect that different etching-time protocols have on the intaglio surface characteristics of ultrathin ceramic veneers fabricated with either the platinum foil technique or the refractory die technique. Several replicas of an ultrathin feldspathic ceramic veneer for a maxillary central incisor were fabricated. Individual specimens were processed according to different intaglio surface-etching protocols: no etching, etching for 90 seconds, etching for 120 seconds, and etching for 150 seconds (9.6% hydrofluoric acid used for all etching groups). It was observed that the 120-second etching protocol resulted in a favorable microroughness surface pattern in the platinum foil group. This pattern was comparable to that obtained by etching for 90 seconds with hydrofluoric acid the intaglio surface of veneers fabricated with the refractory die technique. Increasing the etching time to 150 seconds did not result in a more favorable roughness pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics/Fortschritte der Kieferorthopadie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives: To investigate the effect of neutral 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate salt (MDP-Na) on the dentin bond strength and remineralization potential of etch-&-rinse adhesive. Methods: Two experimental etch-&-rinse adhesives were formulated by incorporating 0 wt% (E0) or 20 wt% (E20) neutral MDP-Na into a basic primer. A commercial adhesive, Adper Single Bond 2 (SB, 3 M ESPE), served as the control. Sixty prepared teeth were randomly allocated into three groups (n = 20) and bonded using either one of the experimental adhesives or SB. Following 24 h of water storage, the bonded specimens were sectioned into resin-dentin sticks, with four resin-dentin sticks obtained from each tooth for microtensile bond strength (MTBS) test. Half of the sticks from each group were immediately subjected to tensile loading using a microtensile tester at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min, while the other half underwent tensile loading after 6-month incubation in artificial saliva (AS). The degree of conversion (DC) of both the control and experimental adhesives (n = 6 in each group) and the adsorption properties of MDP-Na on the dentin organic matrix (n = 5 in each group) were determined using Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry. Furthermore, the effectiveness of neutral MDP-Na in promoting the mineralization of two-dimensional collagen fibrils and the adhesive-dentin interface was explored using transmission electron microscopy and selected-area electron diffraction. Two- and one-way ANOVA was employed to assess the impact of adhesive type and water storage on dentin bond strength and the DC (α = 0.05). Results: The addition of MDP-Na into the primer increased both the short- and long-term MTBS of the experimental adhesives (p = 0.00). No difference was noted in the DC between the control, E0 and E20 groups (p = 0.366). The MDP-Na remained absorbed on the demineralized dentin even after thorough rinsing. The intra- and extra-fibrillar mineralization of the two-dimensional collagen fibril and dentin bond hybrid layer was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and selected-area electron diffraction when the primer was added with MDP-Na. Conclusions: The use of neutral MDP-Na results in high-quality hybrid layer that increase the dentin bond strength of etch-&-rinse adhesive and provides the adhesive with remineralizing capability. This approach may represent a suitable bonding strategy for improving the dentin bond strength and durability of etch-&-rinse adhesive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated bond strength of glass fiber posts to root dentin using push‐out (PO) and diametral compression (DC), testing glycolic acid as a conditioner and varying dentin moisture. An additional aim was to test whether DC can be an alternative test to PO for bond strength assessment. Eighty bovine teeth were divided into eight groups (n = 10) defined by the use of either 37% glycolic acid or 37% phosphoric acid (PA) on moist or wet dentin before bonding with either Adapter SingleBond/RelyX ARC or One Step Plus/Duo‐Link Bisco. Each tooth provided discs with an internal diameter of 2 mm, external diameter of 5 mm, and height of 2 mm, which underwent PO and DC. Finite element analysis (FEA) was carried out on 3D models. When analyzing PO results through linear regression, the highest values of bond strength were observed using glycolic acid on wet dentin in the cervical and middle thirds of the teeth. Analyzing DC results, the only statistical influence on values was the dental thirds. The scatterplot of the DC results and the PO bond strength values indicated no relationship between the results of the two tests (r = 0.03; p = 0.64). PO test detected more sensitive changes in bond strength values than DC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) is an effective canal irrigant but interferes with the mechanical features of dentin and the bonding capability of adhesives when restoring endodontically treated teeth. This study evaluated whether access cavity resin sealing before using canal irrigant would augment the resistance of endodontically treated anterior teeth against fracture. Methods: Sixty maxillary incisors underwent endodontic treatment in five groups (n = 12). Irrigation with 5.25% NaOCl and 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was performed in all groups except for Group 5. After root canal obturation, in Group 1, the access cavity was kept unrestored. In Group 2, immediate restoration after obturation was achieved. For Group 3, delayed restoration after 1 week was provided. In Group 4 (pre‐sealed), before canal irrigation, the dentin surface of access cavities was sealed using self‐adhesive composite resin (Vertise Flow) and then restored after obturation. In Group 5, which was saline irrigated, immediate restoration was performed. After storage and thermal cycling for 5000 cycles at 5°C–55°C with a dwell time of 15 s and a transfer time of 5 s, teeth were statically loaded by a universal testing machine until a fracture occurred. Data were collected as the fracture resistance (FR) and analyzed using the one‐way analysis of variance and Tukey's tests. Results: FR significantly differed between all groups (p < 0.001). The lowest FR was recorded in the unrestored group (284 ± 86 N), which was not statistically different from the immediately restored group (p = 0.065). The pre‐sealed group exhibited the highest FR value (810 ± 127 N, p ≤ 0.02 vs. other groups). The FR of the saline‐irrigated and delayed restored groups was almost similar (p = 0.13). Conclusions: NaOCl/EDTA irrigation resulted in an adverse effect on FR. Delayed restoration could reduce this adverse effect. Access cavity pre‐sealing with flowable composites led to a higher FR than conventional methods and may be considered an effective step during treatment procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Materials and Methods Results Conclusions Clinical Significance To assess the clinical performance of two composite materials with two universal adhesives and a two‐step self‐etch adhesive on class II restorations for 18 months.Two hundred and fifty‐two class II cavities were bonded with G‐Premio Bond, Single Bond Universal, and Clearfil SE Bond 2. A nanohybrid composite (Filtek Z550 Universal) or a microhybrid composite (G‐aenial Posterior) was used to fill the bonded cavities. World Dental Federation criteria were used to evaluate the restorations at 1 week, 6, and 18 months. Statistical analysis was performed using Friedman and Fisher's exact tests (α = 0.05).Retention loss and fracture were not observed in any restorations during the 18 months. The adhesives used showed no significant differences for all criteria examined (p > 0.05) regardless of composite material. After an 18‐month follow‐up, seven G‐aenial Posterior and three Filtek Z550 Universal restorations presented slight marginal discrepancies, with no significant differences (p = 0.246). At 1 week, Filtek Z550 Universal (9.5%) led to significantly higher postoperative sensitivity compared with G‐aenial Posterior (0.8%) (p = 0.001).Universal adhesives showed similar clinical performance to Clearfil SE Bond 2. The restorations with Filtek Z550 Universal had a relatively higher risk of postoperative sensitivity.Universal adhesives were clinically successful for 18 months. At 1 week, the type of composite material used significantly affected the occurrence of postoperative sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Methodology Results Conclusions To compare the effects of Cervical Access Cavity (CervAC) and Traditional Access Cavity (TradAC) on root canal preparation, root canal filling, and fracture resistance in mandibular incisors.Twenty recently extracted and intact mandibular incisors were initially scanned using a micro‐CT device. The specimens were anatomically matched to create two groups (n = 10). A wedge‐shaped non‐carious cervical lesion (NCCL) was created on the buccal aspect of all teeth using a double‐faced segmented diamond disc. In group 1, a TradAC was prepared, whilst in group 2, access was created through the simulated NCCL using a round diamond bur 1012. After root canal preparation with Rotate instruments sizes 15/0.04, 20/0.04, and 25/0.04, the teeth were scanned again and evaluated for root canal volume and surface area, static voxels, volume of removed dental tissue, and dentine