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The Ti−45Nb (wt.%) alloy properties were investigated in relation to its potential biomedical use. Laser surface modification was utilized to improve its performance in biological systems. As a result of the laser treatment, (Ti,Nb)O scale was formed and various morphological features appeared on the alloy surface. The electrochemical behavior of Ti−45Nb alloy in simulated body conditions was evaluated and showed that the alloy was highly resistant to corrosion deterioration regardless of additional laser surface modification treatment. Nevertheless, the improved corrosion resistance after laser treatment was evident (the corrosion current density of the alloy before laser irradiation was 2.84×10−8 A/cm2, while that after laser treatment with 5 mJ was 0.65×10−8 A/cm2) and ascribed to the rapid formation of a complex and passivating bi-modal surface oxide layer. Alloy cytotoxicity and effects of the Ti−45Nb alloy laser surface modification on the MRC-5 cell viability, morphology, and proliferation were also investigated. The Ti−45Nb alloy showed no cytotoxic effect. Moreover, cells showed improved viability and adherence to the alloy surface after the laser irradiation treatment. The highest average cell viability of 115.37% was attained for the alloy laser-irradiated with 15 mJ. Results showed that the laser surface modification can be successfully utilized to significantly improve alloy performance in a biological environment.

The incombustible portion of coal that remains after burning is known as bottom or fly ash, and it has a detrimental influence on the environment. One of the possible alternatives for reducing the amount of ash deposited in landfills might be the production of useful glass–ceramic from vitrified fly ash. Glass–ceramic was synthesized using fly ash from the thermal power plant "Nikola Tesla" and fluxing additives. Sinter crystallization of the parent glass resulted in glass ceramics. The glass was created by melting a combination of coal fly ash (CFA), Na2CO3, and CaCO3 at T = 1500 °C and quenching the melt in the air. Glass powders were sintered at temperatures 850 and 900 °C. The resulting glass–ceramics were characterized microstructurally, physically, and mechanically. The cavitation erosion of samples was evaluated. The cavitation rate was 0.015 mg/min for the sample sintered at 850 °C and 0.0053 mg/min for the sample sintered at 900 °C. The leaching of heavy metals in glass–ceramic samples was determined using Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure. A low concentration of heavy metals in the leaching solution showed that heavy metals were successfully incorporated in the glass matrix and that obtained glass–ceramics are ecologically safe for usage. Both samples exhibit good resistance to cavitation erosion, suggesting their potential as possible replacements for structural ceramics commonly employed components of hydraulic machinery.

The fracture of engineering materials is always an undesirable phenomenon, which primarily can endanger human lives, create economic losses, and lead to downtime and unavailability of mechanical parts. The main drawback that still prevents the broader use of ceramic and glass-ceramic materials is the tendency to brittle fracture due to extremely low toughness. Due to the appearance of cracks, the mechanical properties and structure of the material degrade irreversibly, which can lead to catastrophic failure of the mechanical element or construction. This drawback can be overcome by synthesizing novel composite materials with glass-ceramic matrix and metal reinforcement with improved fracture toughness. This research examined two materials: a glass-ceramic material and a composite material based on glass-ceramic-metal. The glass-ceramic material is obtained from andesite basalt powder, while the glass ceramic-metal composite is made from the glass-ceramic matrix of andesite basalt powder and a metal reinforcement of stainless steel powder in the content of 20 wt%. The aggregate of andesite basalt from Serbia was used as the starting natural raw material for obtaining the glass-ceramic matrix. The austenitic stainless steel powder of the commercial grade Surfit TM 316L was used as a reinforcement. Both materials were obtained using powder metallurgy, which consisted of the following phases: crushing of andesite basalt aggregate, sieving of the stainless steel powder, homogenization of powder and binder, cold uniaxial pressing of the powder, cold isostatic pressing of green compact and sintering as the final phase to obtain a high-density solid sample. The andesite basalt, and 316L stainless steel powder were characterized using a scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction method. The sintered samples of glass-ceramic and glass-ceramic-metal were characterized with an optical light microscope, scanning electron microscope, and Vickers hardness test. Based on th

