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Cyanea heluensis H. Oppenheimer, sp. nov., a new, narrowly distributed endemic species, is herein described and illustrated with line drawings and digital field photos. It is currently known from a single mature plant and is restricted to the upper Helu planeze on leeward Mauna Kahalawai, West Maui, Hawaiian Islands. It differs from all other species of Cyanea Gaudich. with its narrow, shallowly lobed leaves, gently curved muricate corollas, and undulate sepals caducous in fruit. A key to the new species and its congeners on Mauna Kahalawai is provided. Its conservation status and efforts to propagate the species are discussed.

The cnidarian jellyfishes are impressive organisms to show animal mitochondrial genomic diversities. Their mitogenome structure is linear and tRNA content has one or two in numbers, which is highly different than other metazoans. In this study, a complete mitogenome of the ghost jellyfish Cyanea nozakii (Cnidaria, Semaeostomeae, Cyaneidae) was sequenced and analyzed. The mitgenome is 17,381 bp long with 38.5% A, 16.0% C, 13.9% G, and 31.6% T nucleotide distributions. In addition, phylogenetic relationship of C. nozakii in the class Scyphozoa was investigated by using mitochondrial protein coding genes. Due to results, C. nozakii was positioned in the paraphyletic order Semaeostomeae. This is the first complete mitogenome from the genus Cyanea.

Cyanea nozakii Kishinouy e (C. nozakii), a giant cnidarian of the class Scyphomedusae, order Semaeostomeae and family Cyaneidae, is widely distributed in the East China Sea, the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea, and is abundant from late summer to early autumn. Venom produced by C. nozakii during mass agglomerations can contaminate seawater resulting in death of the halobios and seriously damage commercial fisheries. Swimmers and fishermen commonly suff er painful stings from this jellyfish, resulting in local edema, tingling, breathing difficulties, depressed blood pressure and even death. Such effects arise from the complex mixture of biologically active molecules that make up jellyfish venom. In the present study, the hemolytic activity of venom from tentacles of C. nozakii and factors aff ecting its activity were assayed. The HU50 ( defined as the amount of protein required to lyse 50 % of erythrocytes) of the venom against dove and chicken erythrocytes was 34 and 59 μg/mL, respectively. Carboxylmethyl chitosan and glycerol could increase hemolytic activity at concentrations greater than 0.06% and 0.2 mol/L, respectively.

15. Cyanea [Cyanea] Meigen & Baumhauer in Meigen, 1800: 8, 40. CURRENT STATUS: Unavailable name; work suppressed for the purposes of zoological nomenclature by action of I.C.Z.N. (1963: 339 [Opinion 678]); treated under Melophagus Latreille, 1802 [teste Pape & Thompson (2013)]. REMARKS: In his introduction to the Meigen (1800) paper, Baumhauer also gave characters to make available Cyanea in this work, so he is co-author with Meigen for this name. However, this is now irrelevant since all the names herein are unavailable after action by the I.C.Z.N. (1963: 339 [Opinion 687]) to suppress the work. [Cyanea] Bezzi, 1907a: 56. CURRENT STATUS: Unavailable name; criteria to make the name available not fulfilled in this work. REMARKS: Bezzi (1907a) included this name only in a list of Meigen 1800 names without stating their availability. Cyanea Meigen in Hendel , 1908: 67. ORIGINALLY INCLUDED SPECIES: None. FIRST INCLUDED SPECIES: Hippobosca ovina Linnaeus, 1758 [this work]. TYPE SPECIES: Hippobosca ovina Linnaeus, 1758, by present designation. CURRENT STATUS: Preoccupied by Cyanea Péron & Lesueur, 1810; Cyanea Agassiz, 1846; junior synonym of Melophagus Latreille, 1802. New Synonymy. FAMILY: HIPPOBOSCIDAE. REMARKS: Cyanea was originally proposed by Meigen (1800: 40) without included species and later made unavailable by the suppression of the entire work for the purposes of zoological nomenclature by action of the I.C.Z.N. (1963: 339 [Opinion 678]). Cyanea was not mentioned again until Hendel (1908: 67), where he made the name available by reproducing Meigen’s single character for it: “ Sans antenne ” and treating it as valid, which makes Meigen the author in Hendel (1908). In discussing unusual forms of flies, Walckenaer (1802: 424) discussed Meigen’s fly, allegedly without antennae, and cited Meigen’s (1800) pamphlet (p. 417), but did not mention Cyanea by name. In a footnote to his work, Hendel (1908: 68) indicated that Bezzi (in litt.) surmised that this taxon was the same as either Nycteribia Latreille, 1797 or Melophagus Latreille, 1802. Pape & Thompson (2013) treated Cyanea under Melophagus Latreille, 1802. We include Hippobosca ovina Linnaeus, 1758 as the first expressly included species and designate it as the type species of Cyanea Meigen in Hendel, 1908, which places it as an objective junior synonym of Melophagus Latreille, 1802, n. syn.

