Search

Novel technologies with military applications are often implicitly viewed as significant threats to strategic stability. Yet, some implementations of emerging technologies may bolster defenses, mitigate the security dilemma, or both. In particular, this is more likely to happen if diffusion of the technology is combined with arms control that focuses on qualities rather than quantities of weapons. In this paper, we focus on four emerging militarized technologies (cyber weapons, hypersonic glide vehicles, armed drones, and lethal autonomous weapons systems) and evaluate their effects on the relative advantage of the defense and distinguishability, finding that all four have the potential to contribute to strategic stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scope of this work is to propose a distributed RF sensing architecture that interconnects and utilizes a cyber security operations center (SOC) to support long-term RF threat monitoring, alerting, and further centralized processing. For the purpose of this work, RF threats refer mainly to RF jamming, since this can jeopardize multiple wireless systems, either directly as a Denial of Service (DoS) attack, or as a means to force a cellular or WiFi wireless client to connect to a malicious system. Furthermore, the possibility of the suggested architecture to monitor signals from malicious drones in short distances is also examined. The work proposes, develops, and examines the performance of RF sensing sensors that can monitor any frequency band within the range of 1 MHz to 8 GHz, through selective band pass RF filtering, and subsequently these sensors are connected to a remote SOC. The proposed sensors incorporate an automatic calibration and time-depended environment RF profiling algorithm and procedure for optimizing RF jamming detection in a dense RF spectrum, occupied by heterogeneous RF technologies, thus minimizing false-positive alerts. The overall architecture supports TCP/IP interconnections of multiple RF jamming detection sensors through an efficient MQTT protocol, allowing the collaborative operation of sensors that are distributed in different areas of interest, depending on the scenario of interest, offering holistic monitoring by the centralized SOC. The incorporation of the centralized SOC in the overall architecture allows also the centralized application of machine learning algorithms on all the received data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Private intrusion, interception, and surveillance (PIIS) markets represent a key vehicle for the global expansion of digital surveillance regimes. Yet, due to their opacity and notorious secrecy, these markets have received relatively little scholarly attention. Triangulating between a unique dataset comprising 5973 industry presentations, interviews, and industry reports, this article provides novel insights into the evolution of market structures and public control efforts. Conceptualizing the PIIS-market as a dynamic and fluid assemblage, we highlight how the enmeshment of social, political, and technological dimensions shaped hierarchies and agencies of control. Our findings point towards the existence of three intersecting dynamics of territorialization, changing technological affordances, and ordering that persistently undermined attempts to limit market operations. In reflecting on these past failures, the presented approach points towards the importance of timing and highlights a need to re-conceptualize control in state-market relations from an assemblage perspective, pragmatically working across bureaucratic boundaries and leveraging disparate power centers across the public and private divide. Considering the growing interest in economic dependencies and the strategic dimension of high-tech markets, these findings have a wider relevance to current debates about the rise of economic security states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we offer a theoretical framework explaining how African actors achieve influence in cyberspace despite possessing comparatively limited cyber capabilities. We argue that digital technology is characterized by low costs, rapid diffusion, and limited coercive utility. We argue these characteristics serve as antecedent conditions amplifying strategies of capability acquisition and partner diversification African elites have long used to limit foreign influence and pursue local political objectives. We illustrate our argument through comparative case studies of Ethiopia's acquisition of digital infrastructure and surveillance technology and information operations in support of the Libyan warlord Khalifa Haftar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The quantitative study was aimed at examining the implications of age, gender, and social media addition on cyberbullying among senior secondary school pupils in Keffi Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study adopted survey design of the ex post facto type. The study selected a sample size of 373 students to participate. Two instruments were used to collect data: the Cyberbullying Questionnaire and Bergen Social Networking Addiction Scale. The multiple linear regression statistics were used to analyse the hypotheses in the study. Findings: Results reveal that there was a significant relationship between age and cyberbullying among senior secondary students. Also, there was a significant relationship between gender and cyberbullying among senior secondary school student's in Keffi