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Copyright of Journal of Plant Protection & Pathology is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: The preparation method of matrix reference materials of bifenthrin and cyhalothrin pesticide residues in green tea was established. Methods: Green tea samples were sprayed with biphenylthrin and cyhalothrin. The samples were crushed, screened, homogenized and bottled. After the homogeneity and stability tests, the quantity value was determined by three laboratories, and the uncertainty was evaluated. Results: The amount values of bifenthrin and cyhalothrin in green tea were (0.185±0.019 7) and (0.207±0.046 6) mg/kg with k=2, and the confidence interval was 95%. Conclusion: The developed matrix reference materials of bifenthrin and cyhalothrin in green tea are homogeneous and stable enough, and the calibration results are reliable.

The study was conducted at the Students' Instructional Farm, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, India during the Kharif 2021. The investigation was aimed to evaluate specific combination insecticides against the Brown Plant Hopper and Rice Gundhi bug. Notably, the treatment Imidacloprid 40% + Fipronil 40% WG @ 500 g/ha followed by Imidacloprid 40% + Ethiprole 40% WG @ 500 g/ha demonstrated the highest effectiveness. Conversely, the least effective treatment was Chlorantraniliprole 10% + Lambda Cyhalothrin 5% ZC @ 250 ml/ha followed by Profenofos 40% + Cypermethrin 4% EC @ 1250 ml/ha when compared to the control treatment. All treatments resulted in significantly higher yields compared to the control treatment (18.17 q/ha). The maximum yield was achieved in Chlorantraniliprole 10% + Lambda Cyhalothrin 5% ZC @ 250 ml/ha producing 40.25 q/ha, while the lowest yield occurred in Triazophos 35% EC + Deltamethrin 1% EC @ 1000 ml/ha with 23.50 q/ha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Repeated pesticide residue detection in chili peppers in the Republic of Korea has become a serious health concern. Thus, monitoring domestically grown and imported chili peppers for pesticide residues is of great significance. Here, we investigated pesticide residues detected in imported and domestically grown chili peppers using global pesticide residue monitoring data. Our analysis involved organizing inspection and detection data from different sources. Global pesticide residue monitoring data for chili peppers revealed 139 pesticide types, 43,532 inspections, and 3966 detections (detection rate, 9.11%). Peppers from Mexico were sampled the most (39,927 inspections) and showed the highest number of detected cases (2998 cases). Globally, the top 10 most frequently detected pesticides were clothianidin, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, chlorpyrifos, thiacloprid, metalaxyl, myclobutanil, azoxystrobin, carbendazim, and cyhalothrin, with detection rates in the range of 10.52–28.66%. Furthermore, domestic chili pepper pesticide residue monitoring revealed 73 pesticide types, 3535 inspections, and 332 detected cases (detection rate, 9.39%), and the top 10 most frequently detected pesticides were chlorfenapyr, tebuconazole, flonicamid, dinotefuran, boscalid, pyraclostrobin, fluxametamide, thiamethoxam, pyridaben, and azoxystrobin, with detection rates in the range of 13.89–32.58%. These findings may serve as fundamental data for safety management related to chili pepper pesticide residues in the Republic of Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tomato fruits are considerably affected by array of insect pests infesting at different stages of crop growth. Among the factors responsible for low yield of tomato, insect pests are major one. The present experiments entitled was carried out at Students' Instructional Farm, Acharya Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya (UP) during rabi season 2020-21 to test the efficacy of certain combination insecticides against major insect pests. Among the efficacy of certain combination insecticides, the treatment Betacyfluthrin 8.49% + Imidacloprid 19.81% OD 400ml/ha was observed most effective against whitefly, Jassid and serpentine leaf miner, whereas Chlorpyriphos 50%+ Cypermethrin 5% EC 1000 ml/ha was least effective against whitefly, Profenofos 40%+Cypermethrin 4% EC 1250 ml/ha was found least effective against Jassid and Triazophos 35%+ Deltamethrin 1% EC 1000ml/ha was least effective against serpentine leaf miner. Chlorantraniliprole 10%+Lambda cyhalothrin 5% ZC 250 ml/ha was most effective and found Triazophos 35%+ Deltamehtrin 1% EC 100ml/ha least effective against larval population of H. armigera followed by Imidacloprid 40%+Fipronil 40% WG 500 g/ha, Imidacloprid 40%+Ethiprole 40% WG 500 g/ha. The maximum yield (203.41 q/ha) was recorded in Betacyfluthrin 8.49% +Imidacloprid 19.81% OD 400ml/ha and minimum yield was recorded in Triazophos 35%+ Deltramethrin 1% EC 1000ml/ha (163.17 q/ha). The benefit cost-ratio 1:19.31 was recorded highest in Betacyfluthrin 8.49%+Imidacloprid 19.81% OD 400 ml/ha and lowest 1:3.12 in Imidacloprid 40%+Ethiprole 40% WG 500 g/ha. In comparison to traditional pesticides, these combination insecticides are a newer more efficient against the major pest of tomato at lower doses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated UV-induced photodegradation of cyhalothrin (Cy) and elucidated the photocatalytic effect of molybdenum(VI) oxide (MoO3). Cyhalothrin was exposed to MoO3 (in the dark): [Cy. + MoO3-dark], to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation: [Cy + UV-irrad.], and UV irradiation in the presence of MoO3: [Cy. + MoO3 + UV-irrad.]. The intensity and nature of the absorption bands were monitored by time-dependent UV–vis-NIR wavelength scan spectroscopic measurements (190–1100 nm) and used to characterize photodegradation and photocatalytic activities. The kinetic analysis of the experiments: [Cy. + UV-irrad.] and [Cy. + MoO3 + UV-irrad.] showed that the average pseudo-first-order photodegradation rate constants (kav.) increased by a factor of between 2.27 and 2.56 in the presence of MoO3, hence indicating photocatalytic activity. The control experiment [Cy. + MoO3-dark], with no UV irradiation, showed no change in the absorbance of Cy molecules over the same period. The results showed that MoO3 exhibits optimal photocatalytic activity at typical operating conditions of UV = 254 nm, 766–775 mmHg, 273–275 K; and 1:2 molar ratio [MoO3]:[Cy]. The photodegradation kinetic data best fitted the Boltzmann equations (R2 = 099). Time-dependent near-infrared (NIR) wavelength scans characterized the formation of reactive intermediates, Mo-complexes, and by-products in the photodegradation catalytic cycles during the [Cy. + MoO3 + UV-irrad.] experiment. These results show that MoO3 can be used to enhance the UV photodegradation of Cy residues for environmental remediation purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recalcitrant, fibrous protein keratin is found in the outermost layer of vertebrate skin, feathers, hair, horn, and hooves. Approximately, 10 million tons of keratin wastes are produced annually worldwide, of which around 8.5 million tons are from feather wastes. The biodegradation of keratin has been a challenge due to the lack of understanding of biological parameters that modulate the process. Few soil-borne microbes are capable of producing keratinase enzyme which has the potential to degrade the hard keratin. However, various pesticides are abundantly used for the management of poultry farms and reports suggest the presence of the pesticide residues in feather. Hence, it was hypothesized that pesticides would interact with the substrate-binding or allosteric sites of the keratinase enzyme and interferes with the keratin-degradation process. In the present study, molecular interactions of 20 selected pesticides with the keratinase enzyme were analyzed by performing molecular docking. In blind docking, 14 out of 20 pesticides showed higher inhibitory potential than the known inhibitor phenylmethylsulfonyl flouride, all of which exhibited higher inhibitory potential in site-specific docking. The stability and strength of the protein complexes formed by the top best potential pesticides namely fluralaner, teflubenzuron, cyhalothrin, and cyfluthrin has