thickness. After that, the root canals were filled using the single‐cone technique, teeth were restored with composite resin, and subsequently rescanned to calculate the volume of filling materials and voids. Then, the restored teeth were subjected to fracture resistance tests using a universal testing machine. Statistical comparisons between groups were performed with the Mann–Whitney test or the Student's t‐test, with a statistical significance level of 5%.Statistical comparisons indicated no significant differences between groups in terms of root canal volume, surface area, static voxels, removed root dentine, root canal filling volume, percentage of voids, or fracture resistance load (p > .05). Conversely, teeth prepared with TradAC showed a significantly higher percentage of dental tissue removed from the crown (p = .001) and a greater volume of filling material remnants in the pulp chamber (p < .001) compared to the CervAC group. A significantly lower percentage reduction in dentine thickness was observed only on the mesial aspect of root at Level 1 in TradAC group (p = .008).CervAC can be considered a viable alternative approach in the presence of NCCL in mandibular incisors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This research investigated the impact of different surface modifications on the osseointegration of dental implants. The study conducted experiments on rabbit tibiae comparing conventional machined surfaces (MSs) with those modified using a laser beam (LSs) or a laser beam incorporating hydroxyapatite (HA) by means of biomimetic methods without thermic treatment (LHSs). Utilizing scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM/EDX) and fluorochrome labeling techniques, the study evaluated bone formation over a four-week period. The results demonstrated significantly improved bone contact and newly formed bone area with LSs and LHSs compared to MSs. These findings suggest that surface modifications, particularly LS modifications and LHS modifications, enhance osseointegration, potentially leading to an enhanced longevity and performance of dental implants in clinical settings. (1) Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the biological behavior of bone tissue on a machined surface (MS) and modifications made by a laser beam (LS) and by a laser beam incorporated with hydroxyapatite (HA) using a biomimetic method without thermic treatment (LHS). (2) Methods: Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM/EDX) was performed before and after installation in the rabbit tibiae. A total of 20 Albinus rabbits randomly received 30 implants of 3.75 × 10 mm in the right and left tibias, with two implants on each surface in each tibia. In the animals belonging to the 4-week euthanasia period group, intramuscular application of the fluorochromes calcein and alizarin was performed. In implants placed mesially in the tibiofemoral joint, biomechanical analysis was performed by means of a removal torque (N/cm). The tibias with the implants located distally to the joint were submitted for analysis by confocal laser microscopy (mineral apposition rate) and for histometric analysis by bone contact implant (%BIC) and newly formed bone area (%NBA). (3) Results: The SEM showed differences between the surfaces. The biomechanical analysis revealed significant differences in removal torque values between the MSs and LHSs over a 2-week period. Over a 4-week period, both the LSs and LHSs demonstrated removal torque values statistically higher than the MSs. BIC of the LHS implants were statistically superior to MS at the 2-week period and LHS and LS surfaces were statistically superior to MS at the 4-week period. Statistical analysis of the NBA of the implants showed difference between the LHS and MS in the period of 2 weeks. (4) Conclusions: The modifications of the LSs and LHSs provided important physicochemical modifications that favored the deposition of bone tissue on the surface of the implants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Metal-free ceramic veneers exhibit many desirable properties. However, low fracture strength is a major disadvantage. The success of the veneers depends on optimal tooth preparation and intaglio surface preparation techniques for bonding porcelain substrates to the tooth to ensure clinical success. This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of acid etching technique on surface roughness and fracture strength of veneers. Methods The in vitro study was conducted on maxillary central incisors that were prepared to receive the veneers; the specimens were divided into two groups—group A and group B. The intaglio surface of veneer in both groups was etched with 4.6 % of the hydrofluoric acid solution for 30 seconds, in group B specimens were further treated with 33% sodium hypochlorite solution treatment following which the surface roughness was measured and calculated with scanning electron microscope at a magnification of 3000X and profilometer, respectively. The fracture strength of the specimens in both groups was determined by subjecting the tooth with veneer to a universal testing machine; the force was applied until the fracture occurred. Results There was a significant difference observed in the surface roughness, fracture strength, and bond strength of the heat-pressed lithium-disilicate veneers treated solely with hydrofluoric acid and samples treated with hydrofluoric acid and phosphoric acid. Conclusion Optimizing porcelain surfaces before treatment with various adhesives and luting resins requires an understanding of the involved substrates and materials, as well as a logical and systematic methodology in their manipulation. The intaglio surface of the veneers treated with hydrofluoric acid followed with phosphoric acid has no significant difference observed in the properties of the veneers but has better bonding with the tooth structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics/Fortschritte der Kieferorthopadie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives: To evaluate the clinical performance of two methacrylate-based flowable composites and an ormocer-based flowable composite in noncarious cervical lesions (NCCLs) in adult participants. Method and materials: In total, 183 restorations were performed on NCCLs. All cavities were restored using a universal adhesive system (Futurabond U, Voco) with selective enamel etching and with one of the three evaluated flowable composites (n = 61): low-viscosity methacrylate-based composite (GrandioSO Flow, LV), high-viscosity methacrylate-based composite (GrandioSO Heavy Flow, HV), and an ormocer-based flowable composite (Admira Fusion Flow, ORM). All restorations were evaluated using FDI and USPHS criteria after 24 months. Kruskall-Wallis analysis of variance rank (α = .05) was used for statistical analysis. Results: After 24 months of clinical evaluation, 16 restorations were lost (LV = 3, HV = 10, ORM = 3) and the retention rates (95% confidence interval) were 95.0% for LV, 82.2% for HV, and 95.0% for ORM, with statistical differences observed between HV and LV as well as HV and ORM (P < .05). When secondary parameters were evaluated, no significant differences between groups were observed (P > .05). Thirty-three restorations (LV = 8, HV = 13, ORM = 12) showed minor marginal staining, 71 restorations (LV = 26, HV = 20, ORM = 25) presented small marginal adaptation defects, and one restoration for HV presented recurrence of caries. Conclusion: The universal adhesive associated with the ormocer-based and methacrylate-based flowable composite showed promising clinical performance after 24 months. However, the heavy-flow restorations showed significantly more failures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the 15-year survival rate of zirconia (Y-TZP) implants with a roughened acid-etched surface in a retrospective post-market clinical follow-up (PMCF) study. Materials and Methods: One-piece ceramic implants (CeraRoot) with a roughened acid-etched surface (ICE) were used. Six different implant shapes/sizes were used in this study. Either a standard or flapless surgical approach was used for implant placement. Simultaneous bone augmentation or sinus elevation was performed when bone height or width was deficient. Definitive zirconia restorations were placed after 2 months or later if the Periotest value was > -3. The implants were followed up for up to 15 years. Results: A total of 1,828 implants were placed in 771 patients with a mean age of 51.18 years. The overall implant survival rate after 15 years of follow-up was 98.69%. Conclusion: From this long-term investigation, it can be concluded that CeraRoot ceramic implants showed a 15-year long-term clinical performance with a survival rate of 98.69% under the described protocol, without significant differences between the six implant shapes/sizes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of different treatments applied to titanium implant abutment surfaces on the retention of implant-supported crowns retained using resin cement. Materials and Methods: A total of 72 titanium implant abutments were divided into six groups (n = 12 each) based on the selected surface treatment: (1) untreated; (2) sandblasted; (3) hydrogen peroxide-etched; (4) atmospheric plasma; (5) chemical mechanical polishing; and (6) titanium dioxide nanocoating. After the surface treatments, scanning electron microscopy analyses and roughness measurements of the abutment surfaces were performed. Then, 72 metal copings were