Nasarawa State, Nigeria. However, there was no significant relationship between social media and cyberbullying among senior secondary school students in Keffi Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Conclusion: The study concluded that age and gender are significantly correlated with cyberbullying among senior secondary school pupils, while social media addiction was not significantly correlated with cyberbullying among senior secondary school pupils in Keffi Nasarawa State, Nigeria. The researchers recognize the need for adopting a policy that would avoid the frequent occurrence of cyberbullying activities, since if a victim feels terrified and isolated among his/her colleagues, he/she may begin to acquire negative ideas, which will then damage his/her performance. Cyberbullying happens often in schools; administrators should take appropriate measures against the perpetrator(s). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyber security continues to be an issue for organisations, particularly those that collect and use personal information. The implementation of a robust risk assessment and detailed control framework which is focused on addressing key threats is critical to achieving cyber resilience. Some organisations are keen to espouse their cyber security credentials, often in an effort to satisfy regulators, assure stakeholders and placate consumers. Regardless of this rhetoric, however, some of these organisations still suffer from a cyberattack. What does it mean when these words are not put into practice? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Sexual harassment is a complex behavior to study since it is characterized by various dimensions and definitions. Analyzing the characteristics and manifestations of this behavior in the online context, at such a vulnerable time as adolescence, is important to fully understand its nature, characteristics, and consequences. Aims and Method: This work aims to systematize the information available in the literature, identify labels used to refer to online sexual harassment in the adolescent population, describe the definition of online sexual harassment taking into consideration specific criteria that emerge from the studies, and describe the operationalization of online sexual harassment. The literature search was conducted in November 2021 through four scientific databases: Scopus, PubMed, PsycInfo, and Web of Science. The initial search led to 20958 results: after eliminating duplicates, screening, and reading of full-texts, 65 papers were included in the review. Results: The type of relationship between aggressor and victim, the use of abusive connotations, and the time frame of occurring behaviors are investigated in included studies. Moreover, different typologies of abuse have been described, by differentiating between studies that focus on the victim's point of view and studies that focus on the perpetrator's point of view. Conclusion: Online sexual harassment covers a wide range of behaviors using digital content (images, videos, posts, messages). Through this scoping review, it is possible to identify some key characteristics of this phenomenon: online sexual harassment has an abusive connotation, as it is perceived as unwanted by the victim, it can occur in three main typologies (verbal, visual, cybersex) and even a single episode is enough to experience victimization. In terms of relational behaviors, online sexual harassment includes unwanted sexual solicitations and non-consensual sharing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, notable incidents have highlighted the vulnerability of wind energy infrastructure, making cybersecurity crucial for the offshore wind industry. However, justifying the costs of cybersecurity measures is essential. A cost benefit analysis (CBA) is commonly utilised to support decision-making for risk mitigation. With a cost benefit analysis, risk mitigation strategies that strike an optimal balance between the costs of mitigation measures and the resulting risk reduction can be identified. This survey of literature was carried out to identify the existing proposed solutions for cost benefit analysis on cyber risk mitigation measures for offshore wind cyber physical systems. After narrowing the area scope, a systematic search across Scopus and Web of Science, yielded 18 articles, of which six met the selection criteria. It was found that the there was a lack of cost benefit analysis of cybersecurity solutions for, or set in, the area of offshore wind directly. From the analysis of the surveyed works, suggestions on future directions were given. The existing literature found lacks detailed cost modelling for offshore wind, beyond general breakdowns encompassing capital, maintenance, and labour/installation expenses, risk and scenario loss. Some of the literature used contextual factors such as compatibility and effectiveness of mitigation measures, effects on OT performance, geographical location, geopolitical context, and installed rated power which could be adapted to suit offshore wind. Since offshore operations contribute significantly to costs, cost modelling and consideration of other relevant factors pertaining to this area would be beneficial if explored. As an emerging area, in the future we expect this research to be a basis and a methodology that can be expanded with a larger data set from other publications in the field. Thus, it represents an opportunity to advance knowledge in offshore wind cyber-physical systems.

