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1. A PRELIMINARY MODEL OF OPUNTIA FICUS-INDICA (L.) MILL. SUITABILITY FOR JORDAN

Author: D.E. Johnson, Alex G. Park, Ricardo Mata-González, Y.M. Mohawesh, and M. Louhaichi
Subjects: Horticulture, Opuntia ficus, Mill, Biology
Published: 2015
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2. Approaching the atrium through the intraparietal sulcus: Mapping the sulcal morphology and correlating the surgical corridor to underlying fiber tracts

Author: Koutsarnakis, C. Liakos, F. Kalyvas, A.V. Liouta, E. Emelifeonwu, J. Kalamatianos, T. Sakas, D.E. Johnson, E. Stranjalis, G.
Abstract: BACKROUND: Although the operative corridor used during the intraparietal transsulcal approach to the atrium has been previously investigated, most anatomical studies focus on its relationship to the optic radiations. OBJECTIVE: To study the intraparietal sulcus (IPS)morphology and to explore the subcortical anatomy with regard to the surgical trajectory used during the intraparietal transsulcal tranventricular approach. METHODS: Twenty-five adult, formalin fixed, cerebral hemispheres were investigated. Fifteen underwent the Klingler procedure and were dissected in a lateromedial direction using the fibermicrodissection technique. The trajectory of the dissection resembled that of real operative settings. The remaining 10 hemispheres were cut along the longitudinal axis of the sulcus in order to correlate its surface anatomy to corresponding parts of the ventricular system. RESULTS: IPS demonstrated an interrupted course in 36% of the specimens while its branching pattern was variable. The sulcus anterior half was found to overly the atrium in all occasions. Four discrete, consecutivewhite matter layerswere identified en route to the atrium, ie, the arcuate fibers, the arcuate segment of the superior longitudinal fasciculus, the corona radiata and tapetum, with the arcuate segment being near to the dissection trajectory. CONCLUSION: Given the angle of brain transgression during the intraparietal approach, we found the optimal dissection area to be the very middle of the sulcus. The IPS- postcentral sulcus meeting point, in contrast to previous thought, proved to risk potential injury to the arcuate segment of the superior longitudinal fasciculus, thus affecting surgical outcome. © 2017 by the Congress of Neurological Surgeons.
Published: 2017

3. The first network of marine protected areas (MPAs) in the high seas: The process, the challenges and where next

Author: Bethan Christine O'Leary, Callum M. Roberts, Jeff A. Ardron, D.E. Johnson, T. Packeiser, H. von Nordheim, and R.L. Brown
Subjects: Economics and Econometrics, Jurisdiction, business.industry, Process (engineering), OSPAR Convention, Environmental resource management, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Aquatic Science, Geography, International waters, Environmental protection, Marine ecosystem, Marine protected area, business, Law, General Environmental Science
Abstract: Marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly being established to protect and rebuild coastal and marine ecosystems. However, while the high seas are increasingly subject to exploitation, globally few MPAs exist in areas beyond national jurisdiction. In 2010 a substantial step forward was made in the protection of high seas ecosystems with 286,200 km 2 of the North-East Atlantic established as six MPAs. Here a summary is presented of how the world's first network of high seas marine protected areas was created under the OSPAR Convention, the main challenges and a series of key lessons learned, aiming to highlight approaches that also may be effective for similar efforts in the future. It is concluded that the designation of these six MPAs is just the start of the process and to achieve ecological coherence and representativity in the North-East Atlantic, the network will have to be complemented over time by additional MPA sites.
Published: 2012
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4. Erratum to: Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition) (Autophagy, 12, 1, 1-222, 10.1080/15548627.2015.1100356

Author: Klionsky, D.J. Abdelmohsen, K. Abe, A. Abedin, M.J. Abeliovich, H. Arozena, A.A. Adachi, H. Adams, C.M. Adams, P.D. Adeli, K. Adhihetty, P.J. Adler, S.G. Agam, G. Agarwal, R. Aghi, M.K. Agnello, M. Agostinis, P. Aguilar, P.V. Aguirre-Ghiso, J. Airoldi, E.M. Ait-Si-Ali, S. Akematsu, T. Akporiaye, E.T. Al-Rubeai, M. Albaiceta, G.M. Albanese, C. Albani, D. Albert, M.L. Aldudo, J. Algül, H. Alirezaei, M. Alloza, I. Almasan, A. Almonte-Beceril, M. Alnemri, E.S. Alonso, C. Altan-Bonnet, N. Altieri, D.C. Alvarez, S. Alvarez-Erviti, L. Alves, S. Amadoro, G. Amano, A. Amantini, C. Ambrosio, S. Amelio, I. Amer, A.O. Amessou, M. Amon, A. An, Z. Anania, F.A. Andersen, S.U. Andley, U.P. Andreadi, C.K. Andrieu-Abadie, N. Anel, A. Ann, D.K. Anoopkumar-Dukie, S. Antonioli, M. Aoki, H. Apostolova, N. Aquila, S. Aquilano, K. Araki, K. Arama, E. Aranda, A. Araya, J. Arcaro, A. Arias, E. Arimoto, H. Ariosa, A.R. Armstrong, J.L. Arnould, T. Arsov, I. Asanuma, K. Askanas, V. Asselin, E. Atarashi, R. Atherton, S.S. Atkin, J.D. Attardi, L.D. Auberger, P. Auburger, G. Aurelian, L. Autelli, R. Avagliano, L. Avantaggiati, M.L. Avrahami, L. Azad, N. Awale, S. Bachetti, T. Backer, J.M. Bae, D.-H. Bae, J.-S. Bae, O.-N. Bae, S.H. Baehrecke, E.H. Baek, S.-H. Baghdiguian, S. Bagniewska-Zadworna, A. Bai, H. Bai, J. Bai, X.-Y. Bailly, Y. Balaji, K.N. Balduini, W. Ballabio, A. Balzan, R. Banerjee, R. Bánhegyi, G. Bao, H. Barbeau, B. Barrachina, M.D. Barreiro, E. Bartel, B. Bartolomé, A. Bassham, D.C. Bassi, M.T. Bast, R.C., Jr. Basu, A. Batista, M.T. Batoko, H. Battino, M. Bauckman, K. Baumgarner, B.L. Bayer, K.U. Beale, R. Beaulieu, J.-F. Beck, G.R., Jr. Becker, C. Beckham, J.D. Bédard, P.-A. Bednarski, P.J. Begley, T.J. Behl, C. Behrends, C. Behrens, G.M.N. Behrns, K.E. Bejarano, E. Belaid, A. Belleudi, F. Bénard, G. Berchem, G. Bergamaschi, D. Bergami, M. Berkhout, B. Berliocchi, L. Bernard, A. Bernard, M. Bernassola, F. Bertolotti, A. Bess, A.S. Besteiro, S. Bettuzzi, S. Bhalla, S. Bhattacharyya, S. Bhutia, S.K. Biagosch, C. Bianchi, M.W. Biard-Piechaczyk, M. Billes, V. Bincoletto, C. Bingol, B. Bird, S.W. Bitoun, M. Bjedov, I. Blackstone, C. Blanc, L. Blanco, G.A. Blomhoff, H.K. Boada-Romero, E. Böckler, S. Boes, M. Boesze-Battaglia, K. Boise, L.H. Bolino, A. Boman, A. Bonaldo, P. Bordi, M. Bosch, J. Botana, L.M. Botti, J. Bou, G. Bouché, M. Bouchecareilh, M. Boucher, M.-J. Boulton, M.E. Bouret, S.G. Boya, P. Boyer-Guittaut, M. Bozhkov, P.V. Brady, N. Braga, V.M.M. Brancolini, C. Braus, G.H. Bravo-San-Pedro, J.M. Brennan, L.A. Bresnick, E.H. Brest, P. Bridges, D. Bringer, M.-A. Brini, M. Brito, G.C. Brodin, B. Brookes, P.S. Brown, E.J. Brown, K. Broxmeyer, H.E. Bruhat, A. Brum, P.C. Brumell, J.H. Brunetti-Pierri, N. Bryson-Richardson, R.J. Buch, S. Buchan, A.M. Budak, H. Bulavin, D.V. Bultman, S.J. Bultynck, G. Bumbasirevic, V. Burelle, Y. Burke, R.E. Burmeister, M. Bütikofer, P. Caberlotto, L. Cadwell, K. Cahova, M. Cai, D. Cai, J. Cai, Q. Calatayud, S. Camougrand, N. Campanella, M. Campbell, G.R. Campbell, M. Campello, S. Candau, R. Caniggia, I. Cantoni, L. Cao, L. Caplan, A.B. Caraglia, M. Cardinali, C. Cardoso, S.M. Carew, J.S. Carleton, L.A. Carlin, C.R. Carloni, S. Carlsson, S.R. Carmona-Gutierrez, D. Carneiro, L.A.M. Carnevali, O. Carra, S. Carrier, A. Carroll, B. Casas, C. Casas, J. Cassinelli, G. Castets, P. Castro-Obregon, S. Cavallini, G. Ceccherini, I. Cecconi, F. Cederbaum, A.I. Ceña, V. Cenci, S. Cerella, C. Cervia, D. Cetrullo, S. Chaachouay, H. Chae, H.-J. Chagin, A.S. Chai, C.-Y. Chakrabarti, G. Chamilos, G. Chan, E.Y.W. Chan, M.T.V. Chandra, D. Chandra, P. Chang, C.-P. Chang, R.C.-C. Chang, T.Y. Chatham, J.C. Chatterjee, S. Chauhan, S. Che, Y. Cheetham, M.E. Cheluvappa, R. Chen, C.-J. Chen, G. Chen, G.-C. Chen, G. Chen, H. Chen, J.W. Chen, J.-K. Chen, M. Chen, M. Chen, P. Chen, Q. Chen, Q. Chen, S.-D. Chen, S. Chen, S.S.-L. Chen, W. Chen, W.-J. Chen, W.Q. Chen, W. Chen, X. Chen, Y.-H. Chen, Y.-G. Chen, Y. Chen, Y. Chen, Y. Chen, Y.-J. Chen, Y.-Q. Chen, Y. Chen, Z. Chen, Z. Cheng, A. Cheng, C.H.K. Cheng, H. Cheong, H. Cherry, S. Chesney, J. Cheung, C.H.A. Chevet, E. Chi, H.C. Chi, S.-G. Chiacchiera, F. Chiang, H.-L. Chiarelli, R. Chiariello, M. Chieppa, M. Chin, L.-S. Chiong, M. Chiu, G.N.C. Cho, D.-H. Cho, S.-G. Cho, W.C. Cho, Y.-Y. Cho, Y.-S. Choi, A.M.K. Choi, E.-J. Choi, E.-K. Choi, J. Choi, M.E. Choi, S.-I. Chou, T.-F. Chouaib, S. Choubey, D. Choubey, V. Chow, K.-C. Chowdhury, K. Chu, C.T. Chuang, T.-H. Chun, T. Chung, H. Chung, T. Chung, Y.-L. Chwae, Y.-J. Cianfanelli, V. Ciarcia, R. Ciechomska, I.A. Ciriolo, M.R. Cirone, M. Claerhout, S. Clague, M.J. Cl� ria, J. Clarke, P.G.H. Clarke, R. Clementi, E. Cleyrat, C. Cnop, M. Coccia, E.M. Cocco, T. Codogno, P. Coers, J. Cohen, E.E.W. Colecchia, D. Coletto, L. Coll, N.S. Colucci-Guyon, E. Comincini, S. Condello, M. Cook, K.L. Coombs, G.H. Cooper, C.D. Cooper, J.M. Coppens, I. Corasaniti, M.T. Corazzari, M. Corbalan, R. Corcelle-Termeau, E. Cordero, M.D. Corral-Ramos, C. Corti, O. Cossarizza, A. Costelli, P. Costes, S. Cotman, S.L. Coto-Montes, A. Cottet, S. Couve, E. Covey, L.R. Cowart, L.A. Cox, J.S. Coxon, F.P. Coyne, C.B. Cragg, M.S. Craven, R.J. Crepaldi, T. Crespo, J.L. Criollo, A. Crippa, V. Cruz, M.T. Cuervo, A.M. Cuezva, J.M. Cui, T. Cutillas, P.R. Czaja, M.J. Czyzyk-Krzeska, M.F. Dagda, R.K. Dahmen, U. Dai, C. Dai, W. Dai, Y. Dalby, K.N. Valle, L.D. Dalmasso, G. D'amelio, M. Damme, M. Darfeuille-Michaud, A. Dargemont, C. Darley-Usmar, V.M. Dasarathy, S. Dasgupta, B. Dash, S. Dass, C.R. Davey, H.M. Davids, L.M. Dávila, D. Davis, R.J. Dawson, T.M. Dawson, V.L. Daza, P. de Belleroche, J. de Figueiredo, P. de Figueiredo, R.C.B.Q. de la Fuente, J. De Martino, L. De Matteis, A. De Meyer, G.R.Y. De Milito, A. De Santi, M. de Souza, W. De Tata, V. De Zio, D. Debnath, J. Dechant, R. Decuypere, J.-P. Deegan, S. Dehay, B. Del Bello, B. Del Re, D.P. Delage-Mourroux, R. Delbridge, L.M.D. Deldicque, L. Delorme-Axford, E. Deng, Y. Dengjel, J. Denizot, M. Dent, P. Der, C.J. Deretic, V. Derrien, B. Deutsch, E. Devarenne, T.P. Devenish, R.J. Di Bartolomeo, S. Di Daniele, N. Di Domenico, F. Di Nardo, A. Di Paola, S. Di Pietro, A. Di Renzo, L. Di Antonio, A. Díaz-Araya, G. Díaz-Laviada, I. Diaz-Meco, M.T. Diaz-Nido, J. Dickey, C.A. Dickson, R.C. Diederich, M. Digard, P. Dikic, I. Dinesh-Kumar, S.P. Ding, C. Ding, W.