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The Scyphozon Cyanea nozakii is a common jellyfish species that blooms in Chinese seas. However, little is known of the field ecology of this species for the lack of polyps. Here, we studied a breeding technology of C. nozakii that included artificial acclimation of wild jellyfish, stimulation of spawning, as well as polyp and medusa rearing. Female and male medusae were observed to have dark brown ovaries and milky white testes, respectively. Massive spawning was stimulated by continuous light (1,000–1,500 lux) about 4 h a day. Planulae of C. nozakii were used as initial feed for rearing four-tentacle polyps. This food was replaced by Artemia nauplii when polyps developed to intermediate and fully developed stages. Ephyrae and 50 mm medusae were also obtained under laboratory conditions, though the survival rates of both stages were only about 20%. In this paper, we described a process of large-scale breeding of C. nozakii polyps, and finally making about 600 pieces of 30 × 40 cm2 corrugated plates adhered with four polyps per cm2.

The cnidarian jellyfishes are impressive organisms to show animal mitochondrial genomic diversities. Their mitogenome structure is linear and tRNA content has one or two in numbers, which is highly...

Desmonema chierchianum Vanh��ffen, 1888 Remarks: for distinction between species of the genera, see Larson (1986) and Mianzan & Cornelius (1999). Distribution in South America: medusa���Atlantic Ocean, Argentina, from 35��S to 55��S (Mianzan & Cornelius 1999). Habitat: near surface, mostly neritic, found along the 200 m isobath (Mianzan & Cornelius 1999)., Published as part of M. P. Oliveira 1,16, S P. Miranda 2, *,, Es W. Mianzan 10,, Ro E. Migotto 11,, Ne B. Nascimento 2,11, Eli Nogueira J��nior 12,, Er Qui��ones 13,, Izio Scarabino 14,, T��n Schiariti 10,, Io N. Stampar 15,, Tronolone 2, , Qu��ria B. & Onio C. Marques 2,11, 2016, Census of Cnidaria (Medusozoa) and Ctenophora from South American marine waters, pp. 1-256 in Zootaxa 4194 (1) on page 208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4194.1.1

Desmonema gaudichaudi (Lesson, 1830) Distribution in South America: medusa���Pacific Ocean, Chile, from 53��S to 55.83��S (Pag��s & Orejas 1999); Atlantic Ocean, Argentina, at 57��S 60.5��W and at 45.5��S 62.5��W (specimens collected in this study). Habitat: near surface, mostly neritic (Pag��s & Orejas 1999; and specimens collected in this study)., Published as part of M. P. Oliveira 1,16, S P. Miranda 2, *,, Es W. Mianzan 10,, Ro E. Migotto 11,, Ne B. Nascimento 2,11, Eli Nogueira J��nior 12,, Er Qui��ones 13,, Izio Scarabino 14,, T��n Schiariti 10,, Io N. Stampar 15,, Tronolone 2, , Qu��ria B. & Onio C. Marques 2,11, 2016, Census of Cnidaria (Medusozoa) and Ctenophora from South American marine waters, pp. 1-256 in Zootaxa 4194 (1) on page 208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4194.1.1

Drymonema gorgo M��ller, 1883 Synonyms in the area: Drymonema victoria ���Moncaleano & Ni��o 1976; Drymonema dalmatinum ���Cornelius & Silveira 1997; Mianzan & Cornelius 1999; Migotto et al. 2002; Morandini et al. 2005a; Silveira & Morandini 2011. Remarks: rare in South Atlantic waters (Cornelius & Silveira 1997); specimens from Gulf of Mexico, USA and Caribbean as Drymonema larsoni (Bayha & Dawson 2010). Distribution in South America: medusa���Atlantic Ocean, Colombia, at 10��N 75��W in Cartagena Bay (Moncaleano & Ni��o 1976), Brazil, from 23��S to 27��S (Vannucci 1957a; Cornelius & Silveira 1997; Mianzan & Cornelius 1999; Migotto et al. 2002; Morandini et al. 2005a; Silveira & Morandini 2011), Argentina, from to 38.6��S to 39��S at the Buenos Aires Province coast (Mianzan & Cornelius 1999). Habitat: neritic waters (Cornelius & Silveira 1997)., Published as part of M. P. Oliveira 1,16, S P. Miranda 2, *,, Es W. Mianzan 10,, Ro E. Migotto 11,, Ne B. Nascimento 2,11, Eli Nogueira J��nior 12,, Er Qui��ones 13,, Izio Scarabino 14,, T��n Schiariti 10,, Io N. Stampar 15,, Tronolone 2, , Qu��ria B. & Onio C. Marques 2,11, 2016, Census of Cnidaria (Medusozoa) and Ctenophora from South American marine waters, pp. 1-256 in Zootaxa 4194 (1) on page 208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4194.1.1