In light of China's growing weight as a technological power in the international arena, an increasing body of literature is dedicated to conceptualizing China as a nascent norm-shaper in global cyber governance. However, a nuanced investigation into the process of China's norm diffusion in cyber governance has been lacking. Drawing on the latest advancements from norm diffusion theory, this study provides a nuanced understanding of the complex and multidimensional nature of China's cyber-governance norm cluster and the diffusion mechanisms. By contesting the linear and static conceptualization of norms, this study conceptualizes China's cyber governance norms through the lens of norm cluster. It demonstrates that China has actively promoted a constellation of values and appropriate behaviours in order to address the myriad of problems and challenges it identifies in global cyber governance, revolving around three core values, namely: cyber sovereignty, multilateralism and the balance between security and development. This research also demonstrates that instead of using a single diffusion mechanism, China has relied on a dynamic combination of socialization and positive incentives which are driven by both state-led actors and private sectors to diffuse its cyber norms and approaches at regional and international levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The digitalisation of the economy increases the vulnerability of both economies in the EU and the US, as does its transborder dimension. Cyber policy has evolved over time on both sides of the Atlantic. The EU began initially to emphasise cybercrime regulation but its focus upon cybersecurity now dominates, similar to the US. The internal market has evolved as a rationale for regulation in the EU and to similar effect a market-led approach dominates in the US. While in the EU a comprehensive cybersecurity law has been adopted, the US lacks a uniform federal cybersecurity law. Despite many domestic divergences, there is considerable similarity between the US and the EU. Substantively, these divergences have not inhibited convergence. Geopolitical considerations as to cyber have accelerated an ongoing process, driven by the transborder nature of cyber security and the global leadership of the EU and the US. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Humaniora dan Politik (JIHHP) is the property of Dinasti Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The covid-19 pandemic has motivated the cyber security research activities mainly at national and organizational level, but broader assessment of cyber security at individual level is undoubtedly lacking. Cyber security at individual level refers to humans and their personal cyber security practices that is called cyber hygiene. This study aims to evaluate the impact of the covid-19 pandemic circumstances on cyber hygiene outcomes, i.e., awareness, behavior, and knowledge. The intention was to estimate and compare the cyber hygiene of university students prior to and during the covid-19 pandemic. The results of the survey study indicate that covid-19 pandemic circumstances have caused the change of level of cyber hygiene awareness, behavior, and knowledge of university students. The covid-19 pandemic has improved all these cyber hygiene outcomes and that could be the consequence of intense use of digital space and mirroring of strict covid-19 pandemic protection measures. However, it is evident trend of cyber hygiene knowledge decline which coincides with covid-19 pandemic protection measures relaxation and less utilization of digital services. The findings of this study can be used to improve cyber hygiene worldwide and create a better extraordinary event response as digital space is expected to be increasingly used in future extraordinary circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Internet of Things (IoT) stands as a robust framework enhancing the effectiveness and convenience of human existence globally. This transformative technology has made significant strides across diverse application fields. However, with the unprecedented proliferation of smart gadgets and their heavy reliance on wireless technologies, the vulnerability to cyber threats has escalated. The escalating threat landscape poses a significant challenge to the seamless operation of IoT devices. In this context, our paper contributes to the existing body of knowledge by uncovering unique findings that shed light on the intricacies of IoT cybersecurity. Our research not only identifies potential vulnerabilities in current IoT security frameworks but also proposes innovative solutions to mitigate emerging risks. Through an in-depth analysis of cyber threats in the IoT ecosystem, we present a nuanced understanding of the evolving landscape. Our study underscores the critical importance of cybersecurity in the IoT domain, positioning it as the second most crucial aspect after data privacy. In particular, we highlight the pressing need for comprehensive measures to address the escalating danger of cyber-attacks. We propose practical strategies for enhancing the security of IoT resources and safeguarding personal information, thereby mitigating cybersecurity risks for both enterprises and consumers. Furthermore, our paper introduces novel methodologies and frameworks for assessing cybersecurity risks within the IoT landscape. These contributions aim to empower governmental and commercial enterprises with effective tools for evaluating and fortifying their IoT security postures. By addressing the gaps in existing cybersecurity approaches, our research strives to advance the field and foster a secure and resilient IoT environment for the benefit of society at large. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

