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Background Globally, India has a high zoonotic disease burden and lacks surveillance data in humans and animals. Rodents are known reservoirs for many zoonotic diseases and their synanthropic behavior poses a great public health threat. Methods In this study, trapped rodents/shrews from randomly selected villages within Puducherry, India, and their ectoparasites were screened for zoonotic pathogens, namely, Orientia tsutsugamushi , other pathogenic rickettsiae, Leptospira spp. Cryptosporidium spp. Coxiella burnetii and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) using conventional PCR. A total of 58 rodents/shrews were trapped from 11 villages. The species trapped were Suncus murinus (49/58, 84.48%), Rattus rattus (8/58, 13.79%) and Rattus norvegicus (1/58, 1.72%). All ectoparasites collected were identified as mites and its infestation rate was 46.55% (27/58). Results Real-time PCR targeting the 47 kDa gene of O. tsutsugamushi revealed positivity in one rodent and one shrew (3.45%) and two mite pools (7.41%). Conventional PCR targeting the 56 kDa gene revealed positivity in one shrew and two mite pools and the phylogenetic analysis of all three amplicons indicated the circulation of the Gilliam-related serotype. MRSA was detected in the alimentary tract of a shrew (1/32, 3.13%). Leptospira spp. Rickettsia, Cryptosporidium spp. and Co. burnetii tested negative. Conclusions The detection of zoonotic pathogens within reservoir hosts and vectors poses a risk of transmission to humans. This study signifies the need for zoonotic pathogen surveillance in synanthropic rodents/shrews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Intestinal parasitic infections pose a substantial threat to public health and are a huge burden to the economic development of a developing country. We aimed to identify the spectrum of intestinal parasitic infections with an emphasis on demographic and clinical characteristics observed among immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients. Materials and Methods: This observational study was performed in the Parasitology section of the Department of Microbiology from January 2022 to July 2022. A total of 2628 stool samples were obtained from patients presenting with chief complaints of abdominal pain, distension, vomiting, and foul-smelling feces. All the clinical and diagnostic data of the patients enrolled in the above-mentioned period were extracted from the ward files, hospital electronic records, and laboratory registers. Result: A total of 2628 stool samples were sent to the Parasitology section of the Department of Microbiology. Out of the above-mentioned samples, 70 (70/2628, 2.66%) samples yielded gastrointestinal parasites on microscopic examination. The mean age of the patients included in our cohort study was 32.53 ± 16.21 years with a male predominance of 72.86% (51/70, 72.86%). The most common gastrointestinal parasite identified from stool samples was Giardia lamblia (61/70, 87.14%). All cases of opportunistic gastrointestinal infection caused by Cryptosporidium spp. (4/70, 5.71%) in our study cohort were found to infest the immunocompromised patients. Conclusion: This study determines the spectrum of intestinal parasitic infections among the immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals and guides physicians in starting appropriate anti-parasitic treatment along with the instillation of strict hand hygiene techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infects and gradually destroy CD4+ cells of the immune system and eventually leading to immunodeficiency. Gastrointestinal opportunistic parasitosis are a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV+ patients. Objective. To determine the prevalence of the opportunistic parasites Cryptosporidium spp., Cystoisospora belli and Cyclospora cayetanensis, in patients infected with HIV in the municipality of Veracruz. Mexico. Material and methods. 230 non-serial stool samples from patients with HIV were collected. The smears were analysed by direct method and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining. Results. A prevalence of parasitism of 92.17% was found, 85.22% of Cryptosporidium spp., and C. cayetanensis were identified as mono-parasitism or in association with each other and with other nonopportunistic parasites. Cryptosporidium spp. was the most prevalent parasite (72.60%), followed by C. cayetanensis (57.78%), Endolimax nana (36.52%), Blastocystis spp. (17.83%) and Entamoeba Complex (7 .83%). No samples with Cystoisospora belli were identified. Conclusions. Compared to the only report of opportunistic parasites in the HIV+ population of the Veracruz municipality, there was an increase in the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. and a abscense of C. belli. Even with a greater access to antiretroviral treatment, in Mexico, parasitosis continue to have high prevalences. Therefore, routine monitoring of opportunistic parasitism is necessary, using appropriate techniques to avoid underdiagnosis and the risk of comorbidity and mortality that they represent in the HIV+ population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Summa, Animali da Reddito is the property of Point Veterinaire Italie s.r.l. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cryptosporidium spp. is a significant parasitic disease that results in diarrhea and gastroenteritis in humans and animals worldwide. The present study aimed to investigate the molecular diversity of Cryptosporidium species in domestic goats. A total of a hundred feces samples were collected from four locations in Babylon city in central Iraq. All the samples were investigated phenotypically using a modified Ziehl-Neelsen stain method and genotypically using conventional and nested PCR methods based on a partial sequence of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) genes, and finally, phylogenetic analysis method. The molecular results showed five species of Cryptosporidium, including C. parvum, C. hominis, C. ryana, C. xiaoi, and C. bovis. The phylogenetic results of partial sequence of gp60 gene for C. parvum and C. hominis isolate two subtypes were established IIdA21G1 and IIdA19G1 belong to C. parvum. For C. hominis, three subtypes were detected: IbA21G2, IbA13G3, and IbA19G2. This study showed that Cryptosporidium parvum (zoonotic) is more prevalent than other Cryptosporidium species in goats from this area. This suggests that zoonotic transmission is the primary mode of transmission of Cryptosporidium infection in Babylon province.