-X. Ding, Z. Dini, L. Distler, J.H.W. Diwan, A. Djavaheri-Mergny, M. Dmytruk, K. Dobson, R.C.J. Doetsch, V. Dokladny, K. Dokudovskaya, S. Donadelli, M. Dong, X.C. Dong, X. Dong, Z. Donohue, T.M., Jr. Donohue-Jr, T.M. Doran, K.S. D'orazi, G. Dorn, G.W., II Dosenko, V. Dridi, S. Drucker, L. Du, J. Du, L.-L. Du, L. du Toit, A. Dua, P. Duan, L. Duann, P. Dubey, V.K. Duchen, M.R. Duchosal, M.A. Duez, H. Dugail, I. Dumit, V.I. Duncan, M.C. Dunlop, E.A. Dunn, W.A., Jr. Dupont, N. Dupuis, L. Durán, R.V. Durcan, T.M. Duvezin-Caubet, S. Duvvuri, U. Eapen, V. Ebrahimi-Fakhari, D. Echard, A. Eckhart, L. Edelstein, C.L. Edinger, A.L. Eichinger, L. Eisenberg, T. Eisenberg-Lerner, A. Eissa, N.T. El-Deiry, W.S. El-Khoury, V. Elazar, Z. Eldar-Finkelman, H. Elliott, C.J.H. Emanuele, E. Emmenegger, U. Engedal, N. Engelbrecht, A.-M. Engelender, S. Enserink, J.M. Erdmann, R. Erenpreisa, J. Eri, R. Eriksen, J.L. Erman, A. Escalante, R. Eskelinen, E.-L. Espert, L. Esteban-Martínez, L. Evans, T.J. Fabri, M. Fabrias, G. Fabrizi, C. Facchiano, A. Færgeman, N.J. Faggioni, A. Fairlie, W.D. Fan, C. Fan, D. Fan, J. Fang, S. Fanto, M. Fanzani, A. Farkas, T. Faure, M. Favier, F.B. Fearnhead, H. Federici, M. Fei, E. Felizardo, T.C. Feng, H. Feng, Y. Feng, Y. Ferguson, T.A. Fernández, Á.F. Fernandez-Barrena, M.G. Fernandez-Checa, J.C. Fernández-López, A. Fernandez-Zapico, M.E. Feron, O. Ferraro, E. Ferreira-Halder, C.V. Fesus, L. Feuer, R. Fiesel, F.C. Filippi-Chiela, E.C. Filomeni, G. Fimia, G.M. Fingert, J.H. Finkbeiner, S. Finkel, T. Fiorito, F. Fisher, P.B. Flajolet, M. Flamigni, F. Florey, O. Florio, S. Floto, R.A. Folini, M. Follo, C. Fon, E.A. Fornai, F. Fortunato, F. Fraldi, A. Franco, R. Francois, A. François, A. Frankel, L.B. Fraser, I.D.C. Frey, N. Freyssenet, D.G. Frezza, C. Friedman, S.L. Frigo, D.E. Fu, D. Fuentes, J.M. Fueyo, J. Fujitani, Y. Fujiwara, Y. Fujiya, M. Fukuda, M. Fulda, S. Fusco, C. Gabryel, B. Gaestel, M. Gailly, P. Gajewska, M. Galadari, S. Galili, G. Galindo, I. Galindo, M.F. Galliciotti, G. Galluzzi, L. Galluzzi, L. Galy, V. Gammoh, N. Gandy, S. Ganesan, A.K. Ganesan, S. Ganley, I.G. Gannagé, M. Gao, F.-B. Gao, F. Gao, J.-X. Nannig, L.G. Véscovi, E.G. Garcia-Macía, M. Garcia-Ruiz, C. Garg, A.D. Garg, P.K. Gargini, R. Gassen, N.C. Gatica, D. Gatti, E. Gavard, J. Gavathiotis, E. Ge, L. Ge, P. Ge, S. Gean, P.-W. Gelmetti, V. Genazzani, A.A. Geng, J. Genschik, P. Gerner, L. Gestwicki, J.E. Gewirtz, D.A. Ghavami, S. Ghigo, E. Ghosh, D. Giammarioli, A.M. Giampieri, F. Giampietri, C. Giatromanolaki, A. Gibbings, D.J. Gibellini, L. Gibson, S.B. Ginet, V. Giordano, A. Giorgini, F. Giovannetti, E. Girardin, S.E. Gispert, S. Giuliano, S. Gladson, C.L. Glavic, A. Gleave, M. Godefroy, N. Gogal, R.M., Jr. Gokulan, K. Goldman, G.H. Goletti, D. Goligorsky, M.S. Gomes, A.V. Gomes, L.C. Gomez, H. Gomez-Manzano, C. Gómez-Sánchez, R. Gonçalves, D.A.P. Goncu, E. Gong, Q. Gongora, C. Gonzalez, C.B. Gonzalez-Alegre, P. Gonzalez-Cabo, P. González-Polo, R.A. Goping, I.S. Gorbea, C. Gorbunov, N.V. Goring, D.R. Gorman, A.M. Gorski, S.M. Goruppi, S. Goto-Yamada, S. Gotor, C. Gottlieb, R.A. Gozes, I. Gozuacik, D. Graba, Y. Graef, M. Granato, G.E. Grant, G.D. Grant, S. Gravina, G.L. Green, D.R. Greenhough, A. Greenwood, M.T. Grimaldi, B. Gros, F. Grose, C. Groulx, J.-F. Gruber, F. Grumati, P. Grune, T. Guan, J.-L. Guan, K.-L. Guerra, B. Guillen, C. Gulshan, K. Gunst, J. Guo, C. Guo, L. Guo, M. Guo, W. Guo, X.-G. Gust, A.A. Gustafsson, Å.B. Gutierrez, E. Gutierrez, M.G. Gwak, H.-S. Haas, A. Haber, J.E. Hadano, S. Hagedorn, M. Hahn, D.R. Halayko, A.J. Hamacher-Brady, A. Hamada, K. Hamai, A. Hamann, A. Hamasaki, M. Hamer, I. Hamid, Q. Hammond, E.M. Han, F. Han, W. Handa, J.T. Hanover, J.A. Hansen, M. Harada, M. Harhaji-Trajkovic, L. Harper, J.W. Harrath, A.H. Harris, A.L. Harris, J. Hasler, U. Hasselblatt, P. Hasui, K. Hawley, R.G. Hawley, T.S. He, C. He, C.Y. He, F. He, G. He, R.-R. He, X.-H. He, Y.-W. He, Y.-Y. Heath, J.K. Hébert, M.-J. Heinzen, R.A. Helgason, G.V. Hensel, M. Henske, E.P. Her, C. Herman, P.K. Hernández, A. Hernandez, C. Hernández-Tiedra, S. Hetz, C. Hiesinger, P.R. Higaki, K. Hilfiker, S. Hill, B.G. Hill, J.A. Hill, W.D. Hino, K. Hofius, D. Hofman, P. Höglinger, G.U. Höhfeld, J. Holz, M.K. Hong, Y. Hood, D.A. Hoozemans, J.J.M. Hoppe, T. Hsu, C. Hsu, C.-Y. Hsu, L.-C. Hu, D. Hu, G. Hu, H.-M. Hu, H. Hu, M.C. Hu, Y.-C. Hu, Z.-W. Hua, F. Hua, Y. Huang, C. Huang, H.-L. Huang, K.-H. Huang, K.-Y. Huang, S. Huang, S. Huang, W.-P. Huang, Y.-R. Huang, Y. Huang, Y. Huber, T.B. Huebbe, P. Huh, W.-K. Hulmi, J.J. Hur, G.M. Hurley, J.H. Husak, Z. Hussain, S.N.A. Hussain, S. Hwang, J.J. Hwang, S. Hwang, T.I.S. Ichihara, A. Imai, Y. Imbriano, C. Inomata, M. Into, T. Iovane, V. Iovanna, J.L. Iozzo, R.V. Ip, N.Y. Irazoqui, J.E. Iribarren, P. Isaka, Y. Isakovic, A.J. Ischiropoulos, H. Isenberg, J.S. Ishaq, M. Ishida, H. Ishii, I. Ishmael, J.E. Isidoro, C. Isobe, K.-I. Isono, E. Issazadeh-Navikas, S. Itahana, K. Itakura, E. Ivanov, A.I. Iyer, A.K.V. Izquierdo, J.M. Izumi, Y. Izzo, V. Jäättelä, M. Jaber, N. Jackson, D.J. Jackson, W.T. Jacob, T.G. Jacques, T.S. Jagannath, C. Jain, A. Jana, N.R. Jang, B.K. Jani, A. Janji, B. Jannig, P.R. Jansson, P.J. Jean, S. Jendrach, M. Jeon, J.-H. Jessen, N. Jeung, E.-B. Jia, K. Jia, L. Jiang, H. Jiang, H. Jiang, L. Jiang, T. Jiang, X. Jiang, X. Jiang, Y. Jiang, Y. Jiménez, A. Jin, C. Jin, H. Jin, L. Jin, M. Jin, S. Jinwal, U.K. Jo, E.-K. Johansen, T. Johnson, D.E. Johnson, G.V.W. Johnson, J.D. Jonasch, E. Jones, C. Joosten, L.A.B. Jordan, J. Joseph, A.-M. Joseph, B. Joubert, A.M. Ju, D. Ju, J. Juan, H.-F. Juenemann, K. Juhász, G. Jung, H.S. Jung, J.U. Jung, Y.-K. Jungbluth, H. Justice, M.J. Jutten, B. Kaakoush, N.O. Kaarniranta, K. Kaasik, A. Kabuta, T. Kaeffer, B. Kågedal, K. Kahana, A. Kajimura, S. Kakhlon, O. Kalia, M. Kalvakolanu, D.V. Kamada, Y. Kambas, K. Kaminskyy, V.O. Kampinga, H.H. Kandouz, M. Kang, C. Kang, R. Kang, T.-C. Kanki, T. Kanneganti, T.-D. Kanno, H. Kanthasamy, A.G. Kantorow, M. Kaparakis-Liaskos, M. Kapuy, O. Karantza, V. Karim, M.R. Karmakar, P. Kaser, A. Kaushik, S. Kawula, T. Kaynar, A.M. Ke, P.-Y. Ke, Z.-J. Kehrl, J.H. Keller, K.E. Kemper, J.K. Kenworthy, A.K. Kepp, O. Kern, A. Kesari, S. Kessel, D. Ketteler, R. Kettelhut, I.C. Khambu, B. Khan, M.M. Khandelwal, V.K.M. Khare, S. Kiang, J.G. Kiger, A.A. Kihara, A. Kim, A.L. Kim, C.H. Kim, D.R. Kim, D.-H. Kim, E.K. Kim, H.Y. Kim, H.-R. Kim, J.-S. Kim, J.H. Kim, J.C. Kim, J.H. Kim, K.W. Kim, M.D. Kim, M.-M. Kim, P.K. Kim, S.W. Kim, S.-Y. Kim, Y.-S. Kim, Y. Kimchi, A. Kimmelman, A.C. Kimura, T. King, J.S. Kirkegaard, K. Kirkin, V. Kirshenbaum, L.A. Kishi, S. Kitajima, Y. Kitamoto, K. Kitaoka, Y. Kitazato, K. Kley, R.A. Klimecki, W.T. Klinkenberg, M. Klucken, J. Knævelsrud, H. Knecht, E. Knuppertz, L. Ko, J.-L. Kobayashi, S. Koch, J.C. Koechlin-Ramonatxo, C. Koenig, U. Koh, Y.H. Köhler, K. Kohlwein, S.D. Koike, M. Komatsu, M. Kominami, E. Kong, D. Kong, H.J. Konstantakou, E.G. Kopp, B.T. Korcsmaros, T. Korhonen, L. Korolchuk, V.I. Koshkina, N.V. Kou, Y. Koukourakis, M.I. Koumenis, C. Kovács, A.L. Kovács, T. Kovacs, W.J. Koya, D. Kraft, C. Krainc, D. Kramer, H. Kravic-Stevovic, T. Krek, W. Kretz-Remy, C. Krick, R. Krishnamurthy, M. Kriston-Vizi, J. Kroemer, G. Kruer, M.C. Kruger, R. Ktistakis, N.T. Kuchitsu, K. Kuhn, C. Kumar, A.P. Kumar, A. Kumar, A. Kumar, D. Kumar, D. Kumar, R. Kumar, S. Kundu, M. Kung, H.-J. Kuno, A. Kuo, S.-H. Kuret, J. Kurz, T. Kwok, T. Kwon, T.K. Kwon, Y.T. Kyrmizi, I. La Spada, A.R. Lafont, F. Lahm, T. 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Wang, D. Wang, F. Wang, F. Wang, G. Wang, H.-J. Wang, H. Wang, H.-G. Wang, H. Wang, H.-D. Wang, J. Wang, J. Wang, M. Wang, M.-Q. Wang, P.-Y. Wang, P. Wang, R.C. Wang, S. Wang, T.-F. Wang, X. Wang, X.-J. Wang, X.-W. Wang, X. Wang, X. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, Y.-J. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, Y.T. Wang, Y. Wang, Z.-N. Wappner, P. Ward, C. Ward, D.M.V. Warnes, G. Watada, H. Watanabe, Y. Watase, K. Weaver, T.E. Weekes, C.D. Wei, J. Weide, T. Weihl, C.C. Weindl, G. Weis, S.N. Wen, L. Wen, X. Wen, Y. Westermann, B. Weyand, C.M. White, A.R. White, E. Whitton, J.L. Whitworth, A.J. Wiels, J. Wild, F. Wildenberg, M.E. Wileman, T. Wilkinson, D.S. Wilkinson, S. Willbold, D. Williams, C. Williams, K. Williamson, P.R. Winklhofer, K.F. Witkin, S.S. Wohlgemuth, S.E. Wollert, T. Wolvetang, E.J. Wong, E. Wong, G.W. Wong, R.W. Wong, V.K.W. Woodcock, E.A. Wright, K.L. Wu, C. Wu, D. Wu, G.S. Wu, J. Wu, J. Wu, M. Wu, M. Wu, S. Wu, W.K.K. Wu, Y. Wu, Z. Xavier, C.P.R. Xavier, R.J. Xia, G.-X. Xia, T. Xia, W. Xia, Y. Xiao, H. Xiao, J. Xiao, S. Xiao, W. Xie, C.-M. Xie, Z. Xie, Z. Xilouri, M. Xiong, Y. Xu, C. Xu, C. Xu, F. Xu, H. Xu, H. Xu, J. Xu, J. Xu, J. Xu, L. Xu, X. Xu, Y. Xu, Y. Xu, Z.-X. Xu, Z. Xue, Y. Yamada, T. Yamamoto, A. Yamanaka, K. Yamashina, S. Yamashiro, S. Yan, B. Yan, B. Yan, X. Yan, Z. Yanagi, Y. Yang, D.-S. Yang, J.-M. Yang, L. Yang, M. Yang, P.-M. Yang, P. Yang, Q. Yang, W. Yang, W.Y. Yang, X. Yang, Y. Yang, Y. Yang, Z. Yang, Z. Yao, M.-C. Yao, P.J. Yao, X. Yao, Z. Yao, Z. Yasui, L.S. Ye, M. Yedvobnick, B. Yeganeh, B. Yeh, E.S. Yeyati, P.L. Yi, F. Yi, L. Yin, X.-M. Yip, C.K. Yoo, Y.-M. Yoo, Y.H. Yoon, S.-Y. Yoshida, K.-I. Yoshimori, T. Young, K.H. Yu, H. Yu, J.J. Yu, J.-T. Yu, J. Yu, L. Yu, W.H. Yu, X.-F. Yu, Z. Yuan, J. Yuan, Z.-M. Yue, B.Y.J.T. Yue, J. Yue, Z. Zacks, D.N. Zacksenhaus, E. Zaffaroni, N. Zaglia, T. Zakeri, Z. Zecchini, V. Zeng, J. Zeng, M. Zeng, Q. Zervos, A.S. Zhang, D.D. Zhang, F. Zhang, G. Zhang, G.-C. Zhang, H. Zhang, H. Zhang, H. Zhang, J. Zhang, J. Zhang, J. Zhang, J.-P. Zhang, L. Zhang, L. Zhang, L. Zhang, M.-Y. Zhang, X. Zhang, X.D. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhao, M. Zhao, W.-L. Zhao, X. Zhao, Y.G. Zhao, Y. Zhao, Y. Zhao, Y.-X. Zhao, Z. Zhao, Z.J. Zheng, D. Zheng, X.-L. Zheng, X. Zhivotovsky, B. Zhong, Q. Zhou, G.-Z. Zhou, G. Zhou, H. Zhou, S.-F. Zhou, X.-J. Zhu, H. Zhu, H. Zhu, W.-G. Zhu, W. Zhu, X.-F. Zhu, Y. Zhuang, S.-M. Zhuang, X. Ziparo, E. Zois, C.E. Zoladek, T. Zong, W.-X. Zorzano, A. Zughaier, S.M.
Published: 2016

5. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition)

Author: Klionsky, D.J. Abdelmohsen, K. Abe, A. Abedin, M.J. Abeliovich, H. Arozena, A.A. Adachi, H. Adams, C.M. Adams, P.D. Adeli, K. Adhihetty, P.J. Adler, S.G. Agam, G. Agarwal, R. Aghi, M.K. Agnello, M. Agostinis, P. Aguilar, P.V. Aguirre-Ghiso, J. Airoldi, E.M. Ait-Si-Ali, S. Akematsu, T. Akporiaye, E.T. Al-Rubeai, M. Albaiceta, G.M. Albanese, C. Albani, D. Albert, M.L. Aldudo, J. Algül, H. Alirezaei, M. Alloza, I. Almasan, A. Almonte-Beceril, M. Alnemri, E.S. Alonso, C. Altan-Bonnet, N. Altieri, D.C. Alvarez, S. Alvarez-Erviti, L. Alves, S. Amadoro, G. Amano, A. Amantini, C. Ambrosio, S. Amelio, I. Amer, A.O. Amessou, M. Amon, A. An, Z. Anania, F.A. Andersen, S.U. Andley, U.P. Andreadi, C.K. Andrieu-Abadie, N. Anel, A. Ann, D.K. Anoopkumar-Dukie, S. Antonioli, M. Aoki, H. Apostolova, N. Aquila, S. Aquilano, K. Araki, K. Arama, E. Aranda, A. Araya, J. Arcaro, A. Arias, E. Arimoto, H. Ariosa, A.R. Armstrong, J.L. Arnould, T. Arsov, I. Asanuma, K. Askanas, V. Asselin, E. Atarashi, R. Atherton, S.S. Atkin, J.D. Attardi, L.D. Auberger, P. Auburger, G. Aurelian, L. Autelli, R. Avagliano, L. Avantaggiati, M.L. Avrahami, L. Azad, N. Awale, S. Bachetti, T. Backer, J.M. Bae, D.-H. Bae, J.-S. Bae, O.-N. Bae, S.H. Baehrecke, E.H. Baek, S.-H. Baghdiguian, S. Bagniewska-Zadworna, A. Bai, H. Bai, J. Bai, X.-Y. Bailly, Y. Balaji, K.N. Balduini, W. Ballabio, A. Balzan, R. Banerjee, R. Bánhegyi, G. Bao, H. Barbeau, B. Barrachina, M.D. Barreiro, E. Bartel, B. Bartolomé, A. Bassham, D.C. Bassi, M.T. Bast, R.C., Jr. Basu, A. Batista, M.T. Batoko, H. Battino, M. Bauckman, K. Baumgarner, B.L. Bayer, K.U. Beale, R. Beaulieu, J.-F. Beck, G.R., Jr. Becker, C. Beckham, J.D. Bédard, P.-A. Bednarski, P.J. Begley, T.J. Behl, C. Behrends, C. Behrens, G.M.N. Behrns, K.E. Bejarano, E. Belaid, A. Belleudi, F. Bénard, G. Berchem, G. Bergamaschi, D. Bergami, M. Berkhout, B. Berliocchi, L. Bernard, A. Bernard, M. Bernassola, F. Bertolotti, A. Bess, A.S. Besteiro, S. Bettuzzi, S. Bhalla, S. Bhattacharyya, S. Bhutia, S.K. Biagosch, C. Bianchi, M.W. Biard-Piechaczyk, M. Billes, V. Bincoletto, C. Bingol, B. Bird, S.W. Bitoun, M. Bjedov, I. Blackstone, C. Blanc, L. Blanco, G.A. Blomhoff, H.K. Boada-Romero, E. Böckler, S. Boes, M. Boesze-Battaglia, K. Boise, L.H. Bolino, A. Boman, A. Bonaldo, P. Bordi, M. Bosch, J. Botana, L.M. Botti, J. Bou, G. Bouché, M. Bouchecareilh, M. Boucher, M.-J. Boulton, M.E. Bouret, S.G. Boya, P. Boyer-Guittaut, M. Bozhkov, P.V. Brady, N. Braga, V.M.M. Brancolini, C. Braus, G.H. Bravo-San-Pedro, J.M. Brennan, L.A. Bresnick, E.H. Brest, P. Bridges, D. Bringer, M.-A. Brini, M. Brito, G.C. Brodin, B. Brookes, P.S. Brown, E.J. Brown, K. Broxmeyer, H.E. Bruhat, A. Brum, P.C. Brumell, J.H. Brunetti-Pierri, N. Bryson-Richardson, R.J. Buch, S. Buchan, A.M. Budak, H. Bulavin, D.V. Bultman, S.J. Bultynck, G. Bumbasirevic, V. Burelle, Y. Burke, R.E. Burmeister, M. Bütikofer, P. Caberlotto, L. Cadwell, K. Cahova, M. Cai, D. Cai, J. Cai, Q. Calatayud, S. Camougrand, N. Campanella, M. Campbell, G.R. Campbell, M. Campello, S. Candau, R. Caniggia, I. Cantoni, L. Cao, L. Caplan, A.B. Caraglia, M. Cardinali, C. Cardoso, S.M. Carew, J.S. Carleton, L.A. Carlin, C.R. Carloni, S. Carlsson, S.R. Carmona-Gutierrez, D. Carneiro, L.A.M. Carnevali, O. Carra, S. Carrier, A. Carroll, B. Casas, C. Casas, J. Cassinelli, G. Castets, P. Castro-Obregon, S. Cavallini, G. Ceccherini, I. Cecconi, F. Cederbaum, A.I. Ceña, V. Cenci, S. Cerella, C. Cervia, D. Cetrullo, S. Chaachouay, H. Chae, H.-J. Chagin, A.S. Chai, C.-Y. Chakrabarti, G. Chamilos, G. Chan, E.Y.W. Chan, M.T.V. Chandra, D. Chandra, P. Chang, C.-P. Chang, R.C.-C. Chang, T.Y. Chatham, J.C. Chatterjee, S. Chauhan, S. Che, Y. Cheetham, M.E. Cheluvappa, R. Chen, C.-J. Chen, G. Chen, G.-C. Chen, G. Chen, H. Chen, J.W. Chen, J.-K. Chen, M. Chen, M. Chen, P. Chen, Q. Chen, Q. Chen, S.-D. Chen, S. Chen, S.S.-L. Chen, W. Chen, W.-J. Chen, W.Q. Chen, W. Chen, X. Chen, Y.-H. Chen, Y.-G. Chen, Y. Chen, Y. Chen, Y. Chen, Y.-J. Chen, Y.-Q. Chen, Y. Chen, Z. Chen, Z. Cheng, A. Cheng, C.H.K. Cheng, H. Cheong, H. Cherry, S. Chesney, J. Cheung, C.H.A. Chevet, E. Chi, H.C. Chi, S.-G. Chiacchiera, F. Chiang, H.-L. Chiarelli, R. Chiariello, M. Chieppa, M. Chin, L.-S. Chiong, M. Chiu, G.N.C. Cho, D.-H. Cho, S.-G. Cho, W.C. Cho, Y.-Y. Cho, Y.-S. Choi, A.M.K. Choi, E.-J. Choi, E.-K. Choi, J. Choi, M.E. Choi, S.-I. Chou, T.-F. Chouaib, S. Choubey, D. Choubey, V. Chow, K.-C. Chowdhury, K. Chu, C.T. Chuang, T.-H. Chun, T. Chung, H. Chung, T. Chung, Y.-L. Chwae, Y.-J. Cianfanelli, V. Ciarcia, R. Ciechomska, I.A. Ciriolo, M.R. Cirone, M. Claerhout, S. Clague, M.J. Clària, J. Clarke, P.G.H. Clarke, R. Clementi, E. Cleyrat, C. Cnop, M. Coccia, E.M. Cocco, T. Codogno, P. Coers, J. Cohen, E.E.W. Colecchia, D. Coletto, L. Coll, N.S. Colucci-Guyon, E. Comincini, S. Condello, M. Cook, K.L. Coombs, G.H. Cooper, C.D. Cooper, J.M. Coppens, I. Corasaniti, M.T. Corazzari, M. Corbalan, R. Corcelle-Termeau, E. Cordero, M.D. Corral-Ramos, C. Corti, O. Cossarizza, A. Costelli, P. Costes, S. Cotman, S.L. Coto-Montes, A. Cottet, S. Couve, E. Covey, L.R. Cowart, L.A. Cox, J.S. Coxon, F.P. Coyne, C.B. Cragg, M.S. Craven, R.J. Crepaldi, T. Crespo, J.L. Criollo, A. Crippa, V. Cruz, M.T. Cuervo, A.M. Cuezva, J.M. Cui, T. Cutillas, P.R. Czaja, M.J. Czyzyk-Krzeska, M.F. Dagda, R.K. Dahmen, U. Dai, C. Dai, W. Dai, Y. Dalby, K.N. Valle, L.D. Dalmasso, G. D'amelio, M. Damme, M. Darfeuille-Michaud, A. Dargemont, C. Darley-Usmar, V.M. Dasarathy, S. Dasgupta, B. Dash, S. Dass, C.R. Davey, H.M. Davids, L.M. Dávila, D. Davis, R.J. Dawson, T.M. Dawson, V.L. Daza, P. de Belleroche, J. de Figueiredo, P. de Figueiredo, R.C.B.Q. de la Fuente, J. De Martino, L. De Matteis, A. De Meyer, G.R.Y. De Milito, A. De Santi, M. de Souza, W. De Tata, V. De Zio, D. Debnath, J. Dechant, R. Decuypere, J.-P. Deegan, S. Dehay, B. Del Bello, B. Del Re, D.P. Delage-Mourroux, R. Delbridge, L.M.D. Deldicque, L. Delorme-Axford, E. Deng, Y. Dengjel, J. Denizot, M. Dent, P. Der, C.J. Deretic, V. Derrien, B. Deutsch, E. Devarenne, T.P. Devenish, R.J. Di Bartolomeo, S. Di Daniele, N. Di Domenico, F. Di Nardo, A. Di Paola, S. Di Pietro, A. Di Renzo, L. Di Antonio, A. Díaz-Araya, G. Díaz-Laviada, I. Diaz-Meco, M.T. Diaz-Nido, J. Dickey, C.A. Dickson, R.C. Diederich, M. Digard, P. Dikic, I. Dinesh-Kumar, S.P. Ding, C. Ding, W.-X. Ding, Z. Dini, L. Distler, J.H.W. Diwan, A. Djavaheri-Mergny, M. Dmytruk, K. Dobson, R.C.J. Doetsch, V. Dokladny, K. Dokudovskaya, S. Donadelli, M. Dong, X.C. Dong, X. Dong, Z. Donohue, T.M., Jr. Donohue-Jr, T.M. Doran, K.S. D'orazi, G. Dorn, G.W., II Dosenko, V. Dridi, S. Drucker, L. Du, J. Du, L.-L. Du, L. du Toit, A. Dua, P. Duan, L. Duann, P. Dubey, V.K. Duchen, M.R. Duchosal, M.A. Duez, H. Dugail, I. Dumit, V.I. Duncan, M.C. Dunlop, E.A. Dunn, W.A., Jr. Dupont, N. Dupuis, L. Durán, R.V. Durcan, T.M. Duvezin-Caubet, S. Duvvuri, U. Eapen, V. Ebrahimi-Fakhari, D. Echard, A. Eckhart, L. Edelstein, C.L. Edinger, A.L. Eichinger, L. Eisenberg, T. Eisenberg-Lerner, A. Eissa, N.T. El-Deiry, W.S. El-Khoury, V. Elazar, Z. Eldar-Finkelman, H. Elliott, C.J.H. Emanuele, E. Emmenegger, U. Engedal, N. Engelbrecht, A.-M. Engelender, S. Enserink, J.M. Erdmann, R. Erenpreisa, J. Eri, R. Eriksen, J.L. Erman, A. Escalante, R. Eskelinen, E.-L. Espert, L. Esteban-Martínez, L. Evans, T.J. Fabri, M. Fabrias, G. Fabrizi, C. Facchiano, A. Færgeman, N.J. Faggioni, A. Fairlie, W.D. Fan, C. Fan, D. Fan, J. Fang, S. Fanto, M. Fanzani, A. Farkas, T. Faure, M. Favier, F.B. Fearnhead, H. Federici, M. Fei, E. Felizardo, T.C. Feng, H. Feng, Y. Feng, Y. Ferguson, T.A. Fernández, Á.F. Fernandez-Barrena, M.G. Fernandez-Checa, J.C. Fernández-López, A. Fernandez-Zapico, M.E. Feron, O. Ferraro, E. Ferreira-Halder, C.V. Fesus, L. Feuer, R. Fiesel, F.C. Filippi-Chiela, E.C. Filomeni, G. Fimia, G.M. Fingert, J.H. Finkbeiner, S. Finkel, T. Fiorito, F. Fisher, P.B. Flajolet, M. Flamigni, F. Florey, O. Florio, S. Floto, R.A. Folini, M. Follo, C. Fon, E.A. Fornai, F. Fortunato, F. Fraldi, A. Franco, R. Francois, A. François, A. Frankel, L.B. Fraser, I.D.C. Frey, N. Freyssenet, D.G. Frezza, C. Friedman, S.L. Frigo, D.E. Fu, D. Fuentes, J.M. Fueyo, J. Fujitani, Y. Fujiwara, Y. Fujiya, M. Fukuda, M. Fulda, S. Fusco, C. Gabryel, B. Gaestel, M. Gailly, P. Gajewska, M. Galadari, S. Galili, G. Galindo, I. Galindo, M.F. Galliciotti, G. Galluzzi, L. Galluzzi, L. Galy, V. Gammoh, N. Gandy, S. Ganesan, A.K. Ganesan, S. Ganley, I.G. Gannagé, M. Gao, F.-B. Gao, F. Gao, J.-X. Nannig, L.G. Véscovi, E.G. Garcia-Macía, M. Garcia-Ruiz, C. Garg, A.D. Garg, P.K. Gargini, R. Gassen, N.C. Gatica, D. Gatti, E. Gavard, J. Gavathiotis, E. Ge, L. Ge, P. Ge, S. Gean, P.-W. Gelmetti, V. Genazzani, A.A. Geng, J. Genschik, P. Gerner, L. Gestwicki, J.E. Gewirtz, D.A. Ghavami, S. Ghigo, E. Ghosh, D. Giammarioli, A.M. Giampieri, F. Giampietri, C. Giatromanolaki, A. Gibbings, D.J. 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Roelofs, J. Rogov, V.V. Rohn, T.T. Rohrer, B. Romanelli, D. Romani, L. Romano, P.S. Roncero, M.I.G. Rosa, J.L. Rosello, A. Rosen, K.V. Rosenstiel, P. Rost-Roszkowska, M. Roth, K.A. Roué, G. Rouis, M. Rouschop, K.M. Ruan, D.T. Ruano, D. Rubinsztein, D.C. Rucker, E.B., III Rudich, A. Rudolf, E. Rudolf, R. Ruegg, M.A. Ruiz-Roldan, C. Ruparelia, A.A. Rusmini, P. Russ, D.W. Russo, G.L. Russo, G. Russo, R. Rusten, T.E. Ryabovol, V. Ryan, K.M. Ryter, S.W. Sabatini, D.M. Sacher, M. Sachse, C. Sack, M.N. Sadoshima, J. Saftig, P. Sagi-Eisenberg, R. Sahni, S. Saikumar, P. Saito, T. Saitoh, T. Sakakura, K. Sakoh-Nakatogawa, M. Sakuraba, Y. Salazar-Roa, M. Salomoni, P. Saluja, A.K. Salvaterra, P.M. Salvioli, R. Samali, A. Sanchez, A.M.J. Sánchez-Alcázar, J.A. Sanchez-Prieto, R. Sandri, M. Sanjuan, M.A. Santaguida, S. Santambrogio, L. Santoni, G. Dos Santos, C.N. Saran, S. Sardiello, M. Sargent, G. Sarkar, P. Sarkar, S. Sarrias, M.R. Sarwal, M.M. Sasakawa, C. Sasaki, M. Sass, M. Sato, K. Sato, M. Satriano, J. Savaraj, N. Saveljeva, S. Schaefer, L. Schaible, U.E. Scharl, M. Schatzl, H.M. Schekman, R. Scheper, W. Schiavi, A. Schipper, H.M. Schmeisser, H. Schmidt, J. Schmitz, I. Schneider, B.E. Schneider, E.M. Schneider, J.L. Schon, E.A. Schönenberger, M.J. Schönthal, A.H. Schorderet, D.F. Schröder, B. Schuck, S. Schulze, R.J. Schwarten, M. Schwarz, T.L. Sciarretta, S. Scotto, K. Scovassi, A.I. Screaton, R.A. Screen, M. Seca, H. Sedej, S. Segatori, L. Segev, N. Seglen, P.O. Seguí-Simarro, J.M. Segura-Aguilar, J. Seiliez, I. Seki, E. Sell, C. Semenkovich, C.F. Semenza, G.L. Sen, U. Serra, A.L. Serrano-Puebla, A. Sesaki, H. Setoguchi, T. Settembre, C. Shacka, J.J. Shajahan-Haq, A.N. Shapiro, I.M. Sharma, S. She, H. Shen, C.-K.J. Shen, C.-C. Shen, H.-M. Shen, S. Shen, W. Sheng, R. Sheng, X. Sheng, Z.-H. Shepherd, T.G. Shi, J. Shi, Q. Shi, Q. Shi, Y. Shibutani, S. Shibuya, K. Shidoji, Y. Shieh, J.-J. Shih, C.-M. Shimada, Y. Shimizu, S. Shin, D.W. Shinohara, M.L. Shintani, M. Shintani, T. Shioi, T. Shirabe, K. Shiri-Sverdlov, R. Shirihai, O. Shore, G.C. Shu, C.-W. Shukla, D. Sibirny, A.A. Sica, V. Sigurdson, C.J. Sigurdsson, E.M. Sijwali, P.S. Sikorska, B. Silveira, W.A. Silvente-Poirot, S. Silverman, G.A. Simak, J. Simmet, T. Simon, A.K. Simon, H.-U. Simone, C. Simons, M. Simonsen, A. Singh, R. Singh, S.V. Singh, S.K. Sinha, D. Sinha, S. Sinicrope, F.A. Sirko, A. Sirohi, K. Sishi, B.J.N. Sittler, A. Siu, P.M. Sivridis, E. Skwarska, A. Slack, R. Slaninová, I. Slavov, N. Smaili, S.S. Smalley, K.S.M. Smith, D.R. Soenen, S.J. Soleimanpour, S.A. Solhaug, A. Somasundaram, K. Son, J.H. Sonawane, A. Song, C. Song, F. Song, H.K. Song, J.-X. Song, W. Soo, K.Y. Sood, A.K. Soong, T.W. Soontornniyomkij, V. Sorice, M. Sotgia, F. Soto-Pantoja, D.R. Sotthibundhu, A. Sousa, M.J. Spaink, H.P. Span, P.N. Spang, A. Sparks, J.D. Speck, P.G. Spector, S.A. Spies, C.D. Springer, W. Clair, D.S. Stacchiotti, A. Staels, B. Stang, M.T. Starczynowski, D.T. Starokadomskyy, P. Steegborn, C. Steele, J.W. Stefanis, L. Steffan, J. Stellrecht, C.M. Stenmark, H. Stepkowski, T.M. Stern, S.T. Stevens, C. Stockwell, B.R. Stoka, V. Storchova, Z. Stork, B. Stratoulias, V. Stravopodis, D.J. Strnad, P. Strohecker, A.M. Ström, A.-L. Stromhaug, P. Stulik, J. Su, Y.-X. Su, Z. Subauste, C.S. Subramaniam, S. Sue, C.M. Suh, S.W. Sui, X. Sukseree, S. Sulzer, D. Sun, F.-L. Sun, J. Sun, J. Sun, S.-Y. Sun, Y. Sun, Y. Sun, Y. Sundaramoorthy, V. Sung, J. Suzuki, H. Suzuki, K. Suzuki, N. Suzuki, T. Suzuki, Y.J. Swanson, M.S. Swanton, C. Swärd, K. Swarup, G. Sweeney, S.T. Sylvester, P.W. Szatmari, Z. Szegezdi, E. Szlosarek, P.W. Taegtmeyer, H. Tafani, M. Taillebourg, E. Tait, S.W.G. Takacs-Vellai, K. Takahashi, Y. Takáts, S. Takemura, G. Takigawa, N. Talbot, N.J. Tamagno, E. Tamburini, J. Tan, C.-P. Tan, L. Tan, M.L. Tan, M. Tan, Y.-J. Tanaka, K. Tanaka, M. Tang, D. Tang, D. Tang, G. Tanida, I. Tanji, K. Tannous, B.A. Tapia, J.A. Tasset-Cuevas, I. Tatar, M. Tavassoly, I. Tavernarakis, N. Taylor, A. Taylor, G.S. Taylor, G.A. Taylor, J.P. Taylor, M.J. Tchetina, E.V. Tee, A.R. Teixeira-Clerc, F. Telang, S. Tencomnao, T. Teng, B.-B. Teng, R.-J. Terro, F. Tettamanti, G. Theiss, A.L. Theron, A.E. Thomas, K.J. Thomé, M.P. Thomes, P.G. Thorburn, A. Thorner, J. Thum, T. Thumm, M. Thurston, T.L.M. Tian, L. Till, A. Ting, J.P.-Y. Ting, J.P.Y. Titorenko, V.I. Toker, L. Toldo, S. Tooze, S.A. Topisirovic, I. Torgersen, M.L. Torosantucci, L. Torriglia, A. Torrisi, M.R. Tournier, C. Towns, R. Trajkovic, V. Travassos, L.H. Triola, G. Tripathi, D.N. Trisciuoglio, D. Troncoso, R. Trougakos, I.P. Truttmann, A.C. Tsai, K.-J. Tschan, M.P. Tseng, Y.-H. Tsukuba, T. Tsung, A. Tsvetkov, A.S. Tu, S. Tuan, H.-Y. Tucci, M. Tumbarello, D.A. Turk, B. Turk, V. Turner, R.F.B. Tveita, A.A. Tyagi, S.C. Ubukata, M. Uchiyama, Y. Udelnow, A. Ueno, T. Umekawa, M. Umemiya-Shirafuji, R. Underwood, B.R. Ungermann, C. Ureshino, R.P. Ushioda, R. Uversky, V.N. Uzcátegui, N.L. Vaccari, T. Vaccaro, M.I. Váchová, L. Vakifahmetoglu-Norberg, H. Valdor, R. Valente, E.M. Vallette, F. Valverde, A.M. Van den Berghe, G. Van Den Bosch, L. van den Brink, G.R. van der Goot, F.G. van der Klei, I.J. van der Laan, L.J.W. van Doorn, W.G. van Egmond, M. van Golen, K.L. Van Kaer, L. Campagne, M.L. Vandenabeele, P. Vandenberghe, W. Vanhorebeek, I. Varela-Nieto, I. Vasconcelos, M.H. Vasko, R. Vavvas, D.G. Vega-Naredo, I. Velasco, G. Velentzas, A.D. Velentzas, P.D. Vellai, T. Vellenga, E. Vendelbo, M.H. Venkatachalam, K. Ventura, N. Ventura, S. Veras, P.S.T. Verdier, M. Vertessy, B.G. Viale, A. Vidal, M. Vieira, H.L.A. Vierstra, R.D. Vigneswaran, N. Vij, N. Vila, M. Villar, M. Villar, V.H. Villarroya, J. Vindis, C. Viola, G. Viscomi, M.T. Vitale, G. Vogl, D.T. Voitsekhovskaja, O.V. von Haefen, C. von Schwarzenberg, K. Voth, D.E. Vouret-Craviari, V. Vuori, K. Vyas, J.M. Waeber, C. Walker, C.L. Walker, M.J. Walter, J. Wan, L. Wan, X. Wang, B. Wang, C. Wang, C.-Y. Wang, C. Wang, C. Wang, C. Wang, D. Wang, F. Wang, F. Wang, G. Wang, H.-J. Wang, H. Wang, H.-G. Wang, H. Wang, H.-D. Wang, J. Wang, J. Wang, M. Wang, M.-Q. Wang, P.-Y. Wang, P. Wang, R.C. Wang, S. Wang, T.-F. Wang, X. Wang, X.-J. Wang, X.-W. Wang, X. Wang, X. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, Y.-J. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, Y.T. Wang, Y. Wang, Z.-N. Wappner, P. Ward, C. Ward, D.M.V. Warnes, G. Watada, H. Watanabe, Y. Watase, K. Weaver, T.E. Weekes, C.D. Wei, J. Weide, T. Weihl, C.C. Weindl, G. Weis, S.N. Wen, L. Wen, X. Wen, Y. Westermann, B. Weyand, C.M. White, A.R. White, E. Whitton, J.L. Whitworth, A.J. Wiels, J. Wild, F. Wildenberg, M.E. Wileman, T. Wilkinson, D.S. Wilkinson, S. Willbold, D. Williams, C. Williams, K. Williamson, P.R. Winklhofer, K.F. Witkin, S.S. Wohlgemuth, S.E. Wollert, T. Wolvetang, E.J. Wong, E. Wong, G.W. Wong, R.W. Wong, V.K.W. Woodcock, E.A. Wright, K.L. Wu, C. Wu, D. Wu, G.S. Wu, J. Wu, J. Wu, M. Wu, M. Wu, S. Wu, W.K.K. Wu, Y. Wu, Z. Xavier, C.P.R. Xavier, R.J. Xia, G.-X. Xia, T. Xia, W. Xia, Y. Xiao, H. Xiao, J. Xiao, S. Xiao, W. Xie, C.-M. Xie, Z. Xie, Z. Xilouri, M. Xiong, Y. Xu, C. Xu, C. Xu, F. Xu, H. Xu, H. Xu, J. Xu, J. Xu, J. Xu, L. Xu, X. Xu, Y. Xu, Y. Xu, Z.-X. Xu, Z. Xue, Y. Yamada, T. Yamamoto, A. Yamanaka, K. Yamashina, S. Yamashiro, S. Yan, B. Yan, B. Yan, X. Yan, Z. Yanagi, Y. Yang, D.-S. Yang, J.-M. Yang, L. Yang, M. Yang, P.-M. Yang, P. Yang, Q. Yang, W. Yang, W.Y. Yang, X. Yang, Y. Yang, Y. Yang, Z. Yang, Z. Yao, M.-C. Yao, P.J. Yao, X. Yao, Z. Yao, Z. Yasui, L.S. Ye, M. Yedvobnick, B. Yeganeh, B. Yeh, E.S. Yeyati, P.L. Yi, F. Yi, L. Yin, X.-M. Yip, C.K. Yoo, Y.-M. Yoo, Y.H. Yoon, S.-Y. Yoshida, K.-I. Yoshimori, T. Young, K.H. Yu, H. Yu, J.J. Yu, J.-T. Yu, J. Yu, L. Yu, W.H. Yu, X.-F. Yu, Z. Yuan, J. Yuan, Z.-M. Yue, B.Y.J.T. Yue, J. Yue, Z. Zacks, D.N. Zacksenhaus, E. Zaffaroni, N. Zaglia, T. Zakeri, Z. Zecchini, V. Zeng, J. Zeng, M. Zeng, Q. Zervos, A.S. Zhang, D.D. Zhang, F. Zhang, G. Zhang, G.-C. Zhang, H. Zhang, H. Zhang, H. Zhang, J. Zhang, J. Zhang, J. Zhang, J.-P. Zhang, L. Zhang, L. Zhang, L. Zhang, M.-Y. Zhang, X. Zhang, X.D. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhao, M. Zhao, W.-L. Zhao, X. Zhao, Y.G. Zhao, Y. Zhao, Y. Zhao, Y.-X. Zhao, Z. Zhao, Z.J. Zheng, D. Zheng, X.-L. Zheng, X. Zhivotovsky, B. Zhong, Q. Zhou, G.-Z. Zhou, G. Zhou, H. Zhou, S.-F. Zhou, X.-J. Zhu, H. Zhu, H. Zhu, W.-G. Zhu, W. Zhu, X.-F. Zhu, Y. Zhuang, S.-M. Zhuang, X. Ziparo, E. Zois, C.E. Zoladek, T. Zong, W.-X. Zorzano, A. Zughaier, S.M.
Published: 2016