been further validated by molecular dynamic simulation studies. The present study is the first report for the preliminary investigation of the keratinase-inhibitory potential of pesticides and highlights the plausible role of these pesticides in hindering the biological process of keratin degradation and thereby their contribution in environmental pollution. Illustration depicting the hypothesis, experimental procedure, and the resultant keratinase-inhibitory potential of selected pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of eight pesticides on the transmission of Tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV) by the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius to tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum (Miller), was studied in the field using a randomized block design. Differences in performance were anticipated because these eight insecticides comprise distinct mechanism of action including both contact and systemic. Increased insecticide efficacy is necessary, particularly in regions with conducive weather conditions that support a healthy whitefly population, to effectively manage the population. There is a need to vary the insecticides used in order to reduce the emergence of resistance in the whitefly population due to the extensive usage of a single mechanism of action for whitefly control. The foliar spray of insecticides was done when first incidence of whitefly was noticed in the field with 15 days of interval. The studies on effect of different insecticides in the management of ToLCV disease through the controlling whitefly population, we evaluated that Chlorantraniliprole 8.8% + Thiomethaxam 17.5% SC was effective in sustaining the yield by reducing the incidence of disease and whitefly population during both the years followed by Spirotetramat 11.01% + Imidacloprid 11.01% SC, Thiamethoxam 12.6% + Lambda cyhalothrin 9.5% ZC and Cyantraniliprole 10.26% OD, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Fall Army Worm (FAW), scientifically referred to as Spodoptera frugiperda, originally emerged in the tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas. Its migration to Africa in 2016 and subsequent spread to Asia, reaching India in May 2018, raised signifi- cant concerns about the adaptable pest's expansion. Karnataka was the first state in India to report FAW, and by 2018 and early 2019, it had spread throughout peninsular India and the North and North East regions. This highly resilient insect has the ability to infest over 100 different plant species, making it a formidable pest. FAW has two dominant strains: The corn strain 'C,' affecting maize, sorghum, and cotton, and the rice strain 'R,' affecting rice and other grasses. The damage caused by FAW varies, posing a substantial threat to agriculture. The use of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies has been shown to be effective in controlling FAW. Bio-rational pesticides, including Metarrhizium rileyi and Nomuraea rileyi, along with parasitoids like Telenomus sp., Trichogramma sp., Glyptapanteles creatonoti, and Campoletis chloridae, play a crucial role in managing the pest. Semiochemicals such as (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate and habitat management methods like Push-Pull technology also contribute to successful control. Chemical insecticides like chlorantraniliprole, spinetoram, thiamethoxam, and lambda cyhalothrin can be utilized to combat FAW. However, it is essential to note that early larval chemical control is more effective than late-stage intervention. The goal of this report is to emphasize the prevalence of FAW and to demonstrate the effective management techniques that have been used to minimize its effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This work aimed to define the histopathological severity of fluorinated, brominated and chlorinated pyrethroid insecticides on endocrine pancreas of mice. Methods: Fourty male mice (Mus musculus) were categorized into four groups and each group containing ten animals. 0.1mL dose of corn oil was given to the vehicle contro (VC) group animals for three days. This group was kept as a reference group. The 0.1mL corn oil containing 5mg/kg dose of each insecticide such as Cypermethrin (CYP), Deltamethrin (DLT) and Lambda cyhalothrin (LC) was given to three group of mice for three days, followed by three days of none treatment. Dissection procedure was carried out at 7th day. Results: All the micrometric results and histopathological alterations have shown that pyrethroid insecticides were highly toxic to endocrine pancreatic tissues. The various histopathological sign such as strip arrangements of endocrine cells in islets, endocrine cellular necrosis mainly in the central and pericentral areas of islets and increased vacuolation in surviving endocrine cells etc. In three insecticides treated groups, there were significantly decline in the relative abundance of endocrine cells per unit area (1230µm²) such as CYP (8.8±0.25) DLT (7.5±0.23) and the LC (7.5±0.23) as compare to control group (9.7± 0.24). It indicates that type II pyrethroid insecticides are generally pancreo-toxic and they specifically target the islets of langerhans cells. Conclusions: The severity of the mentioned pathological sign in LC and DLT groups indicated that these non-dietary halogenated (fluorinated and brominated respectively) pyrethroid inflict more severe histopathological impacts on the endocrine pancreas as compare to the simple chlorinated type II pyrethroid the CYP. The findings reflects that these otherwise consider comparatively safer or less toxic insecticides for the non-target organisms like mammals have come out to be highly toxic to the endocrine tissues particularly the pancreas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Machinery is the property of Food & Machinery Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aquatic products are good sources of essential nutrients, but the presence of pyrethroids (PYRs) as contaminants may pose risks to consumer health as the intricate matrices of PYRs usually obstruct chemical hazard detection. In this study, a gas chromatographic method was established and validated for simultaneously detecting residues of seven PYRs (cyhalothrin, permethrin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, tau-fluvalinate, fenvalerate, deltamethrin) in aquatic products. The aim of this method was to assess better the potential risks of pesticide residues in aquatic products. The PYRs in aquatic products were extracted with acetonitrile, purified with n-hexane saturated with acetonitrile, and cleaned up on a Cleanert® Alumina N column. Statistical analysis and orthogonal array experimental design were used to optimize the key parameters. To validate the proposed method, commonly consumed aquatic products (such as carp, crucian carp, whiteleg shrimp, river crab, sea cucumber, and scallop) were obtained from local supermarkets in Shanghai. Satisfied linearity of the calibration curves was achieved in a matrix-matched standard solution, with a correlation coefficient (R2) larger than 0.995. The average recoveries at five fortification levels varied from 77.0% to 117.2%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) below 11.1%. Concerning electron capture detection, the limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) were 2.0–5.0 µg/kg and 5.0–10.0 µg/kg, respectively. These results demonstrate the high stability and sensitivity of this method for simultaneously detecting PYRs in aquatic products, having great practicability and which can be popularized easily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lambda cyhalothrin is frequently used to combat defoliating insects, especially beetles, however it also has a significant impact on naturally occurring non-target species. Two grape epiphytic bacteria, Bacillus inaquosorum strain LC1 and Bacillus spizizenii strain LC2, were found to degrade lambda cyhalothrin. The biodegradation of pesticide in a liquid medium, in soil and on grape berries was investigated. In liquid medium on day 0, approximately 4.5 μg/ml of lambda cyhalothrin was detected in all the test and control broth. The concentration of lambda cyhalothrin in control, LC1 treated broth and LC2 treated broth was 3.66 