fabricated and cemented onto the abutments with dual-curing resin cement. After the thermocycling process, crown retention was measured by using a universal testing machine. The experimental results were statistically evaluated with one-way analysis of variance, Tukey honest significant difference, and Tamhane T2 tests. Results: The highest surface roughness values were obtained in the sandblasted group (1.44 um), which also showed in the highest retention values (828.5 N), followed by the hydrogen peroxide etching group (490.7 N), the atmospheric plasma group (466.5 N), the chemical mechanical polishing group (410.8 N), and the control group (382.6 N). Conclusion: Sandblasting, hydrogen peroxide, etching, and atmospheric plasma treatments significantly increased crown retention, and all alternative treatments, with the exception of TiO2 nanocoating, worked better than the control samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study compared a 2%-CHX dentin pre-treatment with three CHX adhesives (experimentally admixed 0.1% CHX in primer or bonding agent, or industrially added 0.2% CHX in universal adhesive) by evaluating dentin bond strengths after biological loading in a fully automated artificial mouth model. Materials and Methods: The occlusal dentin of 50 freshly extracted human third molars was exposed, and the teeth were randomly assigned to 5 groups according to the adhesive protocol (n = 10): 1. control, Scotchbond Multipurpose (3M Oral Care; CTRL); 2. 2% CHX dentin pre-treatment (DENT); 3. 0.1% CHX experimentally admixed into the primer (PRIM); 4. 0.1% CHX experimentally admixed into the bonding agent (BOND); 5. Peak Universal Bond containing 0.2% CHX (Ultradent; PEAK). The teeth were restored with composite resin. Microtensile bond strength testing (bonding area 0.46 mm2 ± 0.04 mm², crosshead speed 1 mm/min) was performed after 24-h storage in distilled water (baseline) or after 2-day biological loading with S. mutans (demineralization 1 h / remineralization 5 h). The mode of fracture was recorded and exemplary sticks were evaluated under SEM. Results: CTRL exhibited significantly higher μTBS at baseline in comparison to PRIM (p = 0.000), BOND (p = 0.002), and PEAK (p = 0.000). After undergoing the caries model, CTRL demonstrated significantly lower μTBS compared to DENT (p = 0.000), PRIM (p = 0.008), and PEAK (p = 0.000). The same behavior was observed for BOND vs DENT (p = 0.000), PRIM (p = 0.003), and PEAK (p = 0.001). After biological loading, DENT (p = 0.041), PRIM (p = 0.000), and BOND (p = 0.000) exhibited significantly fewer adhesive fractures than CTRL. Conclusions: CHX addition to the primer protects dentin bond strength from declining after biological loading. Thus, it may offer some clinical advantage in terms of secondary caries inhibition around composite restorations. However, since loss of adhesion at baseline was less when 2% CHX was used as a dentin pre-treatment, it can be suggested as a safer option. so that bonding is not undermined by potential chemical interactions from CHX with the adhesives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Low mechanical properties are the main limitation of glass ionomer cements (GICs). The incorporation of elastomeric micelles is expected to enhance the strength of GICs without detrimentally affecting their physical properties and biocompatibility. This study compared the chemical and mechanical properties, as well as the cytotoxicity, of elastomeric micelles-containing glass ionomer cement (DeltaFil, DT) with commonly used materials, including EQUIA Forte Fil (EF), Fuji IX GP Extra (F9), and Ketac Molar (KT). Method: Powder particles of GICs were examined with SEM-EDX. Setting kinetics were assessed using ATR-FTIR. Biaxial flexural strength/modulus and Vickers surface microhardness were measured after immersion in water for 24 h and 4 weeks. The release of F, Al, Sr, and P in water over 8 weeks was analyzed using a fluoride-specific electrode and ICP-OES. The toxicity of the material extract on mouse fibroblasts was also evaluated. Results: High fluoride levels in the powder were detected with EF and F9. DT demonstrated an initial delay followed by a faster acid reaction compared to other cements, suggesting an improved snap set. DT also exhibited superior flexural strength than other materials at both 24 h and 4 weeks but lower surface microhardness (p < 0.05). EF and F9 showed higher release of F, Al, and P than DT and KT. There was no statistically significant difference in fibroblast viability among the tested materials (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Elastomeric micelles-containing glass ionomer cement (DT) exhibited satisfactory mechanical properties and cytocompatibility compared with other materials. DT could, therefore, potentially be considered an alternative high-strength GIC for load-bearing restorations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Cementation of glass fiber posts to root canals has been associated with various failures, especially debonding. This narrative review aims to present the contemporary concepts concerning the adhesive cementation of glass fiber post and to discuss the optimal management of these factors. (2) Methods: Electronic search was performed in MEDLINE/Pub Med and Google Scholar using selected keywords examining the parameters post length, surface treatment of glass fiber posts, post space preparation and dentin pretreatment, resin cement selection, adhesive systems and hybrid layer formation, and clinical techniques. (3) Results: The search led to the selection of 44 articles. Epoxy resin-based endodontic sealers are recommended and the use of temporary cement in the root canal should be avoided. The minimum length of a glass fiber post adhesively cemented to a root canal is 5 mm. Irrigating the root canals with chlorhexidine, MTAD, or EDTA (alone or in combination with NaOCl) after post space preparation seems to enhance the bond strength. Silane application on the surface of the post seems to be beneficial. Concerning resin cements and adhesive systems, the results were rather inconclusive. Finally, resin cement should be applied inside the root canal with an elongation tip and photoactivation should be delayed. (4) Conclusions: Contemporary concepts of adhesive cementation of glass fiber posts can indeed improve the bond between glass fiber posts, resin cement, and root canal dentin, however, evidence coming from long-term randomized prospective clinical trials is needed in order to obtain safer conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study investigated the effect of carbodiimide (EDC) combined with Clearfil SE self-etch adhesive on the shear bond strength (SBS), crosslinking degree, denaturation temperature, and enzyme activity of dentin in vitro. Materials and methods: Collected human sound third molars were randomly divided into different groups with or without EDC treatment (0.01–1 M). The specimens (n = 16)were stored for 24 h (immediate) or 12 months (aging) before testing the SBS. Fine dentin powder was obtained and treated with the same solutions. Then the crosslinking degree, denaturation temperature (Td), and enzyme activity were tested. Statistical analysis was performed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to compare the differences of data between groups (α = 0.05). Results: There was a significant drop in immediate SBS and more adhesive fracture of 1.0 M EDC group, while there were no significant differences among the other groups. SEM showed a homogeneous interface under all treatments. After 12 months of aging, the SBS significantly decreased. Less decreases of SBS in the 0.3 and 0.5 M groups were found. Due to thermal and enzymatical properties consideration, the 0.3 and 0.5 M treatments also showed higher cross-link degree and Td with lower enzyme activity. Conclusion: 0.3 and 0.5 M EDC may be favorable for delaying the aging of self-etch bond strength for 12 months. But it is still needed thoroughly study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study evaluated the implant stability, volumetric changes, and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) of hydroxyapatite (HA) nano-coated sandblasted/acid-etched (SLA) implants compared to uncoated SLA implants. Methods: Forty patients were recruited and randomly allocated to HA nano-coated SLA group (test, n = 20) and uncoated SLA group (control, n = 20) using single-blinded/block randomization. Implants were immediately placed in maxillary posterior region using a digital surgical guide. Insertion torque and implant stability quotient (ISQ) were measured at implant surgery and 1, 2, 3, and 4 months postoperatively. Intraoral scans, PROMs and soft tissue inflammation data were collected, and multivariable linear regression analysis of ISQ was performed. Results: In total, 48 implants (test; n = 24, control; n = 24) in 37 patients (test; n = 19, control; n = 18) were analyzed. Despite no significant between-group difference at surgery, the test group showed higher ISQ values than the control group at 2 (76.53 ± 4.17 vs. 71.32 ± 4.79, p < 0.01), 3 (77.45 ± 4.41 vs. 73.85 ± 4.69, p < 0.05), and 4 months (79.08 ± 2.96 vs. 73.43 ± 3.52, p < 0.0001) postoperatively. There were no significant differences in linear and volumetric changes, PROMs, and soft tissue inflammation analysis between two groups. The ISQ at implant surgery was influenced by age and diabetes mellitus (DM) at the implant level and DM and predicted total bone-to-implant