Abstract Background Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi can cause important intestinal diseases in ruminants. However, data on the distribution of these three protozoan pathogens in Tibetan sheep are limited. Methods We collected 761 fecal samples from Tibetan sheep across four seasons in Qinghai Province, China, and screened the samples for Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis and E. bieneusi using PCR-based sequence analysis of the genes encoding 18S ribosomal RNA, triosephosphate isomerase and the internal transcribed spacer, respectively. Results The positivity rates of Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis and E. bieneusi in Tibetan sheep were 3.68% (28/761 samples), 1.58% (12/761) and 6.44% (49/761), respectively. Four species of Cryptosporidium were identified: C. xiaoi (n = 13 samples), C. ubiquitum (n = 8), C. bovis (n = 6) and C. ryanae (n = 1). Two G. duodenalis assemblages, namely the A (n = 2 samples) and E (n = 10) assemblages, were detected. Five zoonotic E. bieneusi genotypes were found: BEB6 (n = 21 samples), COS-I (n = 14), CHS3 (n = 11) and CGS1 (n = 2) from group 2, and PIGEBITS5 (n = 1) from group 1. Geographic differences in the distribution of E. bieneusi, and seasonal differences for all the three protozoan pathogens were noted. Conclusions Our results elucidate the prevalence and genetic diversity of these three pathogens in Tibetan sheep across different regions and seasons, including zoonotic pathogens such as C. ubiquitum, C. ryanae, G. duodenalis assemblage A and five genotypes of E. bieneusi. Graphical Abstract

Copyright of Revista Cientifica de la Facultade de Veterinaria is the property of Universidad del Zulia, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The number of outbreaks of water-borne diseases caused by parasites seems to have increased in recent years. Nevertheless, the occurrence of these pathogens in water generally pays little attention. Waterborne transmission is a major route in the epidemiology of the parasite and therefore poses a serious public health problem. Cryptosporidium spp., Encephalitozoon spp. and Enterocytozoon spp. parasites are recognised worldwide as a common cause of diarrhoea. In most cases, it is a dilapidated or poorly maintained standard sanitation and water supply. It is important to perform periodic tests on protozoa, which are often lacking in small laboratories. Since it is necessary to filter large volumes of water for reliable diagnostics and consequently, it is difficult to concentrate them in a large volume of filtrate, it is not easy to detect their presence in the water. Various filtration methods are used to filter these pathogens from water, but cryptosporidial oocysts and microsporidia spores still occur in most of the world’s and Slovak recreational waters. Therefore, it would be appropriate to use the abilities of gill-breathing aquatic animals that filter cryptosporidial oocysts and microsporidia spores from the water by absorbing them with food. Zeolite can also purify water by capturing high concentrations of contaminants, including cryptosporidial oocysts and microsporidial spores.