μg/ml, 1.83 μg/ml and 1.41 μg/ml respectively, after 10 days. Maximum degradation of lambda cyhalothrin was shown by LC2 bacteria in comparison to control. During the field study, the average degradation of lambda cyhalothrin for both the years was 66.13% by isolate LC 1 and 80.79% by LC2. The average natural degradation of lambda cyhalothrin was 37.50% in control. The degradation efficiency of LC1, when compared to autoclaved soil, was high in non-autoclaved soil. indicating that the natural microflora of soil affected the degradation process of LC1. On the other hand, the degradation efficiency of LC2 in non-autoclaved soil and on grape berries was high which suggested that the bacteria were able to live through, in addition to competing with other microorganisms under field environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of this study was to utilize high-level density functional theory calculations to optimize the synthetic parameters for a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) targeting cyhalothrin, a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide. A systematic structural and energetic analysis was performed to investigate various functional monomers, solvents, and cross-linker agents in order to obtain the optimal MIP synthetic conditions. The main findings indicate that p-vinylbenzoic acid, is the optimal functional monomer, chloroform are effective solvents, and pentaerythritol triacrylate is the recommended cross-linking agent. We firmly believe that this rational design offers valuable insights to experimentalists seeking to efficiently synthesize a MIP for the selective extraction of this widely used insecticide, thereby avoiding wasted laboratory resources and achieving high extraction yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Plant Protection & Pathology is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are a superfamily of multifunctional enzymes in living organisms with metabolic and detoxification functions, which can detoxify exogenous and endogenous compounds and thereby reduce the damage caused by toxic substances to the body. Ticks are obligate blood-sucking ectoparasites that can transmit various pathogens, and the characterization of tick-derived GSTs may help improve current understanding of the molecular mechanism of tick resistance to insecticides. In this study, a novel GST gene, named HrGSTm1, was identified from Hyalomma rufipes. Methods: Sequence analysis was performed by using bioinformatics techniques. A prokaryotic expression system was used to obtain the recombinant expression protein rHrGSTm1. Detection of spatiotemporal expression patterns of target genes and their response to the toxicity of cyhalothrin on female H. rufipes was performed by using a quantitative PCR platform. The optimal enzymological parameters of rHrGSTm1 using glutathione as substrate were calculated. The antioxidant capacity of the recombinant protein was evaluated by DPPH• (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical 2,2-Diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) hydrazyl). Knockdown of the HrGSTm1 genes through RNA interference was used to analyze their effects on the physiological parameters of ticks. The changes in HrGSTm1 messenger RNA expression patterns under cypermethrin stress were analyzed. Results: The complementary DNA sequence of HrGSTm1 contained a 672-bp open reading frame, which potentially encoded 223 amino acids. The predicted molecular weight was 25.62 kDa, and the isoelectric point 8.22. HrGSTm1 is a Mu-class GST, belonging to the cytoplasmic GSTs with no signal peptide observed. The Vmax and Km of rHrGSTm1 were 3.367 ± 0.81 uM and 2.208 ± 0.76 uM, respectively, and its activities were dependent on different temperatures and pH conditions; the scavenging rate of rHrGSTm1 to DPPH• reached 76.4% at 1.25 mg/ml. Variable expressions of HrGSTm1 were observed under various treatment periods and in different tissues, with the highest appearing in eggs (analysis of variance [ANOVA], F(2, 9) = 279.9, P < 0.0001) and Malpighian tubules (ANOVA, F(3, 12) = 290.5, P < 0.0001). After knockdown of HrGSTm1, compared with the control group, the mortality in the treatment group was increased by 16.7%, the average oviposition rate decreased by 33.9%, the average engorged body weight decreased by 287.38 mg and egg weight decreased by 127.46 mg, although only the engorged body weight was significantly different (t-test, t(44) = 2.886, P = 0.006). After exposure to three sublethal concentrations (LC05, LC10, LC50) of cyhalothrin, the expression level of HrGSTm1 in the midgut, ovary and salivary gland was upregulated, whereas in Malpighian tubules, it showed a trend of upregulation at first and then downregulation, implying different functions during the detoxification in different tissues. Conclusions: In this study, a novel GST of the Mu-class was successfully isolated from H. rufipes and systematically subjected to bioinformatic analysis and recombination identification. The variation trend of HrGSTm1 expression level in different tissues suggests that the gene has different detoxification functions in different tissues. The potential function of this gene was analyzed to provide basic research for further investigation of its detoxification mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiments were conducted to know the efficacy of different insecticides (Cyantraniliprole 10.26 % OD @ 1.8 ml L-1, Dinotefuran 20 % SG @ 0.3 g L-1, Chlorfenapyr 10 % SC @ 1.5 ml L-1, Imidacloprid 17.8 % SL @ 0.3 ml L-1, Thiamethoxam 25 % WG @ 0.3 g L-1, Lambda cyhalothrin 2.5 % EC @1 ml L-1) against cashew leaf miner, Acrocercops syngramma Meyrick under field condition and under nursery condition Among the different insecticides evaluated, under field condition, Lambda cyhalothrin was found to be statistically superior over all other treatments recording 83.39 per cent reduction over control. Imidacloprid was found least effective against leaf miner (46.41% reduction of over control). Under nursery condition, Lambda cyhalothrin recorded 79.13 per cent reduction whereas Imidacloprid recorded only 20.31 per cent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of Cyfluthrin (Cy) exposure on neurobehaviour, hippocampal tissue and synaptic plasticity in Wistar rats. First, it was found that high-dose Cy exposure could cause nerve injury, resulting in symptoms such as deficits in learning and memory ability, spatial exploration and autonomic motor function. Moreover, it was found that medium- and high-dose Cy exposure could cause an abnormal release of the neurotransmitter Glu. Second, brain tissue pathology showed that the middle and high doses of Cy caused tissue deformation, reduced the number of hippocampal puramidal cells, caused a disorder of these cells, decreased the number of Nissl bodies, and caused pyknosis of the hippocampal cell nuclear membrane and serious damage to organelles, indicating that exposure to these doses of Cy may cause hippocampal tissue damage in rats. Third, as the exposure dose increased, morphological changes in hippocampal synapses, including blurred synaptic spaces, a decreased number of synaptic vesicles and a decreased number of synapses, became more obvious. Moreover, the expression levels of the key synaptic proteins PSD-95 and SYP also decreased in a dose-dependent manner, indicating obvious synaptic damage. Finally, the study found that medium and high doses of Cy could upregulate the expression of A2AR in the hippocampus and that the expression levels of inflammatory factors and apoptosis-related proteins increased in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the expression of A2AR mRNA was correlated with neurobehavioural indicators and the levels of inflammatory factors, synaptic plasticity-related factors and apoptosis-related factors, suggesting that Cy may cause nerve damage in rats and that this effect is closely related to A2AR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticides are chemicals used to combat insects, rodents, fungi and weeds, which are agricultural pests. In this study, it was aimed to determine pesticide residues of the pickled vine leaves produced by industrial and traditional methods from Narince variety grown in Tokat. The amounts of pesticides in