Search

Hyperbilirubinemia is a prevalent disease in neonates and is also a main reason for hospitalization within the first week after birth, and this disease is mainly caused by the imbalance between production and elimination of bilirubin. Uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1), organic anion transporter polypeptide 2 (OATP2), heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), and biliverdin reductase A (BLVRA) play crucial roles in the metabolism of bilirubin. More and more studies have revealed the association between the variation of the encoding genes for these enzymes and hyperbilirubinemia. This article reviews the research advances in the association between the gene polymorphisms of bilirubin metabolic enzymes and hyperbilirubinemia.

Objective A number of studies have suggested a pathophysiological link between allergic diseases and epilepsy. Understanding the association between allergic diseases and epilepsy can help establish healthcare policies, implement prevention strategies, and provide a new direction for treatment. The study aimed to examine the association between allergic diseases and epilepsy. Methods PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science were searched for relevant primary articles. Two individuals independently conducted abstract screening, full-text review, data extraction, and quality assessment. Random-effects models were used to pool the risk estimates. Results From the 3124 citations identified, 32 were reviewed in full text. Finally, 11 studies with a total of 3,312,033 subjects were eligible for the analyses. Few studies reported the type of epilepsy, and there were inconsistent attempts to control for confounding. The pooled result showed that there was an 81% increase in the prevalence of epilepsy among individuals with asthma compared with those without asthma (odds ratio: 1.81, 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.47–2.21). The incidence of epilepsy in patients with eczema was 2.57 (95%CI: 1.54–4.27). Sensitivity analyses confirmed that no single study qualitatively influenced the pooled OR. All funnel plots were asymmetric upon visual inspection, suggesting publication bias. Conclusion Our findings suggest that patients with allergic diseases might have a high risk of epilepsy. Additional high-quality primary studies are required to confirm the association, obtain information regarding the mechanism of association, and determine prevention opportunities.

Using a hydrothermal synthesis method, two silver(I) complexes, [Ag(bbbm)(1,3-HBDC)]n (1) and [Ag(bbbm)(1,2-HBDC)]n (2) (bbbm = 1,1´-(1,4-butanediyl)bis-1H-benzimidazole, 1,3-H2BDC = 1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid, 1,2-H2BDC = 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid), have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectra, thermogravimetric (TG) analysis and singlecrystal X-ray diffraction. The silver centers display different environments with a distorted T-shaped geometry in 1, and a linear geometry in 2. Both chain structures of 1 and 2 are bridged by bbbm in a bis-monodentate coordination mode. 1 is further linked to generate a 3D supramolecular architecture via p-p stacking interactions and intermolecular O-H· · ·O hydrogen bonding. In 2, the ribbon-like chains are additionally assembled by two p-p stacking modes to form a layer motif. The photoluminescence of 1 and 2 was investigated in the solid state. 1 and 2 possess a remarkable activity for degradation of methyl orange by persulfate in a Fenton-like process.

A new 1D cadmium coordination polymer [Cd(PhCOO)2(bbbm)] n (1) (bbbm = 1,1′-(1,4-butanediyl)bis-1H-benzimidazole ) is synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, TG, and X-ray single-crystal diffraction. Compound 1 crystallizes in the triclinic system, space group P-1 with a = 10.4289(17) A, b = 12.5198(9) A, c = 12.6130(9) A, α = 118.4260(10)°, β = 95.1990(10)°, γ = 94.3820(10)°, V = 1428.8(3) A3, Z = 2. In the structure of 1, each cadmium center is six-coordinated in a strongly distorted octahedron by two N and four O atoms; an infinite one-dimensional linear chain was built by the flexible bbbm ligand that adopts a bis-monodentate bridging mode linking CdII atoms.

Two Cd(II) coordination polymers, namely, {[Cd(L1)(chdc)]·(CH3CN)·(H2O)2}n (1) and [Cd(L2)Cl2]n (2) (L1 = 1,4-bis(5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole-1-ylmethyl)benzene, L2 = 1,2-bis(5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole-1-ylmethyl)benzene, H2chdc = 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid) have been obtained by hydrothermal methods and characterized by IR, TG, elemental analysis, XPRD and single crystal structure analysis. The Cd(II) atom has a distorted octahedral coordination geometry in 1 and a roughly square-pyramidal coordination geometry in 2. Polymer 1 possesses a two-dimensional (2D) flat (6,3) network constructed with L1 and chdc bridging ligands. Polymer 2 displays a one-dimensional (1D) loop-like chain structure bridged by chlorine anions and L2 ligand, which is further arranged into a 2D supramolecular layer through face-to-face π–π stacking interactions. The luminescent properties of the polymers 1 and 2 were investigated in the solid-state. Two new coordination polymers of cadmium have been synthesized by different bis(benzimidazole) ligands. Both the complexes are characterized by X-ray single crystal structure, thermal and photoluminescence study.

