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En educación se presenta una amplia reflexión frente a estrategias didácticas que posibiliten procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje en el aula; lo que resulta crucial frente a discursos en la educación colombiana como lo es la ´cultura de paz´, un tema complejo. Por tanto, el cine se presenta como alternativa que permite construir un ambiente para el aprendizaje y la enseñanza. Por estas razones se realizó una reflexión con base en literatura que aborda al constructo de paz y su relación con los discursos de ´enseñanza para la cultura de paz´, así como la idea del cine como alternativa educativa. Para el desarrollo metodológico con el fin de presentar una reflexión argumentada fue realizada una búsqueda de material bibliográfico, especialmente artículos publicados que abordaran investigaciones relacionadas con: ´paz´, ´cultura de paz´, ´cine y educación´. Como resultado se pudo inferir que a partir de la lectura y análisis de los documentos hallados se logró argumentar la idea del cine como una valiosa herramienta pedagógica que moviliza procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje favorables en el aula, por lo tanto, el cine es un recurso que posibilita la enseñanza y el fomento de la construcción de cultura de paz.

Introducción: el QOL-DYS es un cuestionario de autorreporte que mide la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en individuos con disartria. Se en­cuentra disponible en italiano, inglés norteamericano y portugués europeo, y no se dispone de una versión para el español de Chile que documente evidencias de validez de contenido. Objetivo: determinar la validez de contenido del instrumento QOL-DYS, traducido y adaptado transculturalmente, para su uso en usuarios chilenos con disartria. Métodos: estudio de carácter instrumental. Se realiza una traducción y adaptación transcultural del cuestionario mediante el procedimiento traducción-retrotraducción y se modifican los ítems en base a la población objetivo. Luego, se analiza la calidad formal, pertinencia y relevancia de los 40 enunciados del QOL-DYS mediante juicio de expertos. Resultados: la totalidad de los enunciados presenta una frecuencia relativa igual o superior al 62,5% al analizar conjuntamente los niveles De acuerdo y Totalmente de acuerdo en la valoración por los expertos de la calidad formal, pertinencia y relevancia. Conclusiones: se documenta una versión del QOL- DYS traducido y adaptado para usuarios chilenos con disartria, con evidencias de validez de contenido. Este estudio pretende promover la evaluación de la calidad de vida en usuarios con disartria y propiciar estudios instrumentales en Fonoaudiología.

PurposeThis paper aims to explore the position of women in the communication management sector in Spain from their own experiences. The study examines female communication and leadership styles, emphasising the cost of leadership in which they are leaders or led.Design/methodology/approachThis study used a qualitative methodology based on in-depth interviews with 22 women actively working in top companies and agencies: female communication directors, female employees with a female leader and female employees with a male leader. Data were analysed through thematic analysis.FindingsResults show mixed communication and leadership styles. In addition, the high level of self-demand of female communication managers stands out, making it challenging to achieve a work-life balance and the implementation of successful role models.Social implicationsExploring the factors of female leadership remains necessary to understand and make their situation in various industries and positions visible. It also helps remove barriers to leadership, guide organisations in addressing gender discrimination issues and develop mechanisms for the internal promotion of female professionals.Originality/valueTo the best of authors' knowledge, this is the first study exploring the leadership and communication styles of women in the Spanish Public Relations (PR) and communication management industries. It also highlights the aspects influencing the cost of leadership.