the pickled vine leaves were determined by the QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) method. As a result of pesticide analysis performed on pickled vine leaves, 13 different pesticide active ingredients were determined and 8 pesticides were found to be above the maximum residue limit (MRL) value. While, the highest substance amounts according to MRL values were cyhalothrin, pyraclostrobin, cypermethrin, boscalid, the most detected pesticide active ingredients were ethiofencarb, isocarbofos, cyhalothrin, respectively. As a consequence of the investigation, it was found that detected some pesticide residue amounts from pickled vine leaves were at a level that would pose a health risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glutathione S‐transferases (GSTs) were reported to participate in insecticide resistance by metabolic and antioxidant activities. In our previous study, an ε class gene of GSTs, SlGSTe8 in Spodoptera litura, was screened out to be upregulated in a population resistant to pyrethroids and organophosphates. SlGSTe8 was highly expressed in the larvae stage, and the digestive tissue, foregut, midgut and hindgut, while the relative expression level was low in the pupae stage and other tissues. To further explore its role in the resistance to pyrethroids and organophosphates, the metabolic activity to insecticides by its recombinant protein was determined by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography, and its antioxidant enzyme activity was evaluated by disc diffusion assay. The recombinant protein showed significant metabolic activity to phoxim and chlorpyrifos, but not to fenvalerate, cyhalothrin or β‐cypermethrin. After incubation, the depletion rate of chlorpyrifos is 85.3%, higher than that of phoxim (17.5%). Also, the inhibition zone around filter discs decreased significantly after exposure to cumene hydroperoxide in recombinant plasmid than vector only, suggesting significant antioxidant activity of SlGSTE8. Further modelling and docking analysis indicated that the 3D structure of SlGSTE8 was well shaped for phoxim and chlorpyrifos, with the binding energy −5.58 and −5.15 kcal/mol, respectively. Our work provides evidence that SlGSTe8 in S. litura plays important roles in phoxim and chlorpyrifos resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examines the thyro-parathroid toxicological impacts of a fluoridated (Lambda cyhalothrin) and a non-fluoridated (Cypermethrin) pyrethroid in male albino mice and the amelioration of these toxicities with post treatment with extra virgin olive oil (EVOO). Study plan included 6 groups. 1: Vehicle control (Cnt group) received 0.1 mL corn oil for days 1,2, 4-6) and 2: Positive control (Olv group) received 0.1 mL corn oil for days 1-3 and 0.1mL EVOO for days 4-6) 3: cypermethrin group (Cpr group) and 4: Lambda Cyhalothrin group (Lch group) received 5 mg/Kg cypermethrin or Lambda Cyhalothrin respectively for days 1-2, no treatment on day 3, 0.1mL corn oil for days 4-6) 5: Cypermethrin+Olive group (Cpr+Olv group) and 6: Lambda cyhalothrin+Olive group (Lch+Olv group) received 5mg/kg cypermethrin or Lambda Cyhalothrin respectively for days 1-2, no treatment on day 3, 0.1mL EVOO for days 4-6). Results of the present study indicate that both of the insecticides are toxic to the endocrine tissue examined in the study. However lambda cyhalothrin led to severe histopathological (Cords seemed to be merged and focal degenerations can also be observed in central and peripheral regions) and micrometric changes compared to the cypermethrin. Various significant alterations occurred in micrometric parameters, such as mean CSA of follicular cells, Para-follicular cells and follicles were significantly higher in lambda cyhalothrin groups as compared to cypermethrin group. The morphometric data also showed a significant (p≤0.05) decrease in mean cross-sectional area of follicular cells (Cnt: 51.33±1.05, Olv: 51.16±1.16, Cpr: 62.45±1.8, Lch: 61.00±2.1, Cpr+olv: 54.3±1.8 and Lch+olv: 55.2±1.7), CSA of follicles (Cnt: 2083±128.6, Olv: 2019.84±189.7, Cpr: 1946.6±94.03, Lch: 1712.6±139.6, Cpr+olv: 2041.7±114 and Lch+olv: 1483.3±134.4), Para-follicular cells (Cnt: 55±11.09, Olv: 51.76±9.0, Cpr: 73.8±15.7, Lch: 60.9±10.7, Cpr+olv: 54.1±8.8 and Lch+olv: 51.9±11.8) indicating that the fluoridation has contributed significantly to the pathological potential of this insecticide. On the other hand olive oil has been found to contain rescuing and rehabilitation potentials and ameliorated the mean CSA of follicular cells, CSA of follicles and parafollicualr cells, against the histopathologies of these insecticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presence of residues on food commodities is major bottleneck of insecticide use under good agricultural practices (GAPs). The use of less persistent with two different mode of action insecticide is novel approach of getting maximum insect control without developing insecticide resistance. Novaluron, an insect growth disruptor and lambda cyhalothrin, a nerve poison has been used widely for the management of lepidopteran pests. Dissipation and consumer risk analysis studies were carried out on a new combination product of novaluron and lambda cyhalothrin are used for control insects of tomato at recommended standard dose of 71 + 14 g/ha and double dose of 142 + 28 g/ha of active ingredients. Extraction and cleanup of sample residues was done using QuEChERS technique and analyzed in GC-ECD. The residues of novaluron were dissipated within 10 to 15 days, and the residues of lambda cyhalothrin were at 7 to 10 days, both at the standard and double the standard dose, following a first order reaction kinetics. Analysis of risk and hazard quotient revealed that the test insecticides do not pose any dietary risk to consumer as TMDI < MPI and HQ < 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. (Fabacae), is the third most valuable crop in the United States following maize, Zea mays L., and soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., and provides revenue of more than $104,000,000 annually in Oklahoma. The alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is the primary pest causing significant defoliation, yield loss, and less stand. While economical and effective, pyrethroids, especially those containing lambda-cyhalothrin, are recently less effective. The objective of the study was to evaluate resistance to insecticide and potential cross-resistance to pyrethroids, specifically lambda-cyhalothrin, to control alfalfa weevil in Oklahoma. Alfalfa weevils at four locations (southwest, southcentral, north-central, and northwest) were assayed for resistance to lambdacyhalothrin, two other labeled pyrethroids, one combination, and one non-pyrethroid. Commercial formulations were prepared in acetone, using recommended field rates listed on the label by manufacturer. To corroborate bioassays in a laboratory, a field experiment was evaluated at the south-central site. Resistance of alfalfa weevil to lambda-cyhalothrin was evident in bioassays causing an average 21.6% efficacy, while all other products resulted in 100%. The experiment in the field supported resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin and resulted in 53.3% efficacy at the greatest labeled field rate. Results indicated that continued use of lambda-cyhalothrin could render the most used and economical pyrethroid ineffective and promote crossresistance to other pyrethroids. Without rotation of insecticides development of resistance eliminates management options and reduces profitability for producers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Chemical industry is currently developing new pesticides whose main objective is to overcome the reduction in yields of existing pesticides to which insects are becoming resistant gradually. At the same time, this permanent requirement must consider environmental issues, especially the potential risks for humans and animals. To this end, studies have shown that vitamins due to their antioxidant capacity can reduce the toxic risks of pesticides in vivo. Aim of the Work: To investigate the possible ameliorative effect of vitamin C and E against hepatotoxicity of lambda cyhalothrin insecticide formulation Ampligo® 150 ZC ( Chlorantraniliprole 