contact area at the patient level. Conclusion: HA nano-coated SLA implants promoted favorable immediate implants stability during early osseointegration phase compared to uncoated SLA implants, but displayed similar dimensional changes, PROMs, and soft tissue inflammation outcomes. Trial registration: Clinical Research Information Service (CRIS), KCT0006364. Registered 21 July 2021, https://cris.nih.go.kr/cris/search/detailSearch.do?seq=24221&search_page=L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different surface treatments on the repair bond strength between a fiber‐reinforced dentin composite and a posterior composite. Methods: Forty fiber‐reinforced dentin composite resin blocks (4 mm × 4 mm × 4 mm) were separated into eight groups (n = 5) according to the surface preparation methods: (G1) negative control group, (G2) adhesive application, (G3) 50% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) application, (G4) 50% DMSO + adhesive application, (G5) 37% phosphoric acid etch + adhesive application, (G6) air abrasion + adhesive application, (G7) 37% phosphoric acid etch + 50% DMSO application + adhesive application, and (G8) air abrasion +50% DMSO application + adhesive application group. The composite surfaces were repaired in two layers with a posterior composite. Composite sticks were subjected to a micro tensile bond strength (μTBS) test. Fractured surfaces were evaluated using a stereomicroscope (×25). Short fiber‐reinforced composite samples' surfaces were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Shapiro Wilk, one‐way ANOVA, and Tukey HSD tests were used for statistical evaluation. Results: The highest average (μTBS) values were observed in G8, whereas the lowest mean μTBS values were evident in the G1 group. Statistically significant μTBS values were found in all adhesive‐applied groups when compared with the negative control group. Notably, the application of 50% DMSO without adhesive did not lead to a statistically significant increase in μTBS values. SEM images demonstrated that acid etching partially eliminated residues on the composite surface, while air abrasion had a detrimental effect on the integrity of fiber structures. Conclusion: In the repair of fiber‐reinforced dentin composite with a posterior composite, adhesive application is an effective approach. The treatment of 50% DMSO without adhesive did not confer a statistically significant advantage, and the supplemental use of acid etch or air abrasion did not show an additional benefit compared to adhesive‐only repairs. Clinical Significance: Adhesive application emerges as a potent and effective strategy for the repair of bur‐roughened fiber‐reinforced dentin composites. With its limitations, the study highlights the efficacy of adhesive‐only repairs without the necessity for additional surface treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This research aimed to assess the push-out bond strength (PBS) to dentin of three distinct obturation materials inside the root canal and identify the failure mechanism. Materials and Methods: The research used 30 undamaged human mandibular premolars. The specimens were randomly assigned to three groups, each employing a different sealer (n = 10). Group 1 used AH Plus sealer, Group 2 used GuttaFlow-2 sealer, and Group 3 used bioceramic sealer (CeraSeal). The obturation procedure was performed utilizing the single-cone method with gutta-percha. The specimens were divided into sections and loaded using a universal testing machine. Following PBS testing, every sample underwent a stereomicroscope examination, and the specific failure mechanism was documented. Results: The average PBS was greatest for AH Plus, followed by CeraSeal and Guttaflow-2. Notable disparities existed between the coronal and apical levels. Conclusion: AH Plus exhibited superior PBS qualities to root dentin compared to other sealers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: The aim of this randomized split-mouth study-controlled clinical trial was to compare the 2-year clinical performance of resin composite restorations placed at non-caries cervical lesions (NCCL) with one-step self-etch, total-etch, and selective enamel etch and self-etch adhesive techniques. Materials and methods: Thirty-two patients received three resin composite restorations each at NCCLs (Tetric EvoCeram/Ivoclar/Vivadent), bonded with a total-etch adhesive agent (ExciTE F/Ivoclar/Vivadent) and a self-etch (AdheSE One F/Ivoclar/Vivadent) without and with selective enamel etching. All restorations were evaluated by two examiners at baseline, 6-, 12-, 18-, and 24-months with FDI clinical criteria (post-operation regarding retention, caries occurrence, marginal adaptation, and marginal staining). A logistic regression analysis, a Cohen's kappa statistic, a multifactorial analysis, and X2 were performed with generalized estimating equations. Results: After 2 years, the retention rate was 86.8% for total etch, 92.26% for self-etch, and 93.63% for selective enamel etching and self-etch. No caries was detected on the restorations. Concerning marginal adaptation, the clinically perfect restorations were 26.9% for the total-etch technique, 16% for self-etch, and 25.9% for selective enamel etch and self-etch. The logistic regression model revealed that only time reduced the probability of perfect marginal adaptation. Conclusions: All three adhesive strategies provided restorations with no significant differences in the retention rate or marginal adaptation, whereas the total etch yielded better performance for marginal staining. All restorations were assessed as clinically acceptable after 2 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this randomized, split-mouth-designed controlled and single-blinded clinical study was to evaluate the 3-year clinical performance of Class I and Class II resin composite restorations placed with or without cavity lining with a flowable composite. Fifty patients with treatment needs in two premolars or molars were included. One of the teeth was restored using the nanohybrid composite (Grandio®SO, control group), in the test group a high viscosity flowable composite was additionally applied as a first layer. In both groups, the same self-etch adhesive system was applied. Clinical evaluation after 3 years was carried out using the modified USPHS/Ryge criteria. At the 3-year follow-up the recall rate was 92%. Four restorations failed in the test group (8.7%), three due to the loss of vitality and one after fracture. The control group exhibited a cumulative success rate of 100%, while the test group achieved a success rate of 91.3%. This led to significant differences in the annual failure rate (AFR) between the two groups, with rates of 0% and 2.9% (p < 0.05; Mann–Whitney U-test). After 3 years the cumulative survival rate including all restorations was 95.7%. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences for the parameters: tooth vitality, marginal discoloration, success rate, and AFR. The other parameters exhibited no significant differences. Consequently, the nanohybrid composite demonstrated excellent performance over a 3-year period, whereas the utilization of a flowable composite for the cavity lining did not appear to exert a beneficial influence on clinical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The stability of resin–dentin interfaces is still highly questionable. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Salvadora persica on resin–dentin bond durability. Materials and methods: Extracted human third molars were used to provide mid-coronal dentin, which was treated with 20% Salvadora persica extract for 1 min after acid-etching. Microtensile bond strength and interfacial nanoleakage were evaluated after 24 h and 6 months. A three-point flexure test was used to measure the stiffness of completely demineralized dentin sticks before and after treatment with Salvadora persica extract. The hydroxyproline release test was also used to measure collagen degradation by endogenous dentin proteases. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Bonferroni test and unpaired t-test. P-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The use of Salvadora persica as an additional primer with etch-and-rinse adhesive did not affect the immediate bond strengths and nanoleakage (p > 0.05). After 6 months, the bond strength of the control group decreased (p = 0.007), and nanoleakage increased (p = 0.006), while Salvadora persica group showed no significant difference in bond strength and nanoleakage compared to their 24 h groups (p > 0.05). Salvadora persica increased dentin stiffness and decreased collagen degradation (p < 0.001) compared to their controls. Conclusion: Salvadora persica extract pretreatment of acid-etched dentin preserved resin–dentin bonded interface for 6 months. Clinical significance: Durability of resin-dentin bonded interfaces is still highly questionable. Endogenous dentinal matrix metalloproteinases play an important role in degradation of dentinal collagen within such interfaces. Salvadora persica may preserve resin-dentin interfaces for longer periods of time contributing to greater clinical success and longevity of resin composite restorations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the clinical performance of posterior restorations over wet and dry dentin with an etch-and-rinse adhesive after 36 months of clinical service. Forty-five participants were recruited, each one had at least two posterior teeth that needed