Resumen Objetivo Describir la experiencia clinica con dalbavancina en el tratamiento de la infeccion de pie diabetico en una unidad multidisciplinar de un hospital de segundo nivel. Metodos Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de pacientes con infeccion de pie diabetico tratados con dalbavancina en la Unidad de Pie Diabetico del Hospital Universitario Fundacion Alcorcon de septiembre de 2016 a diciembre de 2019. Se recogieron parametros demograficos y comorbilidades, caracteristicas de la infeccion y del tratamiento con dalbavancina. Se estimo la tasa de curacion a los 90 dias tras finalizar el tratamiento. Resultados Un total de 23 pacientes con infeccion de pie diabetico (osteomielitis) fueron tratados con dalbavancina; 19 eran hombres con una edad media de 65 anos. Los microorganismos mas frecuentemente aislados fueron Staphylococcus aureus (11) y Corynebacterium striatum (7). En 22 casos se uso dalbavancina como terapia de segunda eleccion, en 11 debido a toxicidad de otros antibioticos. La mediana de duracion del tratamiento fue de 5 (4-7) semanas; la dosis mas frecuente de dalbavancina (8 pacientes) fue de 1.000 mg seguido de 500 mg semanales durante 5 semanas. Tres pacientes presentaron efectos secundarios leves (nauseas y molestias gastrointestinales). A los 90 dias de finalizar el tratamiento, el 87% (20) de los pacientes se curaron (IC95%: 65,2-94,52%). Conclusion Los pacientes con osteomielitis por microorganismos grampositivos que recibieron como parte del tratamiento multidisciplinar antibioterapia con dalbavancina tuvieron una elevada tasa de curacion, con una adecuada tolerancia y escasos efectos secundarios. Dalbavancina ofrece una alternativa segura en el tratamiento de la infeccion profunda de pie diabetico.

To describe the clinical experience with dalbavancin in the treatment of diabetic foot infection in a multidisciplinary unit of a second level hospital.A retrospective, descriptive study was made with all patients with diabetic foot infection treated with dalbavancin in the Diabetic Foot Unit of Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, covering the period from September 2016 to December 2019. Demographic parameters and comorbidities, characteristics of the infection and treatment with dalbavancin were recorded. The cure rate is estimated at 90 days after finishing the treatment.A total of 23 patients with diabetic foot infection (osteomyelitis) started treatment with dalbavancin, 19 were men and the mean age was 65 years. The microorganisms most frequently isolated for the indication of treatment with dalbavancin were Staphylococcus aureus (11) and Corynebacterium striatum (7). Dalbavancin was used as a second choice therapy in 22 cases, in 11 due to toxicity from other antibiotics. The median duration of treatment was 5 (4-7) weeks; the most frequent dose of dalbavancin (8 patients) was 1000 mg followed by 500 mg weekly for 5 weeks. 3 patients presented mild side effects (nausea and gastrointestinal discomfort). At 90 days after completion of dalbavancin therapy, 87% (20) of the patients were cured (95% CI: 65.2%-94.52%).Patients with osteomyelitis due to gram-positive microorganisms who received as part of the multidisciplinary antibiotic treatment with dalbavancin, had a high rate of cure with adequate tolerance and few side effects. Dalbavancin offers a safe alternative in treating deep diabetic foot infection.

PurposeGovernments around the world have shown poor capabilities in responding effectively to the COVID-19 health emergency outbreaks. After the declaration of COVID-19 as an international pandemic by the World Health Organization on January 31, 2020, three countries experienced the greatest initial impact in Europe. Sequentially Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom (UK) were hit by the highest numbers of contagion and death in the first few months in Europe. The aim of this paper is to assess how information channels and sources influenced the public’s evaluation of the three government’s communication response strategies.Design/methodology/approachAn online survey was conducted between March 14 and April 14, 2020, during the first wave of lockdowns and declarations of States of Emergency in the three countries.FindingsFindings show particularities for the different countries, but also similarities in response and reactions of the public in the three scenarios. The response strategy of the UK Government was the most untrusted and criticized by citizens. In contrast, the Italian and Spanish Governments, which both chose to respond with the severest restrictions, attracted more support from citizens, especially in Italy, which was the first to close borders and impose lockdowns for the population.Research limitations/implicationsDespite the national differences in the preference of information channels and sources, overall, an empirical relationship between government communication assessment and media use were found in all the scenarios.Practical implicationsThis empirical study has theoretical and practical implications. Theoretically, findings will add evidence of implications of the Channel Complementary Theory to the field of risk, crisis and emergency communication. The results also provide insights for communication practitioners in the public sector on how forms of information and trust in sources influence the public’s assessment of authorities’ communication.Originality/valueImplications for theory and empirical research about communication during a health pandemic are identified and discussed.HighlightsCitizens engage at a high level and synchronize their use of multiple media and platforms in all the three national scenarios.Stronger criticism is provided by online media, especially social media and online press in the different national contexts.Results corroborate that factors related to media choice need to be operationalized for risk and crisis communication research.When public health depends on people understanding the actions they need to take, the possibility of disobedience is highly dependent on trust.Compared with Spain and the United Kingdom (UK), trust in government institutions in Italy was stronger and could be explained by the higher use of owned media for information-seeking.