9,3% and Lambda cyhalothrin 4,6% ) in rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus. Material and Methods: Twenty-four male rabbits were divided into four groups : control (distilled water), AP (12,24 mg/ kg lambda cyhalothrin), CE (200 mg/kg vitamin C+ 20 mg/kg vitamin E), and AP + CE group. Ampligo’s effect was evaluated on the weight of the body and liver, food and water intake, biochemical parameters, liver histopathology, and morphometry. Results: Ampligo reduces body weight gain, and feed intake, decreases liver weight, reduces total bilirubin level (2,14 mg/ L), and increases direct bilirubin serum level. Histopathological study on the liver shows structural disorganization in liver tissue, an increase in the central vein diameter (1209,32 µm) with a thickening of the central vein wall (253,44 µm), and sinusoidal dilatation. Contrarily, the addition of vitamins C and E improved the previous alterations. Conclusion: Our study indicates that Ampligo 150 ZC causes various disorders in rabbit liver and supplementation with a combination of vitamin C and E reduces the insecticide toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Narok and Bomet are agricultural counties in Kenya which depend on flowing surface waters for farming activities. Agrochemicals have frequently been used to increase agricultural produce in this region. Occasionally, appropriate pesticide utilization measures are not followed. These surface waters are also consumed domestically by humans, livestock, and wild animals thus posing safety concerns to them. The current study sought to evaluate the levels and nature of pesticide residues found in surface waters in the dry and wet seasons of these counties. Eight water samples were collected in July (dry season) and October (wet season) at four different river sites in each of the two counties predetermined by the agricultural activity of its proximate environs. Pesticides extracted by solid phase extraction were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. At least 38 different pesticides were detected in the two counties with the highest concentration being recorded for chlorpyrifos and piperidine in Narok and Bomet counties, respectively. The pesticides chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, cyfluthrin, and cyhalothrin were more prevalent in Narok County while triazine, semicarbazone, and epinephrine were more prevalent in Bomet County. There were significantly more pesticides detected during the wet season (P ≤ 0.05). Out of the nine prevalent pesticides detected, four of them posed serious ecotoxicology concerns with risk quotients above 1.0 (high risk); thus, there is a need for more government policy interventions in deterring farming near riparian lands and in training of famers regarding best practice for pesticide applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two field experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of imidacloprid 6%+ lambda cyhalothrin 4% SL against sucking insects viz., aphid Aphis gossypii Glover, leafhopper Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida), thrips Thrips tabaci L. and whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) on cotton during kharif, 2018-19 and 2019-20 at the Agricultural Research Station, Dharwad farm, UAS, Dharwad, Karnataka. Results showed that the higher dose of imidacloprid 6%+ lambda cyhalothrin 4%SL @ 500 ml ha-1 resulted in 89.02, 88.52, 91.91 and 90.17% reduction of aphids, thrips, leafhoppers and whitefly, respectively in first season and 93.03, 87.15, 97.01 and 89.65% in second season compared to the untreated check. It was on par with its lower dose @ 450 ml ha-1. There was no significant difference in the counts of grubs and adults of coccinellids and number of chrysopids. Thus, imidacloprid 6%+ lambda cyhalothrin 4% SL could be used for the management of sucking pests without any effect on non-target insects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The control of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly), Ceratitis capitata, in citrus orchards in Spain is mainly based in three insecticides (spinosad, lambda-cyhalothrin and deltamethrin) and the liberation of sterile males. However, Medfly control is compromised by the development of lambda-cyhalothrin resistance and the detection of spinosad-resistant alleles in field populations. We report here, for the first time, resistance to deltamethrin in populations collected in fields under different management strategies, including MagnetMed™ traps coated with this insecticide and/or spinosad and lambda-cyhalothrin used as bait sprays, and even in populations obtained from non-treated fields. Two deltamethrin-resistant strains (BP-delta and Rfg-delta) were generated from the descendants of some of the field populations that showed lower susceptibility to deltamethrin. Both strains showed low susceptibility to MagnetMed™ traps, moderate susceptibility to Ceratipack traps, and lacked cross-resistance to spinosad and lambda cyhalothrin. Our data suggest that deltamethrin resistance was mediated by P450 enzymes, since bioassays with synergists showed that PBO reverted resistance in a field population and the laboratory strains, whereas the effect of DEF and DEM was minor and no mutations were found in the VGSC gene. The inheritance of resistance for both strains was completely recessive, autosomic and did not fit the mortality expected for a recessive character under a monogenic or digenic model. We also found that deltamethrin resistance presented a fitness cost in terms of males' weight, males' and females' longevity and lifetime fecundity, with a more pronounced effect in the BP-strain than in the Rfg-delta strain. Our results highlight the need to implement insecticide resistance management strategies to prevent control failures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persistence of imidacloprid, λ-cyhalothrin and spiromesifen on cabbage head and soil was studied. Two foliar applications of imidacloprid, λ- cyhalothrin and spiromesifen @ 25, 15 and 96 g ai ha-1 (single dose) and 50, 30 and 192 g ai ha-1 (double dose), respectively, were given at 10 days interval. Treated samples were processed by using modified QuEChERS method and the residue data was subjected to statistical analysis. Studies revealed that the initial deposits of imidacloprid, λ- cyhalothrin and spiromesifen were 0.39, 0.20 and 0.74 mg kg-1 for single dose and 0.80, 0.41 and 1.58 mg kg-1 for double dose, respectively. Among three insecticides, spiromesifen was the most persistent insecticide (10 days for both doses) followed by λ-cyhalothrin (7 and 10 days) and imidacloprid (5 and 7 days) on cabbage head. The safe waiting period for imdacloprid, λ- cyhalothrin and spiromesifen were 5, 6 and 9 days for single dose and 6, 7 and 11 days for double dose with the half life of 1.6, 2.5-3.1 and 1.8-1.9 days, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Honey and pollen collected from experimental fields in Kutladampatti village and farmer's field from different locations of Tamil Nadu were analysed for the presence of pesticide residues in modified QuEChERs method which showed the coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.9939, 0.9919, 0.9869, 0.9803, 0.9981, 0.9918 and 0.9824 for chlorpyrifos, fipronil, lambda cyhalothrin, profenofos, imidacloprid, flubendiamide and thiamethoxam respectively. The method adopted in this experiment resulted in LOQ of0.0036, 0.0057, 0.0027, 0.0027, 0.0032, 0.0041 and 0.0044 ^g/g and LOD of0.0011, 0.0017, 0.0008, 0.0008, 0.0009, 0.0012 and 0.0013 for chlorpyrifos, fipronil, lambda cyhalothrin, profenophos, imidacloprid, flubendiamide and thiamethoxam respectively. Recovery of the method was recorded as 96.33% for chlorpyrifos spiked with 0.1 µg/ g in honey while fipronil 0.1 µg/ g spiked honey samples recorded the maximum recovery of 102.33%. Lambda cyhalothrin recorded a maximum recovery of 98.67% in honey when spiked with 0.1 µg/ g of pesticide whereas Imidacloprid recorded a maximum recovery of 98.42% in honey when spiked with 0.1 µg/g of pesticide. Profenofos recorded with a maximum recovery of 103.33% in pollen sample spiked with 0.1 µg/ g. Flubendiamide recorded a maximum recovery of 99.67% in honey when spiked with 0.5 µg/ g of pesticide