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International audience; Carbon assessment is beginning to be widely used in research. It is used to quantify the amount of Greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions of an activity and even tend to be part of the indicators that serve to evaluate labs. Databases and tools are available. Methods as well but they have to be adapted to each case, depending on the activities of the organization or company to be studied and the way people in charge want to build their assessment. This article aims at proposing a method for the assessment of GHG emissions of research projects. Being organized around the different activities within a research project, this method takes into account all aspects of the project. It allows a good picture and analysis of GHG emissions linked to a project.

As stricter regulations on air quality are imposed on automotive manufacturers, simulation is playing a more important role in the electric vehicles design and production. Virtual testing helps reduce the costs of assessing vehicle performances and flaws which can be corrected early on, before the real testing is begun. This paper presents the validation, using Simcenter Amesim, of a virtual battery electric vehicle model with real measured data from the real Renault Zoe vehicle on track. The validated models give confidence in future reuse for other virtual testing scenarios, allowing to perform the tests in the digital domain, early in the development cycle, without the need of expensive and time-consuming real testing platforms.

This paper describes the structural behavior of a permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM), used to propel a light electric vehicle, namely an electric scooter. The motor’s topology is with outer rotor (in-wheel motor). Since the rotor and the stator iron cores are under electromagnetic force influence, both parts have their own influence on the overall behavior of the PMSM, and for this reason, here they will be separately analyzed. This analysis is carried out in order to observe the mode shapes of the PMSMS, involved by radial forces. These mode shapes represent, in part, the image of the vibration and noise produced by the PMSM. The analysis is carried out by using LMS Virtual.Lab software; with this tool, based on appropriate discretization, one can investigate, on a larger frequency range, the mode shapes of the PMSM’ structure. Next, the experimental mode shapes are experimentally evaluated by performing the so-called impact testing. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results depicts the consistency of the research and indicates the behavior of the studied structure in specific operating conditions.

International audience; The automotive industry is shifting to mass production of electrified vehicles. Simulation is a key step for developing these new vehicles. System simulation tools as Simcenter Amesim includes ready-to-use multi-physics libraries in that perspective. A new library is being created based on the Energetic Macroscopic Representation formalism to speed-up the battery electric vehicles (BEV) development process. The paper presents the BEV multi-level simulation where the simulations were done using 3 different levels for the battery models. By using “plug & play” method different BEV model configurations can be built in a fast, precise and systematic way.

The public transport authorities in the cities have a great interest regarding the use of the means of transport with the lowest possible gas emissions. Electrification of the transport sector is one solution. Electric vehicles virtual developments occurs with the extend of the mobility technology and the needs for testing different configurations and energy management strategies. Using the model-based design method, an urban electric minibus model with advanced functional characteristics is defined. The software package Simcenter Amesim is used in the simulation processes based on the Model in the Loop philosophy. After describing all subsystem and their physics, their interaction will be highlighted at first and then analyzed to reach first conclusions in term of energy balance within the urban electric minibus.

International audience; The PANDA project is a Research Innovation Action from the European H2020 programme. PANDA will enable the automotive industry to speed up design and testing of innovative electrified vehicles. In the PANDA project, multi-scale and multi-domain simulation packages are developed to interconnect all components of electrified vehicles. The EMR (Energetic Macroscopic Representation) formalism is used to unify the model organization. Moreover, all the models will be shared in a cloud for both stand-alone simulation and cloud computing. On the contrary to existing solutions which are based on a structural philosophy, PANDA is focused on functional-based approach. First results are provided to compare both approaches for the simulation of an electric vehicle. The EMR-based functional library leads to a reduced computation time of 15% in comparison with a structural-based simulation. This results confirms the ability of the PANDA solution for real-time simulation in particular for Hardware-In-the-Loop testing.

This paper presents a new optimization approach, based on a hybrid algorithm, used for the design of a new high-speed permanent magnet synchronous machine (HS-PMSM). The HS-PMSM is used for the electromagnetic propulsion system (i.e., the machine will be connected to a magnetic gear) of an electric vehicle. The hybrid optimization algorithm combines two differential evolution methods and a memory mechanism, in order to increase the quality of the algorithm. The evolution of the rotor structure of the HS-PMSM (running at 22 000 r/min) is presented, as well as some aspects of the mechanical risks due to centrifugal forces. The best suited variant will be optimized based on the new optimization approach and the solution will be numerically and experimentally validated.