As the Millennial generation becomes the largest generation of the global workforce, it is vital that organizations understand Millennials’ work values, motivational factors, and expectations to adjust existing employee retention techniques that may not suit this generation. The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the major factors that affect employee retention among Latin American Millennials working in the public relations industry. Additionally, we examine generational differences in work attitudes across three generations, with an emphasis on the nature of the similarities and differences of Millennials when compared to prior generations. Findings show a highly significant positive relationship among job satisfaction, trust in the organization, job engagement, excellent leader performance, and supportive organizational culture and Latin American Millennial turnover intentions. Compared to Boomers and Gen-Xers, Millennials reported lower levels of overall job satisfaction, work engagement, and organizational trust.

Using households' balance-sheet composition in the Panel Survey of Income Dynamics, we identify six household types. Since 1999, there has been a decline in the share of patient households and an increase in the share of impatient households with negative wealth. Using a six-agent New Keynesian model with search and matching frictions, we explore how changes in households' shares affect the transmission of government spending shocks. We show that the relative share of households in the left tail of the wealth distribution plays a key role in the aggregate marginal propensity to consume, the magnitude of fiscal multipliers, and the distributional consequences of government spending shocks. While the output and consumption multipliers are positively correlated with the share of households with negative wealth, the size of the employment multiplier is negatively correlated. Moreover, our calibrated model can deliver jobless fiscal expansions.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo identificar las violencias que sufren las mujeres porteadoras en las fronteras entre España y Marruecos. Desde 2015, la situación de las mujeres porteadoras se fue agravando debido a una multiplicidad de factores estructurales a las fronteras. Producto de estas circunstancias se iniciaron cambios en el circuito del porteo que llevaron a la apertura en un nuevo paso fronterizo en Ceuta especializado en mercancía y una precarización extrema de las condiciones laborales y de seguridad de las porteadoras. Desde 2016 han muerto, al menos, 8 mujeres porteadoras en el desarrollo de su actividad laboral. La metodología ha sido cualitativa. La técnica de producción fue la etnografía y las entrevistas en profundidad. La técnica de análisis de datos ha sido el análisis de discurso.

En Colombia tras el fin de conflicto armado en 2017, se abrió un proceso de paz en el conjunto del país. Sin embargo, paralelamente al conflicto armado entre las FARC y el Estado colombiano, otros conflictos ya estaban, y continúan, estando presentes en zonas del país. Concretamente en el caso de la comunidad Wayúu de la Alta Guajira se enfrentan a retos de paz en cuestiones relativas a los recursos naturales, relación con las administraciones públicas y de salud pública, que ponen en conflicto el respeto a los derechos humanos de esta comunidad. La metodología que se ha seguido en esta investigación ha sido cualitativa, en la que las técnicas de producción de datos han sido la observación participante, las entrevistas en profundidad y el grupo focal; mientras que la técnica de análisis de datos que se ha seguido ha sido el análisis del discurso. Los principales resultados que arroja la investigación versan sobre la necesidad de los Wayúu de impulsar estrategias para alcanzar la paz y el respeto a los derechos humanos en la Alta Guajira.

Standard latent variable analysis in structural state space models decomposes latent variables into contributions of structural shocks (shock decomposition), or into contributions of the observable variables (data decomposition). We propose to link the shock decomposition of the latent variables and the data decomposition of the structural shocks in what we call the double decomposition. This decomposition allows us to better gauge the influence of data on latent variables by taking into account the transmission mechanism of each type of shock. We show the usefulness of the double decomposition by analyzing the role of observable variables in estimating the output gap in two models and by studying the role of news in revisions of the output gap.