This paper presents the technological process for obtaining basalt-stainless steel composite materials and testing their physical and mechanical properties. The phases of the technological process consist of: milling, homogenization, pressing, and sintering to obtain composite materials with improved fracture toughness. Andesite basalt from the deposit site "Donje Jarinje", Serbia, was used as a matrix in the composites, while commercial austenitic stainless steel 316L in the amount of 0-30 wt.% was used as a reinforcement. Although the increase of 316L amount caused a continuous decrease in the relative density of sintered samples, the relative density of sample containing 30 wt.% of 316L was above 94%. The 316L grains, which possess a larger coefficient of thermal expansion than the basalt matrix, shrinking faster during cooling from sintering temperature resulting in the formation of compressive residual stress in the basalt matrix surrounding the spherical steel grains. The presence of this stress activated toughening mechanisms such as crack deflection and toughening due to compressive residual stress. The addition of 20 wt.% of reinforcing 316L particles increased the fracture toughness of basalt by more than 30%. The relative density of these samples was measured to be 97%, whereas macrohardness was found to be 6.2 GPa.

Steel pipelines in industrial plants consist of different elements, including seamless and/or welded (seam) pipes. Properties of welded pipes, including their fracture behaviour, depend on the characteristics of both, the base metal, and the weld metal. In this work, two seam pipes are considered having different diameters and manufactured of P235TR1 steel. Hardness and microstructure were examined on the samples which contained the seam zone, to capture the influence of heterogeneity. Fracture resistance of the pipeline material, i.e. of both base metals and both seams, was determined by experimental examination of the recently proposed Pipe ring notch bending specimens with sharp stress concentrators. Differences between the two tested pipes, including the influence of the heterogeneity caused by the welded joint, were determined by comparison of the crack growth resistance curves. Effects of the initial stress concentrator shape, sharp machined notch or fatigue pre-crack are discussed., Čelični cevovodi u industrijskim postrojenjima se sastoje od različitih elemenata, uključujući bešavne i/ili zavarene (šavne) cevi. Osobine šavnih cevi, uključujući ponašanje materijala cevi pri lomu, zavise i od osnovnog metala i od metala šava. U ovom radu razmatrane su dve šavne cevi različitih prečnika, izrađene od čelika P235TR1. Tvrdoća i mikrostruktura su analizirane na uzorcima isečenim iz cevi u zoni šava, da bi se odredio uticaj heterogenosti. Otpornost prema lomu materijala cevovoda, tj. oba osnovna metala i oba šava, je određena na osnovu ispitivanja epruveta oblika prstena sa oštrim koncentratorima napona, predloženih u prethodnim studijama. Poređenjem krivih otpornosti prema rastu prsline određene su razlike između dve ispitivane cevi, kao i uticaj heterogenosti izazvan postojanjem zavarenog spoja. Razmotren je uticaj oblika početnog koncentratora napona, oštrog žleba odnosno zamorne početne prsline.

A novel class of high-entropy pyrochlore compounds with multiple elements at the A and B site positions (A2B2O7) was successfully obtained. Powders with (La1/7Sm1/7Nd1/7Pr1/7Y1/7Gd1/7Yb1/7)2(Sn1/3Hf1/3Zr1/3)2O7 nominal composition were fabricated from pure metal oxides obtained through a reaction of metal nitrates (for site A) and metal chlorides (for site B) with sodium hydroxide during the solid-state displacement reaction (SSDR). The phase evolution was analyzed using XRD method. During the thermal treatment of ten individual metal oxides, the single pyrochlore phase was created. The present study showed that the highdensity (98%TD) ceramics with a hardness of 8.1GPa was successfully obtained after pressureless sintering at 1650 °C for 4 h. Results of the Raman study and the Rietveld structural refinement showed that sintered highentropy ceramics is characterized by a single-phase pyrochlore structure, which was investigated in detail.

The goal of this research was to obtain a chemically complex multicomponent oxide with the A2B2O7 pyrochlore structure with nominal composition (La1/7Sm1/7Nd1/7Pr1/7Y1/7Gd1/7Yb1/7)2(Sn1/3Hf1/3Zr1/3)2O7 that contains 10 different cations in equiatomic amounts which was obtained by reacting metal nitrates (site A) and metal chlorides (site B) with glycine during the combustion reaction. The powder synthesized initially was found to be amorphous based on XRD analysis. To convert the powder into a crystalline pyrochlore structure, the powder underwent post-calcination at various temperatures ranging from 600–1500 °C. It was discovered that the desired monophase pyrochlore structure (A2B2O7) was obtained after calcination at 900 °C. To create a high-density ceramic pellet, the powder calcined at 900 °C was subjected to pressureless sintering at 1650 °C for four hours in the presence of air. The resulting pellet had a density of 97% of the theoretical density and was free from any additives. This process likely caused the powder particles to fuse together, creating a solid, dense pellet.