The molecule, 1,3-bis((5,6-dimethyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl)methyl)benzene (short for T , C 26 H 26 N 4 ), was synthesized and characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The molecular geometry, vibrational frequencies, absorption spectrum of the compound T have been calculated by using the density functional theory (DFT/B3LYP) method with TZVP basis sets, and have been compared with the experimental data. The calculated results showed that the optimized geometries can well reproduce the crystal structural parameters, and the theoretical absorption spectra show good agreement with experimental UV–Vis values. Besides, frontier molecular orbitals analysis of the title compound was investigated by theoretical calculations.

[Zn(L)(HCOO)Cl]n (1) and {[Zn2(L)2(OH)(HCOO)Cl]·I}n (2) have been obtained by hydrothermal methods of zinc chloride with 1,3-bis(5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole-1-ylmethyl)benzene (L) and potassium bromide (or potassium iodide), and are characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectra, X-ray powder diffraction, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The zinc(II) centers display tetrahedral coordination in 1 and 2. Solid 1 forms a one-dimensional (1-D) helical chain bridged by L, which is further arranged into a two-dimensional supramolecular structure through intermolecular π–π stacking interactions. A 1-D ladder-like chain of 2 connected by hydroxyl and L is presented. Solid-state fluorescent properties of 1 and 2 have been investigated.

Two one-dimensional Cd(II) coordination polymers constructed by ribbon-like molecules, {[Cd(L1)2(NO3)]·NO3} n (1) (L1 = 1,3-bis(5,6-dimethylbenzimidazol-1-yl)benzene) and [Cd(L2)2(NO3)2] n (2) (L2 = 1,3-bis(benzimidazol-1-yl)benzene) have been obtained through assembly of the two structurally similar flexible bis(benzimidazole)-based ligands and cadmium nitrate tetrahydrate. The cadmium(II) centers display different coordination environments with trigonal-bipyramidal geometry in 1, and a octahedral geometry in 2. Weak C–H···O interactions in 1 result in a two-dimensional supramolecular layer; two π–π interactions are present in 2 forming a three-dimensional supramolecular network structure. The solid state fluorescence properties of 1 and 2 were investigated.

Based on three structurally related flexible bis(5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole) ligand, five novel metal–organic CdII coordination architectures: from 0D to 3D structures CdII complexes have been hydrothermally synthesized and structurally characterized, namely, Cd2I4(L1)2 (1), [CdCl2(L1)]n (2), [CdCl2(L2)]n (3), {[Cd(chdc)(L2)0.5]·H2O}n (4), {[Cd(pydca)(L3)0.5(H2O)2]·H2O}n (5) (where L1 = 1,2-bis(5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole)ethane, L2 = 1,3-bis(5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole)propane, L3 = 1,4-bis(5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole)butane, H2chdc = 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, H2pydca = pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid). A discrete binuclear [2 + 2] metallomacrocycles cadmium(II) complex of 1 is 0D, 3 and 5 exhibit one-dimensional helical and zigzag chain structures, respectively. 4 Forms a 2D layer with sql net topology bridged by carboxylate anion and L2, while 2 is an overall 3D array with the diamond topology (dia). In these complexes, the influences of anions coordination on the framework formation were observed and discussed. These results indicate the spacer length of the ligands and anions play important roles in controlling the diversity structural topologies of such metal–organic coordination architectures. The thermogravimetric analyses, X-ray powder diffraction and solid-state luminescent properties of the complexes have also been investigated.

Three cadmium(II) coordination polymers, [CdBr2(L1)] n (1), [CdI2(L2)] n (2), and Cd2Br4(L3)2 (3), where L1 = 1,3-bis(5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole)propane, L2 = 1,4-bis(5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole)butane, and L3 = 1,6-bis(5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole)hexane, have been synthesized by hydrothermal methods and characterized by elemental analyses, IR spectra, TGA, PXRD, and X-ray crystallographic diffraction. Complex 1 contains a 1-D helical chain in which CdBr2 units are linked by L1. For 2, each CdI2 is connected by two different conformations of L2 to form a 1-D zigzag chain. For 3, each CdBr2 is linked by L3 bridges to afford a binuclear structure. These results indicate that the spacer length of the ligands play important roles in assembly of Cd(II) coordination polymers. Thermogravimetric analyses and solid-state luminescent properties of the complexes have also been investigated.