Driving simulators are providing the user realistic feedback regarding the required visual, auditory, haptic and kinesthetic information. The most common way of imposing the motion of the driving simulator is by the 6 degrees of freedom (DOF) Stewart hexapod platform. The actuation of the platform is performed through a mechatronic device, composed by a synchronous motor, belt drive, and a screw-ball mechanism. The simulation of the driving simulator’s actuation has to validate the motion platform characteristics. Combining different software packages and taking advantage of the strength of each of them, a collaborative co-simulation environment is opening the doors for powerful virtual prototyping and testing tools. In this paper, the co-simulation environment is using three powerful simulation software packages (Simcenter Amesim, Simcenter 3D Motion and Matlab/Simulink). In this environment were established the electromechanical model of the actuators, the dynamical model of the motion platform and the control module of the permanent magnet synchronous motors. The result of the co-simulation is confirming that the imposed motion of the platform can be achieved on the driving simulator. The motion of the platform was checked with an optical tracking device by attaching a reflective marker on the platform and recording its movement.

European Union (EU)Horizon 2020; International audience; The development of electric vehicles has been spectacular over the last 20 years, so the automotive industry has started to shift mass production of electrified vehicles. However, new electrified vehicles are required to face the needs of the users. Simulation is a key step for development of new vehicle. Organization tools, such as Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR), have therefore been developed to improve and speed-up the development of virtual electric vehicle models. The paper presents a comparison between functional and a structural representation on EV simulation under Simcenter Amesim. This paper studies the impact of the two representations on the simulation results and time. For this purpose, an EMR library for the Simcenter Amesim simulation tool has been developed.

In this paper, two main objectives were pursued: validate a battery model through measured data and simulate an electric vehicle using the confirmed battery model. The experimental results obtained in the test of the Renault ZOE electric car have been used. The test consisted in achieving a required speed profile, being navigated 83 km in a 6267 seconds driving cycle. We considered two battery models: quasi-static and dynamic. The electric vehicle model is powered by the validated-by-measurements battery dynamic model. Considering the speed profile as input for both simulations, battery and vehicle, the simulation results are compared with the test results. Appropriate models have been developed to ensure a good correlation with experimental results. This study represents a foundation for future researches about the development of the virtual car model using converter and more complex electric motor models.

This paper describes first, a structural behavior of a permanent magnet synchronous machine, with inversed structure Above its topology it is placed a magnetic gear which has the role to increase the speed of the machine. The main purpose of this structure is to offer the possibility to obtain different levels of torque and speed from the two available rotors. In this paper is presented the vibro-acoustic behavior of the studied structure. It is known that the cause for the noise in a machine is due to the vibrations produced mainly by the radial forces within the structure. Because of the complexity of the structure, the main parts are studied individually to observe the level of noise produced of each one of them, separately. The comparison between numerical results of noise and vibration made for the two stators and two rotors represent the consistency of the paper.

Driving simulators are systems able to produce a virtual driving environment, resembling real driving conditions, in order to increase the comfort and safety of future cars. The required motion trajectory of the driving simulator can be generated with a parallel robot (Stewart platform), capable of moving with 6 degree of freedom. The paper presents the main physical parameters of the components (synchronous motor, screw-ball mechanism) and a multiphysical dynamic analysis of the Stewart platform in order to evaluate the movements which have to be simulated by the motion system of a driving simulator. The developed model is confirming that the six synchronous motors with permanent magnet, which are actuating the moving platform through belt drive and screw-ball mechanisms, are able to precisely place in location and orientation the motion platform and are providing the required accelerations.

The main purpose of this study is to analyze the contact stresses at the interface between the piston-balls and the swash plate of the axial hydrostatic motor, for two constructive solutions. Contact problems are highly nonlinear and required significant resources to solve. In this study, three-dimensional elastic-plastic stress analysis of sliding contact is conducted on 3D piston-swash plate model. The contact pressure distributions are calculated using elastic Hertz theory and finite element method for two constructive solutions. For every solution it was analyzed the influence of the geometric dimensions of the parts in contact.

This paper describes a structural behavior of a permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM), used to propel an in-wheel motor, namely an electric scooter. Since the rotor and the stator core are under electromagnetic force influence, both parts of the machine are separately analyzed. This analysis is carried out in order to observe the mode shapes of the PMSMS, produced by radial forces. These mode shapes represent, in part, the image of the vibration and noise produced by the PMSM — which is the authors' intention to evaluate finally. The analysis is carried out, firstly, by using LMS Virtual. Lab software; here, based on an appropriate discretization one can investigate, on a larger frequency range, the mode shapes of the structure. Next, the experimental mode shapes are evaluated by performing the so called impact testing. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results depicts the consistency of the work.