Background: Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi can cause important intestinal diseases in ruminants. However, data on the distribution of these three protozoan pathogens in Tibetan sheep are limited. Methods: We collected 761 fecal samples from Tibetan sheep across four seasons in Qinghai Province, China, and screened the samples for Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis and E. bieneusi using PCR-based sequence analysis of the genes encoding 18S ribosomal RNA, triosephosphate isomerase and the internal transcribed spacer, respectively. Results: The positivity rates of Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis and E. bieneusi in Tibetan sheep were 3.68% (28/761 samples), 1.58% (12/761) and 6.44% (49/761), respectively. Four species of Cryptosporidium were identified: C. xiaoi (n = 13 samples), C. ubiquitum (n = 8), C. bovis (n = 6) and C. ryanae (n = 1). Two G. duodenalis assemblages, namely the A (n = 2 samples) and E (n = 10) assemblages, were detected. Five zoonotic E. bieneusi genotypes were found: BEB6 (n = 21 samples), COS-I (n = 14), CHS3 (n = 11) and CGS1 (n = 2) from group 2, and PIGEBITS5 (n = 1) from group 1. Geographic differences in the distribution of E. bieneusi, and seasonal differences for all the three protozoan pathogens were noted. Conclusions: Our results elucidate the prevalence and genetic diversity of these three pathogens in Tibetan sheep across different regions and seasons, including zoonotic pathogens such as C. ubiquitum, C. ryanae, G. duodenalis assemblage A and five genotypes of E. bieneusi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Health Sciences of Kocaeli University / Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Institute of Health Sciences of Kocaeli University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present investigation was designed to study the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in the colorectal cancer patients compared to the healthy subjects. The present descriptive case-control study was performed on 174 subjects including 87 healthy people and 87 patients with colorectal cancer attending to general hospitals in Lorestan Province, Western Iran, during October 2019–August 2020. A fresh stool specimen was collected from each subject in a sterile labeled container. The collected stool samples were concentrated using the sucrose flotation method and then prepared for Ziehl-Neelsen staining for microscopic examination. All samples were also tested using the Nested-PCR assays by amplifying the 18S rRNA gene for the presence of Cryptosporidium DNA. Demographic and possible risk factors such as age, gender, residence, agriculture activity, history of contact with livestock, consumption unwashed fruits/vegetables, and hand washing before eating were investigated in all the studied subjects using a questionnaire. Of the 87 patients with colorectal cancer, 37 (42.5%) had Cryptosporidium infection. A significant difference (p

Abstract Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) are a major cause of morbidity worldwide and have been described as an important public health problem. The present study aimed to determine the un usual parasitic infection and identification of risk factors among 4-12years old school age children residing in lower dir district, Pakistan from 2018- 2019. Of the 400 children studied in which the overall prevalence rate for intestinal parasitic infections was found to be 71.75%. Children infected with single parasite accounted for 67.94% and 32.05% were detected with poly-parasitism. Shistosoma japonicum (0.69%), Taxocara spp (0.69%) and cryptosporidium (0.69%), were identified in children living in studied areas. We conclude that there is a need for mass scale campaigns to create awareness regarding health and hygiene in children and the need for development of effective poverty control programmes.

Selecting appropriate reuse for treated wastewater is a challenge. The current investigation outlines the utilization of quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) to assist Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) management to determine the best-possible reuse of treated wastewater from 11 ETPs in Delhi. Four representative pathogens: pathogenic Escherichia coli spp., Salmonella spp., Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. were selected to characterize microbial water quality. Reuse options selected based on the survey and interaction with ETP managers include crop irrigation, garden irrigation, toilet flush and industrial applications. The probability of infection was characterized for two exposure groups: workers and children. Water quality monitoring indicates the occurrence of pathogenic E. coli spp. (100%), Salmonella spp. (63%), Cryptosporidium spp. (81%) and Giardia spp. (45%) in the treated wastewater. QMRA reveals the annual median-probability of infection above acceptable limits for pathogenic E. coli spp., Cryptosporidium spp. and Salmonella spp. The probabilities of Giardia-associated infections were low. Adults showed a 1.24 times higher probability of infection compared to children. Sensitivity analysis indicated pathogen concentration as the most critical factor. The study highlights that the existing plans for chlorination-based treatment technology may prove insufficient in reducing the risk for selected reuse options; but, alternate on-site control measures and up-grading water reuse protocol may be effective.