restoration. Ninety restorations were placed on Class I or Class II cavities. For the restoration protocol, a simplified etch-and-rinse adhesive (Adper Single Bond 2) was applied over wet (WD) or dry dentin (DD) and later restored with a bulk-fill composite (Filtek Bulk Fill) under rubber dam isolation. Each restoration was evaluated using the World Dental Federation (FDI) criteria after 6, 12, and 36 months of clinical service, regarding the following principal restoration characteristics: postoperative sensitivity, marginal discoloration, marginal adaptation, fracture of material and retention, and recurrence of caries. Kruskal Wallis analysis of variance rank (α = 0.05) and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis were used for statistical analysis. After 36 months of clinical evaluation, no significant difference between groups was observed in each FDI criterion (p > 0.05). Twenty restorations (WD=10, DD=10) showed minor marginal staining, and twenty-two restorations (WD=11, DD=11) presented small marginal adaptation defects (p > 0.05). Four restorations were lost (WD = 2, DD = 2) and the fracture rates (95% confidence interval) were 94.9% for each one, without significant difference between wet and dry dentin (p > 0.05). The degree of dentin moisture does not seem to affect the clinical performance of a simplified etch-and-rinse adhesive in posterior restorations when the adhesive is applied vigorously over the dentine surface. • Dentin moisture did not influence the postoperative sensitivity of restorations. • Posterior restorations on wet or dry dentin had equal marginal integrity over time. • Dentin moisture did not influence the longevity of the restoration after 36 months. • An etch-and-rinse adhesive clinical performance is similar in wet and dry dentin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the quality of marginal sealing at the cervical margins of indirect and direct composite resin restorations in mesio-occluso-distal (MOD) cavities. Material and method: MOD preparations were performed on 30 extracted teeth. The mesial cervical margin of each tooth was relocated using a flow composite resin (Enamel Plus HRi Flow, Micerium, Avegno, GE, Italy), then the samples were divided into three groups. In group A, the cavities were directly restored using a nanohybrid composite resin (Miris 2 Coltène Whaledent, Altstaetten, Switzerland) and a universal adhesive (ScotchBond Universal, 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) by the etch-and-rinse strategy, for group B, the restoration procedure was similar but the self-etch strategy was used, and the samples in group C were filled using the inlay technique. Each sample was stored for 48 h in a 2% methylene blue solution, then it was cut in a mesio-distal direction using a Struers Secotom 50 device (Cleveland, OH, USA). The marginal sealing and adhesive interface were assessed for each sample at the cervical margin by optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). One-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc tests were used with a significance level of 0.05. Results: Significant differences were recorded within groups A and C, between mesial and distal margins (p = 0.02 in group A and p = 0.043 in group C). Conclusions: The marginal sealing is more effective in MOD inlay restoration compared to direct restorations. Relocation of the cervical margin with flow composite resin and the use of different adhesive strategies do not improve the marginal sealing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resin infiltration is a minimally invasive technique to treat mild hypomineralized lesions. It seals the porosity of the affected enamel, strengthens the enamel defect and improves the aesthetics of the lesion. However, there are disadvantages such as lack of evidence on its long-term durability and microleakage. This article provides an overview on the resin infiltration concept and the procedure for its application. CPD/Clinical Relevance: Resin infiltration is a minimally invasive procedure that occludes the pores and inhibits further demineralization. within the lesion body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonthermal atmospheric or low-pressure plasma (NTP) can improve the surface characteristics of dental materials without affecting their bulk properties. This study aimed to systematically review the available scientific evidence on the effectiveness of using NTP for the surface treatment of etchable, silica-based dental ceramics before cementation, and elucidate its potential to replace the hazardous and technically demanding protocol of hydrofluoric acid (HF) etching. A valid search query was developed with the help of PubMed's Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) vocabulary thesaurus and translated to three electronic databases: PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed according to an adapted version of the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS). Thirteen in vitro study reports published between 2008 and 2023 were selected for the qualitative and quantitative data synthesis. The implemented methodologies were diverse, comprising 19 different plasma treatment protocols with various device settings. Argon, helium, oxygen, or atmospheric air plasma may significantly increase the wettability and roughness of silicate ceramics by plasma cleaning, etching, and activation, but the treatment generally results in inferior bond strength values after cementation compared to those achieved with HF etching. The technically demanding protocol of plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition was employed more commonly, in which the surface deposition of hexamethyl disiloxane with subsequent oxygen plasma activation proved the most promising, yielding bond strengths comparable to those of the positive control. Lack of power analysis, missing adequate control, absence of examiner blinding, and non-performance of specimen aging were common methodological frailties that contributed most to the increase in bias risk (mean MINORS score 15.3 ± 1.1). NTP can potentially improve the adhesive surface characteristics of dental silicate ceramics in laboratory conditions, but the conventional protocol of HF etching still performs better in terms of the resin-ceramic bond strength and longevity. More preclinical research is needed to determine the optimal NTP treatment settings and assess the aging of plasma-treated ceramic surfaces in atmospheric conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical performance of surface sealants associated with a bulk-fill composite in posterior restorations after 4 years. A total of 174 posterior restorations were performed on 57 participants using a self-etch adhesive system and a bulk-fill composite. The groups were then divided into the following categories: 1) without surface sealant (NoS), 2) with surface sealant Biscover (Bisco, SBi), and 3) with surface sealant Permaseal (Ultradent, SPe). Restorations were evaluated using FDI criteria at baseline and after 1 and 4 years. Statistical analysis was conducted using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and the Chi-square test (α = 0.05). After 4 years, only one restoration was lost (1 in the NoS group). The fracture/retention rate (with 95% confidence interval) was 98% for NoS and 100% for both SBi and SPe (p = 0.76). The majority of secondary outcomes showed minor defects, with no significant differences among the groups (p > 0.05). However, significant differences were observed among the groups in terms of marginal staining and marginal adaptation (p = 0.03). In both items, twelve restorations (nine in NoS, one in SBi, and two in SPe) showed minor marginal discrepancies favoring the sealant groups (SBi and SPe). Regardless of the use of surface sealants, the bulk-fill composite restorations showed excellent clinical performance after 4 years. However, the groups that received sealants showed better marginal adaptation and less marginal discoloration compared to those that did not receive sealants. • Surface sealants may not significantly influence the longevity of 4-year composite restorations. • Restorations with surface sealants showed a subtle reduction in marginal defects. • Participants' age could be a factor influencing the risk of post-operative sensitivity. • Deeper cavities may increase the risk of post-operative sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the type of etchant on the shear bond strength (SBS) of metallic brackets to enamel and the Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) after debonding. A total of 30 mandibular and maxillary premolars were randomly distributed into groups (n = 10) treated with 1 of 3 enamel surface-conditioning agents: 35% phosphoric acid (PA), 35% glycolic acid (GA), or 35% ferulic acid (FA). The designated acid was applied to the buccal enamel surface of the tooth for 20 seconds, and the tooth was then rinsed with distilled water for 20 seconds and air dried for 5 seconds. A metal bracket was bonded to the prepared surface with light-cured orthodontic resin. After 24 hours, the bracket-tooth interface was submitted to SBS testing in a universal testing machine at a speed of 0.5 mm/min. After debonding, the enamel surface was observed under a stereomicroscope (x20 magnification) to determine the ARI. The generalized linear models showed that the PA and GA groups presented significantly higher SBSs than the FA group (P = 0.0003). The ARI was significantly higher in specimens treated with PA than with the other acids (P < 0.05; Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests), with a larger quantity of adhesive remaining adhered to the tooth. Both PA and GA are effective for bonding brackets, but GA resulted in a lower percentage of adhesive remnant adhered to the enamel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the development and evaluation of a photochromic bracket adhesive (PCA) for orthodontic use, aiming to improve the efficiency of adhesive removal and reduce enamel damage. Topics include the formulation and testing of PCA for biocompatibility and bond strength, as well as the assessment of its photochromic properties and effectiveness in adhesive removal during orthodontic procedures.