U.S. Air Force cyber personnel were faced with changes in their workplace, fitness routines, and personal lives during the COVID19 pandemic. Adjusting to COVID-19-related requirements likely increased the stress of already stressful jobs for military members and their families, which could have resounding impacts on emotional, social, and physical well-being. Therefore, it is important to evaluate psychological health outcomes and self-perceived impacts of the changes presented to cyber personnel because of the COVID-19 pandemic. An online occupational health assessment that included demographics, standardized measures of burnout, psychological distress, and work role strain; health behaviors; and perceived impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic was administered to 1488 cyber personnel. Thirty-two negative themes and 13 positive themes were created from qualitative coding for "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted you as an individual?" Of the themes created, 966 (68.5%) reported at least one negative impact and 440 (31.2%) reported at least one positive impact. Top-reported negative impacts were limited face-to-face interactions and loss of personal activities. Negative impacts were associated with negative psychological health outcomes (e.g., psychological distress, exhaustion, cynicism) and work role strain. Action-oriented recommendations are given in the event of another pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Honeypots are computer systems that deceive cyber attackers into believing they are ordinary computer systems designed for invasion, when in fact they are primarily designed to collect data about attack methods, resulting in better protection and defense against malicious actors. As a result, developing reliability metrics for measuring the performance, strength, and effectiveness of honeypot deception is advantageous. Despite extensive and mature research on honeynet system, reliability modeling, analysis and performance prediction and evaluation, based on copula techniques for accurately testing, estimating and optimizing the overall performance of honeynet systems remain lacking. To start, a copula approach for analyzing and optimizing the performance of honeynet systems was proposed. Any honeynet system’s performance can be classified based on its availability, dependability and profit generated. As a result, the current paper sought to investigate the performance of a multi-state honeynet system in terms of availability, dependability and expected profit. This paper examines two types of repairs. Type I repairs are known as general repairs and they are used to recover from a partial or non-lethal failure to a perfect state, whereas Type II repairs are known as copula repairs they are used to recover from a complete or lethal failure to a perfect state. For the sake of generality, the supplementary variable technique and Laplace transforms were used to develop the performance models that are essential to this research, such as availability, reliability, mean time to failure (MTTF), sensitivity and profit function. The models’ numerical validation was fully carried out. The results are shown in tables and figures, enabling us to draw the conclusion that Type II repair is a superior repair policy. Type II repair, according to the findings, can more accurately portray system structure and states while still allowing for efficient assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite pronouncements about the inevitable diffusion of artificial intelligence and autonomous technologies, in practice, it is human behavior, not technology in a vacuum, that dictates how technology seeps into—and changes—societies. To better understand how human preferences shape technological adoption and the spread of AI-enabled autonomous technologies, we look at representative adult samples of US public opinion in 2018 and 2020 on the use of four types of autonomous technologies: vehicles, surgery, weapons, and cyber defense. By focusing on these four diverse uses of AI-enabled autonomy that span transportation, medicine, and national security, we exploit the inherent variation between these AI-enabled autonomous use cases. We find that those with familiarity and expertise with AI and similar technologies were more likely to support all of the autonomous applications we tested (except weapons) than those with a limited understanding of the technology. Individuals that had already delegated the act of driving using ride-share apps were also more positive about autonomous vehicles. However, familiarity cut both ways; individuals are also less likely to support AI-enabled technologies when applied directly to their life, especially if technology automates tasks they are already familiar with operating. Finally, we find that familiarity plays little role in support for AI-enabled military applications, for which opposition has slightly increased over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cyber Evaluation and Management Toolkit (CEMT) is an open-source university research-based plugin for commercial digital model-based systems engineering tools that streamlines conducting cybersecurity risk evaluations for complex cyber-physical systems. The authors developed this research tool to assist the Australian Defence Force (ADF) with the cybersecurity evaluation of complicated systems operating in an increasingly contested and complex cyber environment. This paper briefly outlines the functionality of the CEMT including the inputs, methodology, and outputs required to apply the toolkit using a sample model of the process applied to a generic insider threat attack. A face validity trial was conducted on the CEMT, surveying subject-matter experts in the field of complex cybersecurity analysis and risk assessment to present the generic case study and gather data on the expected benefits of a real-world implementation of the process. The results of the face validity broadly supports the effectiveness and usability of the CEMT, providing justification for industry research trials of the CEMT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pre-positioning is the process by which computer code is installed on the network or system of a rival state, to allow for future hostile