Abstract Background: Cryptosporidium spp. are pathogenic protozoans that play an important role in developing diseases in the elderly, children, and immunosuppressed individuals. Methods: The objective of this study was to detect and genetically characterize Cryptosporidium spp. in kidney transplanted patients (n = 97 samples; group 1) and immunosuppressed individuals from an outpatient clinic suspected of having Cryptosporidium infection (n = 53 samples; group 2). All fecal samples were analyzed by parasitological stool examination, immunochromatographic test, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR). Cryptosporidium-positive samples were tested using nested PCR for the gp60 gene, followed by sequencing for subtype determination. Results: Parasitological examination was negative in all Group 1, and positive in four Group 2 samples. Real-time PCR revealed Cryptosporidium in 13 samples: four in Group 1 (three C. hominis and one C. parvum) and nine in Group 2 (seven C. hominis, one C. parvum, and one mixed C. hominis/C. parvum). The immunochromatographic test was reactive in 11 samples (four in Group 1 and seven in Group 2). All 11 C. hominis isolates were identified as subtype IbA10G2 and one C. parvum as subtype IIbA15G2R1. All C. hominis belonged to subtype IbA10G2, which is recognized as the most prevalent and pathogenic subtype. Conclusions: This study showed, for the first time, that the presence of Cryptosporidium subtypes is considered more virulent in Brazilian transplanted kidney patients.

Copyright of Parasite (1252607X) is the property of EDP Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction and objectives The parasite Cryptosporidium spp. is an intracellular protozoa which has a broad range of hosts and zoonotic potential. It presents a serious health risk for agricultural workers and veterinarians. The aim of the study was to identify the species and subtypes of Cryptosporidium occurring in a veterinary student who came into contact with calves on a farm. Material and Methods The Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique was employed to confirm the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts. ELISA test was applied to detect coproantigen in faecal specimens. Nested PCR was used to amplify a small ribosomal subunit (SSU rRNA) and sequencing of the GP60 gene served to identify the zoonotic subtypes. Results The nested PCR allowed to confirm the C. parvum species; subsequently, the IIdA15G1 zoonotic subtype was identified. Conclusions This is the first confirmed case in Slovakia of human cryptosporidiosis caused by the unique subtype IIdA15G1.

Introduction and Objective The problem of occupational biohazards is very important, especially in the field of agriculture and in human and veterinary medicine. The aim of the study was to determine the potential sources of infection in veterinary professionals with selected zoonotic agents, including: Toxoplasma gondii , Giardia duodenalis , Leptospira spp., Cryptosporidium spp. and Coxiella burnetii . Material and methods A total of 50 air samples from barns, piggeries and veterinary surgeries were examined for the presence of Leptospira spp. and C. burnetii DNA. Serum samples of 86 pigs and 80 cows were tested for the presence of antibodies to Leptospira spp. and to phase I and II C. burnetii antigens. Serum of 70 cats were tested for the presence of antibodies to T. gondii and 65 samples of cat faeces for the presence of T. gondii oocysts. The presence of G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. were examined in 50 of dog faeces and 50 of bovine faeces samples. Results DNA of Leptospira spp. was detected in 2 air samples from the piggeries (4%). C. burnetii DNA was not found in any sample. Anti- Leptospira spp. antibodies were detected in 51 (59.3%) of examined pigs. Neither anti- Leptospira spp. nor anti- C. burnetii antibodies were found among samples of bovine serum. Anti- T. gondii antibodies was found in 52 cat serum samples (74.3%). Among samples of cat faeces, no T. gondii oocysts were detected. In one sample of cattle stool (2%), G. duodenalis was detected and in another (2%) – Cryptosporidium spp. G. duodenalis was detected in 7 samples (14%) and Cryptosporidium spp. in 2 samples (2%) of dog faeces. Conclusions The results of this study demonstrate the potential risk of infection with Leptospira spp. in veterinarians working with pigs. Veterinarians could be also be at risk of infection with T. gondii and G. duodenalis .

Background and Aim: Cryptosporidium spp. members of the phylum Apicomplexa are obligate protozoan parasites capable of infecting various vertebrate hosts, including rodents and chickens. Infection caused by these parasites may lead to zoonotic diseases in humans. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in rodents and domestic chickens sampled in Franceville, Gabon., Materials and Methods: Two hundred and eighty-five samples were collected, of which 185 samples were from rodents and 100 from domestic chickens. Microscopy after modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining and nested polymerase chain reaction targeting the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene were used to examine Cryptosporidium spp., Results: The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium oocysts was 55.8%, with a prevalence of 72.4% in rodents and 25.0% in domestic chickens. Molecular analysis showed that Cryptosporidium spp. were present in 4.0% of the samples. No significant correlation was observed between Cryptosporidium spp. carriage and sex or location in this study. These results indicate that Cryptosporidium spp. persist and circulate in the studied animal species in Franceville, Gabon., Conclusion: Infection with Cryptosporidium is very common in rodents and chickens in Franceville. The potential risk of human contamination cannot be ruled out. More research should be conducted to characterize Cryptosporidium species circulating in rodents and chickens in Gabon. Such studies are essential to better understand the epidemiology of this protozoan and its potential impact on public health., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright: © Makouloutou-Nzassi, et al.)