and thiamethoxam recorded 101.67% recovery in 0.1 µg/g spiked honey sample. The modified QuEChERS method recorded reduced matrix effect compared to conventional QuEChERS method. No residue of insecticidal chemicals was found in any of the samples collected from the experimental plots and farmer's holdings as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is one of the most devastating invasive polyphagous pests, which has attracted recent global attention by developing resistance to various insecticidal active ingredients with independent mode of action. Fluxametamide, a newly commercialized isoxazoline insecticide, is exceptionally selective towards several lepidopteran pests. The present study aimed to evaluate resistance risk in FAW to fluxametamide and the fitness costs associated with fluxametamide resistance. A field-collected and genetically mixed population of FAW was artificially selected through continuous exposure to fluxametamide. After successive selection of 10 generations, there was no obvious increase in the LC50 (RF: 2.63-fold). The realized heritability (h2) of fluxametamide resistance was estimated as h2 = 0.084 using a quantitative genetic approach. Compared with the susceptible F0 strain, the Flux-SEL (F10) strain of FAW displayed no significant cross-resistance to broflanilide, chlorantraniliprole, fipronil, indoxacarb, lambda cyhalothrin, spinetoram, and tetraniliprole, except emamectin benzoate (RF: 2.08-fold). Increased activity of glutathione S-transferase (ratio 1.94) was observed in the Flux-SEL (F10) strain of FAW, while the cytochrome P450 and carboxylesterase activities were not altered. The fluxametamide-selection significantly affected the development and reproductive traits of FAW with a lower R0, T and relative fitness (Rf = 0.353). The results alluded that the risk of fluxametamide resistance evolution in FAW is relatively lower; however, proactive implementation of resistance management approaches should be done to maintain the field efficacy of fluxametamide against FAW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The domestic mosquito Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) is one of the most important public health pests spread in Egypt, so we studied biochemical and toxicological changes to traditional and bio-pesticides on the third instar larvae of the domestic mosquito. Three organic pesticides (chlorpyrifos, lambada cyhalothrin, imidaclopride) and two biopesticides (emamectin benzoate, spinosad) at different concentrations treated on larvae and calculating the value of LC50 after treatment and the rate of resistance were studied. The results showed that the South strain of domestic mosquito larvae were high resistance against chlorpyrifos ethyl, it was found that the most efficient tested pesticide was spinosad, where it was in the South strain 55,227-fold, and in the East strain, The relative potency of imidacloprid was 12.17-fold and in the West strain, imidacloprid was the first category, followed by spinosad. Activity acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, acetylcholinesterase and glutathione -s-transferase in larvae, were determined the highest activity in South strain indicated that this strain had the highest resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of Cyfluthrin (Cy) exposure on neurobehaviour, hippocampal tissue and synaptic plasticity in Wistar rats. First, it was found that high-dose Cy exposure could cause nerve injury, resulting in symptoms such as deficits in learning and memory ability, spatial exploration and autonomic motor function. Moreover, it was found that medium- and high-dose Cy exposure could cause an abnormal release of the neurotransmitter Glu. Second, brain tissue pathology showed that the middle and high doses of Cy caused tissue deformation, reduced the number of hippocampal puramidal cells, caused a disorder of these cells, decreased the number of Nissl bodies, and caused pyknosis of the hippocampal cell nuclear membrane and serious damage to organelles, indicating that exposure to these doses of Cy may cause hippocampal tissue damage in rats. Third, as the exposure dose increased, morphological changes in hippocampal synapses, including blurred synaptic spaces, a decreased number of synaptic vesicles and a decreased number of synapses, became more obvious. Moreover, the expression levels of the key synaptic proteins PSD-95 and SYP also decreased in a dose-dependent manner, indicating obvious synaptic damage. Finally, the study found that medium and high doses of Cy could upregulate the expression of A2AR in the hippocampus and that the expression levels of inflammatory factors and apoptosis-related proteins increased in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the expression of A2AR mRNA was correlated with neurobehavioural indicators and the levels of inflammatory factors, synaptic plasticity-related factors and apoptosis-related factors, suggesting that Cy may cause nerve damage in rats and that this effect is closely related to A2AR.

Introduction: Lambda Cyhalothrin (LCT) is greatly used to manage a wide variety of pests present in farming and in home procedures. Aim: The current work was intended to demonstrate structural and functional alterations within the liver subsequent to long-standing exposure to LCT. Protective effect of Hesperidin and N-acetylcysteine was also investigated. Material and methods: 40 adult male albino rats were used in this experiment, and they were split into four equal groups: control, LCT group, rats were received LCT at a dose 61.2mg/kg b. wt. per day by oral gavage for 28 days. LCT + Hesperidin group, rats were given the same dose of LCT with simultaneous oral dosage of HSP at a dose of 100mg/kg b. wt., LCT + N-Acetyl cysteine group at which rats were received the same dose of LCT as the previous 2 groups with simultaneous oral administration of N-acetyl cysteine 150 mg/kg b. wt. The liver underwent a number of biochemical, histological, and immunohistochemical analysis. Results: LCT induced oxidative stress which leads to liver damage (increases MDA / decreases GSH). LCT caused degeneration of hepatocytes and increases inflammatory cells, this is followed by rise in liver markers (AST and ALT). While concurrent administration of Hesperidin and N-Acetyl cysteine during LCT exposure period preserved the architecture of the liver, prevents its damage, reduced oxidative stress and normalized liver function tests. Conclusion: Administration of N -Acetyl cysteine during exposure to the insecticide LCT has a protective effect on the liver more than Hesperidin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Genn. (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is a plague of critical importance in zucchini squash, as it causes direct damage by feeding and indirect damage by virus transmission. The objective of the study was to evaluate the insecticidal effect of biorational and conventional formulations on whiteflies in zucchini. The study was conducted in Morelos, Mexico under open field conditions. A completely randomized experimental design was established with five treatments (T1. Castor and nettle extract, T2. Azadirachtin, T3. Imidacloprid + lambda cyhalothrin, T4. Liquid bifenthrin and T5. Control). Two biological efficacy evaluations were carried out. In the first evaluation, the treatments reduced the infestation from 70 to 85%. In the second evaluation, azadirachtin and bifenthrin were similarly effective with just over 91% efficacy, while castor and nettle extract reached about 85%. The two biorational compounds proved to be a good option to reduce whitefly infestation in crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure to neurotoxicants has been associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). Limited by the clinical variation in the signs and symptoms as well as the slow disease progression, the identification of parkinsonian neurotoxicants relies on animal models. Here, we propose an innovative in silico model for the prediction of parkinsonian neurotoxicants. The model was designed based on a validated adverse outcome pathway (AOP) for parkinsonian motor deficits initiated from the inhibition of mitochondrial complex I. The model consists of a molecular docking model for