6. Greenhouse gas inventories from animal agriculture for the United States

Author: D.E. Johnson and K.A. Johnson
Subjects: Sewage sludge, Manure management, business.industry, Economic sector, Environmental engineering, General Medicine, Enteric fermentation, Environmental protection, Agriculture, Greenhouse gas, Environmental science, Livestock, business, Cropping
Abstract: The 2005 EPA greenhouse gas emissions inventory estimates that in 2003 total U.S. greenhouse gases were 6900.2 Tg CO 2 Eq. of which 486.4 Tg CO2 Eq. was from agriculture . The contribution of greenhouse gases from agriculture was estimated to be 7.0% of the total emissions. Using the same methodology, EPA estimated that 1990 contributions from agriculture were 418.4 Tg CO 2 Eq. In EPA estimates, contributors to the inventory include methane from enteric fermentation and manure management, and N 2 O from manure management and agricultural soils management. The category agricultural soils management includes N 2 O emissions from pasture, range and paddock distribution, synthetic fertilizer use, sewage sludge application, and some other cropping practices. Other contributors to the agriculture sector include livestock facility fuel and power associated emissions, as well as fuel-CO 2 and N 2 O from growth and processing of the crops consumed by livestock. To date, these other contributions are not separately identified by economic sector in any available U.S. inventory. Adding the categories currently unaccounted for into the agricultural inventory would be expected to increase the total from 486.4 to approximately 670 Tg CO 2 Eq. and the livestock sector contribution could reach approximately 380 Tg/year CO 2 Eq.
Published: 2006
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7. Field screening of diverse rice genotypes for weed competitiveness in irrigated lowland ecosystems

Author: Stephan M. Haefele, M. C. S. Wopereis, K.M. Miézan, D M’Bodj, and D.E Johnson
Subjects: Specific leaf area, media_common.quotation_subject, Soil Science, Interspecific competition, Biology, Competition (biology), Intraspecific competition, Agronomy, Tiller, Cultivar, Monoculture, Weed, Agronomy and Crop Science, media_common
Abstract: Weeds cause considerable yield losses in irrigated rice in West Africa, particularly where sub-optimal crop management or limited resources hamper production. Because of the recent focus of regional breeding programs in West Africa on a wide diversity of interspecific (O. sativa indica×O. glaberrima) and intraspecific (O. sativa×O. sativa) crosses for lowland systems, new genotypes with promising yield potential and putatively improved weed competitiveness are now available. Our study intended to establish a screening methodology for weed competitiveness in irrigated lowlands, to evaluate weed competitive abilities of diverse rice genotypes, and to relate several morphological plant characteristics with competitive abilities. A selection of 25 cultivars and advanced breeding lines was grown under irrigated conditions during the 2000 wet season (WS) and the 2001 dry season (DS) at Ndiaye (Senegal), and their reaction to four different competition levels was assessed. Competition was greatest where the test lines were grown with a mixture of an improved O. sativa indica cultivar and natural weed growth. Average yield losses across rice lines were 36% in the WS and 31% in the DS, but differences between lines were highly significant in both seasons and yield losses ranged from 0 to 84%. Competitive abilities were not related to yields without competition. In the DS, several of the new lines combined high yield with good competitiveness and outperformed the currently widely used check variety. Height, tiller density, specific leaf area (SLA), leaf area index (LAI), and growth duration were mostly negatively related to yield loss. Plant characteristics measured in monoculture had no explanatory value for the competitive ability of tested lines, indicating that screening under conditions of competition with weeds is preferable. Competitive abilities of several lines were stable across sites, years, and seasons; in others, they were strongly influenced by season. The simplified experimental layout can be used to screen advanced breeding lines or established cultivars with moderate resources (e.g., space, seed, labour). Including such a screening in the breeding process would enable more weed competitive cultivars to be identified and would be likely to contribute to increased resource-use efficiency, reduced yield losses, lower costs, and less reliance on herbicides in rice-based lowland systems.
Published: 2004
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8. Integrated coastal management education in the Russian Federation through academic partnership

Author: V.A Shkitsky, A.C Upton, D.E Johnson, A.V Zagorodny, S Fletcher, and S.V Shibaev
Subjects: Russian language, Fisheries science, media_common.quotation_subject, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Aquatic Science, Public administration, Oceanography, State (polity), Environmental protection, General partnership, Political science, Technical university, Coastal planning, Russian federation, Coastal management, media_common
Abstract: Integrated Coastal Management in the Russian Federation is in its infancy. For the Kaliningrad Region, which has a strategically important coastline, coastal planning and coastal management practitioners will be important in the future. An academic partnership between Kaliningrad State Technical University in the Russian Federation and Southampton Institute in the United Kingdom has developed a specialization in Integrated Coastal Management within the established undergraduate fishery science courses. Materials development has been drawn from western sources, Kaliningrad Region case study opportunities and external links. Initial research into prospects for graduates from this course of study is encouraging and students interest in the new course has been significant. Future aspirations include broadening the academic network within the Russian Federation and Baltic area, and developing additional Russian language teaching material.
Published: 2000
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9. Maximizing text-mining performance

Author: Sholom M. Weiss, T. Hampp, Frank J. Oles, Fred J. Damerau, Chidanand Apte, Thilo Goetz, and D.E. Johnson
Subjects: Computer science, business.industry, Decision tree, computer.software_genre, Data warehouse, Electronic mail, Text mining, Artificial Intelligence, Control and Systems Engineering, Adaptive system, Resampling, Data mining, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Routing (electronic design automation), Benchmark data, business, computer
Abstract: The authors' adaptive resampling approach surpasses previous decision-tree performance and validates the effectiveness of small, pooled local dictionaries. They demonstrate their approach using the Reuters-21578 benchmark data and a real-world customer E-mail routing system.
Published: 1999
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10. Methods of studying magnetic circular dichroism in erbium-doped aluminosilicate glass

Author: J.P. Spoonhower, D.P. Poulios, D.E. Johnson, and N. P. Bigelow
Subjects: Circular dichroism, Absorption spectroscopy, Chemistry, Magnetic circular dichroism, Analytical chemistry, Condensed Matter Physics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Magnetic field, X-ray magnetic circular dichroism, Vibrational circular dichroism, Materials Chemistry, Ceramics and Composites, Ground state, Saturation (magnetic)
Abstract: The magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectrum of 3.0 mol% Er+3 doped aluminosilicate glass has been measured over a range of temperatures in several optical absorption bands. The method of moments was used to obtain the Faraday A1, B0, and C0 parameters from the spectra, and the spectroscopic splitting factor, g, for the 4I15/2 ground state was calculated for each band studied. The ground state g was also calculated from the saturation properties of the magnetic circular dichroism signal vs. magnetic field strength at 1.6 K. The gs obtained by both methods show very good agreement with each other and are compared with those found in previous works.
Published: 1998
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11. Composting characteristics of three bedding materials

Author: Ann M. Swinker, D.E. Johnson, M.K. Tanner, and L. Benner
Subjects: Waste management, Moisture, Bedding, Equine, Compost, Compaction, engineering.material, Straw, Manure, Animal science, visual_art, engineering, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Environmental science, Sawdust, Aeration
Abstract: Summary Horse manure management is becoming a major concern in suburban areas of the United States. An average horse can produce eight to ten tons of manure per year, accumulating at a rate of two cubic feet per day, including bedding. If properly composted, the manure and bedding can be transformed into a very useful, odorless, pathogenfree product. The objective of this trial was to compare the characteristics of recycled chopped phone book paper, sawdust and wheat straw bedding during composting. Six horses were stalled on three bedding types: recycled phone book paper, sawdust and straw. Each day manure and soiled bedding types were separately collected and transported to compost sites over an eight-day period. Three compositing bins were each hand constructed from wooden pallets with 10 cm slats. The front of the bin was left open for manipulation of materials during the composting process. Initial volumes of the soiled bedding materials were 1m 3 , 1m 3 , and 1.5m 3 for paper, sawdust and straw, respectively. Temperatures were taken for each bedding materials using a 51 cm REOTEMP compost thermometer. Temperatures were taken on Day 0 and every four days over the 65-day trial (n=52). Temperature was used to determine the need for moisture addition and aerating by turning to keep the piles microbially active. On Day 37 the C:N ratio was adjusted by the addition of ammonium sulfate, 0.1 kg, 0.1 kg and 0.14 kg for sawdust, phone book paper and straw piles, respectively. Mean standard error and range for compost temperatures (C) were: phone book paper, 33.17±10.33 (13–52); sawdust, 45.6±9.35 (27–58); straw, 30.42±6.57 (16–39). The sawdust composted more readily as compared to the phone book paper or straw. The paper and straw had poorer structure, which caused compaction of the material when moistened; thus, porosity, oxygen supply and microbial activity were reduced.
Published: 1998
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12. Respiratory and environmental effects of recycled phone book paper versus sawdust as bedding for horses

Author: D.E. Johnson, L.A. Stiffler, Patrick M. McCue, Josie L. Traub-Dargatz, D.K. Vanderwall, Ann M. Swinker, L.M. Vap, and M.K. Tanner
Subjects: Bedding, Waste management, Equine, business.industry, Ammonia levels, medicine.anatomical_structure, Animal science, visual_art, medicine, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Sawdust, Respiratory system, business, Respiratory tract
Abstract: Summary The physiological effect on the equine respiratory tract of recycled phone book paper vs. sawdust bedding was investigated in 12 mares with no clinical signs of respiratory disease. Mares were housed in a 20-stall barn and randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups (Group 1=sawdust; Group 2=phone book paper) for 14 days. After a 14-day turnout, Group 1 was assigned to phone book paper and Group 2 was assigned to sawdust for 14 days using a crossover experimental design. Endoscopic examinations of the upper respiratory tract and trachea along with tracheal washes (TW) were performed on days 0 and 14 of each trial. Cytologic examinations were performed on TW samples. Cell type and laboratory interpretation of TW samples were noted. There was no difference (P>0.05) in cell type between treatment groups within or across trials. Laboratory interpretation indicated no abnormalities in 30 of 48 TW samples. Stall conditions were visually rated and graded daily for drinking water cleanliness, depth of bedding and absorbency, overall cleanliness, ammonia odor, and aerial ammonia levels. The phone book paper bedding was more absorbent (P
Published: 1998
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13. [Untitled]