Objective: Parasitic gastroenteritis continues to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the frequency of Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis and Cryptosporidium spp species in diarrhea samples taken from children. Methods: Between August 2018 and January 2019, 400 stool samples of children suffering from gastroenteritis were examined for important intestinal protozoa agents by both direct examination (Native & Lugol iodine) and antigen detection tests. Results: It was determined that G. intestinalis was the most common pathogen (13%). This was followed by Cryptosporidium spp (7.75), E. histolytica (4.00%), T. hominis (1.00%). The common complaint in children in this study was diarrhea. Conclusion: E. histolytica, G. intestinalis and Cryptosporidium spp were identified as important pathogens commonly seen in Erzurum. Adequate hygienic measures should be taken to reduce the frequency of enteric pathogens. Immunological and molecular tests should be done for a better interpretation of the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lab-scale studies were carried out to investigate the efficiency of dissolved air flotation (DAF) for the removal of Giardia spp. cysts and Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts from anaerobic effluent from the pilot UASB reactor. Raw wastewater, UASB and DAF effluent samples were collected weekly and protozoan (oo)cysts were concentrated using IMS followed by protozoa detection using immunofluorescense assay (IFA). The number of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in the raw wastewater was always lower than that of Giardia spp. cysts with 28–33 oocysts L−1 and 3177–4267 cysts L−1, respectively. Log10 removal of Giardia cysts utilising polyaluminium chloride (PACl) was higher than that with FeCl3, but no statistically significant difference between the two coagulants was observed. Cryptosporidium was absent in most of the treated effluent samples. The results indicate that DAF reached more than 2 log of cyst removal. In addition, the results demonstrated that these parasites are prevalent in the study area and E. coli and total coliforms were not good indicator microorganisms in terms of cyst and oocysts numbers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Occurrence of cryptosporidiosis has been associated with weather conditions in many settings internationally. We explored statistical clusters of human cryptosporidiosis and their relationship with severe weather events in New Zealand (NZ). Notified cases of cryptosporidiosis from 1997 to 2015 were obtained from the national surveillance system. Retrospective space-time permutation was used to identify statistical clusters. Cluster data were compared to severe weather events in a national database. SaTScan analysis detected 38 statistically significant cryptosporidiosis clusters. Around a third (34.2%, 13/38) of these clusters showed temporal and spatial alignment with severe weather events. Of these, nearly half (46.2%, 6/13) occurred in the spring. Only five (38%, 5/13) of these clusters corresponded to a previously reported cryptosporidiosis outbreak. This study provides additional evidence that severe weather events may contribute to the development of some cryptosporidiosis clusters. Further research on this association is needed as rainfall intensity is projected to rise in NZ due to climate change. The findings also provide further arguments for upgrading the quality of drinking water sources to minimize contamination with pathogens from runoff from livestock agriculture.