Two coordination polymers, namely [Cu(L)2]·(NO3)2 (1) and [Co(L)(chdc)]·2H2O (2) [(chdc = 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylate, L = 1,3-bis-(5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole-1-yl-methylene)-benzene], based on a flexible 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole ligand have been synthesized and characterized by physico-chemical and spectroscopic methods and single-crystal diffraction. Complex 1 shows a 2D (4,4) network structure linked by L ligands while complex 2 displays a 1D ladder-like chain bridged by L and chdc ligands. The catalytic activities of both complexes for the degradation of methyl orange have been investigated.

Compounds [CdLCl2] n (1) and {[Cd(L)2(ClO4)]·ClO4} n (2), where L = 1,3-bis(5,6-dimethylbenzimidazol-1-ylmethyl)benzene, have been synthesized by hydrothermal method, and characterized by element analysis, IR spectra, Powder XRD, and X-ray crystallographic diffraction. Cd(II) in 1 and 2 are both trigonal bipyramidal. Different cadmium salts of chloride and perchlorate lead to different configurations of [Cd2L2]2+, trans-form in 1 but trans and cis-forms in 2. The 1-D beaded chains of 1 are further linked to generate a 3-D supramolecular architecture by strong π–π stacking interactions as well as intermolecular C–H ··· Cl hydrogen bonds. In 2, the 1-D beaded chains are further assembled by intermolecular C–H ··· O hydrogen bonds to form a 2-D layer. Solid-state fluorescent properties of 1 and 2 were investigated at room temperature.

A new mononuclear complex Mn(bbbi)2(H2O)4(ClO4)2·(bbbi)2·(H2O)2 1 (bbbi = 1,4-bis(benzimidazol-1-yl)-2-butene) is synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and characterized by IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and single crystal X-ray structural analysis. Crystal data for 1: triclinic, $$P\bar 1$$ , a = 8.8478(7) A, b = 15.0550(11) A, c = 16.4310(12) A, α = 108.657(7)°, β = 104.044(7)°, Γ = 99.317(7)°, V = 1942.2(3) A3, Z = 1, final R = 0.0621. Each manganese atom is octahedrally coordinated by four aqua ligands and two nitrogen atoms of two distinct bbbi ligands. The molecule is stabilized by hydrogen bonding and π…π interactions.

A novel copper(II) complex {[Cu(BIX)2(H2O)2](PhCOO)2} n (1) (BIX = 1,4-bis(imidazole-1-methyl))-benzene) is synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, TG, and single crystal X-ray diffraction. Complex 1 crystallizes in the triclinic crystal system with the P-1 space group, Z = 1, a = 9.465(2) A, b = 9.703(2) A, c = 12.060(2) A, α = 77.26(3)°, β = 70.37(3)°, γ = 67.14(3)°, and V = 956.1(3) A3. The crystal structural analysis of complex 1 shows that the copper center is six-coordinated in an elongated octahedral geometry by four N atoms from four different BIX and two O atoms from two water molecules; two neighboring Cu(II) cations are bridged by two BIX extending into an infinite 1D double chain structure.

Two novel zinc coordination polymers {[Zn(PhCOO)2(bmix)]}n 1 and {[Zn(ada)(bmix)]·(H2O)2}n 2 (bmix = 1,4-bis(2-methylimidazole-1-ylmethyl)benzene, H2ada = adipic acid), were obtained by the hydrothermal reactions of bmix and zinc acetate with two carboxylate anions, respectively. Structural analyses show that complex 1 possess a one-dimensional helix chain structure, 2 takes two-dimensional corrugated (4,4) layer motif. The structural differences of two complexes indicate that organic carboxylate anions play important roles in the formation of such zinc(II) coordination architectures.

A novel Cu(II) mixed-ligand complex, {[Cu(sq)(L)(H2O)]· 0.9H2O}n (1) (sq = squarate dianion, L = 5,5′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine), has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, infrared (IR), and X-ray single-crystal diffraction. In 1, each copper(II) ion has a five-coordinated environment with square pyramidal geometry. A one-dimensional (1D) chain structure of the complex is constructed by squarate in μ-1,2-bis(monodentate) coordination mode and further forms a two-dimensional (2D) framework via “metal chelate–metal chelate ring” π–π stacking interactions between the adjacent chains. This unexpected π–π stacking interaction provides structural evidence for the metalloaromaticity of the Cu(II)-(aromatic α,α′-diimines) chelate rings.