mitochondrial complex I protein to predict the molecular initiating event and a neuronal cytotoxicity Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationships (QSAR) model to predict the cellular outcome of the AOP. Four known PD-related complex I inhibitors and four non-neurotoxic chemicals were utilized to develop the threshold of the models and to validate the model, respectively. The integrated model showed 100% specificity in ruling out the non-neurotoxic chemicals. The screening of 41 neurotoxicants and complex I inhibitors with the model resulted in 16 chemicals predicted to induce parkinsonian disorder through the molecular initiating event of mitochondrial complex I inhibition. Five of them, namely cyhalothrin, deguelin, deltamethrin, diazepam, and permethrin, are cases with direct evidence linking them to parkinsonian motor deficit-related signs and symptoms. The neurotoxicant prediction model for parkinsonian motor deficits based on the AOP concept may be useful in prioritizing chemicals for further evaluations on PD potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contact toxicity of insecticides used in the cashew ecosystem viz., thiamethoxam, carbosulfan, buprofezin, lambdacyhalothrin, imidacloprid, chlorpyriphos and profenophos were evaluated against Indian bee Apis cerana indica F., and stingless bee Tetragonula iridipennis S. under laboratory conditions. It was observed that buprofezin caused the least mortality of 21.48 and 19.91% with A. cerana indica and T. iridipennis, respectively; chlorpyriphos led to maximum mortality of 100% to with both the bees, and thus highly toxic at 24 hours after treatment (HAT). Imidacloprid led to >70% mortality with both the bee species at 24 HAT, while it varied from 40 to 60% the bees with thiamethoxam, carbosulfan and lambda cyhalothrin at 24 HAT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was conducted in a farmer’s field near Chidambaram to evaluate some pesticides against key cabbage insect pests during kharif 2018 and summer 2019. The results revealed that emamectin benzoate 5SG, spinosad 45SC, flubendiamide 39.35SC, indoxacarb 14.5SC, chlorfenapyr 10SC and lambda cyhalothrin 5EC effectively reduced the incidence of Spodoptera litura (L.) and Trichoplusia orichalcea (F.) Maximum reduction was accomplished with flubendiamide and spinosad. Occurrence of natural enemies when evaluated did not reveal statistically significant differences. Maximum yield was obtained with flubendiamide (24.08, 25.15 t/ ha) followed by spinosad (23.41, 23.19 t/ ha). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) is an agriculturally significant polyphagous insect pest that has evolved a high level of resistance to conventional insecticides. A dietary assay was used in this work to assess the resilience of field populations of S. litura to λ-cyhalothrin. Analysis of the function and expression of the cytochrome P450 gene was used to test the sensitivity of S. litura larvae to sub-lethal concentrations of the insecticidal plant chemical Precocene 1, both by itself and in combination with λ-cyhalothrin. The activity of esterase enzymes α and β) was found to decrease 48 h post treatment with Precocene 1. The activity of GST enzyme and cytochrome P450 increased with Precocene 1 treatment post 48 h, however. Expression studies revealed the modulation by Precocene 1 of cytochrome P450 genes, CYP4M16, CYP4M15, CYP4S8V4, CYP4G31, and CYP4L10. While CYP4M16 expression was stimulated the most by the synergistic Precocene 1 + λ--cyhalothrin treatment, expression of CYP4G31 was the most down-regulated by Precocene 1 exposure. Hence, it is evident that λ--cyhalothrin-resistant pest populations are still sensitive to Precocene 1 at a sublethal concentration that is nevertheless capable of hindering their development. Precocene 1 can therefore be considered a potent candidate for the effective management of insecticide-resilient S. litura. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to evaluate the development of resistance in susceptible strains of Tetranychus urticae to chemicals (Fenpyroximate, Cyhalothrin, Abamectin and Ethion) and the specific activity of Acetylcholine esterase and Glutathion- S-transferase enzymes under laboratory conditions in order to study the mechanism of resistance in T. urticae. Resistance levels to Fenpyroximate were highly variable in two generations showing high resistance in ninth and tenth generations 66.58 and 78.72 fold, respectively. The resistance to Cyhalothrin showed that selection for ten generations succeeded in building up 37.45 fold of resistance. The resistance to Abamectin increased gradually to reach it's the ten generation, represented by 140fold. The resistance to ethion of the ninth and tenth generations ranges to 71.8 and 94.1 fold, respectively. Results showed that the specific activities of AChE enzyme were significantly lower in susceptible strain. Also, significant differences were found among the compounds. The Resistance strain of Cyhalothrin of T. urticae had the highest specific activity of AChE of 2.48 and as compared with susceptible strain, 0.94 while the resistance strain for Abamectin had the lowest specific activity of AChE 1.31. Ethion and Fenpyroximate significantly decreased the activity of AChE activities 2.20 and 2.30, respectively. Data showed that GST activity was significantly higher in all the resistant strain of T. urticae than that of the susceptible strain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last years, issues related to intensive agriculture have been found in protected areas potentially harming wildlife. This study aimed to analyze a wide range of pesticides in water and sediments of two protected areas namely Doñana Natural Park (DNP) and Tablas de Daimiel National Park (TDNP) performing an environmental risk assessment in order to highlight potential risks to living organisms derived from pesticide burden. Higher pesticide load was found in DNP than TDNP with similar distribution profiles, with pyrethroid insecticides (PYRs) the main detected class. Particularly problematic are two PYRs, cyhalothrin and fenvalerate, which were detected at high concentrations that can pose a high risk to aquatic organisms. In addition, despite being detected at lower concentrations, the presence of chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, and permethrin in water, and of chlorpyrifos, dicofol, and diflufenican in sediments, must be taken into account due to their potential risks for aquatic organisms. Moreover, some banned pesticides such as dimethoate, terbutryn, diazinon, and tricyclazol were detected in water at levels which deserve further investigation to assess their potential sources, including potential illegal practices. [Display omitted] • Doñana exhibited higher load of pesticides than Tablas de Daimiel with similar profiles. • Pyrethroids were highly detected posing a high risk to aquatic organisms. • Occurrence of pesticides may pose a moderate to high risk in all sampled locations. • Some banned pesticides were found in water suggesting potential illegal practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study in directed to evaluate the relative toxicity of six chemicals of different mode of action, four Acaricides (abamectin, ethion, chlorfenapyr and Cyhalothrin), one mineral oil (Nat-1) and one plant extract (black cumin) against the adult female mite, Tetranychus urticae and its predatory mite, Amblyseius fallacies using standardized method for bioassay. The effects of sublethal doses of these chemicals on some biological aspect of the mite and its predator were also evaluated. Results indicated that abamectin was the most toxic compound of LC50 value of 0.15 ppm, white black Cumin extract was the least one (47930. 