O cenário de pandemia tem deflagrado uma realidade social fragilizada no aprofundamento das desigualdades e na reprodução e aumento da violência, especialmente, contra mulheres e meninas. A partir dos dados da Delegacia da Mulher do município de Rio Grande, percebeu-se que, durante a pandemia, até o mês de abril de 2020, a violência aumentou 17,56% e até maio de 2020, foram registradas 666 situações de violência contra mulheres. No ano de 2020, foram mais de 24 mil casos de violência contra mulheres e meninas parte do grupo LGBTQI+ (BORGES, 2020). Em pesquisa realizada pelo DataSenado, em abril de 2020, a partir do Observatório da Mulher, percebeu-se que 78% das mulheres brasileiras que sofrem violência doméstica foram novamente agredidas pelos seus atuais ou pretéritos maridos, companheiros ou namorados. A violência se expressa pela condição de desigualdade que impõe a essas meninas e mulheres. Percebe-se, portanto, que a violência é a via de opressão das mulheres, que se define por um conjunto articulado que molda situações de subordinação, dependência e discriminação nas suas relações com os homens, com o conjunto da sociedade e com o Estado.

El crecimiento acelerado de la población urbana ha desencadenado diversos problemas socioeconómicos y ambientales a nivel mundial. El reto actual es crear ciudades sostenibles “sin dejar a nadie atrás” en el marco de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS), concretamente del ODS 11: “Ciudades y comunidades sostenibles”. En este contexto, se espera que las Smart Cities, “aprovechando los avances tecnológicos de la 4ta Revolución Industrial”, transformen el ecosistema urbano y mejoren la calidad de vida de la ciudadanía y su entorno. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los retos que tiene “Madrid Smart City” para la inclusión de las personas inmigrantes. El mismo se ha trabajado desde un enfoque cualitativo-interpretativo, fundamentado en la revisión documental. La implementación de Madrid Smart City tiene el riesgo de fomentar la desigualdad de los grupos más vulnerables, entre los que se encuentran algunos colectivos de personas inmigrantes. La inclusión de todas las personas en este nuevo modelo de ciudad es fundamental para la cohesión social y la sostenibilidad. Entre los principales retos que tiene Madrid Smart City para la inclusión de las personas inmigrantes está el cerrar brechas en el acceso avanzado a las TIC, a la educación y a la participación ciudadana. post-print 275 KB

This paper considers various ways of using balance sheet policy (BSP) to provide monetary policy stimulus, including the BSPs put in place by the Federal Reserve in the wake of the Global Financial Crisis, the choice between fixed-size and flow-based asset purchase programs, policies targeting interest rate levels rather than the quantity of asset purchases, and programs aimed at increasing more direct lending to households and firms. For each of these BSP options, we evaluate benefits and costs. We conclude by observing that BSPs’ relative effectiveness and thus optimal configuration will depend on the shocks affecting the economy. Consequently, it would be valuable for the Federal Reserve to keep a variety of tools at its disposal and employ the ones that best fit the situation that it faces.

Resumen El presente artículo realiza un breve recorrido histórico en torno a la construcción de las fronteras exteriores de Europa a partir del tratado de Schengen (1985). La progresiva desaparición de las fronteras interiores genera un estiramiento de las fronteras europeas, las cuales se construyen como espacios dinámicos justificando su continua reterritorialización allí donde se fundamenten cómo artefacto para garantizar la seguridad, y consecuentemente entendiendo la migración hacia Europa y dentro de esta como una amenaza. La gestión de las fronteras por la Unión Europea no se vincula a un discurso de odio, si bien en la actualidad sí existe un auge de las fuerzas políticas ultraderechistas en Europa, sino que debe basarse a nivel discursivo en una retórica de seguridad, pero también de humanitarismo. Sin embargo, las fronteras, como afirma Balibar (2003), son la condición absolutamente no democrática -o discriminatoria- de las sociedades democráticas. Abstract This article provides a brief historical overview of the construction of Europe's external borders since the Schengen Agreement (1985). The progressive disappearance of the internal borders generates a stretching of the European borders, which are constructed as dynamic spaces justifying their continuous reterritorialization wherever they are based as an artefact to guarantee security, and consequently understanding migration towards and within Europe as a threat. The management of borders by the European Union is not linked to a discourse of hatred, although there is a rise in extreme right-wing political forces in Europe, but it must be based at the discursive level on a rhetoric of security, but also of humanitarianism. However, borders, as Balibar (2003) states, are the absolutely undemocratic -or discriminatory- condition of democratic societies.