In modern industry, there is an increasing demand for environmentally friendly and light structural materials with good physical and mechanical properties, produced from cheap natural raw materials available in large quantities. One of the materials that meet the mentioned criteria is basalt. Basalt is a natural igneous rock of volcanic origin, created by the pouring of magma on the Earth's surface, the amount of which is significant in the territory of Serbia. Since basalt does not exhibit toxic, carcinogenic, or mutagenic effects, it is in the true sense a non-hazardous material and belongs to the group of eco-friendly materials. In this research, andesite basalt aggregate from the "Donje Jarinje" site, in Serbia, was used to obtain high-density glass-ceramic materials. High-density glass-ceramic materials were obtained by powder metallurgy process, which consisted of the following methods: dry grinding, homogenization, cold uniaxial and isostatic powder pressing and sintering in the air. In order to achieve a high-density of the materials, the green compacts were sintered in the temperature range from 1040 to 1080 °C. After confirming that the highest density materials were achieved at the sintering temperature of 1060 °C, the sintering time was optimized in the time interval from 30 to 240 min. After the experimental test, the optimal sintering parameters for obtaining high-density glass-ceramic material at the temperature of 1060 °C for 60 min were achieved, whose relative density is 99.50%, and hardness is 6.70 GPa. The characterization of andesite basalt powder was performed using the laser light diffraction method, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction method, while the characterization of sintered glass-ceramic materials was performed using the Archimedes method, X-ray diffraction method, optical light microscopy and Vickers hardness test. The results of this research confirmed that by applying powder metallurgy and sintering in the air, high-d

The modern transportation industry is in high demand for lightweight structural components with exceptional mechanical properties that can be obtained by a costeffective production process. These specific industrial requirements can be achieved through the attainment of innovative aluminum matrix composites (AMCs) with improved characteristics in accordance with the circular economy. Solid-state recycling is considered a good solution to attain the above-mentioned industrialdemands since it enables the obtainment of usable and inexpensive raw materials with known chemical composition from industrial waste and therefore supports the cost-effective production of structural components. The present research was, therefore, directed toward the repurposing of waste materials derived from the metal industry and the civil engineering sector through a simple and economical solid-state recycling procedure to obtain raw materials for the production of innovative AMCs with required characteristics. The aluminum 2xxx series alloy, i.e. 2024 alloy, in the form of metallic chips generated during the industrial machining was selected for the obtainment of composite base, while basalt fibers derived from stone mineral wool, as waste material in civil engineering, were used to produce the composite reinforcing phase. Basalt, characterized by high strength and low density, provides improved resistance to chemical and mechanical damage, while the 2024 alloy contributes to good fatigue properties of the final fiber-reinforced AMCs. To obtain usable raw materials for the AMCs preparation from the solid industrial waste the basalt fibers were thermally treated, while aluminum-based metallic chips were ballmilled. Treated aluminum alloy powder and basalt fibers were mixed in a 3D tumbler mixer in a 9:1 ratio, isostatically pressed, and sintered in a protective argon atmosphere at 550 °C. Isostatic pressure and sintering duration were varied during the AMCs preparation to determine the opti

Single nano high-entropy pyrochlore-type compound (A2B2O7) with 7 different rare-earth cations at site A and 3 different metal cations at site B with equiatomic amounts (7A1/7)2(3B1/3)2O7 is successfully obtained. The powder with nominal composition (La1/7Sm1/7Nd1/7Pr1/7Y1/7Gd1/7Yb1/7)2(Sn1/3Hf1/3Zr1/3)2O7 was fabricated by reacting metal nitrates (site A) and metal chlorides (site B) with glycine during the combustion reaction. The XRD analysis revealed that the powder attained during synthesis is in an amorphous state. To induce crystallization of the obtained pyrochlore structure, the post-calcination process at 600-1500 °C was conducted and studied. Results of this study showed that the monophase pyrochlore (A2B2O7) structure is obtained during the calcination at 900 °C. The high-density ceramic pellet with 97% of theoretical density and free of any additives was obtained through pressureless sintering at 1650 °C for 4 h in the air using the powder calcined at 900 °C.