18 ppm) to adult females of T. urticae, Also, results showed that abamectin was the most effective chemical on A. Fallacis while black cumin extract was the least toxic compound to adult females of A. Fallacis. The accumulated eggs deposited by the adult females of mite T. urticae, results suggested that cyhalothrin was the most effective compound on egg deposition followed by ethion and abamectin. Nat - 1 and black cumin extract had about the same effect on that character-Cyhalothrin was the most effective compound on egg hatchability, while Nat-1 and black cumin extract were the least effective in egg hatchability. Cyhalothrin and abamectin caused the highest decrease in prey egg consumption by the predator, the most effective on predator egg production and caused highly decrease in egg hatchability comparable to the control treatment - Nat - 1 and black cumin extract were the least effective compounds in prey egg consumption, predator egg production and predator egg hatchability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A combination of modified quick easy cheap effective rugged and safe extraction approach with carbon nano–onions–based dispersive solid‐phase extraction and dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction was developed for the extraction of several pesticides (diazinon, chlorpyrifos, tebuconazole, deltamethrin, permethrin, haloxyfop–methyl, penconazole, and cyhalothrin) from grape before their analysis by gas chromatography–flame ionization detection. In the extraction approach, an aliquot of grape sample is chopped and after separating its juice, the pesticides that remained in the refuse are extracted by the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe extraction method. The obtained acetonitrile phase is mixed with juice and the analytes are extracted by the carbon nano‐onions‐based dispersive solid‐phase extraction. The analytes are concentrated using the microextraction procedure to obtain high enrichment factors. The results showed low limits of detection (0.5–1.6 ng/g) and quantification (1.8–5.4 ng/g) with satisfactory linearity of the calibration curves (determination coefficient, r2 ≥ 0.994). The precision of the developed method expressed as relative standard deviations was good (≤7.2%). The method provided high enrichment factors (350–410) and extraction recoveries (70–82%). Finally, seven grape samples were analyzed successfully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess the levels of selected pesticides residues in harvested tomatoes and their associated dietary risks to consumers at Makambako Town in Njombe region, Tanzania. Forty-two fresh tomatoes were sampled among tomato farmers during harvesting season and extraction of analytes was done using QuEChERS method and analysed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer. Residues of chlorpyrifos, profenofos, gamma cyhalothrin and cypermethrin were alternatingly detected in 78.51% of samples. The average concentrations of residues were 0.014, 0.056, 0.003 and 0.2 mg/kg for chlorpyrifos, profenofos, gamma cyhalothrin and cypermethrin and were all below their respective Codex MRLs. The highest concentration was 0.718 mg/kg for cypermethrin, above the Codex MRL of 0.2 mg/kg. The hazard indexes indicate no potential health hazards to the general population due to the lifetime consumption of fresh tomatoes from the study area. Periodic monitoring of residue levels of pesticides in vegetable fruits, including tomatoes, is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glutathione S-transferase (GSTs) are members of multifunction enzymes in organisms and mostly known for their roles in insecticide resistance by conjugation. Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) is a voracious agricultural pest widely distributed in the world with high resistance to various insecticides. The function of GSTs in the delta group of S. litura is still lacking. Significantly up-regulation of SlGSTd1 was reported in four pyrethroids-resistant populations and a chlorpyrifos-selected population. To further explore its role in pyrethroids and organophosphates resistance, the metabolism and peroxidase activity of SlGSTD1 were studied by heterologous expression, RNAi, and disk diffusion assay. The results showed that Km and Vmax for 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) conjugating activity of SlGSTD1were 1.68 ± 0.11 mmol L−1 and 76.0 ± 2.7 nmol mg−1 min−1, respectively. Cyhalothrin, beta-cypermethrin, and chlorpyrifos had an obvious inhibitory effect on SlGSTD1 activity, especially for fenvalerate, when using CDNB as substrate. Fenvalerate and cyhalothrin can be metabolized by SlGSTD1 in E. coli and in vitro. Also, silencing of SlGSTd1 significantly increased the toxicity of fenvalerate and cyhalothrin, but had no significant effect on the mortality of larvae treated by beta-cypermethrin or chlorpyrifos. SlGSTD1 possesses peroxidase activity using cumene hydroperoxide as a stress inducer. The comprehensive results indicate that SlGSTD1 is involved in fenvalerate and cyhalothrin resistance of S. litura by detoxication and antioxidant capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different pesticide chemicals are used to enhance crop yield by protecting from pests. Organophosphate (OPs) and Pyrethroid (PYR) are used in fields of Sanghar, Sindh Pakistan. PON1 an antioxidant enzyme implicated in OPs detoxification may predispose by OPs chronic exposure. This study was conducted to evaluate the toxic potential of active pesticide chemicals at cellular and genetic levels. To examine toxic potential, locally consumed pesticide n = 2 and reference pesticide compounds organophosphate (OPs): Chloropyrifos, Malathion and Pyrethroid (PYR): Cyprmethrin, Cyhalothrin n = 4 were tested against NIH 3T3 cells using MTS assay. Local consumer pesticides demonstrated relevance for half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) 0.00035 mg/mL with selected compound. Malathion IC50 exhibited the highest cytotoxicity among four compounds at 0.0005 mg/mL. On genotoxicity analysis in exposed subjects n = 100 genotypes and alleles n = 200 exhibited significant differences in genotypic and allelic frequencies of pesticide exposed subjects and controls n = 150 (X2 = 22.9, p = 0.001). Screening of genotypes were performed by PCR- RFLP. Statistical assessment carried out using online software and tools. Results suggested that higher heterozygous genotype A/G (74%) may confer low PON1 metabolic activity towards pesticides in exposed subjects. Findings could be helpful to establish health plans by avoiding toxic chemicals that harming exposed population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticide residue analysis experiment of three different pesticides used against Helicoverpa armigera was conducted in tomato crop during 2019. The experiment was carried out in (RCBD) Randomized Complete Block Design. There were four treatments i.e., Cypermethrin, Imidacloprid, Lamda cyhalothirn and control. Each treatment was replicated three times. Lowest mean percent fruits infestation (2.84%), highest yield per treatment (9.56 kg) per plot, highest ascorbic acid content (11.06 mg/100g), fresh weight of treated tomato fruits (101.45 g) and lowest content of mean pesticides residue (0.054%) was recorded in plots treated with Imidacloprid. It was followed by Lamda cyhalothrin where 5.97%, 8.02 kg, 8.18 mg/100g, 89.18 g, and 0.071% of mean percent fruits infestation, yield per treatment, ascorbic acid content, fresh weight of treated tomato fruits and content of mean pesticides residue was recorded, respectively. Highest content of pesticide residue (0.088%) was obtained from tomatoes treated with Cypermethrin. Our results further indicated that highest mean percent fruit infestation (8.92%) per plant and fresh weight (92.57g) were recorded from fruits after 3 days of the post treatments, while the lowest mean percent fruit infestation (8.35%) and fresh weigh of tomato fruits (83.46g) were recorded from plants after 7 and 10 days, respectively. Significantly highest ascorbic acid concentration (9.68 mg/100g) was recorded on day 10 while lowest (9.19 mg/100g) was recorded on 3rd day post treatment. Similarly, highest percent concentration of pesticide residue (0.080%) was recorded on day 1 while lowest (0.0624%) was recorded on 10th day of post treatment. Results showed that Imidacloprid is significantly better against tomato fruit worm by reducing the fruit infestation, resulted in lowest percent concentration of pesticide residue on tested tomato fruits as compared to Lamda cyhalothrin and Cypermethrin. Based on the results of the current study Imidacloprid is recommended in the IPM as safe pesticides against tomato fruit worm in tomato crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]