We have compiled available records in the literature for medusozoan cnidarians and ctenophores of South America. New records of species are also included. Each entry (i.e., identified species or still as yet not determined species referred to as "sp." in the literature) includes a synonymy list for South America, taxonomical remarks, notes on habit, and information on geographical occurrence. We have listed 800 unique determined species, in 958 morphotype entries: 5 cubozoans, 905 hydrozoans, 25 scyphozoans, 3 staurozoans, and 20 ctenophores. Concerning nomenclatural and taxonomical decisions, two authors of this census (Miranda, T.P. & Marques, A.C.) propose Podocoryna quitus as a nomen novum for the junior homonym Hydractinia reticulata (Fraser, 1938a); Euphysa monotentaculata Zamponi, 1983b as a new junior synonym of Euphysa aurata Forbes, 1848; and Plumularia spiralis Milstein, 1976 as a new junior synonym of Plumularia setacea(Linnaeus, 1758). Finally, we also reassign Plumularia oligopyxis Kirchenpauer, 1876 as Kirchenpaueria oligopyxis(Kirchenpauer, 1876) and Sertularella margaritacea Allman, 1885 as Symplectoscyphus margaritaceus (Allman, 1885). Fil: Oliveira, Otto M. P.. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Brasil Fil: Miranda, Thaís P.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Araujo, Enilma M.. Faculdade Pitágoras de Feira de Santana; Brasil Fil: Ayón, Patricia. Instituto Mar del Peru; Perú Fil: Cedeño Posso, Cristina M.. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; Colombia Fil: Cepeda Mercado, Amancay A.. ProCAT Colombia/Internacional; Colombia Fil: Córdova, Pablo. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Chile Fil: Cunha, Amanda F.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Genzano, Gabriel Nestor. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; Argentina Fil: Haddad, Maria Angélica. Universidade Federal do Paraná; Brasil Fil: Mianzan, Hermes Walter. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Subsede Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero; Argentina Fil: Migotto, Alvaro E.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Miranda, Lucília S.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Morandini, André C.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Nagata, Renato M.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Nascimento, Karine B.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Nogueira, Miodeli. Universidade Federal da Paraíba; Brasil Fil: Palma, Sergio. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Chile Fil: Quiñones, Javier. Instituto Mar del Perú; Perú Fil: Rodriguez, Carolina Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; Argentina Fil: Scarabino, Fabrizio. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones y Desarrollo Pesquero; Argentina Fil: Schiariti, Agustin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Subsede Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero; Argentina Fil: Stampar, Sergio. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Tronolone, Valquíria B.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Marques, Antonio C.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil

Cyanea konahuanuiensis Sporck-Koehler, M. Waite, A.M. Williams, sp. nov., a recently documented, narrowly endemic species from the Hawaiian Island of O'ahu, is described and illustrated with photographs from the field. The closest likely relatives to the species, current conservation needs, and management future are discussed. It is currently known from 20 mature plants from two subpopulations and is restricted to a drainage below the Kōnāhua-nui summit (K1), the highest summit of the Ko'olau Mountains, located on Windward O'ahu. It differs from all other Cyanea species by its combination of densely pubescent leaves, petioles, and flowers; sparsely pubescent to glabrous stems, long calyx lobes, and staminal column being adnate to the corolla.

A preliminary study of the scyphomedusae of southern Australian waters revealed the presence of several species new to science and some species previously unrecorded from the region (south of 30 S). Atolla wyvillei is confirmed as belonging to the southern Australian fauna and A. vanhoeffeni and the genera Paraphyllina and Periphylla are recorded as new for the Australian region. Four species are described as new to science; Chrysaora kynthia, sp. nov., C. southcotti, sp. nov., C. wurlerra, sp. nov., and Desmonema scoresbyanna, sp. nov.