The intent of this paper is to present a multi-domain and structural study of a hydraulic hybrid machine. The evaluation of different solutions is based on simulation approach, using LMS Imagine.Lab (Amesim) and Ansys Workbench software packages. Amesim provides a 1D simulation suite to model and analyze multi-domain intelligent systems, to predict their multi-disciplinary performance and Ansys Workbench Durability tool performs the high cycle fatigue life calculation. The multi-domain analyses are made for different constructive solutions at different drive ratio. The comprehensive fatigue calculations and results enable engineers to evaluate the main shaft design of the hydraulic motor in order to avoid failures under real world conditions. Some recommendations are made regarding possible solutions.

Initial evaluation of design options based on a multi-physics accurate modelling simulation is a fundamental part of the design process. A specific challenge is the full vehicle integration of the components and sub-system solutions. This paper presents the simulation of the control of a high speed electrical machine, designed to power an electric vehicle. The motor controller model is built in Simulink, while the electric vehicle models (driving cycle, battery, inverter, motor, gear etc.) are built in AMESim. The co-simulation approach represents a preliminary step of the hardware-in-the-loop test for the motorization of an electric vehicle.

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a statistical procedure that uses an orthogonal transformation to convert a set of observations of possibly correlated variables into a set of values of linearly uncorrelated variables called principal components. The PCA method enables to reduce the study of a complex noise and vibration problem, with multiple partially correlated references, to the study of independent, uncorrelated problems. This paper describes systematic processes for road noise improvement along with measurement and analysis process. The noise sources are identified by using a source decomposition method. In the next step the main noise paths are identified by using a transfer path analysis method (TPA). Based on obtained results, the design modification of body panels is suggested for road noise reduction by using a panel contribution analysis. Finally the method will be applied to road noise reduction process for a new vehicle.

The paper deals with the evaluation of an electric propulsion system for light electric vehicles. The evaluation is based on simulation approach, using Amesim software package. This provides a 1D simulation suite to model and analyze multi-domain intelligent systems, and to predict their multi-disciplinary performance. The electric vehicle is propelled by a highly efficient and very light high-speed motor. In order to evaluate the performances with respect to the energy consumption on board, it is possible to study the electric powertrain dynamic behaviour and refine the performance and consumption analysis with additional interactions between components. The overall performances of the high speed propulsion system are evaluated on the European driving cycle and presented in this paper.

The objective of the presented research work is the demonstration of the working principle as energy efficient and environmental friendly, low cost vehicle propulsion system of the free piston Stirling principle coupled with the alternant hydraulic transmission in order to use the alternant displacement of the Stirling principle, also to the hydraulic transmission and convert the alternant movement of the liquid using a free wheel based hydraulic motor. The design methodology considers the advantages of efficiency, noise and low emissions of Stirling principle, that can be further improved by a free piston solution and the advantages of a direct alternant energy transfer to the liquid column that is converted in a free wheel based hydraulic motor. An analytical and 1D multi-domain model is used in order to demonstrate the running principle, performance and parameter influences that allow the simulation of the combined Stirling principle with alternant hydraulic transmission integrated on a vehicle. For the heat transfer and flow simulation of the Stirling prime mover, 3D CFD software is used to simulated the temperature distribution. Experimentally the solution was demonstrated on a test rig and integrated on a ATV type demonstration vehicle equipped with the alternant hydraulic propulsion system. Flow, thermal and mechanical parameters are measured to evaluate overall system performance. The former research work of the authors was focused on the demonstration and performance evaluation of the alternant hydraulic propulsion, being demonstrated its efficiency (up to 95 %), adaptability and low mass qualities. Main advantages of the Stirling principle may be improved by using a proper transmission. Coupling also the transmission based on the same alternant principle is a low cost, simple, efficient way to maintain the advantages of the Stirling energy conversion in the same time with an application of the hydraulic transmission that works also alternant in a more efficient way.

This paper investigates the noise and vibration behavior of two electrical machines dedicated for the propulsion of a light electric vehicle (L-EV). The L-EV is actually a special scooter, and it is equipped with a DC motor excited with permanent magnets. The authors are proposing a second motor, a permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) which satisfies the application's demands. The both motors will be evaluated in terms of noise and vibrations to see which one is best suited for the L-EV.