El objetivo de esta investigación es estudiar el discurso de odio por islamofobia en España mediante el análisis de los mensajes de la red social Twitter. En la actualidad, la forma de comunicarnos ha girado hacia una comunicación digital en la que tienen cabida la desinformación y las fake news. Además, todo esto se retroalimenta del enfoque comunicativo de la posverdad donde priman las emociones por encima de los hechos contrastados. La migración y, concretamente, la islamofobia se ve incrementada por acontecimientos puntuales como atentados yihadistas en Europa, y por otros más sistémicos como los niños, niñas y adolescentes migrantes no acompañados en redes sociales. La metodología que se ha seguido en esta investigación es el análisis de contenido por medio de los mensajes de Twitter desde 2012 hasta 2021. Se han analizado más de 7.000 tuits que hacían referencia a hashtag islamófobos, y se han codificado -intercode- teniendo en cuenta las variables relacionadas con la temática. Posteriormente, se ha hecho un análisis estadístico univariante, bivariante y multivariante. Los resultados de la investigación muestran la existencia de un discurso de odio islamófobo en España diferencia en distintas posturas de islamofobia. Discusión: Existen tres perfiles en la sociedad española en relación con la islamofobia, estos son los ambivalentes, los no islamófobos y los islamófobos. Las principales conclusiones de esta investigación muestran la existencia de un discurso de odio centrado en la islamofobia; en el que se diferencian tres perfiles de actitudes ante la islamofobia: favorables, contrarios y ambivalentes. This research aims to study Islamophobic hate speech in Spain by analysing messages on the Twitter social network. The manner in which we currently communicate has shifted towards digital communication, which provides scope for disinformation and fake news. Moreover, all this feeds back into the post-truth communicative approach, where emotions take precedence over verified facts. Migration and, specifically, Islamophobia, have increased due to specific events, such as jihadist attacks in Europe, and by other more systemic events, such as unaccompanied migrant children and adolescents on social networks. The methodology followed here is a content analysis through Twitter messages from 2012 to 2021. More than 7,000 tweets referring to Islamophobic hashtags were analysed and coded -intercoded- considering the variables related to the subject. Subsequently, a univariate, bivariate and multivariate statistical analysis was performed. The results show the existence of an Islamophobic hate discourse in Spain, differentiated into different Islamophobic positions. Discussion: There are three profiles in Spanish society in relation to Islamophobia: the ambivalent, the non-Islamophobic and the Islamophobic. The main conclusions show the existence of a hate discourse centred on Islamophobia, in which three profiles of attitudes towards Islamophobia are differentiated: favourable, opposed, and ambivalent. Enhanced migration measures from a multidimensional perspective (HumMingBird). Proyecto financiado por el programa H2020 (SC6-MIGRATION) de la Union Europea [ref. 870661].

The cytotoxicity of carvacrol- and thymol-functionalised mesoporous silica microparticles (MCM-41) was assessed in the human hepatocarcinoma cell line (HepG2). Cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), lipid peroxidation (LPO) and apoptosis/necrosis analyses were used as endpoints. The results showed that both materials induced cytotoxicity in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, and were more cytotoxic than free essential oil components and bare MCM-41. This effect was caused by cell-particle interactions and not by degradation products released to the culture media, as demonstrated in the extract dilution assays. LDH release was a less sensitive endpoint than the MTT (thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide) assay, which suggests the impairment of the mitochondrial function as the primary cytotoxic mechanism. In vitro tests on specialised cell functions showed that exposure to sublethal concentrations of these materials did not induce ROS formation during 2 h of exposure, but produced LPO and ΔΨm alterations in a concentration-dependent manner when cells were exposed for 24 h. The obtained results generally support the hypothesis that the carvacrol- and thymol-functionalised MCM-41 microparticles induced toxicity in HepG2 cells by an oxidative stress-related mechanism that resulted in apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway.