Author: K. Minami, O. Heinemeyer, D.E. Johnson, Arvin R. Mosier, John M. Duxbury, and J. R. Freney
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Global and Planetary Change, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, business.industry, Atmospheric methane, Sink (geography), Methane, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Agronomy, Environmental protection, Agriculture, Soil water, Animal waste, Paddy field, Environmental science, Greenhouse effect, business
Abstract: Agricultural crop and animal production systems are important sources and sinks for atmospheric methane (CH4). The major CH4 sources from this sector are ruminant animals, flooded rice fields, animal waste and biomass burning which total about one third of all global emissions. This paper discusses the factors that influence CH4 production and emission from these sources and the aerobic soil sink for atmospheric CH4 and assesses the magnitude of each source. Potential methods of mitigating CH4 emissions from the major sources could lead to improved crop and animal productivity. The global impact of using the mitigation options suggested could potentially decrease agricultural CH4 emissions by about 30%.
Published: 1998
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14. Inhibitors of Eicosanoid Biosynthesis and Their Effect upon Bacillus thuringiensis δ-Endotoxin Response in Cultured Insect Cells and Developing Larvae

Author: D.E. Johnson and R.W. Howard
Subjects: biology, Toxin, fungi, General Medicine, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease_cause, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Microbiology, In vitro, Nordihydroguaiaretic acid, chemistry.chemical_compound, Lipoxygenase, Biochemistry, chemistry, Eicosanoid, Manduca sexta, Bacillus thuringiensis, biology.protein, medicine, Cyclooxygenase
Abstract: Twelve inhibitors of eicosanoid biosynthesis were examined for their ability to affect the response of insect cells in vitro and developing larvae to δ-endotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis. The response of cultured insect cells from Manduca sexta, Choristoneura fumiferana, and Plodia interpunctella to CryIA(c) and CryIC protein from Bacillus thuringiensis was measured while exposed to various concentrations of specific cyclooxygenase and/or lipoxygenase inhibitors. Five of the inhibitors (curcumin, baicalein, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, indomethacin, and eicosatetraynoic acid) were toxic to the cells at high concentrations (>20 μM). Surprisingly, the same inhibitors had no significant effect upon normal larval development, except for nordihydroguaiaretic acid. No true, consistent difference was detected with either lipoxygenase or cyclooxygenase inhibitors for cells or larvae treated with δ-endotoxin. However, the δ-endotoxin response of insect cells in vitro and developing larvae in the presence of nordihydroguaiaretic acid was strong evidence of an involvement with P450 cytochromes in the B. thuringiensis toxic response.
Published: 1996
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15. Operational Responsibilities of the National Weather Service River and Flood Program

Author: D.E. Johnson, E.T. Strem, A.J. Morin, B. Armstrong, L.A. Wenzel, T.R. Carroll, M.D. Hudlow, G.L. Schaefer, R.L. Ferral, and L.W. Larson
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Meteorology, Flood myth, Process (engineering), business.industry, ComputerApplications_MISCELLANEOUS, Environmental resource management, Environmental science, National weather service, business, Variety (cybernetics)
Abstract: The River and Flood Program in the National Weather Service, in its mission to save lives and property, has the responsibility to gather hydrologic data from a variety of sources and to assemble the data to make timely and reliable hydrologic forecasts. The intent of this paper, the second in a series of three, is to present an overview of the operational responsibilities of the River and Flood Program: how data are collected, what models-systems are currently in operation to process the data, and how the application of these procedures and techniques are applied in different types of hydrologic forecasting.
Published: 1995
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16. Diet selection by goats in the sagebrush steppe of eastern Oregon

Author: D.E. Johnson and L.M. Richman
Subjects: geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Age differences, Steppe, Ecology, Range (biology), Biology, Seasonality, medicine.disease, Animal science, Food Animals, medicine, Animal Science and Zoology, Rangeland, human activities, Selection (genetic algorithm), Woody plant
Abstract: This study was designed to quantify plant selection by Angora goats on a sagebrush-bunchgrass rangeland and to provide information as to the potential for using goats to rehabilitate sagebrush rangelands in less than optimal condition. Goats were introduced to sagebrush-steppe rangeland at the Squaw Butte Experimental Range in eastern Oregon. Groups were maintained separately to avoid social learning across groups. Diets were ascertained using focal-animal bite-count observations during five consecutive seasons, summer of 1990 through summer 1991. Does and kids were primarily graminivorous; however, there was strong seasonality in species preference and a significant age difference in diets selected. Kids selected a more diverse diet and consumed significantly higher amounts of sagebrush and other woody plants during the initial observation season. Animal age influenced plant selection throughout the study until kids were 18 months old.
Published: 1995
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17. Neural network implementation using a single MOST per synapse

Author: William Eccleston, John Marsland, and D.E. Johnson
Subjects: Very-large-scale integration, Artificial neural network, Computer Networks and Communications, business.industry, Computer science, Computer Science::Neural and Evolutionary Computation, Transistor, Hardware_PERFORMANCEANDRELIABILITY, General Medicine, Integrated circuit, Perceptron, Computer Science Applications, law.invention, Synapse, Computer Science::Hardware Architecture, Computer Science::Emerging Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, law, Multilayer perceptron, Embedded system, Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS, Electronic engineering, business, Software, Hardware_LOGICDESIGN
Abstract: A VLSI implementation of an artificial neural network using a single n-channel MOS (metal-oxide semiconductor) transistor per synapse is investigated. The simplicity of the design is achieved by using pulse width modulation to represent neural activity and by using a novel technique to manipulate negative weights. A simple multilayer perceptron (MLP) network was simulated using the SPICE circuit simulator and the performance of a hardware realization of the same MLP network was measured. Simulations and measurements are shown to agree well. >
Published: 1995
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18. Rare gas—oxygen emission bands and rare gas continua in the UV and VUV

Author: D.E. Johnson
Subjects: Rare gas, chemistry, Continuum (measurement), Impurity, General Physics and Astronomy, chemistry.chemical_element, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Atomic physics, Oxygen, Excitation
Abstract: E-beam excitation of rare gas and rare gas—oxygen and/or N 2 O mixtures has revealed various prominent emission features. In the case of Ar/O 2 , new emission bands at 185.0 and 204.5 nm have been recorded. Excitation of Kr/O 2 and Kr/N 2 O mixtures leads to a broad continuum and several undulations in the UV. Emission features in XeO have been briefly reexamined. Although no NeO emission bands were observed, Ne emits well into the VUV. The third continuum of Ar at ≈ 191 nm is related at least in part to impurities. In general, the rare gas third continua are not strongly quenched by O 2 .
Published: 1995
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19. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy

Author: Klionsky, D.J. Abdalla, F.C. Abeliovich, H. Abraham, R.T. Acevedo-Arozena, A. Adeli, K. Agholme, L. Agnello, M. Agostinis, P. Aguirre-Ghiso, J.A. Ahn, H.J. Ait-Mohamed, O. Ait-Si-Ali, S. Akematsu, T. Akira, S. Al-Younes, H.M. Al-Zeer, M.A. Albert, M.L. Albin, R.L. Alegre-Abarrategui, J. Aleo, M.F. Alirezaei, M. Almasan, A. Almonte-Becerril, M. Amano, A. Amaravadi, R. Amarnath, S. Amer, A.O. Andrieu-Abadie, N. Anantharam, V. Ann, D.K. Anoopkumar-Dukie, S. Aoki, H. Apostolova, N. Arancia, G. Aris, J.P. Asanuma, K. Asare, N.Y.O. Ashida, H. Askanas, V. Askew, D.S. Auberger, P. Baba, M. Backues, S.K. Baehrecke, E.H. Bahr, B.A. Bai, X.-Y. Bailly, Y. Baiocchi, R. Baldini, G. Balduini, W. Ballabio, A. Bamber, B.A. Bampton, E.T.W. Bánhegyi, G. Bartholomew, C.R. Bassham, D.C. Bast Jr., R.C. Batoko, H. Bay, B.-H. Beau, I. Béchet, D.M. Begley, T.J. Behl, C. Behrends, C. Bekri, S. Bellaire, B. Bendall, L.J. Benetti, L. Berliocchi, L. Bernardi, H. Bernassola, F. Besteiro, S. Bhatia-Kissova, I. Bi, X. Biard-Piechaczyk, M. Blum, J.S. Boise, L.H. Bonaldo, P. Boone, D.L. Bornhauser, B.C. Bortoluci, K.R. Bossis, I. Bost, F. Bourquin, J.-P. Boya, P. Boyer-Guittaut, M. Bozhkov, P.V. Brady, N.R. Brancolini, C. Brech, A. Brenman, J.E. Brennand, A. Bresnick, E.H. Brest, P. Bridges, D. Bristol, M.L. Brookes, P.S. Brown, E.J. Brumell, J.H. Brunetti-Pierri, N. Brunk, U.T. Bulman, D.E. Bultman, S.J. Bultynck, G. Burbulla, L.F. Bursch, W. Butchar, J.P. Buzgariu, W. Bydlowski, S.P. Cadwell, K. Cahová, M. Cai, D. Cai, J. Cai, Q. Calabretta, B. Calvo-Garrido, J. Camougrand, N. Campanella, M. Campos-Salinas, J. Candi, E. Cao, L. Caplan, A.B. Carding, S.R. Cardoso, S.M. Carew, J.S. Carlin, C.R. Carmignac, V. Carneiro, L.A.M. Carra, S. Caruso, R.A. Casari, G. Casas, C. Castino, R. Cebollero, E. Cecconi, F. Celli, J. Chaachouay, H. Chae, H.-J. Chai, C.-Y. Chan, D.C. Chan, E.Y. Chang, R.C.-C. Che, C.-M. Chen, C.-C. Chen, G.-C. Chen, G.-Q. Chen, M. Chen, Q. Chen, S.S.-L. Chen, W. Chen, X. Chen, X. Chen, X. Chen, Y.-G. Chen, Y. Chen, Y. Chen, Y.-J. Chen, Z. Cheng, A. Cheng, C.H.K. Cheng, Y. Cheong, H. Cheong, J.-H. Cherry, S. Chess-Williams, R. Cheung, Z.H. Chevet, E. Chiang, H.-L. Chiarelli, R. Chiba, T. Chin, L.-S. Chiou, S.-H. Chisari, F.V. Cho, C.H. Cho, D.-H. Choi, A.M.K. Choi, D. Choi, K.S. Choi, M.E. Chouaib, S. Choubey, D. Choubey, V. Chu, C.T. Chuang, T.-H. Chueh, S.-H. Chun, T. Chwae, Y.-J. Chye, M.-L. Ciarcia, R. Ciriolo, M.R. Clague, M.J. Clark, R.S.B. Clarke, P.G.H. Clarke, R. Codogno, P. Coller, H.A. Colombo, M.I. Comincini, S. Condello, M. Condorelli, F. Cookson, M.R. Coombs, G.H. Coppens, I. Corbalan, R. Cossart, P. Costelli, P. Costes, S. Coto-Montes, A. Couve, E. Coxon, F.P. Cregg, J.M. Crespo, J.L. Cronjé, M.J. Cuervo, A.M. Cullen, J.J. Czaja, M.J. D'Amelio, M. Darfeuille-Michaud, A. Davids, L.M. Davies, F.E. De Felici, M. De Groot, J.F. De Haan, C.A.M. De Martino, L. De Milito, A. De Tata, V. Debnath, J. Degterev, A. Dehay, B. Delbridge, L.M.D. Demarchi, F. Deng, Y.Z. Dengjel, J. Dent, P. Denton, D. Deretic, V. Desai, S.D. Devenish, R.J. Di Gioacchino, M. Di Paolo, G. Di Pietro, C. Díaz-Araya, G. Díaz-Laviada, I. Diaz-Meco, M.T. Diaz-Nido, J. Dikic, I. Dinesh-Kumar, S.P. Ding, W.-X. Distelhorst, C.W. Diwan, A. Djavaheri-Mergny, M. Dokudovskaya, S. Dong, Z. Dorsey, F.C. Dosenko, V. Dowling, J.J. Doxsey, S. Dreux, M. Drew, M.E. Duan, Q. Duchosal, M.A. Duff, K. Dugail, I. Durbeej, M. Duszenko, M. Edelstein, C.L. Edinger, A.L. Egea, G. Eichinger, L. Eissa, N.T. Ekmekcioglu, S. El-Deiry, W.S. Elazar, Z. Elgendy, M. Ellerby, L.M. Er Eng, K. Engelbrecht, A.-M. Engelender, S. Erenpreisa, J. Escalante, R. Esclatine, A. Eskelinen, E.-L. Espert, L. Espina, V. Fan, H. Fan, J. Fan, Q.-W. Fan, Z. Fang, S. Fang, Y. Fanto, M. Fanzani, A. Farkas, T. Farré, J.-C. Faure, M. Fechheimer, M. Feng, C.G. Feng, J. Feng, Q. Feng, Y. Fésüs, L. Feuer, R. Figueiredo-Pereira, M.E. Fimia, G.M. Fingar, D.C. Finkbeiner, S. Finkel, T. Finley, K.D. Fiorito, F. Fisher, E.A. Fisher, P.B. Flajolet, M. Florez-McClure, M.L. Florio, S. Fon, E.A. Fornai, F. Fortunato, F. Fotedar, R. Fowler, D.H. Fox, H.S. Franco, R. Frankel, L.B. Fransen, M. Fuentes, J.M. Fueyo, J. Fujii, J. Fujisaki, K. Fujita, E. Fukuda, M. Furukawa, R.H. Gaestel, M. Gailly, P. Gajewska, M. Galliot, B. Galy, V. Ganesh, S. Ganetzky, B. Ganley, I.G. Gao, F.-B. Gao, G.F. Gao, J. Garcia, L. Garcia-Manero, G. Garcia-Marcos, M. Garmyn, M. Gartel, A.L. Gatti, E. Gautel, M. Gawriluk, T.R. Gegg, M.E. Geng, J. Germain, M. Gestwicki, J.E. Gewirtz, D.A. Ghavami, S. Ghosh, P. Giammarioli, A.M. Giatromanolaki, A.N. Gibson, S.B. Gilkerson, R.W. Ginger, M.L. Ginsberg, H.N. Golab, J. Goligorsky, M.S. Golstein, P. Gomez-Manzano, C. Goncu, E. Gongora, C. Gonzalez, C.D. Gonzalez, R. González-Estévez, C. González-Polo, R.A. Gonzalez-Rey, E. Gorbunov, N.V. Gorski, S. Goruppi, S. Gottlieb, R.A. Gozuacik, D. Granato, G.E. Grant, G.D. Green, K.N. Gregorc, A. Gros, F. Grose, C. Grunt, T.W. Gual, P. Guan, J.-L. Guan, K.-L. Guichard, S.M. Gukovskaya, A.S. Gukovsky, I. Gunst, J. Gustafsson, A.B. Halayko, A.J. Hale, A.N. Halonen, S.K. Hamasaki, M. Han, F. Han, T. Hancock, M.K. Hansen, M. Harada, H. Harada, M. Hardt, S.E. Harper, J.W. Harris, A.L. Harris, J. Harris, S.D. Hashimoto, M. Haspel, J.A. Hayashi, S.-I. Hazelhurst, L.A. He, C. He, Y.-W. Hébert, M.-J. Heidenreich, K.A. Helfrich, M.H. Helgason, G.V. Henske, E.P. Herman, B. Herman, P.K. Hetz, C. Hilfiker, S. Hill, J.A. Hocking, L.J. Hofman, P. Hofmann, T.G. Höhfeld, J. Holyoake, T.L. Hong, M.-H. Hood, D.A. Hotamisligil, G.S. Houwerzijl, E.J. Høyer-Hansen, M. Hu, B. Hu, C.-A.A. Hu, H.-M. Hua, Y. Huang, C. Huang, J. Huang, S. Huang, W.-P. Huber, T.B. Huh, W.-K. Hung, T.-H. Hupp, T.R. Hur, G.M. Hurley, J.B. Hussain, S.N.A. Hussey, P.J. Hwang, J.J. Hwang, S. Ichihara, A. Ilkhanizadeh, S. Inoki, K. Into, T. Iovane, V. Iovanna, J.L. Ip, N.Y. Isaka, Y. Ishida, H. Isidoro, C. Isobe, K.-I. Iwasaki, A. Izquierdo, M. Izumi, Y. Jaakkola, P.M. Jäättelä, M. Jackson, G.R. Jackson, W.T. Janji, B. Jendrach, M. Jeon, J.-H. Jeung, E.-B. Jiang, H. Jiang, H. Jiang, J.X. Jiang, M. Jiang, Q. Jiang, X. Jiménez, A. Jin, M. Jin, S. Joe, C.O. Johansen, T. Johnson, D.E. Johnson, G.V.W. Jones, N.L. Joseph, B. Joseph, S.K. Joubert, A.M. Juhász, G. Juillerat-Jeanneret, L. Jung, C.H. Jung, Y.-K. Kaarniranta, K. Kaasik, A. Kabuta, T. Kadowaki, M. Kagedal, K. Kamada, Y. Kaminskyy, V.O. Kampinga, H.H. Kanamori, H. Kang, C. Kang, K.B. Il Kang, K. Kang, R. Kang, Y.-A. Kanki, T. Kanneganti, T.-D. Kanno, H. Kanthasamy, A.G. Kanthasamy, A. Karantza, V. Kaushal, G.P. Kaushik, S. Kawazoe, Y. Ke, P.-Y. Kehrl, J.H. Kelekar, A. Kerkhoff, C. Kessel, D.H. Khalil, H. Kiel, J.A.K.W. Kiger, A.A. Kihara, A. Kim, D.R. Kim, D.-H. Kim, D.-H. Kim, E.-K. Kim, H.-R. Kim, J.-S. Kim, J.H. Kim, J.C. Kim, J.K. Kim, P.K. Kim, S.W. Kim, Y.-S. Kim, Y. Kimchi, A. Kimmelman, A.C. King, J.S. Kinsella, T.J. Kirkin, V. Kirshenbaum, L.A. Kitamoto, K. Kitazato, K. Klein, L. Klimecki, W.T. Klucken, J. Knecht, E. Ko, B.C.B. Koch, J.C. Koga, H. Koh, J.-Y. Koh, Y.H. Koike, M. Komatsu, M. Kominami, E. Kong, H.J. Kong, W.-J. Korolchuk, V.I. Kotake, Y. Koukourakis, M.I. Kouri Flores, J.B. Kovács, A.L. Kraft, C. Krainc, D. Krämer, H. Kretz-Remy, C. Krichevsky, A.M. Kroemer, G. Krüger, R. Krut, O. Ktistakis, N.T. Kuan, C.-Y. Kucharczyk, R. Kumar, A. Kumar, R. Kumar, S. Kundu, M. Kung, H.-J. Kurz, T. Kwon, H.J. La Spada, A.R. Lafont, F. Lamark, T. Landry, J. Lane, J.D. Lapaquette, P. Laporte, J.F. László, L. Lavandero, S. Lavoie, J.N. Layfield, R. Lazo, P.A. Le, W. Le Cam, L. Ledbetter, D.J. Lee, A.J.X. Lee, B.-W. Lee, G.M. Lee, J. Lee, J.-H. Lee, M. Lee, M.-S. Lee, S.H. Leeuwenburgh, C. Legembre, P. Legouis, R. Lehmann, M. Lei, H.-Y. Lei, Q.-Y. Leib, D.A. Leiro, J. Lemasters, J.J. Lemoine, A. Lesniak, M.S. Lev, D. Levenson, V.V. Levine, B. Levy, E. Li, F. Li, J.-L. Li, L. Li, S. Li, W. Li, X.-J. Li, Y.-B. Li, Y.-P. Liang, C. Liang, Q. Liao, Y.-F. Liberski, P.P. Lieberman, A. Lim, H.J. Lim, K.-L. Lim, K. Lin, C.-F. Lin, F.-C. Lin, J. Lin, J.D. Lin, K. Lin, W.-W. Lin, W.-C. Lin, Y.-L. Linden, R. Lingor, P. Lippincott-Schwartz, J. Lisanti, M.P. Liton, P.B. Liu, B. Liu, C.-F. Liu, K. Liu, L. Liu, Q.A. Liu, W. Liu, Y.-C. Liu, Y. Lockshin, R.A. Lok, C.-N. Lonial, S. Loos, B. Lopez-Berestein, G. López-Otín, C. Lossi, L. Lotze, M.T. Lõw, P. Lu, B. Lu, B. Lu, B. Lu, Z. Luciano, F. Lukacs, N.W. Lund, A.H. Lynch-Day, M.A. Ma, Y. Macian, F. MacKeigan, J.P. Macleod, K.F. Madeo, F. Maiuri, L. Maiuri, M.C. Malagoli, D. Malicdan, M.C.V. Malorni, W. Man, N. Mandelkow, E.-M. Manon, S. Manov, I. Mao, K. Mao, X. Mao, Z. Marambaud, P. Marazziti, D. Marcel, Y.L. Marchbank, K. Marchetti, P. Marciniak, S.J. Marcondes, M. Mardi, M. Marfe, G. Mariño, G. Markaki, M. Marten, M.R. Martin, S.J. Martinand-Mari, C. Martinet, W. Martinez-Vicente, M. Masini, M. Matarrese, P. Matsuo, S. Matteoni, R. Mayer, A. Mazure, N.M. McConkey, D.J. McConnell, M.J. McDermott, C. McDonald, C. McInerney, G.M. McKenna, S.L. McLaughlin, B. McLean, P.J. McMaster, C.R. McQuibban, G.A. Meijer, A.J. Meisler, M.H. Meléndez, A. Melia, T.J. Melino, G. Mena, M.A. Menendez, J.A. Menna-Barreto, R.F.S. Menon, M.B. Menzies, F.M. Mercer, C.A. Merighi, A. Merry, D.E. Meschini, S. Meyer, C.G. Meyer, T.F. Miao, C.-Y. Miao, J.-Y. Michels, P.A.M. Michiels, C. Mijaljica, D. Milojkovic, A. Minucci, S. Miracco, C. Miranti, C.K. Mitroulis, I. Miyazawa, K. Mizushima, N. Mograbi, B. Mohseni, S. Molero, X. Mollereau, B. Mollinedo, F. Momoi, T. Monastyrska, I. Monick, M.M. Monteiro, M.J. Moore, M.N. Mora, R. Moreau, K. Moreira, P.I. Moriyasu, Y. Moscat, J. Mostowy, S. Mottram, J.C. Motyl, T. Moussa, C.E.-H. Müller, S. Muller, S. Münger, K. Münz, C. Murphy, L.O. Murphy, M.E. Musarò, A. Mysorekar, I. Nagata, E. Nagata, K. Nahimana, A. Nair, U. Nakagawa, T. Nakahira, K. Nakano, H. Nakatogawa, H. Nanjundan, M. Naqvi, N.I. Narendra, D.P. Narita, M. Navarro, M. 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Poüs, C. Pozuelo-Rubio, M. Prætorius-Ibba, M. Prasad, A. Prescott, M. Priault, M. Produit-Zengaffinen, N. Progulske-Fox, A. Proikas-Cezanne, T. Przedborski, S. Przyklenk, K. Puertollano, R. Puyal, J. Qian, S.-B. Qin, L. Qin, Z.-H. Quaggin, S.E. Raben, N. Rabinowich, H. Rabkin, S.W. Rahman, I. Rami, A. Ramm, G. Randall, G. Randow, F. Rao, V.A. Rathmell, J.C. Ravikumar, B. Ray, S.K. Reed, B.H. Reed, J.C. Reggiori, F. Régnier-Vigouroux, A. Reichert, A.S. Reiners Jr., J.J. Reiter, R.J. Ren, J. Revuelta, J.L. Rhodes, C.J. Ritis, K. Rizzo, E. Robbins, J. Roberge, M. Roca, H. Roccheri, M.C. Rocchi, S. Rodemann, H.P. De Córdoba, S.R. Rohrer, B. Roninson, I.B. Rosen, K. Rost-Roszkowska, M.M. Rouis, M. Rouschop, K.M.A. Rovetta, F. Rubin, B.P. Rubinsztein, D.C. Ruckdeschel, K. Rucker III, E.B. Rudich, A. Rudolf, E. Ruiz-Opazo, N. Russo, R. Rusten, T.E. Ryan, K.M. Ryter, S.W. Sabatini, D.M. Sadoshima, J. Saha, T. Saitoh, T. Sakagami, H. Sakai, Y. Salekdeh, G.H. Salomoni, P. Salvaterra, P.M. Salvesen, G. Salvioli, R. Sanchez, A.M.J. Sánchez-Alcázar, J.A. Sánchez-Prieto, R. Sandri, M. Sankar, U. Sansanwal, P. Santambrogio, L. Saran, S. Sarkar, S. Sarwal, M. Sasakawa, C. Sasnauskiene, A. Sass, M. Sato, K. Sato, M. Schapira, A.H.V. Scharl, M. Schätzl, H.M. Scheper, W. Schiaffino, S. Schneider, C. Schneider, M.E. Schneider-Stock, R. Schoenlein, P.V. Schorderet, D.F. Schüller, C. Schwartz, G.K. Scorrano, L. Sealy, L. Seglen, P.O. Segura-Aguilar, J. Seiliez, I. Seleverstov, O. Sell, C. Seo, J.B. Separovic, D. Setaluri, V. Setoguchi, T. Settembre, C. Shacka, J.J. Shanmugam, M. Shapiro, I.M. Shaulian, E. Shaw, R.J. Shelhamer, J.H. Shen, H.-M. Shen, W.-C. Sheng, Z.-H. Shi, Y. Shibuya, K. Shidoji, Y. Shieh, J.-J. Shih, C.-M. Shimada, Y. Shimizu, S. Shintani, T. Shirihai, O.S. Shore, G.C. Sibirny, A.A. Sidhu, S.B. Sikorska, B. Silva-Zacarin, E.C.M. Simmons, A. Simon, A.K. Simon, H.-U. Simone, C. Simonsen, A. Sinclair, D.A. Singh, R. Sinha, D. Sinicrope, F.A. Sirko, A. Siu, P.M. Sivridis, E. Skop, V. Skulachev, V.P. Slack, R.S. Smaili, S.S. Smith, D.R. Soengas, M.S. Soldati, T. Song, X. Sood, A.K. Soong, T.W. Sotgia, F. Spector, S.A. Spies, C.D. Springer, W. Srinivasula, S.M. Stefanis, L. Steffan, J.S. Stendel, R. Stenmark, H. Stephanou, A. Stern, S.T. Sternberg, C. Stork, B. Strålfors, P. Subauste, C.S. Sui, X. Sulzer, D. Sun, J. Sun, S.-Y. Sun, Z.-J. Sung, J.J.Y. Suzuki, K. Suzuki, T. Swanson, M.S. Swanton, C. Sweeney, S.T. Sy, L.-K. Szabadkai, G. Tabas, I. Taegtmeyer, H. Tafani, M. Takács-Vellai, K. Takano, Y. Takegawa, K. Takemura, G. Takeshita, F. Talbot, N.J. Tan, K.S.W. Tanaka, K. Tanaka, K. Tang, D. Tang, D. Tanida, I. Tannous, B.A. Tavernarakis, N. Taylor, G.S. Taylor, G.A. Taylor, J.P. Terada, A.S. Terman, A. Tettamanti, G. Thevissen, K. Thompson, C.B. Thorburn, A. Thumm, M. Tian, F. Tian, Y. Tocchini-Valentini, G. Tolkovsky, A.M. Tomino, Y. Tönges, L. Tooze, S.A. Tournier, C. Tower, J. Towns, R. Trajkovic, V. Travassos, L.H. Tsai, T.-F. Tschan, M.P. Tsubata, T. Tsung, A. Turk, B. Turner, L.S. Tyagi, S.C. Uchiyama, Y. Ueno, T. Umekawa, M. Umemiya-Shirafuji, R. Unni, V.K. Vaccaro, M.I. Valente, E.M. Van Den Berghe, G. Van Der Klei, I.J. Van Doorn, W.G. Van Dyk, L.F. Van Egmond, M. Van Grunsven, L.A. Vandenabeele, P. Vandenberghe, W.P. Vanhorebeek, I. Vaquero, E.C. Velasco, G. Vellai, T. Vicencio, J.M. Vierstra, R.D. Vila, M. Vindis, C. Viola, G. Viscomi, M.T. Voitsekhovskaja, O.V. Von Haefen, C. Votruba, M. Wada, K. Wade-Martins, R. Walker, C.L. Walsh, C.M. Walter, J. Wan, X.-B. Wang, A. Wang, C. Wang, D. Wang, F. Wang, F. Wang, G. Wang, H. Wang, H.-G. Wang, H.-D. Wang, J. Wang, K. Wang, M. Wang, R.C. Wang, X. Wang, X. Wang, Y.-J. Wang, Y. Wang, Z. Wang, Z.C. Wang, Z. Wansink, D.G. Ward, D.M. Watada, H. Waters, S.L. Webster, P. Wei, L. Weihl, C.C. Weiss, W.A. Welford, S.M. Wen, L.-P. Whitehouse, C.A. Whitton, J.L. Whitworth, A.J. Wileman, T. Wiley, J.W. Wilkinson, S. Willbold, D. Williams, R.L. Williamson, P.R. Wouters, B.G. Wu, C. Wu, D.-C. Wu, W.K.K. Wyttenbach, A. Xavier, R.J. Xi, Z. Xia, P. Xiao, G. Xie, Z. Xie, Z. Xu, D.-Z. Xu, J. Xu, L. Xu, X. Yamamoto, A. Yamamoto, A. Yamashina, S. Yamashita, M. Yan, X. Yanagida, M. Yang, D.-S. Yang, E. Yang, J.-M. Yang, S.Y. Yang, W. Yang, W.Y. Yang, Z. Yao, M.-C. Yao, T.-P. Yeganeh, B. Yen, W.-L. Yin, J.-J. Yin, X.-M. Yoo, O.-J. Yoon, G. Yoon, S.-Y. Yorimitsu, T. Yoshikawa, Y. Yoshimori, T. Yoshimoto, K. You, H.J. Youle, R.J. Younes, A. Yu, L. Yu, L. Yu, S.-W. Yu, W.H. Yuan, Z.-M. Yue, Z. Yun, C.-H. Yuzaki, M. Zabirnyk, O. Silva-Zacarin, E. David Zacks, E. Zacksenhaus, L. Zaffaroni, N. Zakeri, Z. Zeh III, H.J. Zeitlin, S.O. Zhang, H. Zhang, H.-L. Zhang, J. Zhang, J.-P. Zhang, L. Zhang, L. Zhang, M.-Y. Zhang, X.D. Zhao, M. Zhao, Y.-F. Zhao, Y. Zhao, Z.J. Zheng, X. Zhivotovsky, B. Zhong, Q. Zhou, C.-Z. Zhu, C. Zhu, W.-G. Zhu, X.-F. Zhu, X. Zhu, Y. Zoladek, T. Zong, W.-X. Zorzano, A. Zschocke, J. Zuckerbraun, B.
Abstract: In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field. © 2012 Landes Bioscience.
Published: 2012

20. Experimental Verification of Dimensional Analysis for Hydraulic Fracturing

Author: D.E. Johnson, T.S. Quinn, D.T. Barr, Leen Weijers, M.P. Cleary, and C.J. de Pater
Subjects: Stress (mechanics), Fuel Technology, Hydraulic fracturing, Fracture toughness, Mathematical model, Scale (ratio), Well stimulation, Geotechnical engineering, Fracture mechanics, Mechanics, Representation (mathematics), Geology
Abstract: Summary We have derived model laws that relate experimental parameters of a physical model of hydraulic fracture propagation to the prototype parameters. Correct representation of elastic deformation, fluid friction, crack propagation, and fluid leakoff forms the basis of the scaling laws. For tests at in-situ stress, high fluid viscosity and low fracture toughness are required. Tests on cement blocks agreed with the scale laws based on elastic behavior.
Published: 1994
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21. Correlation of Professional Performance to AcceptableIAQ in Critical Care Medical Facilities

Author: H.W. Holder, K.V. Easterwood, null Jr., D.E. Johnson, J.W. Sealy, M. D. Larranaga, and D.C. Straus
Subjects: Architectural engineering, Nursing, Natural materials, business.industry, media_common.quotation_subject, Medicine, Critical function, business, Function (engineering), media_common
Abstract: Fundamentally, buildings are simple things. Its basic purpose is to provide shelter. Initially, caves, cow hides for tents, hay for roofs, and mud for walls fulfilled this function. As life became more complex, beyond looking for the next meal, buildings followed suit. Historically, humanity has evolved from utilizing natural materials and living with the inherent limitations of these materials to integrating manufactured products limited only by the imagination of the designer. But if form truly “follows function”1 there is possibly no more of a complex and critical function than that of our critical care medical facilities. These functions are so critical that, for the most part, a team of specialists is required to provide a fully operational facility. The realization of a building from a building program (written statement of need) into a three dimensional form is typically “chaired” by the architect who similarly employs the talents of various engineers and other specialists. All of this talent demands, and deserves, a fee structure higher than what is typically seen for office and other commercial buildings. Yet, even with the skill levels in place to bring such a complex environment together, flawed and defective buildings are designed and constructed. The ramifications of unsuccessful hospitals impact the very purpose of its mission and impose unnecessary burden on staff and management, but more significantly: Defective Buildings shorten the life of buildings and defective critical care medical buildings present serious health and safety risks to patients and staff.
Published: 2011

22. Isolation, identification and synthesis of an endogenous arachidonic amide that inhibits calcium channel antagonist 1,4-dihydropyridine binding