cyber activity if required. This process is a critical concern for states given its potential for destabilisation in international security. Consideration of how international law, specifically Article 2(4) of the UN Charter, governs pre-positioning is therefore important. Analysis of threats of force in cyberspace remains under-studied however, and threats of force are undefined in the UN Charter. This article identifies the key criteria for a threat of force, and concludes that although cyber pre-positioning could in some circumstances result in a use of force, it is unlikely that it is communicated in sufficiently precise terms, beyond that of 'cyber brandishing', to amount to a threat of force. The article considers what this may mean for states' ability to respond to cyber pre-positioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Aussen- und Sicherheitspolitik is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cyberbullying has emerged as a significant threat to women in Bangladesh, with the digital realm becoming a new battleground for harassment and intimidation. With the rapid advancement and widespread integration of information and communication technology (ICT), a unique form of wrongdoing has emerged within the virtual realm of the internet. This phenomenon, commonly referred to as cyberbullying, has gained widespread prevalence, particularly on social media platforms, where individuals readily participate in activities such as verbal abuse, dissemination of false information, and propagation of hate speech. In the context of Digital Bangladesh, where the use of the internet and social media is experiencing rapid growth, cyberbullying has become a frequent and noteworthy occurrence. The consequences of cyberbullying are enduring and multifaceted. This article seeks to explore the global issue of cyberbullying, with a specific focus on the situation in Digital Bangladesh, particularly concerning women. The primary aim of this article is to scrutinize cyberbullying, comprehending its underlying causes and investigating its widespread consequences. Additionally, the article directs attention to the legislative measures in Bangladesh designed to address this global issue and examines how the country is addressing cyberbullying in the current and forthcoming periods. The insights derived from this study can serve as a valuable reference for young individuals, educators, lawmakers, advocates, and concerned citizens, offering them a comprehensive understanding of the prevailing cyberbullying landscape in Digital Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyber security disclosures as risk factor disclosures are particularly important. The importance of cyber security disclosure decisions is intensified by a significant number of data breaches that occur throughout the year raising serious concerns about corporate cyber security programs. Costs of data breaches can be significant. On the other hand, research on cyber security disclosure is still rare. This study aims to identify the factors that influence cyber security disclosures. Articles from various international journals were reviewed. Literature review was conducted to find determinant factors that determine cyber security disclosures. The results show that the determinant factors of cyber security disclosures are cyber security breach/previous cyber incidents, peer breach, public attention, WFH, board size, board independence, board gender diversity, institutional shareholders, foreign shareholders, capital expenditure, intangible asset, firm's size, firm's growth, firm's leverage, firm's profitability, firm's loss, industry, guidance, technology committee, and executive change. Based on the literature review, the authors provide suggestions for future research. This research contributes by providing a comprehensive discussion of the determinant factors of cybersecurity disclosure from various studies. The limitation of this study is that the authors only reviewed articles published in English. Future research must include articles published in multiple languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to explore policing strategies in online gambling crime prevention. The focus of this paper is to identify the characteristics and development of online gambling crimes, factors that contribute to the implementation of these crime prevention strategies in the Directorate of Cyber Crime of the Indonesian National Police, as well as ideal policing strategies in preventing these crimes. The theoretical perspectives used in this study are Sittuational Crime Prevention theory and Partnership Theory. In this study the author uses qualitative research, The qualitative approach emphasizes more on the meaning or interpretation of a social phenomenon, because detailed and in-depth data is needed in order to better understand and interpret what is studied. In qualitative research that will be carried out to see, understand, and interpret social phenomena that exist or are experienced as a whole. The results of this study explain that in an effort to prevent online gambling crimes, development is needed related to various strategies and approaches in preventing these crimes, it is because the development of online gambling that has occurred today cannot be balanced with crime prevention efforts carried out by the National Police and related Government Institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developments in today's information and communication technologies have allowed the production, transmission, and use of information in environments defined as 'new media' to become widespread. In this respect, it would not be an exaggeration to talk about the dominance of the new media in information today. The development of information-based technologies has created two radical transformations under the influence of information warfare, which means the use of information as a power element and as a means of information operations in formal and informal information environments. The first of