Introduction and objectives. The parasite Cryptosporidium spp. is an intracellular protozoa which has a broad range of hosts and zoonotic potential. It presents a serious health risk for agricultural workers and veterinarians. The aim of the study was to identify the species and subtypes of Cryptosporidium occurring in a veterinary student who came into contact with calves on a farm. Materials and method. The Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique was employed to confirm the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts. ELISA test was applied to detect coproantigen in faecal specimens. Nested PCR was used to amplify a small ribosomal subunit (SSU rRNA) and sequencing of the GP60 gene served to identify the zoonotic subtypes. Results. The nested PCR allowed to confirm the C. parvum species; subsequently, the IIdA15G1 zoonotic subtype was identified. Conclusion. This is the first confirmed case in Slovakia of human cryptosporidiosis caused by the unique subtype IIdA15G1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Veterinary Sciences is the property of Turkiye Klinikleri and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Introduction and Objective. The problem of occupational biohazards is very important, especially in the field of agriculture and in human and veterinary medicine. The aim of the study was to determine the potential sources of infection in veterinary professionals with selected zoonotic agents, including: Toxoplasma gondii, Giardia duodenalis, Leptospira spp., Cryptosporidium spp. and Coxiella burnetii. Materials and Method. A total of 50 air samples from barns, piggeries and veterinary surgeries were examined for the presence of Leptospira spp. and C. burnetii DNA. Serum samples of 86 pigs and 80 cows were tested for the presence of antibodies to Leptospira spp. and to phase I and II C. burnetii antigens. Serum of 70 cats were tested for the presence of antibodies to T. gondii and 65 samples of cat faeces for the presence of T. gondii oocysts. The presence of G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. were examined in 50 of dog faeces and 50 of bovine faeces samples. Results. DNA of Leptospira spp. was detected in 2 air samples from the piggeries (4%). C. burnetii DNA was not found in any sample. Anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies were detected in 51 (59.3%) of examined pigs. Neither anti-Leptospira spp. nor anti-C. burnetii antibodies were found among samples of bovine serum. Anti-T. gondii antibodies was found in 52 cat serum samples (74.3%). Among samples of cat faeces, no T. gondii oocysts were detected. In one sample of cattle stool (2%), G. duodenalis was detected and in another (2%) – Cryptosporidium spp. G. duodenalis was detected in 7 samples (14%) and Cryptosporidium spp. in 2 samples (2%) of dog faeces. Conclusions. The results of this study demonstrate the potential risk of infection with Leptospira spp. in veterinarians working with pigs. Veterinarians could be also be at risk of infection with T. gondii and G. duodenalis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de Cryptosporidium spp. y Giardia spp. en heces de terneros de 0-4 meses de edad, como factor contaminante de los recursos hídricos de uso de la población humana de 2-6 años de edad, en el cantón San Fernando, provincia del Azuay. Metodología: Es un estudio epidemiológico de corte transversal-descriptivo, realizado durante el período septiembre del 2013 a abril del 2014. Se utilizó una muestra de 120 terneros de 0 a 4 meses de edad, que de acuerdo a los datos de AGROCALIDAD es la totalidad de terneros del cantón; 42 niños de 2 a 6 años de edad con problemas digestivos en su visita al centro de salud y 40 litros de agua obtenida de la zona de captación en el sector del Hato de la Virgen. En terneros y niños se utilizó materia fecal que fue tratada para realizar la coloración de Ziehl-Neelsen para Cryptosporidium spp. y la técnica de Ritchie para Giardia spp. En el agua se determinó la cantidad de quistes y ooquistes /100 ml por el método EPA 1623. Los niños fueron discriminados para el estudio según el origen (rural o urbano). Se aplicó una estadística descriptiva con la ayuda del software SPSS versión 22. Resultados: Se determinó que en terneros existe una prevalencia del 93.3% de Cryptosporidium spp., (112 casos positivos) y de 76.7% de Giardia spp. (92 casos positivos). En agua, se determinó la presencia de 5 ooquistes de Cryptosporidium spp./100 ml y 10 quistes de Giardia spp./100 ml. La prevalencia de Cryptosporidium spp. en los niños alcanzó una media del 14.3%, mientras que la de Giardia spp. fue del 33.3%. Conclusiones: El estudio demostró una alta prevalencia de Cryptosporidium spp. y Giardia spp. en los terneros, quienes serían en buena medida los responsables de la alta concentración en agua y de la alta prevalencia en niños con problemas digestivos en el cantón San Fernando.

Background: The protozoan Giardia and Cryptosporidium are responsible for most water-borne diseases all over the world. The extent and number of outbreaks of waterborne diseases suggests a significant risk of their potential transmission via drinking water. This study aimed to document the prevalence and viability of Giardia and Cryptosporidium (oo) cysts in tap water samples in Beni-Suef Governorate, Egypt and to detect the predominant Giardia and Cryptosporidium assemblages/species using nested PCR/ Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) confirmed by further sequencing of positive samples. Methods: A total of 80 tap water samples were collected throughout a year from four big centers and filtered using the membrane filtration method. Samples were stained by Lugol’s iodine, Modified Zeihl-Neelsen (MZN) (to detect prevalence) and trypan blue stain (to detect viability). Nested PCR-RFLP and sequencing were used for molecular characterizations and genotyping of the detected Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Results: Giardia and Cryptosporidium DNA was detected in 20 (25%) and 29 (36.3%) samples respectively, with predominance of Giardia assemblage B (85%) and C. hominis (75.9%). The prevalence and viability of both parasites (oo) cysts showed seasonality which peaked in summer and were greater in Beba center and in rural areas. Conclusion: To our knowledge, no studies have been done in these areas before. The anthroponotic transmission has an important role in giardiasis and crypto­sporidiosis epidemiology in this studied area.