Author: S.L. Heald, D.E. Johnson, R.D. Dally, and R.A. Janis
Subjects: Dihydropyridines, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Polyunsaturated Alkamides, Stereochemistry, Heart Ventricles, Clinical Biochemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, Arachidonic Acids, Chemical Fractionation, Calcium, Mass Spectrometry, medicine, Animals, Binding site, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Cerebral Cortex, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Voltage-dependent calcium channel, Calcium channel, Dihydropyridine, Cell Biology, Fast atom bombardment, Calcium Channel Blockers, Rats, Dissociation constant, Membrane, chemistry, Cattle, Endocannabinoids, medicine.drug
Abstract: This study was part of a broad search for endogenous regulators of L-type calcium channels. The screening for active fractions was done by measuring inhibition [3H]1,4-dihydropyridine (DHP) binding to rat cardiac and cortex membranes. An inhibitory fraction, termed lyophilized brain hexane-extractable inhibitor (LBHI), was isolated from hexane extracts of lyophilized calf brain. The active substance was purified by a series of chromatographic steps. 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 1H coherence spectroscopy (COSY) NMR and fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectroscopy suggested that LBHI was N-arachidonic acid-2-hydroxyethylamide. Synthesis of this substance and subsequent high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and NMR analysis confirmed this structure. Synthetic LBHI (SLBHI) inhibited [3H]DHP binding to rat cortex membranes with an IC50 value of congruent to 15 microM and a Hill coefficient of congruent to 2. Saturation analysis in the presence of SLBHI showed a change in KD (equilibrium dissociation constant), but not maximal binding capacity (Bmax). SLBHI produced an increased dissociation rate, which, along with the Hill slope of1, suggested a non-competitive interaction with the DHP binding site. The results suggest that arachidonic acid derivatives may be endogenous modifiers of the DHP calcium antagonist binding site.
Published: 1993
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23. Effects of intensification of agricultural practices on emission of greenhouse gases

Author: D.E. Johnson, W.C. Miller, G.M. Ward, and K.G. Doxtader
Subjects: Environmental Engineering, business.industry, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Animal product, Global warming, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Environmental engineering, General Medicine, General Chemistry, Nitrous oxide, Pollution, Methane, chemistry.chemical_compound, Agricultural science, chemistry, Agriculture, Greenhouse gas, Carbon dioxide, Environmental Chemistry, Environmental science, business, Greenhouse effect
Abstract: Poor quality diets of ruminant farm animals in developing countries lead to relatively large emissions of methane (a gas implicated in global climate change) per unit of useful animal product. Production of high quality feed requires intensive agronomic practices that result in increased emission of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide, which also contribute to global climate change. Focusing on India, we estimate that improved diets could reduce by one-third greenhouse gas production (expressed as CO2 equivalents) per kg of milk. On the other hand, replacement of bullocks with tractors is projected to result in a greater than two-fold increase in CO2 equivalents.
Published: 1993
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24. Estimates of methane emissions from manure of U.S. cattle

Author: Patrick R. Zimmerman, D.E. Johnson, D. W. Lodman, B.R. Carmean, M. E. Branine, and G.M. Ward
Subjects: Environmental Engineering, Moisture, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, General Medicine, General Chemistry, Beef cattle, Pollution, Manure, Methane, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Agronomy, Anaerobic lagoon, Feedlot, Grazing, Environmental Chemistry, Environmental science, Dairy cattle
Abstract: Methane emissions were measured during manure incubations in the laboratory simulating field depositions and by placing enclosures over feedlot sites. Results indicate a great deal of variation in manure methane production, both under feedlot conditions and under simulated grazing conditions. The variables which contributed most to the differences in methane production were temperature, moisture and diet of the animal. Incubation loss rates were 7% or less of potential manure degradation loss when manure was kept wet and less than 1% of total potential loss when the manure was allowed to dry. Emissions from feedlot accumulations extrapolated to the whole feedlot commonly ranged from .1 to .2% of the potential of only one day's manure. We conclude that only anaerobic lagoon disposal is likely to produce significant methane emissions from livestock manure. Given the stated assumptions, beef cattle in the U.S. are estimated to produce approximately 0.2 million tons of methane and dairy cattle manure .4 million tons, which is approximately 2% of potential for beef cattle and 10% of potential for dairy cattle. The total equates to approximately 11% of that produced directly by cattle annually.
Published: 1993
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25. Chemical exposure and breast cancer: identifying compounds of concern

Author: E. Chan, S. Dairkee, S. Janssen, J. Latimer, R.A. Rudel, M. Schwarzman, L. Zeise, L. JeBailey, and D.E. Johnson
Published: 2010
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26. Minimizing the mass of a potential railgun power supply

Author: D.E. Johnson, N.D. Clements, and A.P. Noel
Subjects: Isolation transformer, Materials science, business.industry, Flyback transformer, Electrical engineering, Distribution transformer, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, law.invention, Capacitor, law, Electrical equipment, Energy efficient transformer, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Delta-wye transformer, business, Transformer
Abstract: A pulsed power supply is being designed to deliver 5 MJ at 1 MA at 1 shot per second to a railgun. The supply stores energy at low current in the primary of a hydrogen-cooled transformer. A switch opens the primary circuit to transfer energy to the secondary, stepping the current up to 1 MA. The relationship between the transformer and switch is being studied to determine how the total power supply mass can be minimized. Vacuum interrupters and gate-turn-off (GTO) thyristors are used in the switch. Switch mass dominates the system, accounting for 85% of the total mass. The switch must absorb the uncoupled energy of the transformer. Low transformer coupling requires large capacitors. Even with high coupling, capacitors account for 75 to 85% of the switch mass. If transformer coupling increases, the uncoupled energy decreases, resulting in lower capacitor mass. At high transformer coupling, switch mass also depends on the turns ratio of the transformer. At lower turns ratio, a lower voltage is placed across the switch capacitors. Lighter capacitors can be used, reducing system mass. The combined transformer and switch (system) mass is minimized when transformer coupling is 0.97 to 0.99 and the turns ratio is as low as possible. >
Published: 1991
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27. Opening switches for a 5 MJ, 1 MA energy storage transformer

Author: D.E. Johnson and N.D. Clements
Subjects: Materials science, business.industry, Electrical engineering, Thyristor, Semiconductor device, Dissipation, Energy storage, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, law.invention, Capacitor, law, Commutation, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Resistor, business, Transformer
Abstract: Two possible switches topologies used to switch the primary of an energy storage transformer are compared. A series-connected semiconductor/vacuum interrupter switch and an all-solid-state switch are sized for a 5 MJ energy storage transformer. Gate-turn-off (GTO) thyristors are used as the semiconductor switches. Total mass estimates, operating characteristics, and applicability to a space-based pulsed power system are discussed. Both designs store the commutation energy in capacitors. The communication energy is then dissipated in resistors after switching has occurred. The capacitor mass is shown to dominate the total switch mass. Therefore, the mass of both switches is approximately equal. The advantages of the all-solid-state switch include high reliability, no moving parts, proven design, and a high probability of future mass reduction with new semiconductor device developments. The all-solid-state switch has a higher on-state power dissipation than the vacuum interpreter switch. it is suggested that the advantages of the all-solid-state switch outweigh the disadvantages of the higher power dissipation. >
Published: 1991
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28. Parallelizing computer system simulators

Author: W.H. Reinhart, Dam Sunwoo, Joonsoo Kim, Derek Chiou, D.E. Johnson, Nikhil A. Patil, and Hari Angepat
Subjects: Instruction set, Computer science, Superscalar, Operating system, Concurrent computing, x86, Plan (drawing), computer.software_genre, computer, Booting, Microarchitecture
Abstract: This paper describes NSF-supported work in parallelized computer system simulators being done in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at the University of Texas at Austin. Our work is currently following two paths: (i) the FAST simulation methodology[9, 11, 10] that is capable of simulating complex systems accurately and quickly (currently about 1.2MIPS executing the x86 ISA, modeling an out-of-order superscalar processor and booting Windows XP and Linux) and (ii) the RAMP-White (White)[l, 22] platform that will soon be capable of simulating very large systems of around 1000 cores. We plan to combine the projects to provide fast and accurate simulation of multicore systems.
Published: 2008
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29. Starch digestion and digesta kinetics in the small intestine of steers fed on a maize grain and maize silage mixture

Author: C. F. Nockels, R.L. Remillard, D.E. Johnson, and L.D. Lewis
Subjects: Silage, Starch, Ileum, Biology, Maize starch, Small intestine, Jejunum, chemistry.chemical_compound, medicine.anatomical_structure, chemistry, medicine, biology.protein, Animal Science and Zoology, Amylase, Food science, Digestion
Abstract: An attempt was made to overcome incomplete starch digestion in the small intestine of ruminants by exogenous amylase and/or sodium bicarbonate additions into the small intestine of steers fed on a diet of 60% cracked maize grain and 30% maize silage. Four Hereford × Angus steers were cannulated in the rumen, duodenum, jejunum and ileum. Ytterbium-marked maize was given daily and a liquid phase marker, Cr-EDTA, was infused into the rumen continuously. Treatments (amylase, bicarbonate, amylase plus bicarbonate or distilled water) were individually infused into the jejunal cannula at an average rate of 190 ml day−1 for four 7-day periods in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Duodenal and ileal composite samples were analyzed for dry matter (DM), starch and marker contents to determine ruminal and small intestinal digestibility. Digesta kinetics for the small intestine indicated that the particulate and liquid phases flowed together with little separation. The pH of the duodenal, jejunal and ileal digesta prior to any treatment infusions averaged 2.5, 4.8 and 7.3, respectively. Starch flow to the small intestine averaged 1000 g day−1 with 350 g passing to the large intestine. Nutrient digestibility was not affected by the infusion treatments. The results were interpreted to suggest that amylase and probably digesta pH are not the first limiting factors in the digestion of maize starch in the small intestine of cattle adapted to starch diets.
Published: 1990
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30. Salinomycin residues and their ionophoricity in pig tissues

Author: James A. Creegan, George J. Wright, Gary P. Dimenna, T. Szymanski, F.S. Lyon, D.E. Johnson, and L.C. Wilkes
Subjects: Detection limit, Kidney, medicine.drug_class, Antibiotics, Ionophore, General Chemistry, Metabolism, Residue (chemistry), chemistry.chemical_compound, Animal science, medicine.anatomical_structure, Biochemistry, chemistry, medicine, Carbon-14, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Salinomycin
Abstract: The effect of pretreatment with medicated feed on ({sup 14}C) salinomycin residue levels in pig tissues was studied. Pigs were fed unmedicated feed or feed medicated with salinomycin at 41 ppm in the diet for 29 days and then dosed with ({sup 14}C)salinomycin for 8 days. Total drug residue levels were below quantifiable limits of detection of kidney, fat, and muscle but at the tolerance limit of 1,800 ppb for liver. In liver, pretreatment tended to lower total residue levels, and unchanged ({sup 14}C)salinomycin accounted for
Published: 1990
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31. Expression of Interest: A Muon to Electron Conversion Experiment at Fermilab

Author: U Idaho State, Berkeley Uc, U Syracuse, D.F. DeJongh, D.R. Broemmelsiek, U Virginia, Amherst Massachusetts U., S.J. Brice, Martens, D. Bogert, Inr Moscow, C.M. Ankenbrandt, D.V. Neuffer, M. Popovic, D.E. Johnson, S. Geer, Urbana Illinois U., E.J. Prebys, and U Boston
Subjects: Nuclear physics, Physics, Particle physics, Muon, Large Hadron Collider, Physics beyond the Standard Model, High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, Electroweak interaction, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Supersymmetry, Fermilab, Neutrino, Lepton
Abstract: We are writing this letter to express our interest in pursuing an experiment at Fermilab to search for neutrinoless conversion of muons into electrons in the field of a nucleus, which is a lepton flavor-violating (LFV) reaction. The sensitivity goal of this experiment, improving on existing limits for this process by more than a factor of 10000, is very similar to that of previous experiments that have been proposed but never built. It would provide the most sensitive test of LFV, a unique and essential window on new physics unavailable at the high energy frontier. We present a conceptual scheme that would exploit the existing Accumulator and Debuncher rings to generate the required characteristics of the primary proton beam. The proposal requires only modest modifications to the accelerator complex after including those already planned for the NOvA experiment, with which this experiment would be fully compatible. The search for lepton flavor violation (LFV) has long played an important role in the evolution of our understanding of electroweak interactions. The neutrinoless conversion of a muon to an electron in the field of a nucleus is a particularly interesting example of an LFV process involving charged leptons. In the Standard Model, such conversions would take place via loop diagrams involving virtual neutrino mixing, at a rate far below the threshold of any currently conceivable experiment. Indeed, any detectable signal would be a definite indication, albeit indirect, of new dynamics at multi-TeV energy scales. Enhanced rate for this process is an almost universal feature of beyond the Standard Model physics, and the fact that such a process has not been observed has constrained or eliminated many models [1]. While it is widely believed that new physics will appear at LHC energies, the LHC is not well-equipped to study LFV directly. An often-quoted example is in the case of supersymmetry. The LHC will probe slepton masses, but it cannot compete with muon decay experiments in constraining the slepton mixing angles. Sensitive searches for rare or forbidden leptonic and semi-leptonic LFV processes, especially those involving charged leptons, are essential for the comprehensive characterization of new high energy physics. While there are several potential reactions that can be used to probe LFV, muon to electron conversion has the remarkable feature that it does not require the coincidence of two final-state particles. The spectacular signature is a single conversion electron of well-defined energy, separated from most of the sources of background. As a result, very high muon data rates can be handled and an unusually sensitive search for LFV becomes feasible. Indeed, at the level of sensitivity discussed below, a large class of supersymmetric models would predict 100's of conversion events. Additionally, compositeness and Z{prime} models would be probed at the multi-TeV scale in a manner complementary to direct LHC searches. Lepto-quarks would be probed at the 3000 TeV scale. Muon to electron conversion is therefore sensitive to many new physics scenarios at energy scales that cannot be probed by direct searches using other foreseeable accelerators.
Published: 2007
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32. An 8 GEV H- multi-turn injection system for the Fermilab Main Injector

Author: J. Beebe-Wang, D. Raparia, C.-J. Liaw, P. Yoon, and D.E. Johnson
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear physics, Dipole, law, Phase space, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Particle accelerator, Fermilab, Injector, Chicane, Synchrotron, Linear particle accelerator, law.invention
Abstract: An 8 GeV superconducting linear accelerator (SCL) has been proposed [1] as a single stage H- injector into the Main Injector (MI) synchrotron . This would be the highest energy H- multi-turn injection system in the world. The conceptual design of an injection system has been further refined by addressing transverse phase space painting issues, chicane dipole fields and foil location, foil temperature issues, and initial longitudinal phase space painting simulations. We present the current state of design.
Published: 2007
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33. A conceptual design of an internal injection absorber of 8 GeV H-injection into the fermilab main injector

Author: A. Chen, D.E. Johnson, and I. Rakhno
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear physics, Conceptual design, law, Superconducting magnet, Injector, Fermilab, Synchrotron, Beam (structure), Linear particle accelerator, law.invention, Pulse (physics)
Abstract: An 8 GeV superconducting linear accelerator (SCL) has been proposed as a single stage H- injector into the Main Injector (MI) synchrotron[1]. This would be the highest energy H- multi-turn injection system in the world. An injection absorber is required to absorb a few percent o the incoming beam on a regular pulse by pulse basis. The requirements and conceptual design of an internal absorber, capable of steady state 6.5 kW is discussed.
Published: 2007
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34. A wide aperture quadrupole for the Fermilab main injector synchrotron

Author: Henry Glass, M. Tartaglia, W. Chou, B.C. Brown, Joseph DiMarco, V.S. Kashikhin, W. Robotham, J.A. Carson, D.E. Johnson, L. Bartelson, D.J. Harding, and I. Kourbanis
Subjects: Physics, Aperture, Synchrotron, law.invention, Nuclear physics, law, Antiproton, Magnet, Physics::Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Fermilab, Collider, Excitation, Beam (structure)
Abstract: During the design of the Fermilab Main Injector synchrotron it was recognized that the aperture was limited at the beam transfer and extraction points by the combination of the Lambertson magnets and the reused Main Ring quadrupoles located between the Lambertsons. Increased intensity demands on the Main Injector from antiproton production for the collider program, slow spill to the meson fixed target program, and high intensity beam to the high energy neutrino program have led us to replace the aperture-limiting quadrupoles with newly built magnets that have the same physical length but a larger aperture. The magnets run on the main quadrupole bus, and must therefore have the same excitation profile as the magnets they replaced. We present here the design of the magnets, their magnetic performance, and the accelerator performance.
Published: 2007
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35. The concept design of a transfer line from the recycler to the main injector for the fermilab nova project

Author: D.E. Johnson and M. Xiao
Subjects: Physics, Aperture, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Nuclear engineering, Transfer line, Synchrotron, law.invention, Nuclear physics, law, Physics::Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Fermilab, Neutrino, Collider, Storage ring, Beam (structure)
Abstract: Upon the termination of the Fermilab Collider program, the current Recycler anti-proton storage ring will be converted to a proton pre-injector for the Main Injector synchrotron. This is scheduled to increase the beam power for the 120 GeV Neutrino program to upwards of 700 KW. Due to momentum aperture requirements, a Recycler to Main Injector transport line will be constructed wholly within a horizontal dispersion free region in the 30 straight section. The concept design will be presented in this paper.
Published: 2007
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36. Studies of beam properties and main injector loss control using collimators in teh Fermilab booster to main injector transfer line

Author: Denton K. Morris, Ming-Jen Yang, Philip Adamson, D.E. Johnson, D. Capista, B.C. Brown, and I. Kourbanis
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear physics, Booster (electric power), High intensity, Nuclear engineering, Transfer line, Fermilab, Main injector, Collimated light
Abstract: High intensity operation of the Fermilab Main Injector has resulted in increased activation of machine components. Efforts to permit operation at high power include creation of collimation systems to localize losses away from locations which require maintenance. As a first step, a collimation system to remove halo from the incoming beam was installed in the Spring 2006 Facility Shutdown [1]. We report on commissioning studies and operational experience including observations of Booster beam properties, effects on Main Injector loss and activation, and operational results.
Published: 2007
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37. The conceptual design of a new transfer line from booster to recycler for the fermilab proton plan phase 2 campaign