these is cyber operations and the other is nondigital information operations. Both conversions are fed from the same media source. For this reason, new media has become one of the most important components of information warfare. The possibilities offered by the new media increase the diversity of information warfare and the possibilities of its implementation in a peaceful environment. This article is about the non-digital applications of information warfare in the new media environment. In other words, the article seeks to answer the question of what is the role of new media in non-digital information warfare. For this purpose, the framework of both concepts was drawn in general terms, and then their mutual interactions were examined. This interaction has been handled with offensive and defensive dimensions, at strategic, operative, tactical, and technical levels. The article contains a categorical description of the qualitative research method. With this structure, this article aims to contribute to eliminating the current terminological and conceptual confusion in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For realizing the dangers posed by cyberterrorism and unavoidably countering and challenging it, this study highlights the importance of Da’wah Discourse for countering cyberterrorism in the light of Charter of Makkah. Study Objectives: This study aims at demonstrating the pivotal role played by Da’wah Discourse for countering cyberterrorism, clarifying its tangible pillars and highlighting the characteristics of discourse. Methodology: This study employed two approaches of scientific research; Inductive Approach and Descriptive Approach. The two approaches were used for studying Da’wah Discourse for countering cyberterrorism according to the Charter of Makkah. Significant Conclusions: - The Da’wah Discourse is outstandingly important for facing the challenges experienced by Islamic nation, notably Cyberterrorism, and the related rapid spread and international security destabilization. - It is necessary for Da’wah Discourse for countering terrorism to ennoble the texts of Holy Qur’an, Prophetic Sunna and Practical Fiqh (Jurisprudence). - According to the Charter of Makkah, Da’wah Discourse is characterized with universality for all life aspects and maintaining the necessary purposes of worldly and religion best interests. - Charter of Makkah called upon addressing the facets of terrorism by promoting the values of moderation and avoidance of extremism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cyber environment is a new type of interaction media that implies a modification of existing risks and a new type of risks, covered by an instrument for risk evaluation. Materials and methods: Existing risk evaluation instruments, psychology risk questionnaires and cyber risks categories. Results: Instrument for cyber risk evaluation with а specific modifications of the existing physical and psychological risks and the new type: cyber risks. Discussion: Cyber environment is new, yet already widely used and powerful. This creates an opportunity for improved functionality, but also for increased risk. Conclusion: The risk of using cyber environment is not limited to the field of information. It is a complex, personal, bio-psycho-social risk with daily and mass exposure and diverse consequences. Its assessment is difficult and currently inadequate in the direction of underestimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Russian war on Ukraine presents a multifaceted landscape for the analysis of the cyber dimensions of contemporary war and their strategic, operational, and tactical impacts. While the long-anticipated disabling and devastating cyber blitzkrieg did not happen at the beginning of the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, the persistent utilization of a variety of cyber tools by both sides in this war points to the hybrid warfare strategy taking place not only on the ground but also in cyberspace. Cyberattacks on Ukrainian critical infrastructure, governmental entities and different parts of the economy have been a constant feature in Ukraine's struggle to maintain its national security. These cyberattacks had a varying level of success. Yet, their role in the Russia–Ukraine war is still not fully understood or extensively studied. This work analyses cyber incidents from the first period of conflict, starting in November 2013 until 23 February 2022, and examines their objective and subjective impacts at the domestic and the international levels. This work also reviews the post-escalation period starting from 24 February 2022, using the data collected directly from the publicly available Ukrainian governmental sources and international cyber firms. This work aims to address the role and impact of cyber operations in an ongoing Russia–Ukraine war on both the people, networked systems, and other physical contests of warfare and the soldiers in the trenches is the principal subject of this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Th e rapid development of modern information and communication technologies has led to the building of the information society and has had a strong impact on society as a whole with major economic, social, cultural, political consequences, but especially on the everyday life of everyone citizen. Th erefore, the state, through the public policies it proposes, must aim to achieve a fair balance between the development of a dynamic information environment, based on interoperability and services specifi c to the information society, on the one hand, and ensuring respect for the fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens and of the national security interest, on the other hand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Strategic Universe Journal / Univers Strategic is the property of Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Institute for Security Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study seeks to explore patterns in Russia's disinformation operations