Desmonema scoresbyanna, sp. nov. (Plate 6) Desmonema gaudichaudi. - Southcott & Glover 1987: 131 ���132. Material examined. Holotype: SAM H 349, in The Coorong opposite Point Campbell, SA, coll. W. Potts & D. Phillips, 19.ii. 1986; female (BD 129.2 mm, tentacles per group: 15, 13, 13, 15, 15, 15, 16, 15). Paratypes: SAM H 348 (RVS A 1156), Encounter Bay, West Island, SA, coll. S.A. Shepherd, 29.iv. 1969; one damaged specimen (BD 139.4 mm, tentacles per group: 15, 16, 10 (damaged), 15, 14, 6 (damaged), 15, 14). AM G 15562, Budgewoi Lake, NSW, 33 �� 14 ���S 151 �� 34 ���E, winter 1952; one specimen (BD 90 mm, tentacles per group: 11, 11, 13, 12, 10, 13, 11, 12). Diagnosis. Desmonema with unbranched radial canals in tentacular lappets; with 12���16, typically 15, tentacles per cluster. Description. Bell flat, slightly thicker in center; with finely granular exumbrellar warts. Subumbrellar musculature with fine circular muscles covering radial stomach pouch region, continuous over radial septa in web-like pattern, with muscle striae meeting septum at 45 �� angle toward the margin; radial muscles lacking. Tentacles in eight adradial clusters of 12���16, typically 15; issuing from subumbrella in single straight row peripheral to circular muscles at base of tentacular lappets; hollow, flattened laterally, with longitudinal muscle furrows; those near center of cluster more robust, to 6.2 mm width. Rhopaliar lappets 16, spatulate, with triangular extension of corresponding radial stomach pouch, slightly diverticulated; lacking radial canals. Tentacular lappets eight, broadly rounded, much larger than rhopaliar lappets; with unbranched radial canals alternating in position with tentacles (Plate 6 A). Rhopalia eight, four interradial, four perradial; located within niches situated proximal to margin, open to subumbrella and between lappets (Plate 6 B, C); exumbrellar pit shallow, blind ending; rhopaliar base possessing two gelatinous papillae on subumbrellar side. Gonads four, interradial, external, in pleated bag-like bundles. Radial stomach pouches 16, tentacular pouches wider than rhopaliar pouches peripherally. Radial septa 16, puckering but not interrupting circular muscles; with simple proximal terminus; tilting toward rhopaliar lappets distally. Oral arms four, perradial, curtain-like proximally, tapered distally with crenulated margin. Manubrium inconspicuous. Mouth approximately quadrate, with gastric cirri showing through. Color in life unknown. Nematocysts. Tentacular nematocysts smoothly scattered on all sides of tentacles, not in distinct warts. Tentacular cnidome comprising small euryteles (7.69���9.04 ��m long x 5.22���7.14 ��m wide, n= 16). Oral arms densely dotted with small clusters of about a dozen large oval euryteles (9.47���11.84 ��m long x 7.64���8.83 ��m, n= 18) and with warts containing small, medium, and large euryteles (S: 2.77���4.26 ��m diameter, n= 18; M: 4.62���5.36 ��m diameter, n= 6; L: 7.79 ��m diameter, n= 1). Etymology. Named to honour Dr. Scoresby A. Shepherd, who has inspired many marine biologists and natural historians, and has caught many specimens of interesting Australian medusae, including one of this species, and his wife Anna, who has opened her home and pantry to wayward biologists on many occasions. Noun in apposition. Associations. Two types of juvenile fishes were found living with the specimens, identified as trevally and hardyheads (Southcott, 1987). Distribution. Presently known only from The Coorong and Encounter Bay, South Australia, and Budgewoi Lake, New South Wales. Both The Coorong and Budgewoi Lake are semi-enclosed systems with narrow openings to the sea. Thus, the salinity can vary considerably in both localities. Many species of plants and animals exhibit sharp discontinuities at Bass Strait (Dawson 2005, and references therein); thus, it is possible that unrealized differences exist between the South Australian and New South Wales forms of Desmonema. Remarks. The genus Desmonema was thoroughly revised by Larson (1986). Desmonema scoresbyanna differs from other species of the genus in that canals on the lappets are unbranched and present only on the tentacular lappets, and in its tentacle number being in a narrow range of only 12���16 (most commonly 15) per group. Southcott and Glover (1987) considered their specimens to be D. gaudichaudi based on Larson���s (1986) key. However, while the tentacle number falls within the range of 10���60 per group as for D. gaudichaudi, D. scoresbyanna differs from D. gaudichaudi (as well as the other Desmonema spp.) in several important respects (see table 1). In D. scoresbyanna, the tentacle number is of a narrow range of 12���16 per group; it is the only known species of Desmonema with distinctive unbranched radial canals exclusive to the tentacular lappets, whereas the canals of all other species of the genus are dendritically branched and are on all lappets; and the subumbrellar muscles are not broken into fields as in the other species. Larson (1986) stated that tentacle number was valid only for adult medusae greater than 25 cm BD, implying that maturity is reached by 25 cm. However, the three specimens of D. scoresbyanna are all less than 25 cm, and clearly reproductively mature as revealed by gonadal biopsy. Thus, D. scoresbyanna appears to be a smaller species than others in the genus. Tentacle number per octant Radial canals Lappets w/ canals Musculature D. gaudichaudi (Lesson, 1829) 10���60 branched all 16 fields D. comatum Larson, 1986 100���200 branched all 16 fields D. glaciale Larson, 1986 D. scoresbyanna, n. sp. 12���16 simple tentacular only continuous, Published as part of Gershwin, Lisa-Ann & Zeidler, Wolfgang, 2008, Some new and previously unrecorded Scyphomedusae (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) from southern Australian coastal waters, pp. 1-18 in Zootaxa 1744 on pages 15-17, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274217, {"references":["Southcott, R. V. & Glover, C. J. M. (1987) The occurrence of Desmonema gaudichaudi (Lesson) (Scyphozoa, Semaeostomeae) in South Australian waters with records of fish-jellyfish symbioses. Transactions Royal Society of South Australia, 111, 131 - 132.","Dawson, M. N. (2005) Incipient speciation of Catostylus mosaicus (Scyphozoa, Rhizostomeae, Catostylidae), phylogeography, and biogeography in southeastern Australia. Journal of Biogeography, 32, 515 - 533.","Larson, R. J. (1986) Pelagic scyphomedusae (Scyphozoa: Coronatae and Semaeostomeae) of the Southern Ocean. Biology of the Antarctic Seas XVI, Antarctic Research Series, 41, 59 - 165."]}