This study was conducted to compare the effects of an innovative plasma surface treatment device that does not need a gas supply for titanium disks with two different surface topographies: the prototypical machined surface (MAC) and one of the most diffused roughened ones (SL) obtained through grit blasting and acid etching. A total of 200-MAC and 200-SL titanium disks were used. Each group of disks was divided into four sub-groups of 40 samples each that were subjected to five different tests. Among these, 150-MAC and 150-SL were considered the test group, and they were treated with plasma for 15, 30, and 60 s after being removed from the sterile packaging. On the other hand, 50-MAC and 50-SL were considered the control group, and they were only removed from sterile plastic vials. The samples were analyzed to evaluate the capability of the plasma treatment in influencing protein adsorption, cell adhesion, proliferation, and microbial growth on the test group disks when compared to the untreated disks. Protein adsorption was significantly enhanced after 20 min of plasma treatment for 15 and 30 s on the MAC and SL disks. Plasma treatment for 15 and 30 s significantly increased the level of adhesion in both treated samples after 30 min. Furthermore, the MAC samples showed a significant increase in cell adhesion 4 h after plasma treatment for 15 s. The SEM analysis highlighted that, on the treated samples (especially on the MAC disks), the cells with a polygonal and flat shape prevailed, while the fusiform- and globular-shaped cells were rare. The encouraging results obtained further confirm the effectiveness of plasma treatments on cell adhesion and fibroblast activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing Ti and Ti alloys as dental materials established a huge spurt in the field of dentistry. Since implantation is an invasive procedure that involves tissue penetration, infection control is mandatory for increasing the success rate of the implant treatment. In this study, we aimed to assess the impact of the surface physicochemical properties of acid-treated Ti on microorganisms specifically bacteria. After investigating the surface morphology and characteristics of acid-treated and untreated Ti sheets, we evaluated their potential to capture Escherichia coli (E. coli.) as well as the latter's survival on the surface of both types of sheets. Finally, we assessed the efficiency of the antibacterial properties exhibited by Ti against the oral microflora. SEM images revealed surface roughening of the acid-treated Ti represented by significantly irregular shape. Moreover, the acid-treated Ti exhibited remarkable hydrophobicity. A quantitative evaluation confirmed that acid-treated Ti has higher bacterial capture and antibacterial properties than untreated Ti. Further experiments showed similar effects of both types of Ti not only on E. coli but also on oral microflora. Results suggest that acid treatment of Ti surface is a potent technique for enhancing the antibacterial properties of Ti-derived materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To assess the micro tensile bond strength (µTBS) of two resin matrix ceramic (RMC) blocks bonded to composite resin by using different repair protocols with and without chewing simulation (CS). Materials and methods: Two resin matrix ceramic blocks (Vita Enamic and Lava Ultimate) were divided into 4 groups according to the surface treatments: Bur grinding (control), Bur grinding + silane, 9.5% HF acid etching, and 9.5% HF acid etching + silane. The single bond universal adhesive was applied on all specimens after the surface treatments according to the manufacturer's instructions, it was administered actively on the treated surface for 20 s and then light cured for 10 s, followed by incremental packing of composite resin to the treated surface. Each group was further divided into 2 subgroups (with/without chewing simulation for 500,000 cycles). A micro tensile bond strength test was performed for each group (n = 15). The effect of surface treatments on the materials was examined by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The micro tensile bond strength (MPa) data were analyzed with a three-way ANOVA, the independent t-test, and one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey post-hoc test. Results: µTBS results were significantly higher for Lava Ultimate than Vita Enamic for all the surface treatment protocols with (p < 0.01). The chewing simulation significantly negatively affected the micro-tensile bond strength (p < 0.001). Bur grinding + saline exhibited the highest bond strength values for Lava Ultimate, both with and without chewing simulation. For Vita Enamic, bur grinding + saline and HF acid + saline showed significantly higher bond strength values compared to other surface treatments, both with and without chewing simulation (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: Bur grinding + silane could be recommended as a durable repair protocol for indirect resin matrix ceramics blocks with composite resin material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the effect of different hydrofluoric acid concentrations and etching times on the surface, chemical composition and microstructure of lithium disilicate. Material and Methods: Ninety specimens of pressed lithium disilicate (LDS) were obtained (IPS e.max Press, Rosetta SP and LiSi Press). The specimens of each material were divided in two groups according to the hydrofluoric acid concentration: 5% and 10% (n = 15/group), and subdivided according to the etching time: 20, 40 and 60 s (n = 5/group). Crystalline evaluations and chemical composition were performed through x‐ray diffraction (XRD) and energy‐dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy (EDS), respectively. Microstructural analyses were performed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), surface roughness (Ra), and material thickness removal evaluation. Thickness removal and Ra data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test (p < 0.05). Results: XRD demonstrated characteristic peaks of lithium disilicate crystals, lithium phosphate and of a vitreous phase for all materials. EDS identified different compositions and SEM confirmed different surface responses to acid etching protocols. Material and etching time influenced Ra and material thickness removal (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Hydrofluoric acid concentration and etching time affect the surface characteristics of LDS differently. LiSi Press presented higher resistance to hydrofluoric acid etching compared to e.max Press and Rosetta SP. Clinical Significance: Applying the appropriate etching protocol is pivotal to avoid excessive material removal and to prevent jeopardize the mechanical and optical properties of the material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The long‑term success of adhesive restorations is contingent on minimizing microleakage, which can lead to postoperative sensitivity and secondary caries. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) irrigation are commonly employed during adhesive restorative procedures, but their impact on microleakage remains a concern. Proanthocyanidin (PA), a naturally derived agent, has shown potential in enhancing bond strength. Aim: This study aimed to compare and evaluate the effect of treatment with or without 30% PA of the pulp chamber dentin after 1% NaOCl and 17% EDTA irrigation on the microleakage of adhesive restorations. Materials and Methods: Forty caries‑free, freshly extracted permanent human molars were used. The pulp chamber roof was removed, and the roots were resected. Canal orifices were enlarged and sealed. Specimens were divided into four groups based on adhesives (OptiBond All‑In‑One and Adper Easy One) and irrigation regimens. After irrigation, pulp chambers were restored with Filtek Bulk‑Fill composite resin. Microleakage was assessed using methylene blue dye penetration. Results: Microleakage was observed in all groups, irrespective of irrigation protocol and adhesives. PA application showed reduced dye penetration compared to without PA, although not statistically significant. Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests at P < 0.05. Conclusion: Irrigation protocols and the use of PA had no significant effect on the microleakage of self‑etch adhesives to pulp chamber dentin. A 1‑min application of 30% PA solution after NaOCl and EDTA irrigation did not improve the bonding of self‑etch adhesives to pulp chamber dentin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aims of this study were: (1) to quantify the marginal bone loss (MBL) of 3.3-mm narrow-diameter, bone-level, titanium-zirconia (Ti-Zr) implants with two different surfaces in single restorations after a 1-year follow-up; (2) to analyze the combinations of different variables that may influence MBL; and (3) to record the Pink Esthetic Score (PES) value and its correlation with MBL. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective longitudinal clinical study with a 1-year follow-up after crown placement. Two different implant surfaces (sandblasted acid-etched and modified sandblasted acid-etched) were used. All bone-level and bone level--tapered implants had a diameter of 3.3 mm. Different healing and prosthetic abutments were used. Clinical, radiographic, and photographic records were taken 6 months and 1 year after placement of the restorations, and the survival rate, MBL, PES, clinical parameters, and biologic and/or mechanical complications were assessed. The correlations between the variables and MBL were verified. Results: A total of 30 narrow-diameter implants were placed in 30 patients; 18 implants had a sandblasted acid-etched surface, and 12 implants had a modified sandblasted acid-etched surface. The measured MBL at 1 year after implant function had a mean value of -0.36 mm, ranging from 0 mm to -1.77 mm. There was no implant loss. A statistically significant relationship was observed between implant shape (design and length), implant placement level, healing abutment, prosthetic abutment size, gingival thickness, and MBL. The mean PES values recorded at the beginning and end of the study were 7.58 and 11.37, respectively. Conclusion: Narrow-diameter implants showed reduced MBL values, with the surrounding tissues remaining stable after 1 year of follow-up. The MBL did not show different values on two implant surfaces. MBL does not seem to influence esthetic outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In a suitable condition, it is important to perform any dental restorative procedure using an operatory field isolated. Then, the aim of this study was to compare the bond strength of composite restorations to dentin affected by any contamination agent through a systematic review. Methods: This systematic review was performed following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The literature search was conducted until September 2022 by scanning the following databases: Embase, PubMed, Scielo, Scopus, and Web of Science. Manuscripts evaluated the bond strength of resin‐based materials to permanent human dentin contaminated with blood or saliva were selected for full‐text review. The risk of bias was assessed by the RoBDEMAT tool. Results: A total of 3750 papers resulted from the search from all databases. After the full‐text reading, a total of 62 articles remained for the qualitative analysis. The contamination agents used were blood, saliva, and hemostatic agents. A great variety of protocols were used to contaminate the dentin surface, and the contamination process occurred in several steps of the bonding process, including before and after the etching process, after the primer application and after the adhesive application. Also, several decontamination procedures were tested, including reapplication of the etching material, rinsing with water, chlorhexidine or sodium hypochlorite and reapplication of the adhesive system. Conclusion: Any contamination with blood or saliva impaired the bond strength of resin‐based materials to dentin. Decontamination procedures including water‐spray and reapplication of the bonding system could revert the impairment produced by the saliva or blood contamination. The use of hemostatic agents as a method of blood decontamination is not recommended. Clinical Significance: Clinicians should avoid contamination during a bonding procedure, otherwise, a reduction in the bond quality is expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the effect of etch‐and‐rinse (ER) versus self‐etch (SE) strategies of a universal adhesive applied with a manual brush (MB) or rotary brush (RB) on the bonding interface of fiber post cementation. Methods: Forty bovine incisor roots were prepared and divided into four groups according to the methods of application and strategy of universal adhesive use (MB‐ER, RB‐ER, MB‐SE and RB‐SE). After 6 months, specimens from different thirds of the post space were evaluated of push‐out strength, analysis of adhesive failure patterns, and extent of tags. Results: The RB‐ER and RB‐SE groups showed the highest bond strength values in the cervical and middle thirds of the post space. Cohesive adhesive failure had the highest incidence in the different thirds of the post space in the ER strategy, regardless of the adhesive application method. The RB‐ER group showed the highest tag extensions. Conclusions: The protocols of universal adhesive application with RB provided the greater bond strength, but only the ER strategy favored the formation of a greater extension of tags at the adhesive interface. Clinical Significance: The application of universal adhesive with RB into the post space increases the strength of the post‐cemented fiber bond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this double-blind, and randomized controlled clinical trial was to evaluate the 5-year clinical performance of posterior resin composite restorations placed with the incremental filling technique [IF] or the bulk-fill technique [BF]. Two different adhesive systems were used: etch-&-rinse (ER) or self-etch (SE). Posterior dental teeth of 72 participants (n = 236), with a cavity depth of at least 3 mm, were randomly divided into four groups. Restorations were applied with either Tetric N-Bond or Tetric N-Bond SE. The composite resin Tetric N-Ceram Bulk-Fill was placed either with IF or BF. Restorations were evaluated using FDI criteria at baseline and after 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years. Statistical analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon Signed rank test (a=0.05). Two hundred and four restorations were evaluated after 5 years. Eleven restorations were considered 'failed', ten due to fracture (4 IF and 6 BF) and one due to secondary caries (IF). The annual failure rate was 1.2% for BF and 1% for IF (p = 0.35). When comparing BF and IF, no significant differences were found for any of the parameters evaluated (p > 0.05). Regarding the adhesive systems, 44 and 51 restorations showed minor problems in terms of marginal adaptation and staining, with significantly more marginal discoloration when the self-etch adhesive was used (p = 0.002). The bulk-fill restorative technique showed good clinical behavior compared to the incremental filling technique, especially when using an etch-&-rinse adhesive, after 5 years of clinical evaluation. [Display omitted] • Bulk-fill technique had similar clinical behavior to incremental filling technique. • Use of etch & rinse adhesive reduced the risk of marginal staining after 5 years. • Minor not significant discrepancies in color match were shown between techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The objective was to assess the effect of various etching techniques on the shear bond strength(SBS) of resin infiltrated sound/ demineralized enamel. Materials and Methods: A total of 180 extracted human upper incisors’ enamel surfaces were utilized. Half of these specimens underwent artificial demineralization, which involved exposing to an acidic buffer with a pH of 4.8 (14 days). The remaining half of the specimens were kept in their original sound condition. Subsequently, both the sound/ demineralized specimens were divided into 6 groups according to the presence (I)/absence (NI) of resin infiltrant and etching methods (35% phosphoric acid (PA), 9% hydrofluoric acid (HFA), and Er,Cr: YSGG laser(L) (n=15): Following different etching procedures, an etch-and-rinse adhesive system was used, before the application of a nanohybrid composite to the enamel surfaces. Then all specimens were submitted to SBS test (MPa). Three-way ANOVA and Bonferroni test were used for statistical analysis (p=0.05). Results: PA showed the highest SBS in the I groups compared with L and HFA groups, both in demineralized and sound enamel (p<0.05). On sound enamel, L showed higher SBS than HFA (p<0.05). On demineralized enamel, L showed similar values with HFA(p>0.05). In the NI groups, L showed similar SBS to HFA on both demineralized and sound enamel(p>0.05). Conclusions: Resin-infiltrated enamel can be etched by 35% phosphoric acid without jeopardize bond strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Dental implant surface treatments affect microbial adhesion even though they have a significant impact on osseointegration. This study aimed to quantify and compare the total bacterial load and red complex microorganisms among patients with different surfacemodified dental implants. Materials and Methods: In this prospective clinical study, 78 patients who had undergone implant placement for missing single posterior tooth in mandible using sandblasted acid-etched and anodized surface dental implants during August 2019-December 2019 were enrolled and were categorized into Group 1 (SLA; n = 27), Group 2 (SLActive; n = 26), and Group 3 (TiUnite; n = 25) based on dental implants' surface modification. Total bacterial copy count, total red complex copy-count, and copy-count numbers of Treponema denticola, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Tanneralla forsythia were quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. Paired t test, one-way analysis of variance, and Tukey's honest significant difference post