The industrial requirements in the 21st century are environmentally friendly and light construction materials with good physical-mechanical properties manufactured from cheap natural raw materials available in large quantities. One of these materials is basalt. Basalt is a natural igneous rock of volcanic origin, with a significant amount in Serbia. Basalt belongs to the group of non-hazardous and eco-friendly materials. Andesite basalt aggregate from the "Donje Jarinje" site, Serbia, was used as the starting natural raw material for obtaining the glass-ceramic material. The aggregate is from 2 to 5 mm in size. The aggregate was milled in the tungsten-carbide vibrating cup mill for 30 min to obtain a fine powder for synthesis. The homogenization of andesite basalt powder and binder was carried out in the mortar and pestle for 10 min. The paraplast was used as a binder with a content of 0.6 wt.%. After that, uniaxial pressing of the powder at a pressure of 50 MPa was performed. A forming green compact, cold isostatic pressing was performed with a pressure of 230 MPa to increase its density. The sintering was carried out at the temperature of 1060 °C for 60 min in the air. The sintered glass-ceramic sample was a relative density of 99.5%, a macrohardness of 6.7 GPa and a fracture toughness of 2.2 MPa·m1/2 [1]. The andesite basalt powder was characterized using the laser light diffraction method, X-ray diffraction method and scanning electron microscopy. Sintered glassceramic material was characterized using the X-ray diffraction method, Archimedes principle, scanning electron and optical light microscopy and the Vickers hardness test. The glass-ceramic material obtained by sintering andesite basalt powder could be used for various industrial applications in the civil engineering, mechanical, chemical, and petrochemical industries, as well as for the making of containers to store nuclear waste.

Multicomponent oxide with pyrochlore structure (A2B2O7), containing 7 different A-site cations and 3 B-site cations in equiatomic amounts, was synthesized. Powders with nominal composition (La1/7Sm1/7Nd1/7Pr1/7Y1/7Gd1/7Yb1/7)2(Sn1/3Hf1/3Zr1/3)2O7 were fabricated through a reaction of metal nitrates (A-site) and metal chlorides (B-site) with sodium hydroxide during the solid state displacement reaction. Room temperature synthesis initially resulted in the obtainment of amorphous powders, which crystallized after subsequent calcination to form single crystalline compounds. Crystalline high-entropy ceramic powders formation took place at temperatures as low as 750 °C. During calcination, defective fluorite (F-A2B2O7) and crystal pyrochlore (Py-A2B2O7) structures coexist. A large number of cations induce the obtainment of stable high-entropy pyrochlores. Results showed that sintering at 1650 °C lead to pure crystalline single-phase pyrochlore formation. High-density ceramic, free of additives, was obtained after powders were compacted and subjected to pressureless sintering at 1650 °C. Multicomponent pyrochlore structure was investigated using the theoretical and experimental multi-methodological approach.

High-entropy rare-earth (RE) zirconates with pyrochlore structure were successfully fabricated by pressureless and spark plasma sintering. RE2Zr2O7 compound with nominal composition (La0.2Y0.2Gd0.2Nd0.2Sm0.2)Zr2O7 was prepared by simple glycine nitrate procedure (GNP). GNP process yielded powders with low crystallinity and after subsequent calcination, well crystalline ceramics were formed. During calcination defective fluorite (F-RE2Zr2O7) and crystal pyrochlore (Py-RE2Zr2O7) structures coexist. Formation of pure crystalline pyrochlore occurs after sintering at 1450°C. High-density ceramics, free of any additives, were obtained after powders compaction and pressureless (PS), as well as field assisted sintering technique (FAST) at 1450°C. Theoretical investigations of the high-entropy RE2Zr2O7 pyrochlore systems were performed. Unit cell parameter of the obtained Py-RE2Zr2O7 is 10.5892(2)Å and 10.5999(2)Å for PS and FAST sintering, respectively, which is in good agreement with the results of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The thermal diffusivity of sintered samples at room temperature was ∼0.7mm2/s for both sintering methods.ResumenSe fabricaron con éxito, mediante sinterización por plasma sin presión y por chispa, los circonatos de tierras raras (RE) de alta entropía con estructura de pirocloro. El compuesto RE2Zr2O7 con composición nominal (La0,2Y0,2Gd0,2Nd0,2Sm0,2)Zr2O7 se preparó mediante un procedimiento simple de nitrato de glicina (GNP). El proceso GNP produjo polvos con baja cristalinidad y después de la posterior calcinación, se formaron cerámicas bien cristalinas. Durante la calcinación coexisten estructuras defectuosas de fluorita (F-RE2Zr2O7) y pirocloro cristalino (Py-RE2Zr2O7). La formación de pirocloro cristalino puro se produce después de la sinterización a 1.450°C. Después de la compactación de polvos y sin presión (PS), así como por la técnica de sinterización asistida en campo (FAST) a 1.450 oC, se obtuvieron cerámicas de alta densi