Two new cobalt(II) coordination polymers, namely [Co1.5(PhCOO)3(bbbm)1.5(H2O)] n (1) and [Co(chdc)(bbbm)] n (2) (bbbm = 1,1′-(1,4-butanediyl)bis-1H-benzimidazole, H2chdc = 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid), have been synthesized and structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The cobalt(II) centers display different environments, with trigonal–bipyramidal and octahedral geometries in 1 and a tetrahedral geometry in 2. The 1D linear chains of complex 1 and ladder-like chains of complex 2 are bridged by bbbm in bis-monodentate coordination mode; the variation of the carboxylate co-ligand effectively tunes the resulting framework architecture. The degradation of methyl orange in a photochemical Fenton-like process using complexes 1 and 2 as catalysts was investigated.

Three new complexes, [Ni2(dpc)2(L1)2(H2O)2] · 4H2O (1), [Ni(dpc)(L2)1.5] n (2), and {[Ni(dpc)(L3)1.5] · 2H2O} n (3), where H2dpc = dipicolinic acid, L1 = 1,4-bis(2-methylimidazol-1-yl)butane, L2 = 4,4′-bis(2-methylimidazol-1-ylmethyl)biphenyl, and L3 = 1,4-bis(benzimidazol-1-yl)-2-butylene, have been synthesized by hydrothermal methods and characterized by elemental analyses, infrared spectra, thermogravimetric analysis, and X-ray crystallography. The common structural characteristic of the three complexes is that the Ni2+ is coordinated by tridentate dipicolinate through nitrogen of pyridine and oxygen of carboxylate, serving as a terminal ligand. In 1, two L1 link two [Ni(dpc)(H2O)] units to a discrete binuclear metallomacrocycle with a 22-membered ring, which is assembled through multiple O–H ··· O hydrogen bonds to form a 3-D supramolecular framework. Complex 2 exhibits a 1-D ladder-like chain structure constructed by cis/trans-conformation L2 linking metal centers; 3 displays a 2-D (6,3) topology, be...

The title salt, (C(6)H(11)N(2))(2)[Cd(C(7)H(3)NO(4))(2)], displays a discrete mononuclear structure, in which the central Cd(II) atom is six-coordinated in a distorted octa-hedral coordination geometry by two N and four O atoms from two different pyridine-2,6-dicarboxyl-ate anions in an O(2),N,O(6)-tridentate chelation mode. The crystal packing is stabilized by N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds and π-π inter-actions [centroid-centroid distance = 3.576 (5) Å].

In the title compound, [Mn(C(10)H(10)N(2))(6)](ClO(4))(2), the Mn(II) ion, located on an inversion center, is coordinated by six N atoms from three pairs of symmetry-related 1-benzyl-1H-imidazole ligands in a distorted octa-hedral geometry. In the crystal, weak inter-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the complex cations and perchlorate anions.

The title compouand {[Zn(C(4)H(4)O(6))(C(12)H(8)N(2))]·6H(2)O}(n), has a linear chain structure parallel to [100] with Zn(C(4)H(4)O(6))(C(12)H(8)N(2)) repeat units; the asymmetric unit consists of one Zn(2+) cation, one l-tartrate dianion, one 1,10-phenanthroline and six free water mol-ecules. The Zn atom is in a distorted octa-hedral ZnN(2)O(4) coordination environment. The crystal structure is stabilized by O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds and π-π stacking of the phenanthroline units [centroid-centroid distances in the range 3.552 (2)-3.625 (2)Å] occurs between the chains. The title compound is isotypic with the Cu and Mn analogues.

The title salt, (C(6)H(11)N(2))(2)[Cd(C(7)H(3)NO(4))(2)], displays a discrete mononuclear structure, in which the central Cd(II) atom is six-coordinated in a distorted octa-hedral coordination geometry by two N and four O atoms from two different pyridine-2,6-dicarboxyl-ate anions in an O(2),N,O(6)-tridentate chelation mode. The crystal packing is stabilized by N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds and π-π inter-actions [centroid-centroid distance = 3.576 (5) A].

In the title compound, [Mn(C(10)H(10)N(2))(6)](ClO(4))(2), the Mn(II) ion, located on an inversion center, is coordinated by six N atoms from three pairs of symmetry-related 1-benzyl-1H-imidazole ligands in a distorted octa-hedral geometry. In the crystal, weak inter-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the complex cations and perchlorate anions.