Cryptosporidium is a leading cause of diarrheal mortality in children in Africa and Asia. Despite the public health significance of this parasite, its molecular epidemiology and circulation in Guinea remain poorly understood. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence and genotype distribution of Cryptosporidium in the Guinean general population. To achieve this, fecal samples were collected from 834 individuals, both with and without digestive disorders, at two hospitals in Conakry. The presence of the parasite in the stool samples was detected using nested PCR targeting the SSU rDNA gene, followed by sequencing of the PCR products for genotyping of the isolates. The PCR-based prevalence was 0.12% for the whole cohort, and 0.2% among adults. The low frequency of Cryptosporidium observed in the current study is thus consistent with the prevalence of this parasite already reported in certain other African countries. The species identified in the positive samples was Cryptosporidium hominis. This study is the first to report the prevalence of Cryptosporidium in the general population of Guinea. Given the potential of this parasite to cause life-threatening diarrhea, further studies are needed to clarify the epidemiology of Cryptosporidium in this country., (© T. Guilavogui et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2024.)

In August and September 2023, an unusually high number of cryptosporidiosis cases identified by routine German surveillance had travelled to Croatia (n = 23). Nine cases had stayed in the same camping resort and seven further cases had stayed at other camping sites within 15 km. Based on our standardised questionnaires, the most likely source of infection was swimming pools (93%). Further environmental investigations on site might reveal potential common sources of contamination that could be targeted by control measures.

Cryptosporidiosis is one of the most important causes of gastroenteritis in the world, especially in low- and middle-income countries. It is caused by the Apicomplexan parasite Cryptosporidium spp., and mainly affects children and immunocompromised people, in whom it can pose a serious threat to their health, or even be life threatening. In Honduras, there are no data on parasite species or on molecular diversity or Cryptosporidium subtypes. Therefore, a cross-sectional study was conducted between September 2019 and March 2020 for the molecular identification of Cryptosporidium spp. in 102 patients living with HIV who attended a national hospital in Tegucigalpa. Stool samples were analyzed by direct microscopy, acid-fast stained smears, and a rapid lateral flow immunochromatographic test. All samples that tested positive were molecularly analyzed to identify the species and subtype of the parasite using three different markers: gp60, cowp, and 18Sr. PCR products were also sequenced. Four out of 102 samples (3.92%) were positive for Cryptosporidiumparvum, and all were assigned to subtype IIa. These findings suggest a possible zoonotic transmission in this population.

Objective: It was aimed to determine Cryptosporidium spp., which is thought to cause digestive system complaints in primary school children, by Modified Acid-Fast (MAF) staining method and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Method: One hundred sixty-four stool samples taken from children were examined under light microscopy with MAF. Positive samples were fixed in 10% formalin and stored at + 4 °C until analysis. These samples were then purified using the Sucrose Gradient method and, DNA isolation was performed using the modified QIAamp DNA Mini Kit (Qiagen) protocol. In order to increase the sensitivity of the study, the SSU rRNA gene region was amplified by PCR method. Results: Microscopic examination showed that 89 of the 164 stool samples (54,26%) were found to be positive for Cryptosporidium spp.oocysts. Eightynine samples which were found to be positive by microscopic examination and fixed in %10 formalin were studied by PCR, and 74 (45,12%) of them were positive. Conclusions: Cryptosporidiosis, which is known to cause severe infections, especially in immunocompromised individuals and children, is transmitted by the fecal-oral route from infected humans and animals, and contaminated water and nutrients. Cryptosporidiosis, which is the result of fecal pollution, causes a great risk for human health even with a low number of oocysts due to the fact that oocysts are resistant to chlorine and they can survive for a long time in the outer environment. It was observed that primary school children living in the area of the study were under risk for cryptosporidiosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cat is a reported reservoir for several zoonotic pathogens, including Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Blastocystis sp. These parasites represent a significant, but often neglected, threat to humans and animals. Furthermore, Tritrichomonas foetus has been described inhabiting the digestive tract of cats, and may be causative agents of gastrointestinal symptoms. However, scant data are available concerning the molecular epidemiology of these parasites in domestic cats in China. This study examined fecal samples from domestic cats in Eastern China to unravel the molecular epidemiology of four protozoans. Of the 346 samples examined, 47 (13.6%) were positive for the detected pathogens, including 8 (2.3%), 5 (1.4%), 2 (0.6%), and 35 (10.1%) samples positive for Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, Blastocystis sp., and T. foetus, respectively. Co-infection with Cryptosporidium spp. and T. foetus was detected in three cats, no other mixed infections were observed. No age, sex or fecal condition predisposition was observed with any of the four pathogens. The species/assemblages/subtypes/genotypes were C. felis, Assemblage A and F, ST1, and cat genotype for Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, Blastocystis sp., and T. foetus detected in this study, respectively. The presence of zoonotic species/assemblages/subtypes/genotypes poses a threat to public health. These findings provide useful information for the design of prevention and control strategies to reduce the burden of protozoal infections in cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Biomédica: Revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud is the property of Instituto Nacional de Salud of Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction In this study we examined 200 faecal samples from pigs and calves with suspected cryptosporidiosis were examined by the PCR methods: nested PCR for amplification of SSU region; nested PCR for amplification of GP60 region; and with restriction analysis of DNA (PCR-RFLP). The sequencing identified the following species: Cryptosporidium muris (2), Cryptosporidium andersoni (1), Cryptosporidium bovis (4), Cryptosporidium suis (2), Cryptosporidium scrofarum (10), mixed infection caused by C. scrofarum and C. muris (1),and Cryptosporidium parvum (10) genotype A subtype IIaA17G2R1. Results and conclusions The findings suggest that livestock can be an important source of zoonotic species or genotypes of Cryptosporidium , which may adversely affect the public health of human populations. This is the first time in our country that the Cryptosporidium species has been identified in livestock in Slovakia. The identification and genotyping of this pathogen in Slovakia, completes the epidemiological situation in Europe for Cryptosporidum species.