Additive-free boron carbide (B4C) powders were densified at 4 GPa using the high-pressure “anvil-type with hollows” apparatus in the temperature range of 1500–1900 °C. The boron carbide ceramics prepared by this method showed a hardness of 37 GPa, which is very close to the hardness of mono-crystal boron carbide. The study showed that the boron carbide grains are uniformly sized without observed grain growth in the sintered materials. Obtained results revealed that high-pressure sintering can be a very effective low-temperature densification method for the obtainment of additive-free B4C ceramics. Moreover, the process can be scaled-up for the production of large-size composites required in various cutting tools and other extreme condition applications.

In the present study, andesite basalt originated from the deposit site “Donje Jarinje”, Serbia, was examined as a potential raw material for high-density ceramics production. The production of high-density ceramics included dry milling, homogenization, cold isostatic pressing and sintering in the air. To determine the optimal processing parameters the sintering was conducted at 1040, 1050, 1060, 1070 and 1080°C, and afterwards the sintering duration was varied from 30 to 240min at the optimal sintering temperature of 1060°C. Characterization of the starting and sintered materials included the estimation of particle size distribution, density, hardness and fracture toughness complemented with X-ray diffraction, optical light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis. Phase transformations did not occur during processing in the investigated temperature range from 1040 to 1080°C. The obtained research results showed that 99.5% of relative density and the highest hardness and fracture toughness values of 6.7GPa and 2.2MPa•m1/2, respectively, were achieved for the andesite basalt sintered at 1060°C for 60min in the air. The results of the present study confirmed that the sintered andesite basalt can be used as a high-density ceramic material for various industrial applications.

The aim of this paper is to examine the physical and mechanical properties of glass-ceramic-metal composite materials obtained by sintering. Andesite basalt rock from Serbia was used as the starting material for obtaining the glass-ceramic matrix. Commercial powder of austenitic stainless steel 316L in the content of 10, 20, and 30 wt. % was used as the reinforcement. The technological process for obtaining glass-ceramic-metal composite materials consists of the following phases: crushing of andesite basalt rock to obtain the fine powder, homogenization of andesite basalt powder and 316L stainless steel powder with a binder, uniaxial pressing of powders with the pressure of 50 MPa, cold isostatic pressing green compacts with the pressure of 230 MPa, and sintering at 1060 °C/1h in the air. Based on the obtained experimental results, it could be concluded that the relative density of the sintered composite materials decreases with the increasing content of 316L steel in the glass-ceramic matrix. Also, there is a hardness decrease of the composite materials with increased content of 316L steel, which is expected due to the reduction in the relative density. However, the fracture toughness increases with increasing 316L steel content in the composite materials. The presence of a metal reinforcer in the glass-ceramic matrix contributed to the increase of fracture toughness of composite materials and thus the prevention of the catastrophic fracture common in glass-ceramic, Cilj ovog rada je ispitivanje fizičko-mehaničkih svojstava kompozitnih materijala staklo-keramikametal dobijenih sinterovanjem. Kao polazni materijal za dobijanje staklo-keramičke matrice korišćena je andezit bazaltna stena iz Srbije, dok je kao ojačivač korišćen prah komercijalnog austenitnog nerđajućeg čelika 316L sadržaja 10, 20 i 30 tež. %. Tehnološki proces dobijanja kompozitnih materijala staklo-keramika-metal sastoji se iz sledećih faza: drobljenja andezit bazaltne stene u cilju dobijanja finog praha, homogenizacije andezit bazaltnog praha i praha nerđajućeg čelika 316L sa vezivom, jednoosnog presovanja pritiskom od 50 MPa, hladnog izostatičkog presovanja pritiskom od 230 MPa i sinterovanja na 1060 °C/1h u vazduhu. Na osnovu dobijenih eksperimentalnih rezultata može se zaključiti da se relativna gustina sinterovanih kompozitnih materijala smanjuje sa povećanjem sadržaja čelika 316L u staklo-keramičkoj matrici. Takođe, dolazi do smanjenja tvrdoće kompozitnih materijala sa povećanjem sadržaja čelika 316L u kompozitu, zbog smanjenja relativne gustine. Sa povećanjem sadržaja čelika 316L u kompozitnom materijalu žilavost loma se povećava. Prisustvo metalnog ojačivača u staklo-keramičkoj matrici doprinelo je povećanju žilavosti loma kompozitnih materijala i prevenciji loma koji je uobičajen u staklo-keramici.