Our previous studies have confirmed that the crude tentacle-only extract (cTOE) from the jellyfish Cyanea capillata (Cyaneidae) exhibits hemolytic and cardiovascular toxicities simultaneously. So, it is quite difficult to discern the underlying active component responsible for heart injury caused by cTOE. The inactivation of the hemolytic toxicity from cTOE accompanied with a removal of plenty of precipitates would facilitate the separation of cardiovascular component and the investigation of its cardiovascular injury mechanism. In our research, after the treatment of one-step alkaline denaturation followed by twice dialysis, the protein concentration of the treated tentacle-only extract (tTOE) was about 1/3 of cTOE, and SDS-PAGE showed smaller numbers and lower density of protein bands in tTOE. The hemolytic toxicity of tTOE was completely lost while its cardiovascular toxicity was well retained. The observations of cardiac function, histopathology and ultrastructural pathology all support tTOE with significant cardiovascular toxicity. Blood gas indexes and electrolytes changed far less by tTOE than those by cTOE, though still with significant difference from normal. In summary, the cardiovascular toxicity of cTOE can exist independently of the hemolytic toxicity and tTOE can be employed as a better venom sample for further purification and mechanism research on the jellyfish cardiovascular toxic proteins.

The taxonomic status of the lion’s mane jellyfish, Cyanea, of south-eastern Australia has been unsettled since 1884 when medusae from Port Jackson were described as a new variety of C. annaskala von Lendenfeld rather than assigned to C. rosea Quoy & Gaimard described previously from the same location. Cyanea annaskala was later combined with C. mullerianthe Haacke then synonymised with C. capillata (Linnaeus), which is now considered a circumglobal species, before being resurrected as a subspecies, C. capillata annaskala, in 1986. Here I demonstrate that Cyanea in southern New South Wales and Cyanea in Tasmania and Victoria constitute two distinct morphological groups separated by >10% sequence difference in both cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and internal transcribed spacer 1. Moreover, these clades are molecularly distinct (>6%) from C. capillata collected in its North Sea type locality. Analyses of medusae from another type locality, Port Philip Bay, Victoria, demonstrate that Cyanea annaskala von Lendenfeld is a valid species. Cyanea rosea is tentatively resurrected for medusae from New South Wales, pending confirmation by analyses of medusae from the vicinity of Sydney. Assigning other south-eastern Australian Cyanea specimens from museum collections to species is difficult in the absence of molecular analyses because biogeographic and morphological inferences sometimes conflict. Integrative molecular and morphological analyses of medusae from type localities may offer the most robust approach to straightening out the often convoluted systematics of scyphomedusae.