Background: Diarrheal disease annually causes 760000 deaths in children, and 1700 million new cases are reported each year worldwide. Among the parasites, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis, and Cryptosporidium spp. are the most important infectious agents leading to diarrhea. Clinical presentations due to these parasites are more or less similar, and microscopy is not as much as sensitive for the detection. The aim of this study was to set up and evaluate a Multiplex PCR Assay for Synchronous Identification of Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis, and Cryptosporidium spp. in Stool Samples Methods: Samples were obtained from different sources such as culture media and patient stool samples. Primer pairs were designed using primer-BLAST, and for the extraction of DNA, the QIAamp DNA stool mini kit was used. The study was conducted in Tehran, Iran and completed in 2016. Results: The current multiplex PCR assay for the detection of E. histolytica achieved sensitivity and specificity of 86.36% (95% CI: 65.09% to 97.09) and 95.74 % (95% CI: 85.46% to 99.48%), respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of the test for G. intestinalis was 90.91% (95% CI: 70.84% to 98.88%) and 95.74% (95%CI: 85.46% to 99.48%), respectively, and for the detection of Cryptosporidium, multiplex PCR showed a sensitivity of 90.91% (95% CI: 70.84% to 98.88%) and specificity of 95.74% (95%CI: 85.46% to 99.48%). Conclusion: Multiplex PCR in this study showed admissible sensitivity and specificity for the detection of E. histolytica, G. intestinalis, and Cryptosporidium spp. in fecal samples.

The risk of exposure to zoonotic factors among veterinarians comprises still underestimated problem. Many etiological factors of infectious diseases are so far poorly known, including the way of their transmission from environment to humans and their impact for health. The main aim of the study was to determine the risk of two selected zoonosis infections caused by Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. among occupational group of veterinarians in Poland. Two hundred ninety seven samples of stool were tested for the presence of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts using Direct Fluorescent Assay (DFA). There were no positive results for Cryptosporidium . The presence of Giardia cysts was found in two samples of faeces (0.67%), confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. The risk with regard to the parasites Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. seems to be low among the group of veterinarians.

INTRODUCTION: Transmission of pathogenic protozoa and helminths by water is a serious public health problem. In this study, we analyzed the presence of these organisms in the Beberibe River in Pernambuco, Brazil. METHODS: Parasite analysis was performed using the Hoffman, Pons, & Janer method followed by centrifugation and preparation of slides by staining with acetic acid and Lugol's solution. Protozoan oocysts were isolated by the modified Ziehl Neelsen method. RESULTS: Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia spp. and other parasites were found in the Beberibe River. CONCLUSIONS: Sanitation companies must assess pathogenic intestinal parasites in water basins providing public water and subsequently develop improved treatment systems for removal of such parasites.

Copyright of Veterinaria is the property of University of Sarajevo, Veterinary Faculty and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Veterinaria is the property of University of Sarajevo, Veterinary Faculty and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)