High-entropy rare-earth (RE) zirconates with pyrochlore structure were successfully fabricated by pressureless and spark plasma sintering. RE2Zr2O7 compound with nominal composition (La0.2Y0.2Gd0.2Nd0.2Sm0.2)Zr2O7 was prepared by simple glycine nitrate procedure (GNP). GNP process yielded powders with low crystallinity and after subsequent calcination, well crystalline ceramics were formed. During calcination defective fluorite (F-RE2Zr2O7) and crystal pyrochlore (Py-RE2Zr2O7) structures coexist. Formation of pure crystalline pyrochlore occurs after sintering at 1450 C. High-density ceramics, free of any additives, were obtained after powders compaction and pressureless (PS), as well as Field Assisted Sintering Technique (FAST) at 1450 C. Theoretical investigations of the high-entropy RE2Zr2O7 pyrochlore systems were performed. Unit cell parameter of the obtained Py-RE2Zr2O7 is 10.5892(2) Å and 10.5999(2) Å for PS and FAST sintering, respectively, which is in good agreement with the results of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The thermal diffusivity of sintered samples at room temperature was ~0.7 mm2 /s for both sintering methods.

Titanium alloys are finding increasing use as biomaterials due to their low elastic modulus and high damage tolerance. However, the somewhat inadequate alloy surface performance can impede their biomedical application. Surface modification methods have been therefore developed to improve the alloys' surface bioactivity and osseointegration. Laser treatment allows the alloy surface to be modified, providing it with new functionalized surface chemistry and morphology, without compromising the rest of the material properties. Thus, the aim of the study was to examine the laser-induced alterations generated on the Ti-45Nb alloy surface by an ultrashort pulsed laser. The obtained results reveal that laser beam interaction with the target material led to the formation of significant alterations in surface morphology. Surface craters, microcracks, and surface features in the form of periodic and rippled structures and solidified droplets can be observed in the irradiated area. Also, it was found that the higher damage degree along with the material depth and the higher surface roughness were achieved during the irradiation in the argon atmosphere due to the formation of the more pronounced morphological changes on the alloy surface that are induced by higher laser ablation. Furthermore, obtained results showed that alloy surface modification in air, argon, and nitrogen atmosphere additionally caused changes in the surface chemical composition. Namely, after irradiation, the presence of oxygen was observed in the central irradiated area indicating the formation of bioactive Ti-oxide surface film with content that varies with the irradiation parameters variation. Therefore, laser beam irradiation can be singled out as the surface modification method for efficient inducement of the specific surface characteristics that can provide titanium alloys with enhanced osseointegration properties.

The Ni-Cr dental alloys are among the oldest restorative materials used in dentistry. Reuse of previously melted and cast dental alloys is a routine procedure used in dental laboratories to reduce the cost of dental restorations. Continuous reuse of the commercial Ni-Cr dental alloys, such as Wirron 99, can change numerous properties of these materials, and therefore the present study was aimed to establish the outcome of several recasting cycles on the Wirron 99 alloy properties. Obtained results reveal that alloy recasting resulted in the appearance of typical dendritic microstructures where the chemical composition of dendritic and interdendritic regions differs. Moreover, the results of the present study showed that the number of recasting cycles has a significant effect on the alloy microstructure, structure, electrical conductivity, and hardness