[EN] Phenolic compounds carvacrol, thymol, eugenol, and vanillin are four of the most thoroughly investigated essential oil components given their relevant biological properties. These compounds are generally considered safe for consumption and have been used in a wide range of food and non-food applications. Significant biological properties, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic, or anti-carcinogenic activity, have been described for these components. They are versatile molecules with wide-ranging potential applications whose use may substantially increase in forthcoming years. However, some in vitro and in vivo studies, and several case reports, have indicated that carvacrol, thymol, and eugenol may have potential toxicological effects. Oxidative stress has been described as the main mechanism underlying their cytotoxic behavior, and mutagenic and genotoxic effects have been occasionally observed. In vivo studies show adverse effects after acute and prolonged carvacrol and thymol exposure in mice, rats, and rabbits, and eugenol has caused pulmonary and renal damage in exposed frogs. In humans, exposure to these three compounds may cause different adverse reactions, including skin irritation, inflammation, ulcer formation, dermatitis, or slow healing. Toxicological vanillin effects have been less reported, although reduced cell viability after exposure to high concentrations has been described. In this context, the possible risks deriving from increased exposure to these components for human health and the environment should be thoroughly revised., The present work was financially supported by the Spanish Government (Project RTI2018-101599-B-C21 (MCUI/AEI/FEDER, EU)), and by a predoctoral program Valithornd (ACIF/2016/139) through the Generalitat Valenciana.

Purpose It is well established that greater resilience buffers the negative effects of adverse events and conditions, allowing the affected individual to recover adequately. Resilience is a core trait for public relations practitioners, due to the challenging and pressure-laden nature of their work. However, as an individual-level trait, this phenomenon remains underexplored in the communication field. The purpose of this paper is to examine the dimensionality and measurement invariance of the 25-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (Connor and Davidson, 2003), evaluate the level of resilience and identify predictors of resilience among Latin American public relations practitioners. Design/methodology/approach A population of 898 public relations professionals from 18 Latin American countries working on different hierarchical levels, both in communication departments and agencies across the region were surveyed. Findings CD-RISC global scorings show direct correlations with age, years of experience, type of organization, hierarchy and social media skills. However, education, salary, gender or working in an excellent, successful and influential communication department were not predictors of resilience. Additionally, results provide supporting evidence that the CD-RISC has good psychometric properties and can be used as a reliable and valid tool to assess resilience among Latin American public relations practitioners. Research limitations/implications As in any study using self-report measures, the results may have been influenced by participants’ acquiescence and need for social desirability. Greater participation is needed from some countries to allow for a more comprehensive comparative analysis. Practical implications Identifying factors that protect against negative outcomes is important for the development of strengths-based approaches that emphasize resilience. Moreover, in predicting the ability to tolerate stress and its negative effects, this study may help in the selection of personnel who will manage tougher job demands. Originality/value Research on the concept of resilience has gained substantial momentum over the past decades and has become a multidisciplinary field of research spanning a variety of theoretical and conceptual positions. However, practitioner resilience has not formally addressed in the public relations research, with the sole exception of the qualitative research conducted by Guo and Anderson in 2018 using a critical incident technique approach. This field provides an intriguing context to study resilience because practitioners are regularly engaged in work that may require the ability to “bounce back” from challenging work.

Este artículo analiza la situación de las mujeres profesionales del ámbito de la gestión de la comunicación y las relaciones públicas en Costa Rica. Centrándonos en aspectos de corte estructural, el objetivo es estudiar la feminización de la profesión en el país, así como la existencia del denominado techo de cristal y de diferencias salariales entre hombres y mujeres. Finalmente, también se analizan los conocimientos de los profesionales costarricenses en cuanto a las nuevas tecnologías relacionadas con el big data. Se ha realizado un análisis estadístico con los datos cuantitativos de profesionales costarricense obtenidos en el proyecto Latin American Communication Monitor (2016-2017). Los resultados dan cuenta de la existencia mayoritaria de mujeres en la profesión, así como de la brecha salarial entre hombres y mujeres, del techo de cristal que limita el acceso de las mujeres a los puestos directivos y de un mayor conocimiento de las tendencias en comunicación por parte de las mujeres.