hoc were used for data analysis. Results: Total bacterial load, copy-count of P. gingivalis, copy-count of T. forsythia, copy-count of T. denticola, and total red complex load were high in Group 3 as compared to Groups 1 and 2 (P = 0.05). At baseline (P = 0.05) and the 1-year follow-up (P = 0.05), a significant difference was observed between the groups on the pairwise comparison. An intragroup comparison revealed that all three groups had statistically significant differences from the baseline in terms of all the measured variables (P = 0.05). Conclusion: Higher total bacterial count and red complex bacterial count were observed around TiUnite followed by SLA and SLActive dental implants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Non-carious cervical lesions (NCCL) raise a considerable restorative challenge for the dentist in bonding, as adhesion is not as strong and predictable as enamel bonding. A critical factor for restorative success is the selection of restorative material. Clinicians have tried many restorative materials and techniques to obtain the best performance. The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the clinical outcome of a Giomer and Resin modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) restoration in NCCL using united states public health service (USPHS) criteria at baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months. Materials and Method: Patients from age 25 - 50 years having non-carious cervical lesions on both the sides and requiring restorations were screened. 20 patients were selected and further divided into 2 groups using simple random sampling technique. Group A-Beautifil II restoration using G-Premio bond (n = 10) and Group B-Ketac N100 restoration (n = 10). Restorations were done according to manufacturer's instructions and consequently evaluated at baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months using the USPHS criteria for marginal discolouration, marginal integrity, surface texture, colour match, gross fracture and post-operative sensitivity. Results: Giomer restorations showed better results than RMGIC. There was decrease in alpha ratings in both the study groups i.e., Giomer and RMGIC from 6 to 12 months. Discussion: The overall findings suggest that both Giomer and RMGIC gave satisfactory clinical results when used to restore noncarious cervical lesions. Both the materials can successfully be used since there was no statistically significant difference in the clinical outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a study on the effects of surface treatments and mouthwash on the bond strength of temporary restorative materials. The study found that sandblasting increased bond strength, while hydrofluoric acid etching decreased it. The type of cement used and the presence of mouthwash also had varying effects on bond strength. The study suggests that the choice of material and cement should be made carefully, taking into account their compatibility and the potential interaction with mouthwash. The study also highlights the importance of considering other factors that can affect bond strength and recommends using specific surface treatments and materials for better results. However, it should be noted that the study was conducted in vitro and further research is needed. This information can be useful for researchers and dental professionals studying and selecting materials for dental procedures. [Extracted from the article]

Introduction: The aim of the study is to assess the effect of photodynamic therapy(PDT) with curcumin and nanocurcumin photosensitizers on collagen-crosslinking and mineral content of human dentine. Materials and methods: In this in vitro, experimental study, 14 extracted human third molars were mesiodistally sectioned and underwent Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDX). Groups: treatment with 5% glutaraldehyde, PDT with curcumin+light emitting diode (LED), PDT with nanocurcumin+LED, and distilled water. FTIR and EDX were repeated after acid etching. Data was analyzed by repeated measures, one-way ANOVA, Tukey test and t-test(alpha=0.05). Results and discussion: Surface treatment of specimens with glutaraldehyde, and PDT with curcumin and nano-curcumin increased the CH2/amide3 ratio but not significantly (P>0.05). These treatments equally decreased the loss of calcium and phosphorous content after acid etching, the three experimental groups showing a significant difference with the negative control group (P<0.05). Conclusions: PDT with curcumin and nano-curcumin increased dentine collagen-crosslinking, and enhanced dentine resistance to demineralization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose: Mild and intermediately strong 2-step self-etch adhesives (2SEa) have been shown to bond efficiently to dentin. In general, their bonding efficiency to enamel is inferior to that of etch & rinse adhesives (E&Ra). On the other hand, their application procedure is less elaborate, and consequently leaves less room for application mistakes. The aim of this randomized controlled trial was to evaluate the clinical performance of an intermediately strong 2SEa, as compared with that of a 3-step E&Ra after 6 years of clinical functioning. Materials and Methods: 239 non-carious cervical lesions in 50 patients were restored with the nanohybrid composite Herculite XRV (Kerr), bonded in random order either with the 2SEa Optibond XTR ('O-XTR', Kerr) or the goldstandard control 3E&Ra Optibond FL ('O-FL', Kerr). The restorations were recalled after 1, 2 and 6 years of clinical service and examined for retention, marginal adaptation, marginal discoloration, caries occurrence, and postoperative sensitivity. Statistical analysis was performed using a logistic regression model with generalized estimating equations (2-way GEE model). Results: The patient recall rate at 6 years was 94%. The overall clinical success rate was 81.9% and 80.9% for O-XTR and O-FL, respectively. In total, 42 restorations (21 O-XTR, 21 O-FL) failed because of retention loss, severe abfraction/abrasion/erosion, severe marginal defects and/or discoloration, and/or caries. A retention rate of 92.9% and 88.9% was recorded for O-XTR and O-FL, respectively. Progressive marginal deterioration was observed over the 6-year period. Small clinically acceptable marginal defects were recorded in about 70% of the restorations (O-XTR: 69.9%; O-FL: 74.1%). Regarding marginal discoloration, 37% of the O-XTR and 30.2% of the O-FL restorations showed superficial clinically acceptable marginal discoloration. Six O-XTR and 4 O-FL restorations exhibited caries at the restoration margin. No significant difference was observed between the two groups for any of the evaluated parameters (p > 0.05). Conclusion: After 6 years of clinical service, Class-V restorations bonded with the 2SEa performed clinically equally well as those bonded with the 3E&Ra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess the efficacy of phototherapy with an Er, Cr:YSGG laser on the bond strength of dentin using two different adhesive systems after chlorhexidine (CHX) application. Twenty-four non-carious human molar teeth were separated into three main groups: negative control Group A (Group A), CHX and phototherapy with an Er, Cr:YSGG laser (Group PC), and CHX with conventional diamond bur (no phototherapy) (Group C). These groups were divided into two subgroups based on adhesives: Clearfil Universal Quick Bond and Clearfil SE Bond. To evaluate the microtensile bond strength, the occlusal enamel surfaces of the teeth were removed with a low-speed, water-cooled diamond bur to expose hard dentin tissue. The teeth within Group PC were treated with Er, Cr:YSGG phototherapy. The surfaces were then disinfected with 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate. Subgroups were applied according to the manufacturer's instructions using the adhesive systems mentioned above. Following adhesive application, the teeth were restored with composite resin. A microtensile bond strength test was performed on the test sticks obtained from the teeth using a universal test device. Data were analyzed using variance analysis (ANOVA) at a significance level of p < 0.05. Among all groups, the highest bond strength was achieved with Clearfil SE Bond with CHX + phototherapy (45.6 ± 4.2), while the lowest was achieved with Clearfil Universal Quick Bond without phototherapy (control group) (27.0 ± 6.7) (p < 0.05). Phototherapy with Er, Cr: YSGG following chlorhexidine application enhanced the bond strength of both the bond systems (p < 0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

B ABSTRACT b B Purpose b To assess the mechanical performance and enamel-crack propensity of large MOD composite-resin restorations on maxillary molars with severely undermined cusps. Fracture modes for specimens bonded without rubber dam isolation were adhesive and cohesive within enamel, while rubber dam experimental groups revealed only cohesive fractures. A filled three-step etch-and-rinse adhesive performed superiorly, with or without rubber dam isolation, when bonding to enamel compared to an isopropanol-based universal adhesive. B Material and methods b In total, 88 bovine enamel samples (7 × 8 × 4mm; n = 8) were submitted to the ceramic laminate veneer luting protocol according to surface treatment (unbleached and bleached enamel), antioxidant agents (control; 10% ascorbic acid and 10% -tocopherol), and luting periods (after 24h and after 14 days). [Extracted from the article]