Author: M. Xiao and D.E. Johnson
Subjects: Physics, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Transfer line, Particle accelerator, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Conceptual design, Booster (electric power), law, Physics::Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Fermilab, Neutrino, Storage ring, Lepton
Abstract: Upon the termination of the Fermilab Collider program, the current Recycler anti-proton storage ring (RR) will be converted to a proton pre-injector for the Main Injector (MI) synchrotron. This is scheduled to increase the beam power for the 120 GeV Neutrino program to upwards of 700 KW. A transport line that can provide direct injection from the Booster to the Recycler while preserving direct injection from the Booster into the Main Injector and the 8 GeV Booster Neutrino program will be discussed, and its concept design will be presented.
Published: 2007
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38. Collimation system design for beam loss localization with slipstacking injection in the Fermilab main injector

Author: I.L. Rakhno, V. Sidorov, D.E. Johnson, B.C. Brown, A.I. Drozhdin, N.V. Mokhov, I. Kourbanis, and K. Koba
Subjects: Physics, business.industry, Collimator, Particle accelerator, Radiation, Tracking (particle physics), Collimated light, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Optics, law, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Laser beam quality, Fermilab, business, Beam (structure)
Abstract: Results of modeling with the 3-D STRUCT and MARS 15 codes of beam loss localization and related radiation effects are presented for the slipstacking injection to the Fermilab Main Injector. Simulations of proton beam loss are done using multi-turn tracking with realistic accelerator apertures, nonlinear fields in the accelerator magnets and time function of the RF manipulations to explain the results of beam loss measurements. The collimation system consists of one primary and four secondary collimators. It intercepts a beam power of 1.6 kW at a scraping rate of 5% of 5.5E+13 ppp, with a beam loss rate in the ring outside the collimation region of 1 W/m or less. Based on thorough energy deposition and radiation modeling, a corresponding collimator design was developed that satisfies all the radiation and engineering constraints.
Published: 2007
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39. Study of Coupling Issues in the Recycler at Fermilab

Author: Y. Alexahin, M. Yang, D.E. Johnson, and M. Xiao
Subjects: Physics, Operating point, business.industry, Skew, Electrical engineering, Particle accelerator, law.invention, Magnetic circuit, law, Magnet, Electronic engineering, Fermilab, business, Decoupling (electronics), Electronic circuit
Abstract: To maximize the tune space due to momentum spread, an operating point close to the coupling resonance line is desirable. This requires a knowledge of all the coupling sources in the Recycler and a correction system capable of global decoupling to the desired level. We report on the efforts to identify major sources of coupling and verification of the integrity of the powered skew quad circuits used for global decoupling
Published: 2006
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40. Abrasive Wear of Elastomers

Author: D.E. Johnson and V.A. Coveney
Subjects: Stress (mechanics), Fully developed, Materials science, Natural rubber, Abrasion (mechanical), Close relationship, visual_art, Abrasive, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Paris' law, Composite material, Elastomer
Abstract: SYNOPSIS Many elastomer products come to the end of their useful life through abrasive wear (wear brought about through local or general sliding); however the processes of abrasive wear are complex and challenging. Approaches towards improved understanding and prediction of abrasive wear under various conditions are outlined. The most fully developed class of model is that originated by Southern & Thomas (1978) who consider abrasion under conditions of moderate-to-high tangential contact stress; they envisage abrasion progressing by fatigue crack growth at the roots of macroscopic flaps or “tongues” of rubber. The Southern & Thomas model fits some experimental observations but not others. The roles of temperature, oxygen and mechano-chemical effects are discussed (Gent & Pulford, 1983). Experiments are described in which five materials [based on natural rubber (NR), acrylonitrile butadiene (NBR) and ethylenepropylenediene (EPDM)] were abraded with a (blunt) “blade”. Evolving visual patterns and patterns of blade abrader force were monitored as was material loss. Similarities between the visual wavy (Schallamach) patterns, often associated with rapid wear, and the force patterns suggest a close relationship between the two. The fact that force patterns, of a wavelength which persists, are discernable from the start of scraping suggests that aspects of the Schallamach pattern have their origin in non-destructive abrader-elastomer interactions. For unidirectional abrasion the wear rates observed under similar conditions and for elastomeric materials of similar hardness varied widely – NR at 55 International Rubber Hardness Degress (IRHD) giving 60 times the wear rate of 55 IRHD EPDM – for which no Schallamach pattern was observed. In bidirectional abrasion, wear rates were generally a little lower than under unidirectional conditions but the reduction was rather minor. Although there has been considerable progress made, a comprehensive quantitative theory of abrasion of rubbery materials is still to be developed.
Published: 2006
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41. The effect of emptying the rumen on the heat production of wethers

Author: D.E. Johnson and J. Torrent
Subjects: Baseline values, medicine.medical_specialty, General Veterinary, Chemistry, food and beverages, Respiratory quotient, Rumen, Animal science, Endocrinology, Energy expenditure, Internal medicine, Distal ileum, medicine, Animal Science and Zoology
Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine the effect of emptying the rumen on the heat production of wethers. Gaseous energy losses were measured with eight wethers (average BW 72 kg) fed two basal diets with or without a distal ileum gum infusion. Animal gas exchanges were determined over two consecutive days to obtain baseline values, and also after emptying the rumens and measuring animal gas exchanges during approx. 2.5 h. Heat production after emptying the rumen decreased approx. 50%, to values similar to what would be expected during fasting heat production. Respiratory quotients decreased from around 1.0 to 0.83, indicating a drastic increase in fat utilization. Results indicate that energy expenditure from metabolizing substrates prior to or after absorption from the rumen accounted for around 50% of total heat production in this experiment, and that animals were able to change from a postpandrial state to starvation in minutes.
Published: 1996
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42. Correction magnets for the fermilab recycler ring

Author: C.S. Mishra, M.J. Yang, C. Gattuso, G.W. Foster, H. Glass, J.T. Volk, and D.E. Johnson
Subjects: Nuclear physics, Physics, Magnetic measurements, law, Magnet, Skew, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Mechanical engineering, Particle accelerator, Fermilab, Ring (chemistry), Beam (structure), law.invention
Abstract: In the commissioning of the Fermilab Recycler ring the need for higher order corrector magnets in the regions near beam transfer lines was discovered. Three types of permanent magnet skew quadrupoles, and two types of permanent magnet sextupoles were designed and built. This paper describes the need for these magnets, the design, assembly, and magnetic measurements.
Published: 2004
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43. Performance of antiproton injection and extraction transfer lines of the recycler ring at fermilab

Author: C. Gattuso, C.J. Johnstone, A. Marchionni, T.G. Anderson, M. Hu, A. Oleck, G.W. Foster, C.S. Mishra, M. Syphers, H. Piekarz, M.J. Yang, and D.E. Johnson
Subjects: Nuclear physics, Accumulator (energy), Physics, Antiproton, law, Transfer line, Physics::Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Thermal emittance, Particle accelerator, Fermilab, Main injector, law.invention
Abstract: The Recycler Ring, an 8 GeV antiproton accumulator, is being commissioned at Fermilab. Antiproton transfers in and out of the Recycler Ring take place through two transfer lines connecting the Recycler to the Main Injector. Transfer line layout and operation of beam transfers will be described. Particular attention has been paid to injection mismatch effects, in order to limit emittance growth during transfers. A considerable improvement has been achieved by removing vacuum windows, previously present in both transfer lines.
Published: 2004
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44. Analysis and measurements of emittance dilution from vacuum windows in the fermilab recycler transfer lines

Author: C. Gattuso, K. Paul, Carol Johnstone, M. Syphers, and D.E. Johnson
Subjects: Physics, business.industry, Transfer line, Particle accelerator, Dilution, law.invention, Optics, Beamline, Antiproton, law, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Thermal emittance, Fermilab, Atomic physics, business, Beam divergence
Abstract: Round-trip beam transfers between the Fermilab Main Injector and Recycler (antiproton accumulator) have been plagued by an emittance dilution of about a factor of 2 with corresponding beam loss. The source of the large dilution was traced to two Ti vacuum windows, one installed in each of the two transfer lines that connect the machines for beam injection/extraction. The dilution can be accounted for by calculating the increase in beam divergence due to multiple scattering in the windows followed by an amplitude mismatch that serves to further enhance the instantaneous dilution immediately downstream of the window. This work presents the analytical basis for the phase-space, or emittance, dilution due to the window, the subsequent optics mismatch, and then presents an analysis of beamline measurements that evidences the effect and validates the analytical argument. The data showed a strong skew quadrupole component in the transfer line optics that initially complicated the analysis, but was effectively eliminated in some of the data samples acquired under specific beam conditions.
Published: 2004
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45. Reconfigurable computing in space: from current technology to reconfigurable systems-on-a-chip

Author: M. Caffrey, Paul Graham, D.E. Johnson, Michael Wirthlin, and Nathaniel Rollins
Subjects: Virtex, business.industry, Single event upset, Computer science, Embedded system, Redundancy (engineering), Control reconfiguration, Hardware_PERFORMANCEANDRELIABILITY, State (computer science), Hardware_ARITHMETICANDLOGICSTRUCTURES, business, Field-programmable gate array, Reconfigurable computing
Abstract: The performance, in-system reprogrammability, flexibility, and reduced costs of SRAM-based FPGAs make them very interesting for high-speed, on-orbit data processing, but, because the current generation of radiation-tolerant SRAM-based FPGAs are derived directly from COTS versions of the chips, several issues must be dealt with for space, including SEU sensitivities, power consumption, thermal problems, and support logic. This paper will discuss Los Alamos National Laboratory's approach to using the Xilinx XQVR1000 FPGAs for on-orbit processing in the Cibola Flight Experiment (CFE) as well as the possibilities and challenges of using newer, system-on-a-reprogrammable-chip FPGAs, such as Virtex I1 Pro, in space-based reconfigurable computing. The reconfigurable computing payload for CFE includes three processing boards, each having three radiation-tolerant Xilinx XQVRl 000 FPGAs. The reconfigurable computing architecture for this project is intended for in-flight, real-time processing of two radio fi-equency channels, each producing 12-bit samples at 100 million samples/second. In this system, SEU disruptions in data path operations can be tolerated while disruptions in the control path are much less tolerable. With this system in mind, LANL has developed an SEU management scheme with strategies for handling upsets in all of the FPGA resources known to be sensitive to radiation-induced SEUs. While mitigation schemes for many resources will be discussed, the paper will concentrate on SEU management strategies and tools developed at LANL for the configuration bitstream and 'half latches'. To understand the behavior of specific designs under SEUs in the configuration bitstream, LANL and Brigham Young University have developed an SEU simulator using ISI's SLAACl-V reconfigurable computing board. The simulator can inject single-bit upsets into a design's configuration bitstream to simulate SEUs and observe how these simulated SEUs affect the design's operation. Using fast partial configuration, the simulator can cover the entire bitstream of a Xilinx XQVRl 000 FPGA, which has 6 million configuration bits, in about 30 minutes. Instead of using a combination of TMR and configuration scrubbing for bitstream SEU mitigation, the approach developed for CFE uses minimal logic redundancy along with an SEU detection and correction scheme to handle bitstream SEUs. Though this approach allows some SEUs to affect less critical user logic, it requires considerably fewer FPGA resources than TMR and allows bitstream SEU rates to be monitored. 'Half latches', another class of SEU sensitive FPGA state elements, are used to provide logic constants in user FPGA designs but are not explicitly controlled by the configuration bitstream. Upsets in half latches cannot be detected by readback nor corrected via configuration repair or scrubbing - only a full reconfiguration can reliably restore their state. We have created a tool, called RadDRC, which can replace all critical half latches with more visible and correctable constant sources. Lastly, in looking forward, this paper will briefly consider the possible benefits and risks of using reconfigurable system-on-a-chip FPGAs, such as the Virtex II Pro, for reconfigurable computing in space. The paper concludes with a summary of challenges for using reconfigurable computing in space and a summary of future research at LANL in this area.
Published: 2004
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46. Tune control in the Fermilab Main Injector

Author: D.E. Johnson, G. Wu, K.S. Martin, B.C. Brown, D. Capista, and R.H. Flora
Subjects: Physics, Emphasis (telecommunications), Particle accelerator, Main injector, Operator interface, Accelerators and Storage Rings, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Acceleration, Dipole, law, Physics::Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Fermilab, Nuclear Experiment, Quadrupole magnet
Abstract: We describe methods used to measure and control tunes in the Fermilab Main Injector (FMI). Emphasis is given to software implementation of the operator interface, to the front-end embedded computer system, and handling of hysteresis of main dipole and quadrupole magnets. Techniques are developed to permit control of tune of the Main Injector through several acceleration cycles: from 8.9 GeV/c to 120 GeV/c, from 8.9 GeV/c to 150 GeV/c, and from 150 GeV/c to 8.9 GeV/c. Systems which automate the complex interactions between tune measurement and the variety of ramping options are described. Some results of tune measurements and their comparison with the design model are presented.
Published: 2003
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47. Chromaticity control in the Fermilab Main Injector

Author: C.M. Bhat, B.C. Brown, G. Wu, and D.E. Johnson
Subjects: Physics, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Particle accelerator, Accelerators and Storage Rings, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Dipole, law, Antiproton, Magnet, Eddy current, Physics::Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Fermilab, Chromaticity, Nuclear Experiment, Beam (structure)
Abstract: Chromaticity control in the Fermilab Main Injector will be important both in accelerating protons and antiprotons from 8 GeV to 150 GeV (or 120 GeV) and in decelerating recycled 150 GeV antiprotons to 8 GeV for storage in the Recycler Ring. The Main Injector has two families of sextupoles to control the chromaticity. In addition to the natural chromaticity, they must correct for sextupole fields from ramp-rate-dependent eddy currents in the dipole beam pipes and current-dependent sextupole fields in the dipole magnets. The horizontal sextupole family is required to operate in a bipolar mode below the transition energy of 20 GeV. We describe methods used to control chromaticities in the Fermilab Main Injector. Emphasis is given to the software implementation of the operator interface to the front-end ramp controllers. Results of chromaticity measurements and their comparison with the design model will be presented.
Published: 2003
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48. Quantitative analysis of subcellular calcium from electron probe X-ray images

Author: M.E. Cantino, D.E. Johnson, Janet G. Wong, and B.J. Hurley
Subjects: Materials science, chemistry, Biophysics, X ray image, Analytical chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, Electron, Electron microprobe, Calcium, Microanalysis, Quantitative analysis (chemistry), Cellular biophysics
Abstract: A discussion of electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPMA) is presented. Methods used to generate EPMA images are given. Applications of EPMA to muscle and secretory cells are presented. >
Published: 2003
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49. Controlling the crossing angle in the SSC

Author: A.A. Garren and D.E. Johnson
Subjects: Physics, Superconducting Super Collider, Range (particle radiation), Dipole, Bunches, Optics, Interaction point, business.industry, Excited state, Dispersion (optics), Physics::Accelerator Physics, business, Beam (structure)
Abstract: The colliding beams in the SSC (Superconducting Super Collider) must cross at a small angle, so that when the bunches pass each other away from the interaction point (IP), they are sufficiently separated to avoid disruptive beam beam forces. However, the crossing angle is so small that the adjacent quadrupoles must be common to both beams. Only after passing through four common quadrupoles on each side of the IP are the beams split by vertical dipoles into separate beamlines. In order to make the closed orbits of the two beams cross at a definite angle at the IP (within a range up to 150 mu rad), a series of correction dipoles is placed in the insertions. If these dipoles are excited in such a way as to control the closed orbits alone, the dispersion will be mismatched, reaching values of up to 50 cm in the arcs. This mismatch is due to the closed-orbit displacements in the interaction region quadrupoles, causing them to act as bending magnets. Therefore, the closed orbit and dispersion must be matched simultaneously. Solutions to this problem are presented. >
Published: 2003
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50. Nonlinear dynamics experiment in the Tevatron

Author: N. Gelfand, Alex Chao, Rolland Johnson, R. Siemann, C. Saltmarsh, N. Merminga, M. Harrison, R.E. Meller, T. Chen, D. Finley, R. Gerig, J. Peterson, R. Talman, P. Morton, D.E. Johnson, L. Schachinger, D. Edwards, Michael Syphers, and Steve Peggs
Subjects: Nuclear physics, Physics, Dynamic aperture, Nonlinear system, Modulation, law, Phase space, Nonlinear resonance, Tevatron, Particle accelerator, Stability (probability), law.invention, Computational physics
Abstract: Results of the continuing analysis of the nonlinear dynamics experiment, E778, are presented. Sixteen special sextupoles introduced nonlinearities in the Tevatron. Smear, which is one of the parameters used to quantify the degree of nonlinearity, was extracted from the data and compared with calculation. Injection efficiency in the presence of nonlinearities was studied. Measurements of the dynamic aperture were performed. The final results in one degree of freedom of the smear, the injection efficiency, and the dynamic aperture are presented. Particles captured on nonlinear resonance islands were directly observed and measurements were taken. The capture efficiency was extracted from the data and compared with prediction. The influence of tune modulation on the stability of these islands was investigated. Plans for future measurements are discussed. >
Published: 2003
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