strategy during the war in Ukraine and discuss them in the context of its geopolitical interests across the world. The data for this research spans from the beginning of the invasion in February 2022 to July 2023 and is collected from the EUvsDisinfo database in the form of articles where disinformation was discovered (N=1906). Variables considered for the analysis include categories for the topics in the disinformation articles, the intended target audience, and the sources disseminating it. The findings show that the majority of the disinformation content concerns security-related topics, but there is also a notable presence of economic and cultural topics. While these results are not in contrast with prior research, other parts of the results are. The disinformation articles seek to reach predominantly non-EU/NATO audiences, specifically Russian-speaking ones, along with Arab-speaking and Armenian- and Georgian-speaking ones. Most of the disinformation is also conveyed to readers through official Russian media outlets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Anbar University for Law & Political Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The research utilized the descriptive survey model, a quantitative research method, with a study group consisting of 172 social studies teacher candidates (131 females, 41 males). As data collection tools in the study, the Cyberculture Adoption/Development Level Scale developed by Koçak (2019) and the global citizenship scale (Global Citizenship Scale -GCS) developed by Morais and Ogden in 2010 were used. The Turkish adaptation, validity, and reliability study of the global citizenship scale was conducted by Tutkun (2019). In addition, a personal information form prepared by the researcher was used. The data analysis involved the use of the Independent Samples t-test, to determine the relationship between participants' scores on the cyber culture adoption level scale and the global citizenship level scale concerning the gender variable. For situations where differentiation was observed based on class, social media usage purpose and internet usage frequency, the One-Way ANOVA was employed for unrelated Samples. The findings of the research indicate that there is no statistically significant difference in the levels of cyberculture adoption and global citizenship among teacher candidates concerning gender and class variables. When examining the variable of social media usage purpose, a statistically significant difference is observed in the global citizenship levels of teacher candidates. In contrast, no statistically significant difference is found in the levels of cyberculture adoption. Regarding the daily internet usage duration variable, no impact is observed on the global citizenship levels of teacher candidates. In contrast, a statistically significant difference is found in the levels of cyberculture adoption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Media sosial adalah platform digital yang memungkinkan pengguna untuk berinteraksi, berbagi konten, dan terhubung dengan orang lain secara online. Ini adalah sarana komunikasi yang sangat populer di seluruh dunia, memungkinkan individu, kelompok, dan organisasi untuk berbagi informasi, pandangan, dan pengalaman. Contoh dari platform media sosial adalah: Facebook, Instagram, Twitter LinkedIn, YouTube, Snapchat, TikTok, WhatsApp, Reddit dan Pinterest. Platform-platform ini menawarkan berbagai fitur dan pengalaman, dan masing-masing memiliki komunitas pengguna yang unik. Namun, penting untuk diingat bahwa penggunaan media sosial juga membawa risiko terkait privasi, keamanan, dan kesehatan mental, sehingga penting untuk menggunakan platform-platform tersebut dengan bijak. Contoh dari ancaman keamanan dari penggunaan sosial media adalah: Privasi dan Keamanan, Cyberbullying, Penyebaran Informasi Palsu (Hoaks), Pencurian identitas, Penipuan Online, Pemerasan Online dan lainnya. Sehingga keamanan dalam penggunaan media sosial adalah suatu hal yang sangat penting, mengingat risiko yang terkait dengan privasi, keamanan, dan kesehatan mental. Sehingga kegiatan pengabdian ini memang dirasakan banyak manfaatnya bagi masyarakat, salah satunya adalah upaya pencegahan dini dari upaya kejahatan dunia maya khususnya yang bersumber dari dampak penggunaan sosial media serta bagaimana cara bersosial media dengan bijak. Kebutuhan akan pemaparan dan pelatihan ini direalisasikan melalui kegiatan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat (PkM) yang dilakukan oleh dosen dan mahasiswa sebagai salah satu Tridharma Perguruan Tinggi.

The world's countries formulate laws, regulations and legal frameworks to define broad aspects of cyberspace within their domain, including institutions responsible for the local cyberspace, their areas of activity and responsibility, administrative subordination and even those who stand at their heads—including the definition of criminal activities in cyberspace, crime and terrorism, and topics such as the state's cyber borders and sovereignty, the citizens' online information security as well as their right to online privacy and the ways to ensure it . The research examines Israel's governmental activity to regulate cyberspace, the scope of the existing regulations and laws, their development over the years, and an attempt to fill in the gaps in the current regulation activities of cyberspace in Israel. The findings reveal that despite Israel being a cyber power based on various international indicators and media references over the years, and despite the activity of the Israel government starting in 1997 to regulate the issue of cyberspace, Israel currently lacks a governmentally approved cyber law defining Israeli cyberspace, institutions, activities and responsibilities. Further research may compare Israel's cyber regulations with other similar cyber nations and portray differences and lessons to be learned by Israel to regulate its cyberspace, in addition to Israel's involvement in international cyber conventions and regulations.

LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory) and CNN (Convolutional Neural Networks) are two types of deep learning algorithms; by combining the strengths of LSTM and CNN, researchers have developed deep learning models that can effectively detect SDN (Software-Defined Network) attacks including Distributed Denial of Service. These models effectively analyze network traffic, encompassing temporal and spatial characteristics, resulting in precise identification of malicious traffic.In this research, a hybrid model composed of CNN and LSTM is used to detect the DDoS attack in SDN network. Where the CNN component of the model can identify spatial patterns in network traffic, such as the characteristics of individual packets, while the LSTM component can capture temporal patterns in traffic over time, such as the timing and frequency of traffic bursts. The proposed model has been trained on a labeled network traffic dataset, with one class representing normal traffic and another class representing DDoS attack traffic. During the training process, the model adjusts its weights and biases to minimize the difference between its predicted output and the actual output for each input sample. Once trained, the hybrid model classifies incoming network traffic in the dataset as either normal or malicious with an initial accuracy of (78.18%) and losses of (39.77%) at the 1st epoch till it reaches an accuracy of (99.99%) with losses of (9.29×10-5) at the epoch number 500. It should be mentioned that the hybrid model of CNN and LSTM for DDoS detection is implemented using Python Anaconda platform with an ETA 28ms/step.

Unfortunately, the war in Ukraine and many other events or processes taking place all over the world show us that perhaps there can be no smart peace unless we are ready to fight a smart war. Both against conventional or unconventional enemies, both regarding symmetrical or asymmetrical warfare. And if we are beginning to see our society in terms of smart governance, smart education, smart economy or smart people, which means we see it in terms of smart peace and smart society, then there is definitely the need to see war and conflict in an integrated, compact vision of smart war. We use observation to point out how a large series of contemporary events and processes, starting from cybersecurity issues, aerial, terrestrial, or maritime drones, electronic warfare equipment meant to counter these drones, propaganda, and disinformation easily spread through rapid smart means of worldwide mass communication, and of course, Artificial Intelligence, microprocessors, or fledgling space warfare where satellites can be used to attack rival satellites, need to be addressed in an inclusive, integrated conceptual approach of smart warfare focused on the future and not as separate events or developments patched up upon conventional warfare equipment or thinking. We need to understand that “smartness” is all about peace, but all about war as well, if we want a smart peace to last or if we want to be able to defend it, as Romania has a definitely defensive strategy. We are building a smart peace, but we have to prepare for a smart war as well.

To date, characteristics of the internet "troll" have largely been explored in general community samples, which may lack representation of the sample of interest. In this brief report, we aimed to evidence the role of gender and the personality traits of sadism, psychopathy, extraversion, conscientiousness, and agreeableness in a sample of individuals who self-report having perpetrating trolling behaviours. Participants (N = 163; 50.3% women; Mage = 27.35, SD = 8.78) were recruited via social media advertisements and completed an anonymous online questionnaire. The variables explained 55.5% of variance in trolling. We found self-reported trolls were more likely to be men and have higher psychopathy, higher sadism, and lower agreeableness. Findings of this representative sample have implications for understanding, managing, and preventing this antisocial online behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The limited treatment of intelligence by IR and strategic studies academics in Australia distorts the scholarly research and public understanding of policymaking in Canberra. This article provides an overview of intelligence-focused research in Australia, including the traditional challenges which constrained the field, its limited engagement with more conventional scholarship, and the potential for more applied historical study of intelligence-related issues in the future. It demonstrates how key developments in Australian alliance diplomacy and cyber security are heavily influenced by intelligence and identifies trends in the US–China relationship and regional security which are elevating the strategic importance of Australia's intelligence agencies. More interest from the academic community in the role and contribution of intelligence to foreign and defence policy will be needed in the coming years if scholarship is to remain in touch with the reality of Australian statecraft. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Futurist depictions of cyber-attacks in coming wars often portray them as bolts out of the blue that will cause immense damage to a nation's warfighting capacity and create chaos among its populace by crippling its essential services. However, those depictions are based more on prophecy than they are on historical realities. The historical development of conceptions about cyber operations explains how those themes came to dominate national security discussions about cyber in the United States. Rather than being self-evident, the themes are a result of the application of early cyber efforts to strategic operations, advocacy that focused on doomsday scenarios to draw attention to cybersecurity problems, and the ease with which cyber threats were tied to the primary strategic narratives of American national security during their development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]